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# SOME DESCRIPTIVE TITLE.
# Copyright (C) 2001 Python Software Foundation
# This file is distributed under the same license as the Python package.
# FIRST AUTHOR <EMAIL@ADDRESS>, YEAR.
# Translators:
# Danial Behzadi <dani.behzi@ubuntu.com>, 2025
# Rafael Fontenelle <rffontenelle@gmail.com>, 2025
"Project-Id-Version: Python 3.14\n"
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"Last-Translator: Rafael Fontenelle <rffontenelle@gmail.com>, 2025\n"
"Language-Team: Persian (https://app.transifex.com/python-doc/teams/5390/"
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#: ../../faq/extending.rst:3
msgid "Extending/Embedding FAQ"
#: ../../faq/extending.rst:6
msgid "Contents"
#: ../../faq/extending.rst:16
msgid "Can I create my own functions in C?"
#: ../../faq/extending.rst:18
"Yes, you can create built-in modules containing functions, variables, "
"exceptions and even new types in C.  This is explained in the document :ref:"
"`extending-index`."
#: ../../faq/extending.rst:22
msgid "Most intermediate or advanced Python books will also cover this topic."
#: ../../faq/extending.rst:26
msgid "Can I create my own functions in C++?"
#: ../../faq/extending.rst:28
"Yes, using the C compatibility features found in C++.  Place ``extern "
"\"C\" { ... }`` around the Python include files and put ``extern \"C\"`` "
"before each function that is going to be called by the Python interpreter.  "
"Global or static C++ objects with constructors are probably not a good idea."
#: ../../faq/extending.rst:37
msgid "Writing C is hard; are there any alternatives?"
#: ../../faq/extending.rst:39
"There are a number of alternatives to writing your own C extensions, "
"depending on what you're trying to do. :ref:`Recommended third party tools "
"<c-api-tools>` offer both simpler and more sophisticated approaches to "
"creating C and C++ extensions for Python."
#: ../../faq/extending.rst:46
msgid "How can I execute arbitrary Python statements from C?"
#: ../../faq/extending.rst:48
"The highest-level function to do this is :c:func:`PyRun_SimpleString` which "
"takes a single string argument to be executed in the context of the module "
"``__main__`` and returns ``0`` for success and ``-1`` when an exception "
"occurred (including :exc:`SyntaxError`).  If you want more control, use :c:"
"func:`PyRun_String`; see the source for :c:func:`PyRun_SimpleString` in "
"``Python/pythonrun.c``."
#: ../../faq/extending.rst:57
msgid "How can I evaluate an arbitrary Python expression from C?"
#: ../../faq/extending.rst:59
"Call the function :c:func:`PyRun_String` from the previous question with the "
"start symbol :c:data:`Py_eval_input`; it parses an expression, evaluates it "
"and returns its value."
#: ../../faq/extending.rst:65
msgid "How do I extract C values from a Python object?"
#: ../../faq/extending.rst:67
"That depends on the object's type.  If it's a tuple, :c:func:`PyTuple_Size` "
"returns its length and :c:func:`PyTuple_GetItem` returns the item at a "
"specified index.  Lists have similar functions, :c:func:`PyList_Size` and :c:"
"func:`PyList_GetItem`."
#: ../../faq/extending.rst:72
"For bytes, :c:func:`PyBytes_Size` returns its length and :c:func:"
"`PyBytes_AsStringAndSize` provides a pointer to its value and its length.  "
"Note that Python bytes objects may contain null bytes so C's :c:func:`!"
"strlen` should not be used."
#: ../../faq/extending.rst:77
"To test the type of an object, first make sure it isn't ``NULL``, and then "
"use :c:func:`PyBytes_Check`, :c:func:`PyTuple_Check`, :c:func:"
"`PyList_Check`, etc."
#: ../../faq/extending.rst:80
"There is also a high-level API to Python objects which is provided by the so-"
"called 'abstract' interface -- read ``Include/abstract.h`` for further "
"details.  It allows interfacing with any kind of Python sequence using calls "
"like :c:func:`PySequence_Length`, :c:func:`PySequence_GetItem`, etc. as well "
"as many other useful protocols such as numbers (:c:func:`PyNumber_Index` et "
"al.) and mappings in the PyMapping APIs."
#: ../../faq/extending.rst:89
msgid "How do I use Py_BuildValue() to create a tuple of arbitrary length?"
#: ../../faq/extending.rst:91
msgid "You can't.  Use :c:func:`PyTuple_Pack` instead."
#: ../../faq/extending.rst:95
msgid "How do I call an object's method from C?"
#: ../../faq/extending.rst:97
"The :c:func:`PyObject_CallMethod` function can be used to call an arbitrary "
"method of an object.  The parameters are the object, the name of the method "
"to call, a format string like that used with :c:func:`Py_BuildValue`, and "
"the argument values::"
#: ../../faq/extending.rst:102
"PyObject *\n"
"PyObject_CallMethod(PyObject *object, const char *method_name,\n"
"                    const char *arg_format, ...);"
#: ../../faq/extending.rst:106
"This works for any object that has methods -- whether built-in or user-"
"defined. You are responsible for eventually :c:func:`Py_DECREF`\\ 'ing the "
"return value."
#: ../../faq/extending.rst:109
"To call, e.g., a file object's \"seek\" method with arguments 10, 0 "
"(assuming the file object pointer is \"f\")::"
#: ../../faq/extending.rst:112
"res = PyObject_CallMethod(f, \"seek\", \"(ii)\", 10, 0);\n"
"if (res == NULL) {\n"
"        ... an exception occurred ...\n"
"        Py_DECREF(res);\n"
#: ../../faq/extending.rst:120
"Note that since :c:func:`PyObject_CallObject` *always* wants a tuple for the "
"argument list, to call a function without arguments, pass \"()\" for the "
"format, and to call a function with one argument, surround the argument in "
"parentheses, e.g. \"(i)\"."
#: ../../faq/extending.rst:127
"How do I catch the output from PyErr_Print() (or anything that prints to "
"stdout/stderr)?"
#: ../../faq/extending.rst:129
"In Python code, define an object that supports the ``write()`` method.  "
"Assign this object to :data:`sys.stdout` and :data:`sys.stderr`.  Call "
"print_error, or just allow the standard traceback mechanism to work. Then, "
"the output will go wherever your ``write()`` method sends it."
#: ../../faq/extending.rst:134
msgid "The easiest way to do this is to use the :class:`io.StringIO` class:"
#: ../../faq/extending.rst:136
">>> import io, sys\n"
">>> sys.stdout = io.StringIO()\n"
">>> print('foo')\n"
">>> print('hello world!')\n"
">>> sys.stderr.write(sys.stdout.getvalue())\n"
"hello world!"
#: ../../faq/extending.rst:146
msgid "A custom object to do the same would look like this:"
#: ../../faq/extending.rst:148
">>> import io, sys\n"
">>> class StdoutCatcher(io.TextIOBase):\n"
"...     def __init__(self):\n"
"...         self.data = []\n"
"...     def write(self, stuff):\n"
"...         self.data.append(stuff)\n"
">>> import sys\n"
">>> sys.stdout = StdoutCatcher()\n"
">>> print('foo')\n"
">>> print('hello world!')\n"
">>> sys.stderr.write(''.join(sys.stdout.data))\n"
"hello world!"
#: ../../faq/extending.rst:167
msgid "How do I access a module written in Python from C?"
#: ../../faq/extending.rst:169
msgid "You can get a pointer to the module object as follows::"
#: ../../faq/extending.rst:171
msgid "module = PyImport_ImportModule(\"<modulename>\");"
#: ../../faq/extending.rst:173
"If the module hasn't been imported yet (i.e. it is not yet present in :data:"
"`sys.modules`), this initializes the module; otherwise it simply returns the "
"value of ``sys.modules[\"<modulename>\"]``.  Note that it doesn't enter the "
"module into any namespace -- it only ensures it has been initialized and is "
"stored in :data:`sys.modules`."
#: ../../faq/extending.rst:179
"You can then access the module's attributes (i.e. any name defined in the "
"module) as follows::"
#: ../../faq/extending.rst:182
msgid "attr = PyObject_GetAttrString(module, \"<attrname>\");"
#: ../../faq/extending.rst:184
"Calling :c:func:`PyObject_SetAttrString` to assign to variables in the "
"module also works."
#: ../../faq/extending.rst:189
msgid "How do I interface to C++ objects from Python?"
#: ../../faq/extending.rst:191
"Depending on your requirements, there are many approaches.  To do this "
"manually, begin by reading :ref:`the \"Extending and Embedding\" document "
"<extending-index>`.  Realize that for the Python run-time system, there "
"isn't a whole lot of difference between C and C++ -- so the strategy of "
"building a new Python type around a C structure (pointer) type will also "
"work for C++ objects."
#: ../../faq/extending.rst:197
msgid "For C++ libraries, see :ref:`c-wrapper-software`."
#: ../../faq/extending.rst:201
msgid "I added a module using the Setup file and the make fails; why?"
#: ../../faq/extending.rst:203
"Setup must end in a newline, if there is no newline there, the build process "
"fails.  (Fixing this requires some ugly shell script hackery, and this bug "
"is so minor that it doesn't seem worth the effort.)"
#: ../../faq/extending.rst:209
msgid "How do I debug an extension?"
#: ../../faq/extending.rst:211
"When using GDB with dynamically loaded extensions, you can't set a "
"breakpoint in your extension until your extension is loaded."
#: ../../faq/extending.rst:214
msgid "In your ``.gdbinit`` file (or interactively), add the command:"
#: ../../faq/extending.rst:216
msgid "br _PyImport_LoadDynamicModule"
#: ../../faq/extending.rst:220
msgid "Then, when you run GDB:"
#: ../../faq/extending.rst:222
"$ gdb /local/bin/python\n"
"gdb) run myscript.py\n"
"gdb) continue # repeat until your extension is loaded\n"
"gdb) finish   # so that your extension is loaded\n"
"gdb) br myfunction.c:50\n"
"gdb) continue"
#: ../../faq/extending.rst:232
"I want to compile a Python module on my Linux system, but some files are "
"missing. Why?"
#: ../../faq/extending.rst:234
"Most packaged versions of Python omit some files required for compiling "
"Python extensions."
#: ../../faq/extending.rst:237
msgid "For Red Hat, install the python3-devel RPM to get the necessary files."
#: ../../faq/extending.rst:239
msgid "For Debian, run ``apt-get install python3-dev``."
#: ../../faq/extending.rst:242
msgid "How do I tell \"incomplete input\" from \"invalid input\"?"
#: ../../faq/extending.rst:244
"Sometimes you want to emulate the Python interactive interpreter's behavior, "
"where it gives you a continuation prompt when the input is incomplete (e.g. "
"you typed the start of an \"if\" statement or you didn't close your "
"parentheses or triple string quotes), but it gives you a syntax error "
"message immediately when the input is invalid."
#: ../../faq/extending.rst:250
"In Python you can use the :mod:`codeop` module, which approximates the "
"parser's behavior sufficiently.  IDLE uses this, for example."
#: ../../faq/extending.rst:253
"The easiest way to do it in C is to call :c:func:`PyRun_InteractiveLoop` "
"(perhaps in a separate thread) and let the Python interpreter handle the "
"input for you. You can also set the :c:func:`PyOS_ReadlineFunctionPointer` "
"to point at your custom input function. See ``Modules/readline.c`` and "
"``Parser/myreadline.c`` for more hints."
#: ../../faq/extending.rst:260
msgid "How do I find undefined g++ symbols __builtin_new or __pure_virtual?"
#: ../../faq/extending.rst:262
"To dynamically load g++ extension modules, you must recompile Python, relink "
"it using g++ (change LINKCC in the Python Modules Makefile), and link your "
"extension module using g++ (e.g., ``g++ -shared -o mymodule.so mymodule.o``)."
#: ../../faq/extending.rst:268
"Can I create an object class with some methods implemented in C and others "
"in Python (e.g. through inheritance)?"
#: ../../faq/extending.rst:270
"Yes, you can inherit from built-in classes such as :class:`int`, :class:"
"`list`, :class:`dict`, etc."
#: ../../faq/extending.rst:273
"The Boost Python Library (BPL, https://www.boost.org/libs/python/doc/index."
"html) provides a way of doing this from C++ (i.e. you can inherit from an "
"extension class written in C++ using the BPL)."
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