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<section id="development-tools">
<span id="development"></span><h1>Development Tools<a class="headerlink" href="#development-tools" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h1>
<p>The modules described in this chapter help you write software. For example, the
<a class="reference internal" href="pydoc.html#module-pydoc" title="pydoc: Documentation generator and online help system."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pydoc</span></code></a> module takes a module and generates documentation based on the
module's contents. The <a class="reference internal" href="doctest.html#module-doctest" title="doctest: Test pieces of code within docstrings."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">doctest</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="unittest.html#module-unittest" title="unittest: Unit testing framework for Python."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">unittest</span></code></a> modules contains
frameworks for writing unit tests that automatically exercise code and verify
that the expected output is produced.</p>
<p>The list of modules described in this chapter is:</p>
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<ul>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="typing.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">typing</span></code> --- Support for type hints</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="typing.html#specification-for-the-python-type-system">Specification for the Python Type System</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="typing.html#type-aliases">Type aliases</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="typing.html#newtype">NewType</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="typing.html#annotating-callable-objects">Annotating callable objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="typing.html#generics">Generics</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="typing.html#annotating-tuples">Annotating tuples</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="typing.html#the-type-of-class-objects">The type of class objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="typing.html#annotating-generators-and-coroutines">Annotating generators and coroutines</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="typing.html#user-defined-generic-types">User-defined generic types</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="typing.html#the-any-type">The <code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Any</span></code> type</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="typing.html#nominal-vs-structural-subtyping">Nominal vs structural subtyping</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="typing.html#module-contents">Module contents</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="typing.html#special-typing-primitives">Special typing primitives</a><ul>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="typing.html#protocols">Protocols</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="typing.html#abcs-and-protocols-for-working-with-i-o">ABCs and Protocols for working with I/O</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="typing.html#functions-and-decorators">Functions and decorators</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="typing.html#introspection-helpers">Introspection helpers</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="typing.html#constant">Constant</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="typing.html#deprecated-aliases">Deprecated aliases</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="typing.html#aliases-to-built-in-types">Aliases to built-in types</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="typing.html#aliases-to-types-in-collections">Aliases to types in <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">collections</span></code></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="typing.html#aliases-to-other-concrete-types">Aliases to other concrete types</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="typing.html#aliases-to-container-abcs-in-collections-abc">Aliases to container ABCs in <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">collections.abc</span></code></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="typing.html#aliases-to-asynchronous-abcs-in-collections-abc">Aliases to asynchronous ABCs in <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">collections.abc</span></code></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="typing.html#aliases-to-other-abcs-in-collections-abc">Aliases to other ABCs in <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">collections.abc</span></code></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="typing.html#aliases-to-contextlib-abcs">Aliases to <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">contextlib</span></code> ABCs</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="typing.html#deprecation-timeline-of-major-features">Deprecation Timeline of Major Features</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="pydoc.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pydoc</span></code> --- Documentation generator and online help system</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="devmode.html">Python Development Mode</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="devmode.html#effects-of-the-python-development-mode">Effects of the Python Development Mode</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="devmode.html#resourcewarning-example">ResourceWarning Example</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="devmode.html#bad-file-descriptor-error-example">Bad file descriptor error example</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="doctest.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">doctest</span></code> --- Test interactive Python examples</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="doctest.html#simple-usage-checking-examples-in-docstrings">Simple Usage: Checking Examples in Docstrings</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="doctest.html#simple-usage-checking-examples-in-a-text-file">Simple Usage: Checking Examples in a Text File</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="doctest.html#command-line-usage">Command-line Usage</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="doctest.html#how-it-works">How It Works</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="doctest.html#which-docstrings-are-examined">Which Docstrings Are Examined?</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="doctest.html#how-are-docstring-examples-recognized">How are Docstring Examples Recognized?</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="doctest.html#what-s-the-execution-context">What's the Execution Context?</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="doctest.html#what-about-exceptions">What About Exceptions?</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="doctest.html#option-flags">Option Flags</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="doctest.html#directives">Directives</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="doctest.html#warnings">Warnings</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="doctest.html#basic-api">Basic API</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="doctest.html#unittest-api">Unittest API</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="doctest.html#advanced-api">Advanced API</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="doctest.html#doctest-objects">DocTest Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="doctest.html#example-objects">Example Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="doctest.html#doctestfinder-objects">DocTestFinder objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="doctest.html#doctestparser-objects">DocTestParser objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="doctest.html#testresults-objects">TestResults objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="doctest.html#doctestrunner-objects">DocTestRunner objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="doctest.html#outputchecker-objects">OutputChecker objects</a></li>
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