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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">Extending/Embedding FAQ</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#can-i-create-my-own-functions-in-c">Can I create my own functions in C?</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#id2">Can I create my own functions in C++?</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#writing-c-is-hard-are-there-any-alternatives">Writing C is hard; are there any alternatives?</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#how-can-i-execute-arbitrary-python-statements-from-c">How can I execute arbitrary Python statements from C?</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#how-can-i-evaluate-an-arbitrary-python-expression-from-c">How can I evaluate an arbitrary Python expression from C?</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#how-do-i-extract-c-values-from-a-python-object">How do I extract C values from a Python object?</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#how-do-i-use-py-buildvalue-to-create-a-tuple-of-arbitrary-length">How do I use Py_BuildValue() to create a tuple of arbitrary length?</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#how-do-i-call-an-object-s-method-from-c">How do I call an object's method from C?</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#how-do-i-catch-the-output-from-pyerr-print-or-anything-that-prints-to-stdout-stderr">How do I catch the output from PyErr_Print() (or anything that prints to stdout/stderr)?</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#how-do-i-access-a-module-written-in-python-from-c">How do I access a module written in Python from C?</a></li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#can-i-create-an-object-class-with-some-methods-implemented-in-c-and-others-in-python-e-g-through-inheritance">Can I create an object class with some methods implemented in C and others in Python (e.g. through inheritance)?</a></li>
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  <section id="extending-embedding-faq">
<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id3" role="doc-backlink">Extending/Embedding FAQ</a><a class="headerlink" href="#extending-embedding-faq" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h1>
<nav class="contents" id="id1">
<p class="topic-title">محتوا</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#extending-embedding-faq" id="id3">Extending/Embedding FAQ</a></p>
<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#can-i-create-my-own-functions-in-c" id="id4">Can I create my own functions in C?</a></p></li>
<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#id2" id="id5">Can I create my own functions in C++?</a></p></li>
<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#writing-c-is-hard-are-there-any-alternatives" id="id6">Writing C is hard; are there any alternatives?</a></p></li>
<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#how-can-i-execute-arbitrary-python-statements-from-c" id="id7">How can I execute arbitrary Python statements from C?</a></p></li>
<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#how-can-i-evaluate-an-arbitrary-python-expression-from-c" id="id8">How can I evaluate an arbitrary Python expression from C?</a></p></li>
<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#how-do-i-extract-c-values-from-a-python-object" id="id9">How do I extract C values from a Python object?</a></p></li>
<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#how-do-i-use-py-buildvalue-to-create-a-tuple-of-arbitrary-length" id="id10">How do I use Py_BuildValue() to create a tuple of arbitrary length?</a></p></li>
<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#how-do-i-call-an-object-s-method-from-c" id="id11">How do I call an object's method from C?</a></p></li>
<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#how-do-i-catch-the-output-from-pyerr-print-or-anything-that-prints-to-stdout-stderr" id="id12">How do I catch the output from PyErr_Print() (or anything that prints to stdout/stderr)?</a></p></li>
<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#how-do-i-access-a-module-written-in-python-from-c" id="id13">How do I access a module written in Python from C?</a></p></li>
<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#how-do-i-interface-to-c-objects-from-python" id="id14">How do I interface to C++ objects from Python?</a></p></li>
<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#i-added-a-module-using-the-setup-file-and-the-make-fails-why" id="id15">I added a module using the Setup file and the make fails; why?</a></p></li>
<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#how-do-i-debug-an-extension" id="id16">How do I debug an extension?</a></p></li>
<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#i-want-to-compile-a-python-module-on-my-linux-system-but-some-files-are-missing-why" id="id17">I want to compile a Python module on my Linux system, but some files are missing. Why?</a></p></li>
<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#how-do-i-tell-incomplete-input-from-invalid-input" id="id18">How do I tell &quot;incomplete input&quot; from &quot;invalid input&quot;?</a></p></li>
<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#how-do-i-find-undefined-g-symbols-builtin-new-or-pure-virtual" id="id19">How do I find undefined g++ symbols __builtin_new or __pure_virtual?</a></p></li>
<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#can-i-create-an-object-class-with-some-methods-implemented-in-c-and-others-in-python-e-g-through-inheritance" id="id20">Can I create an object class with some methods implemented in C and others in Python (e.g. through inheritance)?</a></p></li>
<section id="can-i-create-my-own-functions-in-c">
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id4" role="doc-backlink">Can I create my own functions in C?</a><a class="headerlink" href="#can-i-create-my-own-functions-in-c" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
<p>Yes, you can create built-in modules containing functions, variables, exceptions
and even new types in C.  This is explained in the document
<a class="reference internal" href="../extending/index.html#extending-index"><span class="std std-ref">Extending and Embedding the Python Interpreter</span></a>.</p>
<p>Most intermediate or advanced Python books will also cover this topic.</p>
<section id="id2">
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id5" role="doc-backlink">Can I create my own functions in C++?</a><a class="headerlink" href="#id2" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
<p>Yes, using the C compatibility features found in C++.  Place <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">extern</span> <span class="pre">&quot;C&quot;</span> <span class="pre">{</span>
<span class="pre">...</span> <span class="pre">}</span></code> around the Python include files and put <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">extern</span> <span class="pre">&quot;C&quot;</span></code> before each
function that is going to be called by the Python interpreter.  Global or static
C++ objects with constructors are probably not a good idea.</p>
<section id="writing-c-is-hard-are-there-any-alternatives">
<span id="c-wrapper-software"></span><h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id6" role="doc-backlink">Writing C is hard; are there any alternatives?</a><a class="headerlink" href="#writing-c-is-hard-are-there-any-alternatives" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
<p>There are a number of alternatives to writing your own C extensions, depending
on what you're trying to do. <a class="reference internal" href="../c-api/intro.html#c-api-tools"><span class="std std-ref">Recommended third party tools</span></a>
offer both simpler and more sophisticated approaches to creating C and C++
extensions for Python.</p>
<section id="how-can-i-execute-arbitrary-python-statements-from-c">
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id7" role="doc-backlink">How can I execute arbitrary Python statements from C?</a><a class="headerlink" href="#how-can-i-execute-arbitrary-python-statements-from-c" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
<p>The highest-level function to do this is <a class="reference internal" href="../c-api/veryhigh.html#c.PyRun_SimpleString" title="PyRun_SimpleString"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyRun_SimpleString()</span></code></a> which takes
a single string argument to be executed in the context of the module
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__main__</span></code> and returns <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code> for success and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-1</span></code> when an exception occurred
(including <a class="reference internal" href="../library/exceptions.html#SyntaxError" title="SyntaxError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SyntaxError</span></code></a>).  If you want more control, use
<a class="reference internal" href="../c-api/veryhigh.html#c.PyRun_String" title="PyRun_String"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyRun_String()</span></code></a>; see the source for <code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyRun_SimpleString()</span></code> in
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Python/pythonrun.c</span></code>.</p>
<section id="how-can-i-evaluate-an-arbitrary-python-expression-from-c">
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id8" role="doc-backlink">How can I evaluate an arbitrary Python expression from C?</a><a class="headerlink" href="#how-can-i-evaluate-an-arbitrary-python-expression-from-c" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
<p>Call the function <a class="reference internal" href="../c-api/veryhigh.html#c.PyRun_String" title="PyRun_String"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyRun_String()</span></code></a> from the previous question with the
start symbol <a class="reference internal" href="../c-api/veryhigh.html#c.Py_eval_input" title="Py_eval_input"><code class="xref c c-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_eval_input</span></code></a>; it parses an expression, evaluates it and
returns its value.</p>
<section id="how-do-i-extract-c-values-from-a-python-object">
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id9" role="doc-backlink">How do I extract C values from a Python object?</a><a class="headerlink" href="#how-do-i-extract-c-values-from-a-python-object" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
<p>That depends on the object's type.  If it's a tuple, <a class="reference internal" href="../c-api/tuple.html#c.PyTuple_Size" title="PyTuple_Size"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyTuple_Size()</span></code></a>
returns its length and <a class="reference internal" href="../c-api/tuple.html#c.PyTuple_GetItem" title="PyTuple_GetItem"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyTuple_GetItem()</span></code></a> returns the item at a specified
index.  Lists have similar functions, <a class="reference internal" href="../c-api/list.html#c.PyList_Size" title="PyList_Size"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyList_Size()</span></code></a> and
<a class="reference internal" href="../c-api/list.html#c.PyList_GetItem" title="PyList_GetItem"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyList_GetItem()</span></code></a>.</p>
<p>For bytes, <a class="reference internal" href="../c-api/bytes.html#c.PyBytes_Size" title="PyBytes_Size"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyBytes_Size()</span></code></a> returns its length and
<a class="reference internal" href="../c-api/bytes.html#c.PyBytes_AsStringAndSize" title="PyBytes_AsStringAndSize"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyBytes_AsStringAndSize()</span></code></a> provides a pointer to its value and its
length.  Note that Python bytes objects may contain null bytes so C's
<code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">strlen()</span></code> should not be used.</p>
<p>To test the type of an object, first make sure it isn't <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code>, and then use
<a class="reference internal" href="../c-api/bytes.html#c.PyBytes_Check" title="PyBytes_Check"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyBytes_Check()</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="../c-api/tuple.html#c.PyTuple_Check" title="PyTuple_Check"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyTuple_Check()</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="../c-api/list.html#c.PyList_Check" title="PyList_Check"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyList_Check()</span></code></a>, etc.</p>
<p>There is also a high-level API to Python objects which is provided by the
so-called 'abstract' interface -- read <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Include/abstract.h</span></code> for further
details.  It allows interfacing with any kind of Python sequence using calls
like <a class="reference internal" href="../c-api/sequence.html#c.PySequence_Length" title="PySequence_Length"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PySequence_Length()</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="../c-api/sequence.html#c.PySequence_GetItem" title="PySequence_GetItem"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PySequence_GetItem()</span></code></a>, etc. as well
as many other useful protocols such as numbers (<a class="reference internal" href="../c-api/number.html#c.PyNumber_Index" title="PyNumber_Index"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyNumber_Index()</span></code></a> et
al.) and mappings in the PyMapping APIs.</p>
<section id="how-do-i-use-py-buildvalue-to-create-a-tuple-of-arbitrary-length">
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id10" role="doc-backlink">How do I use Py_BuildValue() to create a tuple of arbitrary length?</a><a class="headerlink" href="#how-do-i-use-py-buildvalue-to-create-a-tuple-of-arbitrary-length" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
<p>You can't.  Use <a class="reference internal" href="../c-api/tuple.html#c.PyTuple_Pack" title="PyTuple_Pack"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyTuple_Pack()</span></code></a> instead.</p>
<section id="how-do-i-call-an-object-s-method-from-c">
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id11" role="doc-backlink">How do I call an object's method from C?</a><a class="headerlink" href="#how-do-i-call-an-object-s-method-from-c" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
<p>The <a class="reference internal" href="../c-api/call.html#c.PyObject_CallMethod" title="PyObject_CallMethod"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyObject_CallMethod()</span></code></a> function can be used to call an arbitrary
method of an object.  The parameters are the object, the name of the method to
call, a format string like that used with <a class="reference internal" href="../c-api/arg.html#c.Py_BuildValue" title="Py_BuildValue"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_BuildValue()</span></code></a>, and the
argument values:</p>
<div class="highlight-c notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">PyObject</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span>
<span class="nf">PyObject_CallMethod</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">PyObject</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">object</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">const</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">char</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">method_name</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="w">                    </span><span class="k">const</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">char</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">arg_format</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">...);</span>
</pre></div>
<p>This works for any object that has methods -- whether built-in or user-defined.
You are responsible for eventually <a class="reference internal" href="../c-api/refcounting.html#c.Py_DECREF" title="Py_DECREF"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_DECREF()</span></code></a>'ing the return value.</p>
<p>To call, e.g., a file object's &quot;seek&quot; method with arguments 10, 0 (assuming the
file object pointer is &quot;f&quot;):</p>
<div class="highlight-c notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">res</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">PyObject_CallMethod</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">f</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">"seek"</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">"(ii)"</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">res</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">==</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">NULL</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<span class="w">        </span><span class="p">...</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">an</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">exception</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">occurred</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">...</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="k">else</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<span class="w">        </span><span class="n">Py_DECREF</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">res</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
<p>Note that since <a class="reference internal" href="../c-api/call.html#c.PyObject_CallObject" title="PyObject_CallObject"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyObject_CallObject()</span></code></a> <em>always</em> wants a tuple for the
argument list, to call a function without arguments, pass &quot;()&quot; for the format,
and to call a function with one argument, surround the argument in parentheses,
e.g. &quot;(i)&quot;.</p>
<section id="how-do-i-catch-the-output-from-pyerr-print-or-anything-that-prints-to-stdout-stderr">
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id12" role="doc-backlink">How do I catch the output from PyErr_Print() (or anything that prints to stdout/stderr)?</a><a class="headerlink" href="#how-do-i-catch-the-output-from-pyerr-print-or-anything-that-prints-to-stdout-stderr" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
<p>In Python code, define an object that supports the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">write()</span></code> method.  Assign
this object to <a class="reference internal" href="../library/sys.html#sys.stdout" title="sys.stdout"><code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.stdout</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="../library/sys.html#sys.stderr" title="sys.stderr"><code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.stderr</span></code></a>.  Call print_error, or
just allow the standard traceback mechanism to work. Then, the output will go
wherever your <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">write()</span></code> method sends it.</p>
<p>The easiest way to do this is to use the <a class="reference internal" href="../library/io.html#io.StringIO" title="io.StringIO"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">io.StringIO</span></code></a> class:</p>
<div class="highlight-pycon notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="kn">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">io</span><span class="o">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">sys</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">sys</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">stdout</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">io</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">StringIO</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'foo'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'hello world!'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">sys</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">stderr</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">write</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">sys</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">stdout</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">getvalue</span><span class="p">())</span>
<span class="go">foo</span>
<span class="go">hello world!</span>
</pre></div>
<p>A custom object to do the same would look like this:</p>
<div class="highlight-pycon notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="kn">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">io</span><span class="o">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">sys</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">class</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">StdoutCatcher</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">io</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">TextIOBase</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="k">def</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="fm">__init__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="gp">... </span>        <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">data</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[]</span>
<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="k">def</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">write</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">stuff</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="gp">... </span>        <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">data</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">append</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">stuff</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">...</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="kn">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">sys</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">sys</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">stdout</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">StdoutCatcher</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'foo'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'hello world!'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">sys</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">stderr</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">write</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">''</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">join</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">sys</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">stdout</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">data</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="go">foo</span>
<span class="go">hello world!</span>
</pre></div>
<section id="how-do-i-access-a-module-written-in-python-from-c">
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id13" role="doc-backlink">How do I access a module written in Python from C?</a><a class="headerlink" href="#how-do-i-access-a-module-written-in-python-from-c" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
<p>You can get a pointer to the module object as follows:</p>
<div class="highlight-c notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">module</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">PyImport_ImportModule</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"&lt;modulename&gt;"</span><span class="p">);</span>
</pre></div>
<p>If the module hasn't been imported yet (i.e. it is not yet present in
<a class="reference internal" href="../library/sys.html#sys.modules" title="sys.modules"><code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.modules</span></code></a>), this initializes the module; otherwise it simply returns
the value of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.modules[&quot;&lt;modulename&gt;&quot;]</span></code>.  Note that it doesn't enter the
module into any namespace -- it only ensures it has been initialized and is
stored in <code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.modules</span></code>.</p>
<p>You can then access the module's attributes (i.e. any name defined in the
module) as follows:</p>
<div class="highlight-c notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">attr</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">PyObject_GetAttrString</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">module</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">"&lt;attrname&gt;"</span><span class="p">);</span>
</pre></div>
<p>Calling <a class="reference internal" href="../c-api/object.html#c.PyObject_SetAttrString" title="PyObject_SetAttrString"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyObject_SetAttrString()</span></code></a> to assign to variables in the module
also works.</p>
<section id="how-do-i-interface-to-c-objects-from-python">
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id14" role="doc-backlink">How do I interface to C++ objects from Python?</a><a class="headerlink" href="#how-do-i-interface-to-c-objects-from-python" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
<p>Depending on your requirements, there are many approaches.  To do this manually,
begin by reading <a class="reference internal" href="../extending/index.html#extending-index"><span class="std std-ref">the &quot;Extending and Embedding&quot; document</span></a>.  Realize that for the Python run-time system, there isn't a
whole lot of difference between C and C++ -- so the strategy of building a new
Python type around a C structure (pointer) type will also work for C++ objects.</p>
<p>For C++ libraries, see <a class="reference internal" href="#c-wrapper-software"><span class="std std-ref">Writing C is hard; are there any alternatives?</span></a>.</p>
<section id="i-added-a-module-using-the-setup-file-and-the-make-fails-why">
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id15" role="doc-backlink">I added a module using the Setup file and the make fails; why?</a><a class="headerlink" href="#i-added-a-module-using-the-setup-file-and-the-make-fails-why" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
<p>Setup must end in a newline, if there is no newline there, the build process
fails.  (Fixing this requires some ugly shell script hackery, and this bug is so
minor that it doesn't seem worth the effort.)</p>
<section id="how-do-i-debug-an-extension">
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id16" role="doc-backlink">How do I debug an extension?</a><a class="headerlink" href="#how-do-i-debug-an-extension" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
<p>When using GDB with dynamically loaded extensions, you can't set a breakpoint in
your extension until your extension is loaded.</p>
<p>In your <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.gdbinit</span></code> file (or interactively), add the command:</p>
<div class="highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>br _PyImport_LoadDynamicModule
</pre></div>
<p>Then, when you run GDB:</p>
<div class="highlight-shell-session notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">$ </span>gdb<span class="w"> </span>/local/bin/python
<span class="go">gdb) run myscript.py</span>
<span class="go">gdb) continue # repeat until your extension is loaded</span>
<span class="go">gdb) finish   # so that your extension is loaded</span>
<span class="go">gdb) br myfunction.c:50</span>
<span class="go">gdb) continue</span>
</pre></div>
<section id="i-want-to-compile-a-python-module-on-my-linux-system-but-some-files-are-missing-why">
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id17" role="doc-backlink">I want to compile a Python module on my Linux system, but some files are missing. Why?</a><a class="headerlink" href="#i-want-to-compile-a-python-module-on-my-linux-system-but-some-files-are-missing-why" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
<p>Most packaged versions of Python omit some files
required for compiling Python extensions.</p>
<p>For Red Hat, install the python3-devel RPM to get the necessary files.</p>
<p>For Debian, run <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">apt-get</span> <span class="pre">install</span> <span class="pre">python3-dev</span></code>.</p>
<section id="how-do-i-tell-incomplete-input-from-invalid-input">
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id18" role="doc-backlink">How do I tell &quot;incomplete input&quot; from &quot;invalid input&quot;?</a><a class="headerlink" href="#how-do-i-tell-incomplete-input-from-invalid-input" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
<p>Sometimes you want to emulate the Python interactive interpreter's behavior,
where it gives you a continuation prompt when the input is incomplete (e.g. you
typed the start of an &quot;if&quot; statement or you didn't close your parentheses or
triple string quotes), but it gives you a syntax error message immediately when
the input is invalid.</p>
<p>In Python you can use the <a class="reference internal" href="../library/codeop.html#module-codeop" title="codeop: Compile (possibly incomplete) Python code."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">codeop</span></code></a> module, which approximates the parser's
behavior sufficiently.  IDLE uses this, for example.</p>
<p>The easiest way to do it in C is to call <a class="reference internal" href="../c-api/veryhigh.html#c.PyRun_InteractiveLoop" title="PyRun_InteractiveLoop"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyRun_InteractiveLoop()</span></code></a> (perhaps
in a separate thread) and let the Python interpreter handle the input for
you. You can also set the <a class="reference internal" href="../c-api/veryhigh.html#c.PyOS_ReadlineFunctionPointer" title="PyOS_ReadlineFunctionPointer"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyOS_ReadlineFunctionPointer()</span></code></a> to point at your
custom input function. See <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Modules/readline.c</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Parser/myreadline.c</span></code>
for more hints.</p>
<section id="how-do-i-find-undefined-g-symbols-builtin-new-or-pure-virtual">
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id19" role="doc-backlink">How do I find undefined g++ symbols __builtin_new or __pure_virtual?</a><a class="headerlink" href="#how-do-i-find-undefined-g-symbols-builtin-new-or-pure-virtual" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
<p>To dynamically load g++ extension modules, you must recompile Python, relink it
using g++ (change LINKCC in the Python Modules Makefile), and link your
extension module using g++ (e.g., <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">g++</span> <span class="pre">-shared</span> <span class="pre">-o</span> <span class="pre">mymodule.so</span> <span class="pre">mymodule.o</span></code>).</p>
<section id="can-i-create-an-object-class-with-some-methods-implemented-in-c-and-others-in-python-e-g-through-inheritance">
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id20" role="doc-backlink">Can I create an object class with some methods implemented in C and others in Python (e.g. through inheritance)?</a><a class="headerlink" href="#can-i-create-an-object-class-with-some-methods-implemented-in-c-and-others-in-python-e-g-through-inheritance" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
<p>Yes, you can inherit from built-in classes such as <a class="reference internal" href="../library/functions.html#int" title="int"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">int</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="../library/stdtypes.html#list" title="list"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">list</span></code></a>,
<a class="reference internal" href="../library/stdtypes.html#dict" title="dict"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dict</span></code></a>, etc.</p>
<p>The Boost Python Library (BPL, <a class="reference external" href="https://www.boost.org/libs/python/doc/index.html">https://www.boost.org/libs/python/doc/index.html</a>)
provides a way of doing this from C++ (i.e. you can inherit from an extension
class written in C++ using the BPL).</p>
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    <h3><a href="../contents.html">فهرست عناوین</a></h3>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">Extending/Embedding FAQ</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#can-i-create-my-own-functions-in-c">Can I create my own functions in C?</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#id2">Can I create my own functions in C++?</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#writing-c-is-hard-are-there-any-alternatives">Writing C is hard; are there any alternatives?</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#how-can-i-execute-arbitrary-python-statements-from-c">How can I execute arbitrary Python statements from C?</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#how-can-i-evaluate-an-arbitrary-python-expression-from-c">How can I evaluate an arbitrary Python expression from C?</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#how-do-i-extract-c-values-from-a-python-object">How do I extract C values from a Python object?</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#how-do-i-use-py-buildvalue-to-create-a-tuple-of-arbitrary-length">How do I use Py_BuildValue() to create a tuple of arbitrary length?</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#how-do-i-call-an-object-s-method-from-c">How do I call an object's method from C?</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#how-do-i-catch-the-output-from-pyerr-print-or-anything-that-prints-to-stdout-stderr">How do I catch the output from PyErr_Print() (or anything that prints to stdout/stderr)?</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#how-do-i-access-a-module-written-in-python-from-c">How do I access a module written in Python from C?</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#how-do-i-interface-to-c-objects-from-python">How do I interface to C++ objects from Python?</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#i-added-a-module-using-the-setup-file-and-the-make-fails-why">I added a module using the Setup file and the make fails; why?</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#how-do-i-debug-an-extension">How do I debug an extension?</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#i-want-to-compile-a-python-module-on-my-linux-system-but-some-files-are-missing-why">I want to compile a Python module on my Linux system, but some files are missing. Why?</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#how-do-i-tell-incomplete-input-from-invalid-input">How do I tell &quot;incomplete input&quot; from &quot;invalid input&quot;?</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#how-do-i-find-undefined-g-symbols-builtin-new-or-pure-virtual">How do I find undefined g++ symbols __builtin_new or __pure_virtual?</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#can-i-create-an-object-class-with-some-methods-implemented-in-c-and-others-in-python-e-g-through-inheritance">Can I create an object class with some methods implemented in C and others in Python (e.g. through inheritance)?</a></li>
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