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#: library/csv.rst:2
msgid ":mod:`!csv` --- CSV File Reading and Writing"
#: library/csv.rst:9
msgid "**Source code:** :source:`Lib/csv.py`"
#: library/csv.rst:17
"The so-called CSV (Comma Separated Values) format is the most common import "
"and export format for spreadsheets and databases.  CSV format was used for "
"many years prior to attempts to describe the format in a standardized way "
"in :rfc:`4180`.  The lack of a well-defined standard means that subtle "
"differences often exist in the data produced and consumed by different "
"applications.  These differences can make it annoying to process CSV files "
"from multiple sources. Still, while the delimiters and quoting characters "
"vary, the overall format is similar enough that it is possible to write a "
"single module which can efficiently manipulate such data, hiding the details "
"of reading and writing the data from the programmer."
#: library/csv.rst:28
"The :mod:`csv` module implements classes to read and write tabular data in "
"CSV format.  It allows programmers to say, \"write this data in the format "
"preferred by Excel,\" or \"read data from this file which was generated by "
"Excel,\" without knowing the precise details of the CSV format used by "
"Excel.  Programmers can also describe the CSV formats understood by other "
"applications or define their own special-purpose CSV formats."
#: library/csv.rst:35
"The :mod:`csv` module's :class:`reader` and :class:`writer` objects read and "
"write sequences.  Programmers can also read and write data in dictionary "
"form using the :class:`DictReader` and :class:`DictWriter` classes."
#: library/csv.rst:41
msgid ":pep:`305` - CSV File API"
#: library/csv.rst:42
msgid "The Python Enhancement Proposal which proposed this addition to Python."
#: library/csv.rst:48
msgid "Module Contents"
#: library/csv.rst:50
msgid "The :mod:`csv` module defines the following functions:"
#: library/csv.rst:58
"Return a :ref:`reader object <reader-objects>` that will process lines from "
"the given *csvfile*.  A csvfile must be an iterable of strings, each in the "
"reader's defined csv format. A csvfile is most commonly a file-like object "
"or list. If *csvfile* is a file object, it should be opened with "
"``newline=''``. [1]_  An optional *dialect* parameter can be given which is "
"used to define a set of parameters specific to a particular CSV dialect.  It "
"may be an instance of a subclass of the :class:`Dialect` class or one of the "
"strings returned by the :func:`list_dialects` function.  The other optional "
"*fmtparams* keyword arguments can be given to override individual formatting "
"parameters in the current dialect.  For full details about the dialect and "
"formatting parameters, see section :ref:`csv-fmt-params`."
#: library/csv.rst:72
"Each row read from the csv file is returned as a list of strings.  No "
"automatic data type conversion is performed unless the :data:"
"`QUOTE_NONNUMERIC` format option is specified (in which case unquoted fields "
"are transformed into floats)."
#: library/csv.rst:113 library/csv.rst:242
msgid "A short usage example::"
#: library/csv.rst:78
">>> import csv\n"
">>> with open('eggs.csv', newline='') as csvfile:\n"
"...     spamreader = csv.reader(csvfile, delimiter=' ', quotechar='|')\n"
"...     for row in spamreader:\n"
"...         print(', '.join(row))\n"
"Spam, Spam, Spam, Spam, Spam, Baked Beans\n"
"Spam, Lovely Spam, Wonderful Spam"
#: library/csv.rst:86
msgid "where :file:`eggs.csv` contains:"
#: library/csv.rst:124
"Spam Spam Spam Spam Spam |Baked Beans|\n"
"Spam |Lovely Spam| |Wonderful Spam|"
#: library/csv.rst:96
"Return a writer object responsible for converting the user's data into "
"delimited strings on the given file-like object.  *csvfile* can be any "
"object with a :meth:`~io.TextIOBase.write` method.  If *csvfile* is a file "
"object, it should be opened with ``newline=''`` [1]_.  An optional *dialect* "
"parameter can be given which is used to define a set of parameters specific "
"to a particular CSV dialect.  It may be an instance of a subclass of the :"
"class:`Dialect` class or one of the strings returned by the :func:"
"`list_dialects` function.  The other optional *fmtparams* keyword arguments "
"can be given to override individual formatting parameters in the current "
"dialect.  For full details about dialects and formatting parameters, see "
"the :ref:`csv-fmt-params` section. To make it as easy as possible to "
"interface with modules which implement the DB API, the value :const:`None` "
"is written as the empty string.  While this isn't a reversible "
"transformation, it makes it easier to dump SQL NULL data values to CSV files "
"without preprocessing the data returned from a ``cursor.fetch*`` call. All "
"other non-string data are stringified with :func:`str` before being written."
#: library/csv.rst:115
"import csv\n"
"with open('eggs.csv', 'w', newline='') as csvfile:\n"
"    spamwriter = csv.writer(csvfile, delimiter=' ',\n"
"                            quotechar='|', quoting=csv.QUOTE_MINIMAL)\n"
"    spamwriter.writerow(['Spam'] * 5 + ['Baked Beans'])\n"
"    spamwriter.writerow(['Spam', 'Lovely Spam', 'Wonderful Spam'])"
#: library/csv.rst:122
msgid "which writes :file:`eggs.csv` containing:"
#: library/csv.rst:132
"Associate *dialect* with *name*.  *name* must be a string. The dialect can "
"be specified either by passing a sub-class of :class:`Dialect`, or by "
"*fmtparams* keyword arguments, or both, with keyword arguments overriding "
"parameters of the dialect. For full details about dialects and formatting "
"parameters, see section :ref:`csv-fmt-params`."
#: library/csv.rst:141
"Delete the dialect associated with *name* from the dialect registry.  An :"
"exc:`Error` is raised if *name* is not a registered dialect name."
#: library/csv.rst:147
"Return the dialect associated with *name*.  An :exc:`Error` is raised if "
"*name* is not a registered dialect name.  This function returns an "
"immutable :class:`Dialect`."
#: library/csv.rst:153
msgid "Return the names of all registered dialects."
#: library/csv.rst:159
"Returns the current maximum field size allowed by the parser. If *new_limit* "
"is given, this becomes the new limit."
#: library/csv.rst:163
msgid "The :mod:`csv` module defines the following classes:"
#: library/csv.rst:168
"Create an object that operates like a regular reader but maps the "
"information in each row to a :class:`dict` whose keys are given by the "
"optional *fieldnames* parameter."
#: library/csv.rst:172
"The *fieldnames* parameter is a :term:`sequence`.  If *fieldnames* is "
"omitted, the values in the first row of file *f* will be used as the "
"fieldnames and will be omitted from the results. If *fieldnames* is "
"provided, they will be used and the first row will be included in the "
"results.  Regardless of how the fieldnames are determined, the dictionary "
"preserves their original ordering."
#: library/csv.rst:179
"If a row has more fields than fieldnames, the remaining data is put in a "
"list and stored with the fieldname specified by *restkey* (which defaults to "
"``None``).  If a non-blank row has fewer fields than fieldnames, the missing "
"values are filled-in with the value of *restval* (which defaults to "
"``None``)."
#: library/csv.rst:185
"All other optional or keyword arguments are passed to the underlying :class:"
"`reader` instance."
#: library/csv.rst:240
"If the argument passed to *fieldnames* is an iterator, it will be coerced to "
"a :class:`list`."
#: library/csv.rst:190
msgid "Returned rows are now of type :class:`OrderedDict`."
#: library/csv.rst:193
msgid "Returned rows are now of type :class:`dict`."
#: library/csv.rst:198
">>> import csv\n"
">>> with open('names.csv', newline='') as csvfile:\n"
"...     reader = csv.DictReader(csvfile)\n"
"...     for row in reader:\n"
"...         print(row['first_name'], row['last_name'])\n"
"Eric Idle\n"
"John Cleese\n"
">>> print(row)\n"
"{'first_name': 'John', 'last_name': 'Cleese'}"
#: library/csv.rst:210
msgid "where :file:`names.csv` contains:"
#: library/csv.rst:212
"first_name,last_name\n"
"Eric,Idle\n"
"John,Cleese"
#: library/csv.rst:222
"Create an object which operates like a regular writer but maps dictionaries "
"onto output rows.  The *fieldnames* parameter is a :mod:`sequence "
"<collections.abc>` of keys that identify the order in which values in the "
"dictionary passed to the :meth:`~csvwriter.writerow` method are written to "
"file *f*.  The optional *restval* parameter specifies the value to be "
"written if the dictionary is missing a key in *fieldnames*.  If the "
"dictionary passed to the :meth:`~csvwriter.writerow` method contains a key "
"not found in *fieldnames*, the optional *extrasaction* parameter indicates "
"what action to take. If it is set to ``'raise'``, the default value, a :exc:"
"`ValueError` is raised. If it is set to ``'ignore'``, extra values in the "
"dictionary are ignored. Any other optional or keyword arguments are passed "
"to the underlying :class:`writer` instance."
#: library/csv.rst:237
"Note that unlike the :class:`DictReader` class, the *fieldnames* parameter "
"of the :class:`DictWriter` class is not optional."
#: library/csv.rst:244
"import csv\n"
"with open('names.csv', 'w', newline='') as csvfile:\n"
"    fieldnames = ['first_name', 'last_name']\n"
"    writer = csv.DictWriter(csvfile, fieldnames=fieldnames)\n"
"    writer.writeheader()\n"
"    writer.writerow({'first_name': 'Baked', 'last_name': 'Beans'})\n"
"    writer.writerow({'first_name': 'Lovely', 'last_name': 'Spam'})\n"
"    writer.writerow({'first_name': 'Wonderful', 'last_name': 'Spam'})"
#: library/csv.rst:255
msgid "which writes :file:`names.csv` containing:"
#: library/csv.rst:257
"first_name,last_name\n"
"Baked,Beans\n"
"Lovely,Spam\n"
"Wonderful,Spam"
#: library/csv.rst:267
"The :class:`Dialect` class is a container class whose attributes contain "
"information for how to handle doublequotes, whitespace, delimiters, etc. Due "
"to the lack of a strict CSV specification, different applications produce "
"subtly different CSV data.  :class:`Dialect` instances define how :class:"
"`reader` and :class:`writer` instances behave."
#: library/csv.rst:273
"All available :class:`Dialect` names are returned by :func:`list_dialects`, "
"and they can be registered with specific :class:`reader` and :class:`writer` "
"classes through their initializer (``__init__``) functions like this::"
#: library/csv.rst:277
"import csv\n"
"with open('students.csv', 'w', newline='') as csvfile:\n"
"    writer = csv.writer(csvfile, dialect='unix')"
#: library/csv.rst:285
"The :class:`excel` class defines the usual properties of an Excel-generated "
"CSV file.  It is registered with the dialect name ``'excel'``."
#: library/csv.rst:291
"The :class:`excel_tab` class defines the usual properties of an Excel-"
"generated TAB-delimited file.  It is registered with the dialect name "
"``'excel-tab'``."
#: library/csv.rst:297
"The :class:`unix_dialect` class defines the usual properties of a CSV file "
"generated on UNIX systems, i.e. using ``'\\n'`` as line terminator and "
"quoting all fields.  It is registered with the dialect name ``'unix'``."
#: library/csv.rst:306
msgid "The :class:`Sniffer` class is used to deduce the format of a CSV file."
#: library/csv.rst:308
msgid "The :class:`Sniffer` class provides two methods:"
#: library/csv.rst:312
"Analyze the given *sample* and return a :class:`Dialect` subclass reflecting "
"the parameters found.  If the optional *delimiters* parameter is given, it "
"is interpreted as a string containing possible valid delimiter characters."
#: library/csv.rst:320
"Analyze the sample text (presumed to be in CSV format) and return :const:"
"`True` if the first row appears to be a series of column headers. Inspecting "
"each column, one of two key criteria will be considered to estimate if the "
"sample contains a header:"
#: library/csv.rst:325
msgid "the second through n-th rows contain numeric values"
#: library/csv.rst:326
"the second through n-th rows contain strings where at least one value's "
"length differs from that of the putative header of that column."
#: library/csv.rst:329
"Twenty-one rows after the header are sampled; if more than half of the "
"columns + rows meet the criteria, :const:`True` is returned."
#: library/csv.rst:334
"This method is a rough heuristic and may produce both false positives and "
"negatives."
#: library/csv.rst:337
msgid "An example for :class:`Sniffer` use::"
#: library/csv.rst:339
"with open('example.csv', newline='') as csvfile:\n"
"    dialect = csv.Sniffer().sniff(csvfile.read(1024))\n"
"    csvfile.seek(0)\n"
"    reader = csv.reader(csvfile, dialect)\n"
"    # ... process CSV file contents here ..."
#: library/csv.rst:348
msgid "The :mod:`csv` module defines the following constants:"
#: library/csv.rst:352
msgid "Instructs :class:`writer` objects to quote all fields."
#: library/csv.rst:357
"Instructs :class:`writer` objects to only quote those fields which contain "
"special characters such as *delimiter*, *quotechar*, ``'\\r'``, ``'\\n'`` or "
"any of the characters in *lineterminator*."
#: library/csv.rst:364
msgid "Instructs :class:`writer` objects to quote all non-numeric fields."
#: library/csv.rst:366
"Instructs :class:`reader` objects to convert all non-quoted fields to type :"
"class:`float`."
#: library/csv.rst:369
"Some numeric types, such as :class:`bool`, :class:`~fractions.Fraction`, or :"
"class:`~enum.IntEnum`, have a string representation that cannot be converted "
"to :class:`float`. They cannot be read in the :data:`QUOTE_NONNUMERIC` and :"
"data:`QUOTE_STRINGS` modes."
#: library/csv.rst:377
"Instructs :class:`writer` objects to never quote fields. When the current "
"*delimiter*, *quotechar*, *escapechar*, ``'\\r'``, ``'\\n'`` or any of the "
"characters in *lineterminator* occurs in output data it is preceded by the "
"current *escapechar* character. If *escapechar* is not set, the writer will "
"raise :exc:`Error` if any characters that require escaping are encountered. "
"Set *quotechar* to ``None`` to prevent its escaping."
#: library/csv.rst:385
"Instructs :class:`reader` objects to perform no special processing of quote "
"characters."
#: library/csv.rst:389
"Instructs :class:`writer` objects to quote all fields which are not "
"``None``.  This is similar to :data:`QUOTE_ALL`, except that if a field "
"value is ``None`` an empty (unquoted) string is written."
#: library/csv.rst:393
"Instructs :class:`reader` objects to interpret an empty (unquoted) field as "
"``None`` and to otherwise behave as :data:`QUOTE_ALL`."
#: library/csv.rst:400
"Instructs :class:`writer` objects to always place quotes around fields which "
"are strings.  This is similar to :data:`QUOTE_NONNUMERIC`, except that if a "
"field value is ``None`` an empty (unquoted) string is written."
#: library/csv.rst:404
"Instructs :class:`reader` objects to interpret an empty (unquoted) string as "
"``None`` and to otherwise behave as :data:`QUOTE_NONNUMERIC`."
#: library/csv.rst:409
msgid "The :mod:`csv` module defines the following exception:"
#: library/csv.rst:414
msgid "Raised by any of the functions when an error is detected."
#: library/csv.rst:419
msgid "Dialects and Formatting Parameters"
#: library/csv.rst:421
"To make it easier to specify the format of input and output records, "
"specific formatting parameters are grouped together into dialects.  A "
"dialect is a subclass of the :class:`Dialect` class containing various "
"attributes describing the format of the CSV file.  When creating :class:"
"`reader` or :class:`writer` objects, the programmer can specify a string or "
"a subclass of the :class:`Dialect` class as the dialect parameter.  In "
"addition to, or instead of, the *dialect* parameter, the programmer can also "
"specify individual formatting parameters, which have the same names as the "
"attributes defined below for the :class:`Dialect` class."
#: library/csv.rst:431
msgid "Dialects support the following attributes:"
#: library/csv.rst:436
"A one-character string used to separate fields.  It defaults to ``','``."
#: library/csv.rst:441
"Controls how instances of *quotechar* appearing inside a field should "
"themselves be quoted.  When :const:`True`, the character is doubled. When :"
"const:`False`, the *escapechar* is used as a prefix to the *quotechar*.  It "
"defaults to :const:`True`."
#: library/csv.rst:446
"On output, if *doublequote* is :const:`False` and no *escapechar* is set, :"
"exc:`Error` is raised if a *quotechar* is found in a field."
#: library/csv.rst:452
"A one-character string used by the writer to escape characters that require "
"escaping:"
#: library/csv.rst:455
"the *delimiter*, the *quotechar*, ``'\\r'``, ``'\\n'`` and any of the "
"characters in *lineterminator* are escaped if *quoting* is set to :const:"
"`QUOTE_NONE`;"
#: library/csv.rst:458
msgid "the *quotechar* is escaped if *doublequote* is :const:`False`;"
#: library/csv.rst:459
msgid "the *escapechar* itself."
#: library/csv.rst:461
"On reading, the *escapechar* removes any special meaning from the following "
"character. It defaults to :const:`None`, which disables escaping."
#: library/csv.rst:464
msgid "An empty *escapechar* is not allowed."
#: library/csv.rst:469
"The string used to terminate lines produced by the :class:`writer`. It "
"defaults to ``'\\r\\n'``."
#: library/csv.rst:474
"The :class:`reader` is hard-coded to recognise either ``'\\r'`` or ``'\\n'`` "
"as end-of-line, and ignores *lineterminator*. This behavior may change in "
"the future."
#: library/csv.rst:481
"A one-character string used to quote fields containing special characters, "
"such as the *delimiter* or the *quotechar*, or which contain new-line "
"characters (``'\\r'``, ``'\\n'`` or any of the characters in "
"*lineterminator*). It defaults to ``'\"'``. Can be set to ``None`` to "
"prevent escaping ``'\"'`` if *quoting* is set to :const:`QUOTE_NONE`."
#: library/csv.rst:488
msgid "An empty *quotechar* is not allowed."
#: library/csv.rst:493
"Controls when quotes should be generated by the writer and recognised by the "
"reader.  It can take on any of the :ref:`QUOTE_\\* constants <csv-"
"constants>` and defaults to :const:`QUOTE_MINIMAL` if *quotechar* is not "
"``None``, and :const:`QUOTE_NONE` otherwise."
#: library/csv.rst:501
"When :const:`True`, spaces immediately following the *delimiter* are "
"ignored. The default is :const:`False`.  When combining ``delimiter=' '`` "
"with ``skipinitialspace=True``, unquoted empty fields are not allowed."
#: library/csv.rst:508
"When ``True``, raise exception :exc:`Error` on bad CSV input. The default is "
"``False``."
#: library/csv.rst:514
msgid "Reader Objects"
#: library/csv.rst:516
"Reader objects (:class:`DictReader` instances and objects returned by the :"
"func:`reader` function) have the following public methods:"
#: library/csv.rst:521
"Return the next row of the reader's iterable object as a list (if the object "
"was returned from :func:`reader`) or a dict (if it is a :class:`DictReader` "
"instance), parsed according to the current :class:`Dialect`.  Usually you "
"should call this as ``next(reader)``."
#: library/csv.rst:527
msgid "Reader objects have the following public attributes:"
#: library/csv.rst:531
msgid "A read-only description of the dialect in use by the parser."
#: library/csv.rst:536
"The number of lines read from the source iterator. This is not the same as "
"the number of records returned, as records can span multiple lines."
#: library/csv.rst:540
msgid "DictReader objects have the following public attribute:"
#: library/csv.rst:544
"If not passed as a parameter when creating the object, this attribute is "
"initialized upon first access or when the first record is read from the file."
#: library/csv.rst:551
msgid "Writer Objects"
#: library/csv.rst:553
":class:`writer` objects (:class:`DictWriter` instances and objects returned "
"by the :func:`writer` function) have the following public methods.  A *row* "
"must be an iterable of strings or numbers for :class:`writer` objects and a "
"dictionary mapping fieldnames to strings or numbers (by passing them "
"through :func:`str` first) for :class:`DictWriter` objects.  Note that "
"complex numbers are written out surrounded by parens. This may cause some "
"problems for other programs which read CSV files (assuming they support "
"complex numbers at all)."
#: library/csv.rst:564
"Write the *row* parameter to the writer's file object, formatted according "
"to the current :class:`Dialect`. Return the return value of the call to the "
"*write* method of the underlying file object."
#: library/csv.rst:568
msgid "Added support of arbitrary iterables."
#: library/csv.rst:573
"Write all elements in *rows* (an iterable of *row* objects as described "
"above) to the writer's file object, formatted according to the current "
#: library/csv.rst:577
msgid "Writer objects have the following public attribute:"
#: library/csv.rst:582
msgid "A read-only description of the dialect in use by the writer."
#: library/csv.rst:585
msgid "DictWriter objects have the following public method:"
#: library/csv.rst:590
"Write a row with the field names (as specified in the constructor) to the "
"writer's file object, formatted according to the current dialect. Return the "
"return value of the :meth:`csvwriter.writerow` call used internally."
#: library/csv.rst:595
":meth:`writeheader` now also returns the value returned by the :meth:"
"`csvwriter.writerow` method it uses internally."
#: library/csv.rst:603
msgid "Examples"
#: library/csv.rst:605
msgid "The simplest example of reading a CSV file::"
#: library/csv.rst:607
"import csv\n"
"with open('some.csv', newline='') as f:\n"
"    reader = csv.reader(f)\n"
"    for row in reader:\n"
"        print(row)"
#: library/csv.rst:613
msgid "Reading a file with an alternate format::"
#: library/csv.rst:615
"import csv\n"
"with open('passwd', newline='') as f:\n"
"    reader = csv.reader(f, delimiter=':', quoting=csv.QUOTE_NONE)\n"
"    for row in reader:\n"
"        print(row)"
#: library/csv.rst:621
msgid "The corresponding simplest possible writing example is::"
#: library/csv.rst:623
"import csv\n"
"with open('some.csv', 'w', newline='') as f:\n"
"    writer = csv.writer(f)\n"
"    writer.writerows(someiterable)"
#: library/csv.rst:628
"Since :func:`open` is used to open a CSV file for reading, the file will by "
"default be decoded into unicode using the system default encoding (see :func:"
"`locale.getencoding`).  To decode a file using a different encoding, use the "
"``encoding`` argument of open::"
#: library/csv.rst:633
"import csv\n"
"with open('some.csv', newline='', encoding='utf-8') as f:\n"
"    reader = csv.reader(f)\n"
"    for row in reader:\n"
"        print(row)"
#: library/csv.rst:639
"The same applies to writing in something other than the system default "
"encoding: specify the encoding argument when opening the output file."
#: library/csv.rst:642
msgid "Registering a new dialect::"
#: library/csv.rst:644
"import csv\n"
"csv.register_dialect('unixpwd', delimiter=':', quoting=csv.QUOTE_NONE)\n"
"with open('passwd', newline='') as f:\n"
"    reader = csv.reader(f, 'unixpwd')"
#: library/csv.rst:649
"A slightly more advanced use of the reader --- catching and reporting "
#: library/csv.rst:651
"import csv, sys\n"
"filename = 'some.csv'\n"
"with open(filename, newline='') as f:\n"
"    reader = csv.reader(f)\n"
"    try:\n"
"        for row in reader:\n"
"            print(row)\n"
"    except csv.Error as e:\n"
"        sys.exit(f'file {filename}, line {reader.line_num}: {e}')"
#: library/csv.rst:661
"And while the module doesn't directly support parsing strings, it can easily "
"be done::"
#: library/csv.rst:664
"import csv\n"
"for row in csv.reader(['one,two,three']):\n"
"    print(row)"
#: library/csv.rst:670
msgid "Footnotes"
#: library/csv.rst:671
"If ``newline=''`` is not specified, newlines embedded inside quoted fields "
"will not be interpreted correctly, and on platforms that use ``\\r\\n`` line "
"endings on write an extra ``\\r`` will be added.  It should always be safe "
"to specify ``newline=''``, since the csv module does its own (:term:"
"`universal <universal newlines>`) newline handling."
#: library/csv.rst:11
msgid "csv"
#: library/csv.rst:11
msgid "data"
#: library/csv.rst:11
msgid "tabular"
#: library/csv.rst:53
msgid "universal newlines"
#: library/csv.rst:53
msgid "csv.reader function"
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