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modules and basics of packages
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‎python/06-modules.py‎

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########## From module import Something ##########
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#in the previous section we showed how to import something.
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import random
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print(type(random))
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#Doing this requires us to access the module using the dot operator
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#As an alternative, we can import one specific thing from the module
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from random import randint, seed
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print("from random import randit:", randint(5,5)) #always 5 lol
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#This replaces anything locally called randint:
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randint = "SUPER IMPORTANT DATA DON'T DELETE!!!!"
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from random import randint
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print("RIP data:", randint)
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########## Alias an import ##########
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import random as r
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print("r.randint:", r.randint(6,6))
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#This can be used to preserve data locally:
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randint = "SUPER IMPORTANT DATA DON'T DELETE!!!!"
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from random import randint as ri
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print("ri:", ri(7,7))
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print("NOT LOST!", randint)
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########## import * ##########
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#We now we can bring one specific item from a module using
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from random import randint
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#This puts it directly in our symbol table replacing anything called randint
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#You will see sometimes importing everything, even though it's not recommended
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#100% guarentee 30% of the time to yeet out something important:
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seed = "watermelon"
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from random import *
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print("Today we are going to plant", seed, "seeds! Yay!") #Not what we wanted.
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#We can get a better picture of this by printing the output of dir()
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#which shows the identifiers in scope
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a, b, c, e, f, g = 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 #find these:
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print(dir())
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########## Creating a Module ##########
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#We can easily create our own module by just creating a python file
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#Any variables or functions will be imported
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#See utils.py
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import utils
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print("Range (high-low):", utils.range([5, 3, 5, 1, 10]))
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########## sys path ##########
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########## Packages ##########
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import sys
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import math
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print(math.pi)
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#When we created the utils module, it came from the same directory.
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#This is part of the default search path
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#You can see the places modules are searched for by importing a special module
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#https://docs.python.org/3/tutorial/modules.html#standard-modules
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import sys
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#print (pi) NOPE
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from math import pi
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print(pi)
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#always available, work directly with interpreter
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#unlike some other modules.
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#import winreg doesn't work for me (im on mac...maybe on windows)
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#docs give this example:
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sys.ps1 = 'C> ' #(Try it in interactive mode if needed)
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print(sys.path)
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sys.path.append('/Users/calebcurry/Python')
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#path prints locations searched for modules.
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import utils
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#We could move utils up a directory (or anywhere we want)
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#and import it like so:
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sys.path.append("/Users/calebcurry/Python")
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print("Range:", utils.range([5, 3, 5, 1, 10]))
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#There are ways you can do this more dynamically
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#https://stackoverflow.com/questions/30218802/get-parent-of-current-directory-from-python-script/39618108
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from os.path import dirname, abspath
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d = dirname(dirname(abspath(__file__)))
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sys.path.append(d)
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a, b, c, e, f, g = 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0
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pi = 3.2
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from math import pi
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print(globals())
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print(dir())
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########## Packages ##########
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import json
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#If you look in the directory of modules and take a gander
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#You'll notice some are directories while others are .py files
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#The ones that are directories are known as packages.
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#importing and using is same, creation is slightly different as mult. files combined
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#for example, tkinter, a GUI tool, is a folder.
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#open it up and see a bunch of components and __init__.py to wrap it up.
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import ultimate_utils.list_utils
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import ultimate_utils.math_utils
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ultimate_utils.list_utils.print_2d([[1,2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9]])
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#It would be ideal if we could work with list_utils directly.
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from ultimate_utils import * #doesn't work by default.
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#This is where __all__ comes in inside __init__.py
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list_utils.print_2d([[9, 9, 9],[9, 9, 9]])
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#Brief bit on compilation
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#going through this process you may have noticed a __psycache__ folder
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#https://docs.python.org/3/tutorial/modules.html#compiled-python-files
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#"To speed up loading modules, Python caches the compiled version of each module"
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#enough on this tho, my brain hurts.

‎python/utils.py‎

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def range(data):
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sorted_data = sorted(data)
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return sorted_data[-1] - sorted_data[0]

‎ultimate_utils/__init__.py‎

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__all__ = ["list_utils", "math_utils"]

‎ultimate_utils/list_utils.py‎

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def print_2d(grades):
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for inner_list in grades:
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for grade in inner_list:
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print(grade, end=" ")
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print()

‎ultimate_utils/math_utils.py‎

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def range(data):
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sorted_data = sorted(data)
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return sorted_data[-1] - sorted_data[0]

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