diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
index 7b225ae2..b0441b13 100644
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -1,51 +1,18 @@
-.svn
-.DS_Store
-*.pyc
-*.pyo
-*.egg-info
-*.egg
-*.pt.cache
-.Python
-*.mo
-*.o
-*.lo
-*.la
-.*.rej
-*.rej
-.*~
-*~
-#*#
-.#*
-.~lock.*#
-.VimballRecord
-.netrwhist
-tags
-tags-*
-en.utf-8.add.spl
-svn-commit.tmp
-.AppleDouble
-.vim/bundle/command-t/ruby/command-t/Makefile
-.vim/bundle/command-t/ruby/command-t/ext.bundle
-.vim/bundle/command-t/ruby/command-t/mkmf.log
+.buildinfo
+build
 .installed.cfg
+.mr.developer.cfg
 bin
-build
-include
-lib
-share
-cast-offs
 develop-eggs
-development
-*.db
-*.sublime-project
-*.sublime-workspace
-.mr.developer.cfg
 outline_improvements.txt
+resources
+source
 src
-html
-slides
-new_mash
-.buildinfo
-pip-selfcheck.json
-.ipynb_checkpoints
+doctrees
+include
+share
+TODO.txt
+lib
 testenvs
+pyweb.sublime-*
+pip-selfcheck.json
diff --git a/resources/session08/mysite_stage_1/myblog/__init__.py b/.nojekyll
similarity index 100%
rename from resources/session08/mysite_stage_1/myblog/__init__.py
rename to .nojekyll
diff --git a/Makefile b/Makefile
deleted file mode 100644
index 84b07bcc..00000000
--- a/Makefile
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,184 +0,0 @@
-# Makefile for Sphinx documentation
-#
-
-# You can set these variables from the command line.
-BINDIR        = ./bin
-SPHINXOPTS    =
-SPHINXBUILD   = $(BINDIR)/sphinx-build
-PAPER         =
-BUILDDIR      = build
-
-# User-friendly check for sphinx-build
-ifeq ($(shell which $(SPHINXBUILD) >/dev/null 2>&1; echo $$?), 1)
-$(error The '$(SPHINXBUILD)' command was not found. Make sure you have Sphinx installed, then set the SPHINXBUILD environment variable to point to the full path of the '$(SPHINXBUILD)' executable. Alternatively you can add the directory with the executable to your PATH. If you don't have Sphinx installed, grab it from http://sphinx-doc.org/)
-endif
-
-# Internal variables.
-PAPEROPT_a4     = -D latex_paper_size=a4
-PAPEROPT_letter = -D latex_paper_size=letter
-ALLSPHINXOPTS   = -d $(BUILDDIR)/doctrees $(PAPEROPT_$(PAPER)) $(SPHINXOPTS) source
-# the i18n builder cannot share the environment and doctrees with the others
-I18NSPHINXOPTS  = $(PAPEROPT_$(PAPER)) $(SPHINXOPTS) source
-
-.PHONY: help clean html dirhtml singlehtml pickle json htmlhelp qthelp devhelp epub latex latexpdf text man changes linkcheck doctest gettext
-
-help:
-	@echo "Please use \`make <target>' where <target> is one of"
-	@echo "  html       to make standalone HTML files"
-	@echo "  dirhtml    to make HTML files named index.html in directories"
-	@echo "  singlehtml to make a single large HTML file"
-	@echo "  pickle     to make pickle files"
-	@echo "  json       to make JSON files"
-	@echo "  htmlhelp   to make HTML files and a HTML help project"
-	@echo "  qthelp     to make HTML files and a qthelp project"
-	@echo "  devhelp    to make HTML files and a Devhelp project"
-	@echo "  epub       to make an epub"
-	@echo "  latex      to make LaTeX files, you can set PAPER=a4 or PAPER=letter"
-	@echo "  latexpdf   to make LaTeX files and run them through pdflatex"
-	@echo "  latexpdfja to make LaTeX files and run them through platex/dvipdfmx"
-	@echo "  text       to make text files"
-	@echo "  man        to make manual pages"
-	@echo "  texinfo    to make Texinfo files"
-	@echo "  info       to make Texinfo files and run them through makeinfo"
-	@echo "  gettext    to make PO message catalogs"
-	@echo "  changes    to make an overview of all changed/added/deprecated items"
-	@echo "  xml        to make Docutils-native XML files"
-	@echo "  pseudoxml  to make pseudoxml-XML files for display purposes"
-	@echo "  linkcheck  to check all external links for integrity"
-	@echo "  doctest    to run all doctests embedded in the documentation (if enabled)"
-
-clean:
-	rm -rf $(BUILDDIR)/*
-
-html:
-	$(SPHINXBUILD) -b html $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/html
-	@echo
-	@echo "Build finished. The HTML pages are in $(BUILDDIR)/html."
-
-dirhtml:
-	$(SPHINXBUILD) -b dirhtml $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/dirhtml
-	@echo
-	@echo "Build finished. The HTML pages are in $(BUILDDIR)/dirhtml."
-
-singlehtml:
-	$(SPHINXBUILD) -b singlehtml $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/singlehtml
-	@echo
-	@echo "Build finished. The HTML page is in $(BUILDDIR)/singlehtml."
-
-pickle:
-	$(SPHINXBUILD) -b pickle $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/pickle
-	@echo
-	@echo "Build finished; now you can process the pickle files."
-
-json:
-	$(SPHINXBUILD) -b json $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/json
-	@echo
-	@echo "Build finished; now you can process the JSON files."
-
-htmlhelp:
-	$(SPHINXBUILD) -b htmlhelp $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/htmlhelp
-	@echo
-	@echo "Build finished; now you can run HTML Help Workshop with the" \
-	      ".hhp project file in $(BUILDDIR)/htmlhelp."
-
-qthelp:
-	$(SPHINXBUILD) -b qthelp $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/qthelp
-	@echo
-	@echo "Build finished; now you can run "qcollectiongenerator" with the" \
-	      ".qhcp project file in $(BUILDDIR)/qthelp, like this:"
-	@echo "# qcollectiongenerator $(BUILDDIR)/qthelp/PythonWebProgramming.qhcp"
-	@echo "To view the help file:"
-	@echo "# assistant -collectionFile $(BUILDDIR)/qthelp/PythonWebProgramming.qhc"
-
-devhelp:
-	$(SPHINXBUILD) -b devhelp $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/devhelp
-	@echo
-	@echo "Build finished."
-	@echo "To view the help file:"
-	@echo "# mkdir -p $$HOME/.local/share/devhelp/PythonWebProgramming"
-	@echo "# ln -s $(BUILDDIR)/devhelp $$HOME/.local/share/devhelp/PythonWebProgramming"
-	@echo "# devhelp"
-
-epub:
-	$(SPHINXBUILD) -b epub $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/epub
-	@echo
-	@echo "Build finished. The epub file is in $(BUILDDIR)/epub."
-
-latex:
-	$(SPHINXBUILD) -b latex $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/latex
-	@echo
-	@echo "Build finished; the LaTeX files are in $(BUILDDIR)/latex."
-	@echo "Run \`make' in that directory to run these through (pdf)latex" \
-	      "(use \`make latexpdf' here to do that automatically)."
-
-latexpdf:
-	$(SPHINXBUILD) -b latex $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/latex
-	@echo "Running LaTeX files through pdflatex..."
-	$(MAKE) -C $(BUILDDIR)/latex all-pdf
-	@echo "pdflatex finished; the PDF files are in $(BUILDDIR)/latex."
-
-latexpdfja:
-	$(SPHINXBUILD) -b latex $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/latex
-	@echo "Running LaTeX files through platex and dvipdfmx..."
-	$(MAKE) -C $(BUILDDIR)/latex all-pdf-ja
-	@echo "pdflatex finished; the PDF files are in $(BUILDDIR)/latex."
-
-text:
-	$(SPHINXBUILD) -b text $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/text
-	@echo
-	@echo "Build finished. The text files are in $(BUILDDIR)/text."
-
-man:
-	$(SPHINXBUILD) -b man $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/man
-	@echo
-	@echo "Build finished. The manual pages are in $(BUILDDIR)/man."
-
-texinfo:
-	$(SPHINXBUILD) -b texinfo $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/texinfo
-	@echo
-	@echo "Build finished. The Texinfo files are in $(BUILDDIR)/texinfo."
-	@echo "Run \`make' in that directory to run these through makeinfo" \
-	      "(use \`make info' here to do that automatically)."
-
-info:
-	$(SPHINXBUILD) -b texinfo $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/texinfo
-	@echo "Running Texinfo files through makeinfo..."
-	make -C $(BUILDDIR)/texinfo info
-	@echo "makeinfo finished; the Info files are in $(BUILDDIR)/texinfo."
-
-gettext:
-	$(SPHINXBUILD) -b gettext $(I18NSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/locale
-	@echo
-	@echo "Build finished. The message catalogs are in $(BUILDDIR)/locale."
-
-changes:
-	$(SPHINXBUILD) -b changes $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/changes
-	@echo
-	@echo "The overview file is in $(BUILDDIR)/changes."
-
-linkcheck:
-	$(SPHINXBUILD) -b linkcheck $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/linkcheck
-	@echo
-	@echo "Link check complete; look for any errors in the above output " \
-	      "or in $(BUILDDIR)/linkcheck/output.txt."
-
-doctest:
-	$(SPHINXBUILD) -b doctest $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/doctest
-	@echo "Testing of doctests in the sources finished, look at the " \
-	      "results in $(BUILDDIR)/doctest/output.txt."
-
-xml:
-	$(SPHINXBUILD) -b xml $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/xml
-	@echo
-	@echo "Build finished. The XML files are in $(BUILDDIR)/xml."
-
-pseudoxml:
-	$(SPHINXBUILD) -b pseudoxml $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/pseudoxml
-	@echo
-	@echo "Build finished. The pseudo-XML files are in $(BUILDDIR)/pseudoxml."
-
-
-slides:
-	$(SPHINXBUILD) -b slides $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/slides
-	@echo "Build finished. The HTML slides are in $(BUILDDIR)/slides."
-
diff --git a/README.rst b/README.rst
deleted file mode 100644
index e7769775..00000000
--- a/README.rst
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,102 +0,0 @@
-.. contents::
-
-Introduction
-============
-
-This package provides the source for all lecture materials for a 10-session
-course in Web Development using Python.
-
-This package provides the source for all lecture materials used for the
-`Internet Programming in Python`_ section of the `Certificate in Python
-Programming`_ offered by the `University of Washington Professional &
-Continuing Education`_ program. This version of the documentation is used for
-the Winter 2016 instance of the course, Taught by `Cris Ewing`_
-
-.. _Internet Programming in Python: http://www.pce.uw.edu/courses/internet-programming-python/downtown-seattle-winter-2016/
-.. _Certificate in Python Programming: http://www.pce.uw.edu/certificates/python-programming.html
-.. _University of Washington Professional & Continuing Education: http://www.pce.uw.edu/
-.. _Cris Ewing: http://www.linkedin.com/profile/view?id=19741495
-
-This course is taught using Python 3.
-
-This documentation builds both an HTML version of the course lectures (for the
-students) and a set of slides (for the instructor).  It uses the Python-based
-documentation tool `Sphinx`_ and the `hieroglyph`_ sphinx extension. Shell
-examples use `iPython` and tests are written for `pytest`. The build
-environment is managed using `virtualenv` and `pip`
-
-.. _iPython: http://ipython.org/
-.. _Sphinx: http://sphinx-doc.org/
-.. _hieroglyph: http://docs.hieroglyph.io/en/latest/
-.. _pytest: http://pytest.org/latest/
-.. _virtualenv: https://virtualenv.pypa.io/en/latest/
-.. _pip: https://pip.pypa.io/en/stable
-
-Building The Documentation
---------------------------
-
-To build the documentation locally, begin by cloning the project to your
-machine:
-
-.. code-block:: bash
-
-    $ git clone https://github.com/cewing/training.python_web.git
-
-Change directories into the repository, then create a virtualenv using Python
-3:
-
-.. code-block:: bash
-
-    $ cd training.python_web
-    $ virtualenv --python /path/to/bin/python3.5 .
-    Running virtualenv with interpreter /path/to/bin/python3.5
-    New python executable in training.python_web/bin/python3.5
-    Also creating executable in training.python_web/bin/python
-    Installing setuptools, pip...done.
-
-Install the requirements for the documentation using pip:
-
-.. code-block:: bash
-
-    $ bin/pip install -r requirements.pip
-    ...
-
-    Successfully installed Babel-2.0 Jinja2-2.8 MarkupSafe-0.23 Pygments-2.0.2 Sphinx-1.3.1 alabaster-0.7.6 appnope-0.1.0 decorator-4.0.2 docutils-0.12 gnureadline-6.3.3 hieroglyph-0.7.1 ipython-4.0.0 ipython-genutils-0.1.0 path.py-8.1 pexpect-3.3 pickleshare-0.5 py-1.4.30 pytest-2.7.2 pytz-2015.4 simplegeneric-0.8.1 six-1.9.0 snowballstemmer-1.2.0 sphinx-rtd-theme-0.1.8 traitlets-4.0.0
-
-Once that has successfully completed, you should be able to build both the html
-documentation and the slides using the included Makefile.
-
-.. code-block:: bash
-
-    $ make html
-    ...
-
-    Build finished. The HTML pages are in build/html.
-
-    (webdocs)$ make slides
-    ...
-
-    Build finished. The HTML slides are in build/slides.
-
-.. note:: If you prefer to build your virtualenvs in other ways, you will need
-          to adjust the `BINDIR` variable in `Makefile` to fit your reality.
-
-
-
-Reading The Documentation
--------------------------
-
-A rendered version of this documentation is maintained online.  You can view
-the latest updates at http://cewing.github.com/training.python_web/
-
-LICENSE
-=======
-
-This work is licensed under the Creative Commons
-Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of
-this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ or send
-a letter to Creative Commons, 444 Castro Street, Suite 900, Mountain View,
-California, 94041, USA.
-
-A copy of this license in text format is included in this package under the
-``docs`` directory
diff --git a/docs/LICENSE.txt b/docs/LICENSE.txt
deleted file mode 100644
index a91382ab..00000000
--- a/docs/LICENSE.txt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,343 +0,0 @@
-License
-
-THE WORK (AS DEFINED BELOW) IS PROVIDED UNDER THE TERMS OF THIS CREATIVE
-COMMONS PUBLIC LICENSE ("CCPL" OR "LICENSE"). THE WORK IS PROTECTED BY
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diff --git a/docutils.conf b/docutils.conf
deleted file mode 100644
index f36d1c9b..00000000
--- a/docutils.conf
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,11 +0,0 @@
-[general]
-source_url: http://github.com/cewing/training.python_web
-
-[restructuredtext parser]
-syntax_highlight = short
-
-[s5_html writer]
-current_slide: True
-embed_stylesheet: false
-stylesheet: ui/uw_pce_theme/pretty.css
-theme_url: ui/uw_pce_theme
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diff --git a/html/_sources/additional/flask_walkthrough.txt b/html/_sources/additional/flask_walkthrough.txt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..eb5a408b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/html/_sources/additional/flask_walkthrough.txt
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+.. slideconf::
+    :autoslides: False
+
+A Quick Flask Walkthrough
+=========================
+
+.. slide:: A Quick Flask Walkthrough
+    :level: 1
+
+    This document contains no slides.
+
+If you've already set up your virtualenv and installed flask, you can simply
+activate it and skip down to **Kicking the Tires**
+
+If not...
+
+Practice Safe Development
+-------------------------
+
+We are going to install Flask, and the packages it requires, into a
+virtualenv.
+
+.. class:: incremental
+
+This will ensure that it is isolated from everything else we do in class (and
+vice versa)
+
+.. container:: incremental
+
+    Remember the basic format for creating a virtualenv:
+
+    .. class:: small
+
+    ::
+
+        $ python virtualenv.py [options] <ENV>
+        <or>
+        $ virtualenv [options] <ENV>
+
+
+Set Up a VirtualEnv
+-------------------
+
+Start by creating your virtualenv::
+
+    $ python virtualenv.py flaskenv
+    <or>
+    $ virtualenv flaskenv
+    ...
+
+.. container:: incremental
+
+    Then, activate it::
+    
+        $ source flaskenv/bin/activate
+        <or>
+        C:\> flaskenv\Scripts\activate
+
+
+Install Flask
+-------------
+
+Finally, install Flask using `setuptools` or `pip`::
+
+    (flaskenv)$ pip install flask
+    Downloading/unpacking flask
+      Downloading Flask-0.10.1.tar.gz (544kB): 544kB downloaded
+    ...
+    Installing collected packages: flask, Werkzeug, Jinja2, 
+      itsdangerous, markupsafe
+    ...
+    Successfully installed flask Werkzeug Jinja2 itsdangerous 
+      markupsafe
+
+
+Kicking the Tires
+-----------------
+
+We've installed the Flask microframework and all of its dependencies.
+
+.. class:: incremental
+
+Now, let's see what it can do
+
+.. class:: incremental
+
+With your flaskenv activated, create a file called ``flask_intro.py`` and
+open it in your text editor.
+
+
+Flask
+-----
+
+Getting started with Flask is pretty straightforward. Here's a complete,
+simple app.  Type it into `flask_intro.py`:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+    :class: small
+
+    from flask import Flask
+    app = Flask(__name__)
+
+    @app.route('/')
+    def hello_world():
+        return 'Hello World!'
+
+    if __name__ == '__main__':
+        app.run()
+
+
+Running our App
+---------------
+
+As you might expect by now, the last block in our ``flask_intro.py`` file
+allows us to run this as a python program. Save your file, and in your
+terminal try this::
+
+    (flaskenv)$ python flask_intro.py
+
+.. class:: incremental
+
+Load ``http://localhost:5000`` in your browser to see it in action.
+
+
+Debugging our App
+-----------------
+
+Last week, ``cgitb`` provided us with useful feedback when building an app.
+Flask has similar functionality. Make the following changes to your
+``flask_intro.py`` file:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+    :class: small
+
+    def hello_world():
+        bar = 1 / 0
+        return 'Hello World!'
+
+    if __name__ == '__main__':
+        app.run(debug=True)
+
+.. class:: incremental
+
+Restart your app and then reload your browser to see what happens.
+
+Click in the stack trace that appears in your browser.  Notice anything fun?
+
+(clean up the error when you're done playing).
+
+
+Your work so far
+----------------
+
+.. class:: incremental
+
+* You instantiated a `Flask` app with a name that represents the package or
+  module containing the app
+
+  * Because our app is a single Python module, this should be ``__name__``
+  * This is used to help the `Flask` app figure out where to look for
+    *resources*
+
+* You defined a function that returned a response body
+* You told the app which requests should use that function with a *route*
+
+.. class:: incremental
+
+Let's take a look at how that last bit works for a moment...
+
+
+URL Routing
+-----------
+
+Remember our bookdb exercise? How did you end up solving the problem of
+mapping an HTTP request to the right function?
+
+.. class:: incremental
+
+Flask solves this problem by using the `route` decorator from your app.
+
+.. class:: incremental
+
+A 'route' takes a URL rule (more on that in a minute) and maps it to an
+*endpoint* and a *function*.
+
+.. class:: incremental
+
+When a request arrives at a URL that matches a known rule, the function is
+called.
+
+
+URL Rules
+---------
+
+URL Rules are strings that represent what environ['PATH_INFO'] will look like.
+
+.. class:: incremental
+
+They are added to a *mapping* on the Flask object called the *url_map*
+
+.. class:: incremental
+
+You can call ``app.add_url_rule()`` to add a new one
+
+.. class:: incremental
+
+Or you can use what we've used, the ``app.route()`` decorator
+
+
+Function or Decorator
+---------------------
+
+.. code-block:: python
+    :class: small
+
+    def index():
+        """some function that returns something"""
+        # ...
+    
+    app.add_url_rule('/', 'homepage', index)
+
+.. container:: incremental
+
+    is identical to
+
+    .. code-block:: python
+        :class: small
+    
+        @app.route('/', 'homepage')
+        def index():
+            """some function that returns something"""
+            # ...
+
+
+Routes Can Be Dynamic
+---------------------
+
+A *placeholder* in a URL rule becomes a named arg to your function (add these
+to ``flask_intro.py``):
+
+.. code-block:: python
+    :class: incremental small
+
+    @app.route('/profile/<username>')
+    def show_profile(username):
+        return "My username is %s" % username
+
+.. class:: incremental
+
+And *converters* ensure the incoming argument is of the correct type.
+
+.. code-block:: python
+    :class: incremental small
+
+    @app.route('/div/<float:val>/')
+    def divide(val):
+        return "%0.2f divided by 2 is %0.2f" % (val, val / 2)
+
+
+Routes Can Be Filtered
+----------------------
+
+You can also determine which HTTP *methods* a given route will accept:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+    :class: small
+
+    @app.route('/blog/entry/<int:id>/', methods=['GET',])
+    def read_entry(id):
+        return "reading entry %d" % id
+
+    @app.route('/blog/entry/<int:id>/', methods=['POST', ])
+    def write_entry(id):
+        return 'writing entry %d' % id
+
+.. class:: incremental
+
+After adding that to ``flask_intro.py`` and saving, try loading
+``http://localhost:5000/blog/entry/23/`` into your browser. Which was called?
+
+Routes Can Be Reversed
+----------------------
+
+Reversing a URL means the ability to generate the url that would result in a
+given endpoint being called.
+
+.. class:: incremental
+
+This means *you don't have to hard-code your URLs when building links*
+
+.. class:: incremental
+
+That means *you can change the URLs for your app without changing code or
+templates*
+
+.. class:: incremental
+
+This is called **decoupling** and it is a good thing
+
+Reversing URLs in Flask
+-----------------------
+
+In Flask, you reverse a url with the ``url_for`` function.
+
+.. class:: incremental
+
+* ``url_for`` requires an HTTP request context to work
+* You can fake an HTTP request when working in a terminal (or testing)
+* Use the ``test_request_context`` method of your app object
+* This is a great chance to use the Python ``with`` statement
+* **Don't type this**
+
+.. code-block:: python
+    :class: small incremental
+
+    from flask import url_for
+    with app.test_request_context():
+      print url_for('endpoint', **kwargs)
+
+Reversing in Action
+-------------------
+
+Quit your Flask app with ``^C``.  Then start a python interpreter in that same
+terminal and import your ``flask_intro.py`` module:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    >>> from flask_intro import app
+    >>> from flask import url_for
+    >>> with app.test_request_context():
+    ...     print url_for('show_profile', username="cris")
+    ...     print url_for('divide', val=23.7)
+    ... 
+    '/profile/cris/'
+    '/div/23.7/'
+    >>>
+
+Enough for Now
+--------------
+
+That will give you plenty to think about before class.  We'll put this all to
+good use building a real flask app in our next session.
diff --git a/html/_sources/additional/git_cleanup.txt b/html/_sources/additional/git_cleanup.txt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..35338f79
--- /dev/null
+++ b/html/_sources/additional/git_cleanup.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,219 @@
+.. slideconf::
+    :autoslides: False
+
+Steps to get a clean master branch for your git fork
+====================================================
+
+.. slide:: Steps to get a clean master branch for your git fork
+    :level: 1
+
+    This document contains no slides.
+
+Command line instructions for getting back to a pristine master branch
+
+
+1.  Make sure that you have the UWPCE repostitory set up as an additional
+    remote for your local repository::
+
+    $ git remote add uwpce git@github.com:UWPCE-PythonCert/training.python_web.git
+
+This will give you direct access to the original copy of the repository from
+the command line.
+
+2.  Verify this worked by checking your remotes::
+
+    $ git remote
+    origin
+    uwpce
+
+Now you have *two* remote repositories connected to your local repository.
+
+* *Origin* represents the copy of your fork of the UW PCE repository *on
+  github's servers*.
+* *Uwpce* is the original UW PCE repository *on github's servers*.
+
+State the Problem
+-----------------
+
+You have a series of changes *you* have made to the *master* branch of your
+repository, both the local and the *origin* remote.
+
+Every time you make new changes for a homework and then submit a pull request,
+all these old changes are included in the pull request.
+
+State the Goal
+--------------
+
+You would like to get a *master* branch of your repository that exactly matches
+the *master* branch of the UW PCE remote (*uwpce*).
+
+Once you have this, you can then keep that branch up to date with the UW PCE
+copy
+
+And you can continue to make clean branches for each homework *starting from
+that clean master*.
+
+Steps to get there
+------------------
+
+Preserve your Old Work
+++++++++++++++++++++++
+
+First, make a branch on your local machine of your current *master*, this will
+be a branch you keep that contains all your homework up until today::
+
+    $ git branch -a
+    * master
+      remotes/origin/HEAD -> origin/master
+      remotes/origin/gh-pages
+      remotes/origin/instructor
+      remotes/origin/master
+      remotes/origin/week-long-format
+      remotes/uwpce/master
+    $ git branch keep-old-work
+    $ git branch -a
+    keep-old-work
+    * master
+      remotes/origin/HEAD -> origin/master
+      remotes/origin/gh-pages
+      remotes/origin/instructor
+      remotes/origin/master
+      remotes/origin/week-long-format
+      remotes/uwpce/master
+
+Now, you have a copy of all the work you've done to date.  It's on the
+*keep-old-work* branch. You have not yet pushed this branch up to your github
+account, so let's do that next, making it safe::
+
+    $ git push -u origin keep-old-work
+    Total 0 (delta 0), reused 0 (delta 0)
+    To git@github.com:cewing/training.python_web.git
+     * [new branch]      keep-old-work -> keep-old-work
+    Branch keep-old-work set up to track remote branch keep-old-work from origin.
+
+Okay, now there's a copy of your old work safe in a branch on *your* github
+repository.
+
+Revert Your Master
+++++++++++++++++++
+
+The next step is to *roll back your master* to a point *before you made any
+changes to it*.
+
+The key here is understanding that every change you commit to a repository in
+git is associated with a *hash*, which is a big, unique identification number
+you can use to refer to that specific change.  You can see these numbers when
+you look at the list of commits in github.
+
+You need to find the number of a commit by me that happened before you began
+making changes.
+
+First, open the 'commits' page on github of your fork of the class repository.
+
+Then, scroll down until you find your first commit, which should be part of
+work for session01 homework.
+
+Then, find the last commit *before* that commit, and click on the number in the
+far right of that commit listing (it should be something like `b60ea2bb70`)
+
+This will open up that specific commit, and in the URL for that commit you will
+find the full hash: `b60ea2bb7052a5bd300772d7d9d40b19b27f7a1b`.  Copy that value.
+
+Now, we are going to reset your local *master* branch to that commit,
+abandoning all the changes you (and I) have made between then and now::
+
+    $ git branch
+    keep-old-work
+    * master
+    $ git reset --hard b60ea2bb7052a5bd300772d7d9d40b19b27f7a1b
+
+Now, your *local master* has been reverted to a state before you did any work.
+All your changes have been deleted, but so have all the changes I've made since
+the start of class.
+
+Luckily, we can fix that.  Our next step is to fetch the *uwpce* *master*
+branch, which contains all those changes I've made, but none of the changes you
+made:
+
+    $ git fetch uwpce master
+    remote: Counting objects: 10, done.
+    remote: Compressing objects: 100% (10/10), done.
+    remote: Total 10 (delta 3), reused 7 (delta 0)
+    Unpacking objects: 100% (10/10), done.
+    From github.com:UWPCE-PythonCert/training.python_web
+     * branch            master     -> FETCH_HEAD
+       8873ba1..75a8462  master     -> uwpce/master
+
+And finally, we can merge the changes in the *uwpce* master into our local
+*master*::
+
+    $ git branch
+    keep-old-work
+    * master
+    $ git merge uwpce/master
+    Merge made by the 'recursive' strategy.
+     source/presentations/session04.rst |    7 +
+     source/presentations/session06.rst | 1624 +-----------------------------------
+     2 files changed, 40 insertions(+), 1591 deletions(-)
+
+
+Forcibly Update
++++++++++++++++
+
+Now, what we have is a situation where your local master has a history that is
+completely different from the *origin* to which it is attached.  Your
+*origin/master* still has your work on it, interleaved with the changes I've
+made along the way, but your *local* master contains only my work.
+
+If you were to try to push these changes up to *origin* (your repository) it would
+fail because there's no way to reconcile the two histories.
+
+But we don't care about the history on your *origin*, we only want to keep the
+history that is represented by what is currently in your *local* master branch.
+To do that, we can push with the `--force` option::
+
+    $ git push --force origin master
+    Counting objects: 25, done.
+    Delta compression using up to 8 threads.
+    Compressing objects: 100% (11/11), done.
+    Writing objects: 100% (11/11), 2.04 KiB | 0 bytes/s, done.
+    Total 11 (delta 7), reused 0 (delta 0)
+    To git@github.com:cewing/training.python_web.git
+     + 782d17e...5fb97f3 master -> master (forced update)
+
+Okay.  This means that now *master* both on your local machine and on the
+*origin* remote (your github repository) is identical to (and up to date with)
+the master in the *uwpce* repository.
+
+
+Going Forward
+-------------
+
+From now on, when you want to get the very latest copies of the *uwpce*
+repository, you can issue these commands::
+
+    $ git checkout master
+    $ git fetch uwpce master
+    $ git merge uwpce/master
+    $ git push origin master
+
+That will fetch the changes from the *uwpce* remote *master* branch, merge them
+into your *local* repository *master* branch, and then push those changes up to
+your *origin* repository *master* branch.
+
+And when you are ready to start work on a new homework assignment, you can
+simply start a new branch::
+
+    $ git checkout -b session05-homework
+
+Once you've completed your homework, and committed all the changes to your
+*local* homework branch, you can push that branch up to your *origin*
+repository::
+
+    $ git push origin session05-homework
+
+And then, when you open a pull request for me to review your homework, you can
+select your *homework branch* as the source of the pull request, and my
+*master* branch as the destination. The request will contain only those changes
+that are germane to your homework.
+
diff --git a/html/_sources/additional/sql_persistence_tutorial.txt b/html/_sources/additional/sql_persistence_tutorial.txt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5e47ba99
--- /dev/null
+++ b/html/_sources/additional/sql_persistence_tutorial.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,625 @@
+.. slideconf::
+    :autoslides: False
+
+SQL Persistence in Python
+=========================
+
+.. slide:: SQL Persistence in Python
+    :level: 1
+
+    This document contains no slides.
+
+In this tutorial, you'll walk through some basic concepts of data persistence
+using the Python stdlib implementation of DB API 2, `sqlite3`
+
+Data Persistence
+----------------
+
+There are many models for persistance of data.
+
+.. class:: incremental
+
+* Flat files
+* Relational Database (SQL RDBMs like PostgreSQL, MySQL, SQLServer, Oracle)
+* Object Stores (Pickle, ZODB)
+* NoSQL Databases (CouchDB, MongoDB, etc)
+
+.. class:: incremental
+
+It's also one of the most contentious issues in app design.
+
+.. class:: incremental
+
+For this reason, it's one of the things that most Small Frameworks leave
+undecided.
+
+
+Simple SQL
+----------
+
+`PEP 249 <http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0249/>`_ describes a
+common API for database connections called DB-API 2.
+
+.. container:: incremental
+
+    The goal was to
+
+        achieve a consistency leading to more easily understood modules, code
+        that is generally more portable across databases, and a broader reach
+        of database connectivity from Python
+
+        .. class:: image-credit
+
+        source: http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0248/
+
+
+A Note on DB API
+----------------
+
+.. class:: incremental center
+
+It is important to remember that PEP 249 is **only a specification**.
+
+.. class:: incremental
+
+There is no code or package for DB-API 2 on it's own.
+
+.. class:: incremental
+
+Since 2.5, the Python Standard Library has provided a `reference
+implementation of the api <http://docs.python.org/2/library/sqlite3.html>`_
+based on SQLite3
+
+.. class:: incremental
+
+Before Python 2.5, this package was available as ``pysqlite``
+
+
+Using DB API
+------------
+
+To use the DB API with any database other than SQLite3, you must have an
+underlying API package available.
+
+.. container:: incremental
+
+    Implementations are available for:
+
+    * PostgreSQL (**psycopg2**, txpostgres, ...)
+    * MySQL (**mysql-python**, PyMySQL, ...)
+    * MS SQL Server (**adodbapi**, pymssql, mxODBC, pyodbc, ...)
+    * Oracle (**cx_Oracle**, mxODBC, pyodbc, ...)
+    * and many more...
+
+    .. class:: image-credit
+
+    source: http://wiki.python.org/moin/DatabaseInterfaces
+
+
+Installing API Packages
+-----------------------
+
+Most db api packages can be installed using typical Pythonic methods::
+
+    $ easy_install psycopg2
+    $ pip install mysql-python
+    ...
+
+.. class:: incremental
+
+Most api packages will require that the development headers for the underlying
+database system be available. Without these, the C symbols required for
+communication with the db are not present and the wrapper cannot work.
+
+
+Not Today
+---------
+
+We don't want to spend the next hour getting a package installed, so let's use
+``sqlite3`` instead.
+
+.. class:: incremental
+
+I **do not** recommend using sqlite3 for production web applications, there are
+too many ways in which it falls short
+
+.. class:: incremental
+
+But it will provide a solid learning tool
+
+
+Getting Started
+---------------
+
+In the class resources folder, you'll find an ``sql`` directory. Copy that to
+your working directory.
+
+.. class:: incremental
+
+Open the file ``createdb.py`` in your text editor.  Edit ``main`` like so:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+    :class: incremental small
+
+    def main():
+        conn =  sqlite3.connect(DB_FILENAME)
+        if DB_IS_NEW:
+            print 'Need to create database and schema'
+        else:
+            print 'Database exists, assume schema does, too.'
+        conn.close()
+
+
+Try It Out
+----------
+
+Run the ``createdb.py`` script to see it in effect::
+
+    $ python createdb.py
+    Need to create database and schema
+    $ python createdb.py
+    Database exists, assume schema does, too.
+    $ ls
+    books.db
+    ...
+
+.. class:: incremental
+
+Sqlite3 will automatically create a new database when you connect for the
+first time, if one does not exist.
+
+
+Set Up A Schema
+---------------
+
+Make the following changes to ``createdb.py``:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+    :class: small
+
+    DB_FILENAME = 'books.db'
+    SCHEMA_FILENAME = 'ddl.sql' # <- this is new
+    DB_IS_NEW = not os.path.exists(DB_FILENAME)
+
+    def main():
+        with sqlite3.connect(DB_FILENAME) as conn: # <- context mgr
+            if DB_IS_NEW: # A whole new if clause:
+                print 'Creating schema'
+                with open(SCHEMA_FILENAME, 'rt') as f:
+                    schema = f.read()
+                conn.executescript(schema)
+            else:
+                print 'Database exists, assume schema does, too.'
+        # delete the `conn.close()` that was here.
+
+
+Verify Your Work
+----------------
+
+Quit your python interpreter and delete the file ``books.db``
+
+.. container:: incremental
+
+    Then run the script from the command line again to try it out::
+
+        $ python createdb.py
+        Creating schema
+        $ python createdb.py
+        Database exists, assume schema does, too.
+
+Introspect the Database
+-----------------------
+
+Add the following to ``createdb.py``:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+    :class: small
+
+    # in the imports, add this line:
+    from utils import show_table_metadata
+
+    else:
+        # in the else clause, replace the print statement with this:
+        print "Database exists, introspecting:"
+        tablenames = ['author', 'book']
+        cursor = conn.cursor()
+        for name in tablenames:
+            print "\n"
+            show_table_metadata(cursor, name)
+
+.. class:: incremental
+
+Then try running ``python createdb.py`` again
+
+My Results
+----------
+
+.. class:: small
+
+::
+
+    $ python createdb.py
+    Table Metadata for 'author':
+    cid        | name       | type       | notnull    | dflt_value | pk         |
+    -----------+------------+------------+------------+------------+------------+-
+    0          | authorid   | INTEGER    | 1          | None       | 1          |
+    -----------+------------+------------+------------+------------+------------+-
+    1          | name       | TEXT       | 0          | None       | 0          |
+    -----------+------------+------------+------------+------------+------------+-
+
+
+    Table Metadata for 'book':
+    cid        | name       | type       | notnull    | dflt_value | pk         |
+    -----------+------------+------------+------------+------------+------------+-
+    0          | bookid     | INTEGER    | 1          | None       | 1          |
+    -----------+------------+------------+------------+------------+------------+-
+    1          | title      | TEXT       | 0          | None       | 0          |
+    -----------+------------+------------+------------+------------+------------+-
+    2          | author     | INTEGER    | 1          | None       | 0          |
+    -----------+------------+------------+------------+------------+------------+-
+
+
+Inserting Data
+--------------
+
+Let's load up some data. Fire up your interpreter and type:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+    :class: small
+
+    >>> import sqlite3
+    >>> insert = """
+    ... INSERT INTO author (name) VALUES("Iain M. Banks");"""
+    >>> with sqlite3.connect("books.db") as conn:
+    ...     cur = conn.cursor()
+    ...     cur.execute(insert)
+    ...     cur.rowcount
+    ...     cur.close()
+    ...     
+    <sqlite3.Cursor object at 0x10046e880>
+    1
+    >>> 
+
+.. class:: incremental
+
+Did that work?
+
+
+Querying Data
+-------------
+
+Let's query our database to find out:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+    :class: small
+
+    >>> query = """
+    ... SELECT * from author;"""
+    >>> with sqlite3.connect("books.db") as conn:
+    ...     cur = conn.cursor()
+    ...     cur.execute(query)
+    ...     rows = cur.fetchall()
+    ...     for row in rows:
+    ...         print row
+    ...
+    <sqlite3.Cursor object at 0x10046e8f0>
+    (1, u'Iain M. Banks')
+
+.. class:: incremental
+
+Alright!  We've got data in there.  Let's make it more efficient
+
+
+Parameterized Statements
+------------------------
+
+Try this:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+    :class: small
+
+    >>> insert = """
+    ... INSERT INTO author (name) VALUES(?);"""
+    >>> authors = [["China Mieville"], ["Frank Herbert"],
+    ... ["J.R.R. Tolkien"], ["Susan Cooper"], ["Madeline L'Engle"]]
+    >>> with sqlite3.connect("books.db") as conn:
+    ...     cur = conn.cursor()
+    ...     cur.executemany(insert, authors)
+    ...     print cur.rowcount
+    ...     cur.close()
+    ...
+    <sqlite3.Cursor object at 0x10046e8f0>
+    5
+
+
+Check Your Work
+---------------
+
+Again, query the database:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+    :class: small
+
+    >>> query = """
+    ... SELECT * from author;"""
+    >>> with sqlite3.connect("books.db") as conn:
+    ...     cur = conn.cursor()
+    ...     cur.execute(query)
+    ...     rows = cur.fetchall()
+    ...     for row in rows:
+    ...         print row
+    ...
+    <sqlite3.Cursor object at 0x10046e8f0>
+    (1, u'Iain M. Banks')
+    ...
+    (4, u'J.R.R. Tolkien')
+    (5, u'Susan Cooper')
+    (6, u"Madeline L'Engle")
+
+
+Transactions
+------------
+
+Transactions group operations together, allowing you to verify them *before*
+the results hit the database.
+
+.. class:: incremental
+
+In SQLite3, data-altering statements require an explicit ``commit`` unless
+auto-commit has been enabled.
+
+.. class:: incremental
+
+The ``with`` statements we've used take care of committing when the context
+manager closes.
+
+.. class:: incremental
+
+Let's change that so we can see what happens explicitly
+
+
+Populating the Database
+-----------------------
+
+Let's start by seeing what happens when you try to look for newly added data
+before the ``insert`` transaction is committed.
+
+.. class:: incremental
+
+Begin by quitting your interpreter and deleting ``books.db``.  
+
+.. container:: incremental
+
+    Then re-create the database, empty::
+
+        $ python createdb.py
+        Creating schema
+
+
+Setting Up the Test
+-------------------
+
+.. class:: small
+
+Open ``populatedb.py`` in your editor, replace the final ``print``:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+    :class: small
+
+    conn1 = sqlite3.connect(DB_FILENAME)
+    conn2 = sqlite3.connect(DB_FILENAME)
+    print "\nOn conn1, before insert:"
+    show_authors(conn1)
+    authors = ([author] for author in AUTHORS_BOOKS.keys())
+    cur = conn1.cursor()
+    cur.executemany(author_insert, authors)
+    print "\nOn conn1, after insert:"
+    show_authors(conn1)
+    print "\nOn conn2, before commit:"
+    show_authors(conn2)
+    conn1.commit()
+    print "\nOn conn2, after commit:"
+    show_authors(conn2)
+    conn1.close()
+    conn2.close()
+
+
+Running the Test
+----------------
+
+.. class:: small
+
+Quit your python interpreter and run the ``populatedb.py`` script:
+
+.. class:: small incremental
+
+::
+
+    On conn1, before insert:
+    no rows returned
+    On conn1, after insert:
+    (1, u'China Mieville')
+    (2, u'Frank Herbert')
+    (3, u'Susan Cooper')
+    (4, u'J.R.R. Tolkien')
+    (5, u"Madeline L'Engle")
+
+    On conn2, before commit:
+    no rows returned
+    On conn2, after commit:
+    (1, u'China Mieville')
+    (2, u'Frank Herbert')
+    (3, u'Susan Cooper')
+    (4, u'J.R.R. Tolkien')
+    (5, u"Madeline L'Engle")
+
+
+Rollback
+--------
+
+That's all well and good, but what happens if an error occurs?
+
+.. class:: incremental
+
+Transactions can be rolled back in order to wipe out partially completed work.
+
+.. class:: incremental
+
+Like with commit, using ``connect`` as a context manager in a ``with``
+statement will automatically rollback for exceptions.
+
+.. class:: incremental
+
+Let's rewrite our populatedb script so it explicitly commits or rolls back a
+transaction depending on exceptions occurring
+
+
+Edit populatedb.py (slide 1)
+----------------------------
+
+.. class:: small
+
+First, add the following function above the ``if __name__ == '__main__'``
+block:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+    :class: small
+
+    def populate_db(conn):
+        authors = ([author] for author in AUTHORS_BOOKS.keys())
+        cur = conn.cursor()
+        cur.executemany(author_insert, authors)
+
+        for author in AUTHORS_BOOKS.keys():
+            params = ([book, author] for book in AUTHORS_BOOKS[author])
+            cur.executemany(book_insert, params)
+
+
+Edit populatedb.py (slide 2)
+----------------------------
+
+.. class:: small
+
+Then, in the runner:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+    :class: small
+
+    with sqlite3.connect(DB_FILENAME) as conn1:
+        with sqlite3.connect(DB_FILENAME) as conn2:
+            try:
+                populate_db(conn1)
+                print "\nauthors and books on conn2 before commit:"
+                show_authors(conn2)
+                show_books(conn2)
+            except sqlite3.Error:
+                conn1.rollback()
+                print "\nauthors and books on conn2 after rollback:"
+                show_authors(conn2)
+                show_books(conn2)
+                raise
+            else:
+                conn1.commit()
+                print "\nauthors and books on conn2 after commit:"
+                show_authors(conn2)
+                show_books(conn2)
+
+
+Try it Out
+----------
+
+Remove ``books.db`` and recrete the database, then run our script:
+
+.. class:: small
+
+::
+
+    $ rm books.db
+    $ python createdb.py
+    Creating schema
+    $ python populatedb.py
+
+.. class:: small incremental
+
+::
+
+    authors and books on conn2 after rollback:
+    no rows returned
+    no rows returned
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+      File "populatedb.py", line 57, in <module>
+        populate_db(conn1)
+      File "populatedb.py", line 46, in populate_db
+        cur.executemany(book_insert, params)
+    sqlite3.InterfaceError: Error binding parameter 0 - probably unsupported type.
+
+Oooops, Fix It
+--------------
+
+.. class:: small
+
+Okay, we got an error, and the transaction was rolled back correctly.
+
+.. container:: incremental small
+
+    Open ``utils.py`` and find this:
+
+    .. code-block:: python 
+
+        'Susan Cooper': ["The Dark is Rising", ["The Greenwitch"]],
+
+.. container:: incremental small
+
+    Fix it like so:
+
+    .. code-block:: python
+
+        'Susan Cooper': ["The Dark is Rising", "The Greenwitch"],
+
+.. class:: small incremental
+
+It appears that we were attempting to bind a list as a parameter.  Ooops.
+
+
+Try It Again
+------------
+
+.. container:: small
+
+    Now that the error in our data is repaired, let's try again::
+
+        $ python populatedb.py
+
+.. class:: small incremental
+
+::
+
+    Reporting authors and books on conn2 before commit:
+    no rows returned
+    no rows returned
+    Reporting authors and books on conn2 after commit:
+    (1, u'China Mieville')
+    (2, u'Frank Herbert')
+    (3, u'Susan Cooper')
+    (4, u'J.R.R. Tolkien')
+    (5, u"Madeline L'Engle")
+    (1, u'Perdido Street Station', 1)
+    (2, u'The Scar', 1)
+    (3, u'King Rat', 1)
+    (4, u'Dune', 2)
+    (5, u"Hellstrom's Hive", 2)
+    (6, u'The Dark is Rising', 3)
+    (7, u'The Greenwitch', 3)
+    (8, u'The Hobbit', 4)
+    (9, u'The Silmarillion', 4)
+    (10, u'A Wrinkle in Time', 5)
+    (11, u'A Swiftly Tilting Planet', 5)
+
+Congratulations
+---------------
+
+You've just created a small database of books and authors. The transactional
+protections you've used let you rest comfortable, knowing that so long as the
+process completed, you've got the data you sent.
+
+We'll see more of this when we build our flask app.
diff --git a/html/_sources/additional/template_tutorial.txt b/html/_sources/additional/template_tutorial.txt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7eaa8065
--- /dev/null
+++ b/html/_sources/additional/template_tutorial.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,244 @@
+.. slideconf::
+    :autoslides: False
+
+Jinja2 Template Introduction
+============================
+
+.. slide:: Jinja2 Template Introduction
+    :level: 1
+
+    This document contains no slides.
+
+
+When you installed ``flask`` into your virtualenv, along with it came a
+Python-based templating engine called ``Jinja2``.
+
+In this walkthrough, you'll see some basics about how templates work, and get
+to know what sorts of options they provide you for creating HTML from a Python
+process.
+
+Generating HTML
+---------------
+
+.. class:: big-centered
+
+"I enjoy writing HTML in Python"
+
+.. class:: incremental right
+
+-- nobody, ever
+
+
+Templating
+----------
+
+A good framework will provide some way of generating HTML with a templating
+system.
+
+.. class:: incremental
+
+There are nearly as many templating systems as there are frameworks
+
+.. class:: incremental
+
+Each has advantages and disadvantages
+
+.. class:: incremental
+
+Flask includes the *Jinja2* templating system (perhaps because it's built by
+the same folks)
+
+
+Jinja2 Template Basics
+----------------------
+
+Let's start with the absolute basics.
+
+.. container:: incremental
+
+    Fire up a Python interpreter, using your flask virtualenv:
+    
+    .. code-block:: python
+        :class: small
+    
+        (flaskenv)$ python
+        >>> from jinja2 import Template
+
+.. container:: incremental
+
+    A template is built of a simple string:
+    
+    .. code-block:: python
+        :class: small
+
+        >>> t1 = Template("Hello {{ name }}, how are you?")
+
+
+Rendering a Template
+--------------------
+
+Call the ``render`` method, providing some *context*:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+    :class: incremental small
+
+    >>> t1.render(name="Freddy")
+    u'Hello Freddy, how are you?'
+    >>> t1.render({'name': "Roberto"})
+    u'Hello Roberto, how are you?'
+    >>>
+
+.. class:: incremental
+
+*Context* can either be keyword arguments, or a dictionary
+
+
+Dictionaries in Context
+-----------------------
+
+Dictionaries passed in as part of the *context* can be addressed with *either*
+subscript or dotted notation:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+    :class: incremental small
+
+    >>> person = {'first_name': 'Frank',
+    ...           'last_name': 'Herbert'}
+    >>> t2 = Template("{{ person.last_name }}, {{ person['first_name'] }}")
+    >>> t2.render(person=person)
+    u'Herbert, Frank'
+
+.. class:: incremental
+
+* Jinja2 will try the *correct* way first (attr for dotted, item for
+  subscript).
+* If nothing is found, it will try the opposite.
+* If nothing is found, it will return an *undefined* object.
+
+
+Objects in Context
+------------------
+
+The exact same is true of objects passed in as part of *context*:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+    :class: incremental small
+
+    >>> t3 = Template("{{ obj.x }} + {{ obj['y'] }} = Fun!")
+    >>> class Game(object):
+    ...   x = 'babies'
+    ...   y = 'bubbles'
+    ...
+    >>> bathtime = Game()
+    >>> t3.render(obj=bathtime)
+    u'babies + bubbles = Fun!'
+
+.. class:: incremental
+
+This means your templates can be a bit agnostic as to the nature of the things
+in *context*
+
+
+Filtering values in Templates
+-----------------------------
+
+You can apply *filters* to the data passed in *context* with the pipe ('|')
+operator:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+    :class: incremental small
+
+    t4 = Template("shouted: {{ phrase|upper }}")
+    >>> t4.render(phrase="this is very important")
+    u'shouted: THIS IS VERY IMPORTANT'
+
+.. container:: incremental
+
+    You can also chain filters together:
+    
+    .. code-block:: python
+        :class: small
+    
+        t5 = Template("confusing: {{ phrase|upper|reverse }}")
+        >>> t5.render(phrase="howdy doody")
+        u'confusing: YDOOD YDWOH'
+
+
+Control Flow
+------------
+
+Logical control structures are also available:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+    :class: incremental small
+
+    tmpl = """
+    ... {% for item in list %}{{ item }}, {% endfor %}
+    ... """
+    >>> t6 = Template(tmpl)
+    >>> t6.render(list=[1,2,3,4,5,6])
+    u'\n1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, '
+
+.. class:: incremental
+
+Any control structure introduced in a template **must** be paired with an 
+explicit closing tag ({% for %}...{% endfor %})
+
+
+Template Tests
+--------------
+
+There are a number of specialized *tests* available for use with the
+``if...elif...else`` control structure:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+    :class: incremental small
+
+    >>> tmpl = """
+    ... {% if phrase is upper %}
+    ...   {{ phrase|lower }}
+    ... {% elif phrase is lower %}
+    ...   {{ phrase|upper }}
+    ... {% else %}{{ phrase }}{% endif %}"""
+    >>> t7 = Template(tmpl)
+    >>> t7.render(phrase="FOO")
+    u'\n\n  foo\n'
+    >>> t7.render(phrase="bar")
+    u'\n\n  BAR\n'
+    >>> t7.render(phrase="This should print as-is")
+    u'\nThis should print as-is'
+
+
+Basic Python Expressions
+------------------------
+
+Basic Python expressions are also supported:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+    :class: incremental small
+
+    tmpl = """
+    ... {% set sum = 0 %}
+    ... {% for val in values %}
+    ... {{ val }}: {{ sum + val }}
+    ...   {% set sum = sum + val %}
+    ... {% endfor %}
+    ... """
+    >>> t8 = Template(tmpl)
+    >>> t8.render(values=range(1,11))
+    u'\n\n\n1: 1\n  \n\n2: 3\n  \n\n3: 6\n  \n\n4: 10\n
+      \n\n5: 15\n  \n\n6: 21\n  \n\n7: 28\n  \n\n8: 36\n
+      \n\n9: 45\n  \n\n10: 55\n  \n'
+
+
+Much, Much More
+---------------
+
+There's more that Jinja2 templates can do, and you'll see more in class
+when we write templates for our Flask app.
+
+.. container:: incremental
+
+    Make sure that you bookmark the Jinja2 documentation for later use::
+
+        http://jinja.pocoo.org/docs/templates/
diff --git a/source/index.rst b/html/_sources/index.txt
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diff --git a/source/presentations/session01.rst b/html/_sources/presentations/session01.txt
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diff --git a/source/presentations/session05.rst b/html/_sources/presentations/session05.txt
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diff --git a/html/_static/admin_index.png b/html/_static/admin_index.png
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diff --git a/html/_static/basic.css b/html/_static/basic.css
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9fa77d88
--- /dev/null
+++ b/html/_static/basic.css
@@ -0,0 +1,599 @@
+/*
+ * basic.css
+ * ~~~~~~~~~
+ *
+ * Sphinx stylesheet -- basic theme.
+ *
+ * :copyright: Copyright 2007-2015 by the Sphinx team, see AUTHORS.
+ * :license: BSD, see LICENSE for details.
+ *
+ */
+
+/* -- main layout ----------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+div.clearer {
+    clear: both;
+}
+
+/* -- relbar ---------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+div.related {
+    width: 100%;
+    font-size: 90%;
+}
+
+div.related h3 {
+    display: none;
+}
+
+div.related ul {
+    margin: 0;
+    padding: 0 0 0 10px;
+    list-style: none;
+}
+
+div.related li {
+    display: inline;
+}
+
+div.related li.right {
+    float: right;
+    margin-right: 5px;
+}
+
+/* -- sidebar --------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+div.sphinxsidebarwrapper {
+    padding: 10px 5px 0 10px;
+}
+
+div.sphinxsidebar {
+    float: left;
+    width: 230px;
+    margin-left: -100%;
+    font-size: 90%;
+}
+
+div.sphinxsidebar ul {
+    list-style: none;
+}
+
+div.sphinxsidebar ul ul,
+div.sphinxsidebar ul.want-points {
+    margin-left: 20px;
+    list-style: square;
+}
+
+div.sphinxsidebar ul ul {
+    margin-top: 0;
+    margin-bottom: 0;
+}
+
+div.sphinxsidebar form {
+    margin-top: 10px;
+}
+
+div.sphinxsidebar input {
+    border: 1px solid #98dbcc;
+    font-family: sans-serif;
+    font-size: 1em;
+}
+
+div.sphinxsidebar #searchbox input[type="text"] {
+    width: 170px;
+}
+
+div.sphinxsidebar #searchbox input[type="submit"] {
+    width: 30px;
+}
+
+img {
+    border: 0;
+    max-width: 100%;
+}
+
+/* -- search page ----------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+ul.search {
+    margin: 10px 0 0 20px;
+    padding: 0;
+}
+
+ul.search li {
+    padding: 5px 0 5px 20px;
+    background-image: url(file.png);
+    background-repeat: no-repeat;
+    background-position: 0 7px;
+}
+
+ul.search li a {
+    font-weight: bold;
+}
+
+ul.search li div.context {
+    color: #888;
+    margin: 2px 0 0 30px;
+    text-align: left;
+}
+
+ul.keywordmatches li.goodmatch a {
+    font-weight: bold;
+}
+
+/* -- index page ------------------------------------------------------------ */
+
+table.contentstable {
+    width: 90%;
+}
+
+table.contentstable p.biglink {
+    line-height: 150%;
+}
+
+a.biglink {
+    font-size: 1.3em;
+}
+
+span.linkdescr {
+    font-style: italic;
+    padding-top: 5px;
+    font-size: 90%;
+}
+
+/* -- general index --------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+table.indextable {
+    width: 100%;
+}
+
+table.indextable td {
+    text-align: left;
+    vertical-align: top;
+}
+
+table.indextable dl, table.indextable dd {
+    margin-top: 0;
+    margin-bottom: 0;
+}
+
+table.indextable tr.pcap {
+    height: 10px;
+}
+
+table.indextable tr.cap {
+    margin-top: 10px;
+    background-color: #f2f2f2;
+}
+
+img.toggler {
+    margin-right: 3px;
+    margin-top: 3px;
+    cursor: pointer;
+}
+
+div.modindex-jumpbox {
+    border-top: 1px solid #ddd;
+    border-bottom: 1px solid #ddd;
+    margin: 1em 0 1em 0;
+    padding: 0.4em;
+}
+
+div.genindex-jumpbox {
+    border-top: 1px solid #ddd;
+    border-bottom: 1px solid #ddd;
+    margin: 1em 0 1em 0;
+    padding: 0.4em;
+}
+
+/* -- general body styles --------------------------------------------------- */
+
+a.headerlink {
+    visibility: hidden;
+}
+
+h1:hover > a.headerlink,
+h2:hover > a.headerlink,
+h3:hover > a.headerlink,
+h4:hover > a.headerlink,
+h5:hover > a.headerlink,
+h6:hover > a.headerlink,
+dt:hover > a.headerlink,
+caption:hover > a.headerlink,
+p.caption:hover > a.headerlink,
+div.code-block-caption:hover > a.headerlink {
+    visibility: visible;
+}
+
+div.body p.caption {
+    text-align: inherit;
+}
+
+div.body td {
+    text-align: left;
+}
+
+.field-list ul {
+    padding-left: 1em;
+}
+
+.first {
+    margin-top: 0 !important;
+}
+
+p.rubric {
+    margin-top: 30px;
+    font-weight: bold;
+}
+
+img.align-left, .figure.align-left, object.align-left {
+    clear: left;
+    float: left;
+    margin-right: 1em;
+}
+
+img.align-right, .figure.align-right, object.align-right {
+    clear: right;
+    float: right;
+    margin-left: 1em;
+}
+
+img.align-center, .figure.align-center, object.align-center {
+  display: block;
+  margin-left: auto;
+  margin-right: auto;
+}
+
+.align-left {
+    text-align: left;
+}
+
+.align-center {
+    text-align: center;
+}
+
+.align-right {
+    text-align: right;
+}
+
+/* -- sidebars -------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+div.sidebar {
+    margin: 0 0 0.5em 1em;
+    border: 1px solid #ddb;
+    padding: 7px 7px 0 7px;
+    background-color: #ffe;
+    width: 40%;
+    float: right;
+}
+
+p.sidebar-title {
+    font-weight: bold;
+}
+
+/* -- topics ---------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+div.topic {
+    border: 1px solid #ccc;
+    padding: 7px 7px 0 7px;
+    margin: 10px 0 10px 0;
+}
+
+p.topic-title {
+    font-size: 1.1em;
+    font-weight: bold;
+    margin-top: 10px;
+}
+
+/* -- admonitions ----------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+div.admonition {
+    margin-top: 10px;
+    margin-bottom: 10px;
+    padding: 7px;
+}
+
+div.admonition dt {
+    font-weight: bold;
+}
+
+div.admonition dl {
+    margin-bottom: 0;
+}
+
+p.admonition-title {
+    margin: 0px 10px 5px 0px;
+    font-weight: bold;
+}
+
+div.body p.centered {
+    text-align: center;
+    margin-top: 25px;
+}
+
+/* -- tables ---------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+table.docutils {
+    border: 0;
+    border-collapse: collapse;
+}
+
+table caption span.caption-number {
+    font-style: italic;
+}
+
+table caption span.caption-text {
+}
+
+table.docutils td, table.docutils th {
+    padding: 1px 8px 1px 5px;
+    border-top: 0;
+    border-left: 0;
+    border-right: 0;
+    border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;
+}
+
+table.field-list td, table.field-list th {
+    border: 0 !important;
+}
+
+table.footnote td, table.footnote th {
+    border: 0 !important;
+}
+
+th {
+    text-align: left;
+    padding-right: 5px;
+}
+
+table.citation {
+    border-left: solid 1px gray;
+    margin-left: 1px;
+}
+
+table.citation td {
+    border-bottom: none;
+}
+
+/* -- figures --------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+div.figure {
+    margin: 0.5em;
+    padding: 0.5em;
+}
+
+div.figure p.caption {
+    padding: 0.3em;
+}
+
+div.figure p.caption span.caption-number {
+    font-style: italic;
+}
+
+div.figure p.caption span.caption-text {
+}
+
+
+/* -- other body styles ----------------------------------------------------- */
+
+ol.arabic {
+    list-style: decimal;
+}
+
+ol.loweralpha {
+    list-style: lower-alpha;
+}
+
+ol.upperalpha {
+    list-style: upper-alpha;
+}
+
+ol.lowerroman {
+    list-style: lower-roman;
+}
+
+ol.upperroman {
+    list-style: upper-roman;
+}
+
+dl {
+    margin-bottom: 15px;
+}
+
+dd p {
+    margin-top: 0px;
+}
+
+dd ul, dd table {
+    margin-bottom: 10px;
+}
+
+dd {
+    margin-top: 3px;
+    margin-bottom: 10px;
+    margin-left: 30px;
+}
+
+dt:target, .highlighted {
+    background-color: #fbe54e;
+}
+
+dl.glossary dt {
+    font-weight: bold;
+    font-size: 1.1em;
+}
+
+.field-list ul {
+    margin: 0;
+    padding-left: 1em;
+}
+
+.field-list p {
+    margin: 0;
+}
+
+.optional {
+    font-size: 1.3em;
+}
+
+.sig-paren {
+    font-size: larger;
+}
+
+.versionmodified {
+    font-style: italic;
+}
+
+.system-message {
+    background-color: #fda;
+    padding: 5px;
+    border: 3px solid red;
+}
+
+.footnote:target  {
+    background-color: #ffa;
+}
+
+.line-block {
+    display: block;
+    margin-top: 1em;
+    margin-bottom: 1em;
+}
+
+.line-block .line-block {
+    margin-top: 0;
+    margin-bottom: 0;
+    margin-left: 1.5em;
+}
+
+.guilabel, .menuselection {
+    font-family: sans-serif;
+}
+
+.accelerator {
+    text-decoration: underline;
+}
+
+.classifier {
+    font-style: oblique;
+}
+
+abbr, acronym {
+    border-bottom: dotted 1px;
+    cursor: help;
+}
+
+/* -- code displays --------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+pre {
+    overflow: auto;
+    overflow-y: hidden;  /* fixes display issues on Chrome browsers */
+}
+
+td.linenos pre {
+    padding: 5px 0px;
+    border: 0;
+    background-color: transparent;
+    color: #aaa;
+}
+
+table.highlighttable {
+    margin-left: 0.5em;
+}
+
+table.highlighttable td {
+    padding: 0 0.5em 0 0.5em;
+}
+
+div.code-block-caption {
+    padding: 2px 5px;
+    font-size: small;
+}
+
+div.code-block-caption code {
+    background-color: transparent;
+}
+
+div.code-block-caption + div > div.highlight > pre {
+    margin-top: 0;
+}
+
+div.code-block-caption span.caption-number {
+    padding: 0.1em 0.3em;
+    font-style: italic;
+}
+
+div.code-block-caption span.caption-text {
+}
+
+div.literal-block-wrapper {
+    padding: 1em 1em 0;
+}
+
+div.literal-block-wrapper div.highlight {
+    margin: 0;
+}
+
+code.descname {
+    background-color: transparent;
+    font-weight: bold;
+    font-size: 1.2em;
+}
+
+code.descclassname {
+    background-color: transparent;
+}
+
+code.xref, a code {
+    background-color: transparent;
+    font-weight: bold;
+}
+
+h1 code, h2 code, h3 code, h4 code, h5 code, h6 code {
+    background-color: transparent;
+}
+
+.viewcode-link {
+    float: right;
+}
+
+.viewcode-back {
+    float: right;
+    font-family: sans-serif;
+}
+
+div.viewcode-block:target {
+    margin: -1px -10px;
+    padding: 0 10px;
+}
+
+/* -- math display ---------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+img.math {
+    vertical-align: middle;
+}
+
+div.body div.math p {
+    text-align: center;
+}
+
+span.eqno {
+    float: right;
+}
+
+/* -- printout stylesheet --------------------------------------------------- */
+
+@media print {
+    div.document,
+    div.documentwrapper,
+    div.bodywrapper {
+        margin: 0 !important;
+        width: 100%;
+    }
+
+    div.sphinxsidebar,
+    div.related,
+    div.footer,
+    #top-link {
+        display: none;
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
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rename from source/_themes/uwpce_theme/static/dialog-note.png
rename to html/_static/dialog-note.png
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rename from source/_themes/uwpce_theme/static/dialog-seealso.png
rename to html/_static/dialog-seealso.png
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rename from source/_themes/uwpce_theme/static/dialog-todo.png
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rename from source/_static/django_lead.png
rename to html/_static/django_lead.png
diff --git a/html/_static/doctools.js b/html/_static/doctools.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c7bfe760
--- /dev/null
+++ b/html/_static/doctools.js
@@ -0,0 +1,263 @@
+/*
+ * doctools.js
+ * ~~~~~~~~~~~
+ *
+ * Sphinx JavaScript utilities for all documentation.
+ *
+ * :copyright: Copyright 2007-2015 by the Sphinx team, see AUTHORS.
+ * :license: BSD, see LICENSE for details.
+ *
+ */
+
+/**
+ * select a different prefix for underscore
+ */
+$u = _.noConflict();
+
+/**
+ * make the code below compatible with browsers without
+ * an installed firebug like debugger
+if (!window.console || !console.firebug) {
+  var names = ["log", "debug", "info", "warn", "error", "assert", "dir",
+    "dirxml", "group", "groupEnd", "time", "timeEnd", "count", "trace",
+    "profile", "profileEnd"];
+  window.console = {};
+  for (var i = 0; i < names.length; ++i)
+    window.console[names[i]] = function() {};
+}
+ */
+
+/**
+ * small helper function to urldecode strings
+ */
+jQuery.urldecode = function(x) {
+  return decodeURIComponent(x).replace(/\+/g, ' ');
+};
+
+/**
+ * small helper function to urlencode strings
+ */
+jQuery.urlencode = encodeURIComponent;
+
+/**
+ * This function returns the parsed url parameters of the
+ * current request. Multiple values per key are supported,
+ * it will always return arrays of strings for the value parts.
+ */
+jQuery.getQueryParameters = function(s) {
+  if (typeof s == 'undefined')
+    s = document.location.search;
+  var parts = s.substr(s.indexOf('?') + 1).split('&');
+  var result = {};
+  for (var i = 0; i < parts.length; i++) {
+    var tmp = parts[i].split('=', 2);
+    var key = jQuery.urldecode(tmp[0]);
+    var value = jQuery.urldecode(tmp[1]);
+    if (key in result)
+      result[key].push(value);
+    else
+      result[key] = [value];
+  }
+  return result;
+};
+
+/**
+ * highlight a given string on a jquery object by wrapping it in
+ * span elements with the given class name.
+ */
+jQuery.fn.highlightText = function(text, className) {
+  function highlight(node) {
+    if (node.nodeType == 3) {
+      var val = node.nodeValue;
+      var pos = val.toLowerCase().indexOf(text);
+      if (pos >= 0 && !jQuery(node.parentNode).hasClass(className)) {
+        var span = document.createElement("span");
+        span.className = className;
+        span.appendChild(document.createTextNode(val.substr(pos, text.length)));
+        node.parentNode.insertBefore(span, node.parentNode.insertBefore(
+          document.createTextNode(val.substr(pos + text.length)),
+          node.nextSibling));
+        node.nodeValue = val.substr(0, pos);
+      }
+    }
+    else if (!jQuery(node).is("button, select, textarea")) {
+      jQuery.each(node.childNodes, function() {
+        highlight(this);
+      });
+    }
+  }
+  return this.each(function() {
+    highlight(this);
+  });
+};
+
+/*
+ * backward compatibility for jQuery.browser
+ * This will be supported until firefox bug is fixed.
+ */
+if (!jQuery.browser) {
+  jQuery.uaMatch = function(ua) {
+    ua = ua.toLowerCase();
+
+    var match = /(chrome)[ \/]([\w.]+)/.exec(ua) ||
+      /(webkit)[ \/]([\w.]+)/.exec(ua) ||
+      /(opera)(?:.*version|)[ \/]([\w.]+)/.exec(ua) ||
+      /(msie) ([\w.]+)/.exec(ua) ||
+      ua.indexOf("compatible") < 0 && /(mozilla)(?:.*? rv:([\w.]+)|)/.exec(ua) ||
+      [];
+
+    return {
+      browser: match[ 1 ] || "",
+      version: match[ 2 ] || "0"
+    };
+  };
+  jQuery.browser = {};
+  jQuery.browser[jQuery.uaMatch(navigator.userAgent).browser] = true;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Small JavaScript module for the documentation.
+ */
+var Documentation = {
+
+  init : function() {
+    this.fixFirefoxAnchorBug();
+    this.highlightSearchWords();
+    this.initIndexTable();
+  },
+
+  /**
+   * i18n support
+   */
+  TRANSLATIONS : {},
+  PLURAL_EXPR : function(n) { return n == 1 ? 0 : 1; },
+  LOCALE : 'unknown',
+
+  // gettext and ngettext don't access this so that the functions
+  // can safely bound to a different name (_ = Documentation.gettext)
+  gettext : function(string) {
+    var translated = Documentation.TRANSLATIONS[string];
+    if (typeof translated == 'undefined')
+      return string;
+    return (typeof translated == 'string') ? translated : translated[0];
+  },
+
+  ngettext : function(singular, plural, n) {
+    var translated = Documentation.TRANSLATIONS[singular];
+    if (typeof translated == 'undefined')
+      return (n == 1) ? singular : plural;
+    return translated[Documentation.PLURALEXPR(n)];
+  },
+
+  addTranslations : function(catalog) {
+    for (var key in catalog.messages)
+      this.TRANSLATIONS[key] = catalog.messages[key];
+    this.PLURAL_EXPR = new Function('n', 'return +(' + catalog.plural_expr + ')');
+    this.LOCALE = catalog.locale;
+  },
+
+  /**
+   * add context elements like header anchor links
+   */
+  addContextElements : function() {
+    $('div[id] > :header:first').each(function() {
+      $('<a class="headerlink">\u00B6</a>').
+      attr('href', '#' + this.id).
+      attr('title', _('Permalink to this headline')).
+      appendTo(this);
+    });
+    $('dt[id]').each(function() {
+      $('<a class="headerlink">\u00B6</a>').
+      attr('href', '#' + this.id).
+      attr('title', _('Permalink to this definition')).
+      appendTo(this);
+    });
+  },
+
+  /**
+   * workaround a firefox stupidity
+   * see: https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=645075
+   */
+  fixFirefoxAnchorBug : function() {
+    if (document.location.hash)
+      window.setTimeout(function() {
+        document.location.href += '';
+      }, 10);
+  },
+
+  /**
+   * highlight the search words provided in the url in the text
+   */
+  highlightSearchWords : function() {
+    var params = $.getQueryParameters();
+    var terms = (params.highlight) ? params.highlight[0].split(/\s+/) : [];
+    if (terms.length) {
+      var body = $('div.body');
+      if (!body.length) {
+        body = $('body');
+      }
+      window.setTimeout(function() {
+        $.each(terms, function() {
+          body.highlightText(this.toLowerCase(), 'highlighted');
+        });
+      }, 10);
+      $('<p class="highlight-link"><a href="javascript:Documentation.' +
+        'hideSearchWords()">' + _('Hide Search Matches') + '</a></p>')
+          .appendTo($('#searchbox'));
+    }
+  },
+
+  /**
+   * init the domain index toggle buttons
+   */
+  initIndexTable : function() {
+    var togglers = $('img.toggler').click(function() {
+      var src = $(this).attr('src');
+      var idnum = $(this).attr('id').substr(7);
+      $('tr.cg-' + idnum).toggle();
+      if (src.substr(-9) == 'minus.png')
+        $(this).attr('src', src.substr(0, src.length-9) + 'plus.png');
+      else
+        $(this).attr('src', src.substr(0, src.length-8) + 'minus.png');
+    }).css('display', '');
+    if (DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS.COLLAPSE_INDEX) {
+        togglers.click();
+    }
+  },
+
+  /**
+   * helper function to hide the search marks again
+   */
+  hideSearchWords : function() {
+    $('#searchbox .highlight-link').fadeOut(300);
+    $('span.highlighted').removeClass('highlighted');
+  },
+
+  /**
+   * make the url absolute
+   */
+  makeURL : function(relativeURL) {
+    return DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS.URL_ROOT + '/' + relativeURL;
+  },
+
+  /**
+   * get the current relative url
+   */
+  getCurrentURL : function() {
+    var path = document.location.pathname;
+    var parts = path.split(/\//);
+    $.each(DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS.URL_ROOT.split(/\//), function() {
+      if (this == '..')
+        parts.pop();
+    });
+    var url = parts.join('/');
+    return path.substring(url.lastIndexOf('/') + 1, path.length - 1);
+  }
+};
+
+// quick alias for translations
+_ = Documentation.gettext;
+
+$(document).ready(function() {
+  Documentation.init();
+});
diff --git a/html/_static/down-pressed.png b/html/_static/down-pressed.png
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diff --git a/html/_static/down.png b/html/_static/down.png
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diff --git a/source/_themes/uwpce_theme/static/epub.css b/html/_static/epub.css
similarity index 100%
rename from source/_themes/uwpce_theme/static/epub.css
rename to html/_static/epub.css
diff --git a/html/_static/file.png b/html/_static/file.png
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index 00000000..254c60bf
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diff --git a/source/_static/flask_cover.png b/html/_static/flask_cover.png
similarity index 100%
rename from source/_static/flask_cover.png
rename to html/_static/flask_cover.png
diff --git a/source/_static/flask_full.png b/html/_static/flask_full.png
similarity index 100%
rename from source/_static/flask_full.png
rename to html/_static/flask_full.png
diff --git a/source/_static/flask_hello.png b/html/_static/flask_hello.png
similarity index 100%
rename from source/_static/flask_hello.png
rename to html/_static/flask_hello.png
diff --git a/source/_static/flask_square.png b/html/_static/flask_square.png
similarity index 100%
rename from source/_static/flask_square.png
rename to html/_static/flask_square.png
diff --git a/source/_themes/uwpce_theme/static/footerbg.png b/html/_static/footerbg.png
similarity index 100%
rename from source/_themes/uwpce_theme/static/footerbg.png
rename to html/_static/footerbg.png
diff --git a/source/_static/forbidden.png b/html/_static/forbidden.png
similarity index 100%
rename from source/_static/forbidden.png
rename to html/_static/forbidden.png
diff --git a/source/_static/framework_quote.png b/html/_static/framework_quote.png
similarity index 100%
rename from source/_static/framework_quote.png
rename to html/_static/framework_quote.png
diff --git a/html/_static/gateway.jpg b/html/_static/gateway.jpg
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index 00000000..7c81c137
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diff --git a/html/_static/geojson-io.png b/html/_static/geojson-io.png
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diff --git a/html/_static/granny_mashup.png b/html/_static/granny_mashup.png
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diff --git a/source/_themes/uwpce_theme/static/headerbg.png b/html/_static/headerbg.png
similarity index 100%
rename from source/_themes/uwpce_theme/static/headerbg.png
rename to html/_static/headerbg.png
diff --git a/html/_static/heroku-logo.png b/html/_static/heroku-logo.png
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index 00000000..22cc8497
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diff --git a/html/_static/icup.png b/html/_static/icup.png
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index 00000000..bc154810
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diff --git a/source/_themes/uwpce_theme/static/ie6.css b/html/_static/ie6.css
similarity index 100%
rename from source/_themes/uwpce_theme/static/ie6.css
rename to html/_static/ie6.css
diff --git a/html/_static/jquery-1.11.1.js b/html/_static/jquery-1.11.1.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d4b67f7e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/html/_static/jquery-1.11.1.js
@@ -0,0 +1,10308 @@
+/*!
+ * jQuery JavaScript Library v1.11.1
+ * http://jquery.com/
+ *
+ * Includes Sizzle.js
+ * http://sizzlejs.com/
+ *
+ * Copyright 2005, 2014 jQuery Foundation, Inc. and other contributors
+ * Released under the MIT license
+ * http://jquery.org/license
+ *
+ * Date: 2014-05-01T17:42Z
+ */
+
+(function( global, factory ) {
+
+	if ( typeof module === "object" && typeof module.exports === "object" ) {
+		// For CommonJS and CommonJS-like environments where a proper window is present,
+		// execute the factory and get jQuery
+		// For environments that do not inherently posses a window with a document
+		// (such as Node.js), expose a jQuery-making factory as module.exports
+		// This accentuates the need for the creation of a real window
+		// e.g. var jQuery = require("jquery")(window);
+		// See ticket #14549 for more info
+		module.exports = global.document ?
+			factory( global, true ) :
+			function( w ) {
+				if ( !w.document ) {
+					throw new Error( "jQuery requires a window with a document" );
+				}
+				return factory( w );
+			};
+	} else {
+		factory( global );
+	}
+
+// Pass this if window is not defined yet
+}(typeof window !== "undefined" ? window : this, function( window, noGlobal ) {
+
+// Can't do this because several apps including ASP.NET trace
+// the stack via arguments.caller.callee and Firefox dies if
+// you try to trace through "use strict" call chains. (#13335)
+// Support: Firefox 18+
+//
+
+var deletedIds = [];
+
+var slice = deletedIds.slice;
+
+var concat = deletedIds.concat;
+
+var push = deletedIds.push;
+
+var indexOf = deletedIds.indexOf;
+
+var class2type = {};
+
+var toString = class2type.toString;
+
+var hasOwn = class2type.hasOwnProperty;
+
+var support = {};
+
+
+
+var
+	version = "1.11.1",
+
+	// Define a local copy of jQuery
+	jQuery = function( selector, context ) {
+		// The jQuery object is actually just the init constructor 'enhanced'
+		// Need init if jQuery is called (just allow error to be thrown if not included)
+		return new jQuery.fn.init( selector, context );
+	},
+
+	// Support: Android<4.1, IE<9
+	// Make sure we trim BOM and NBSP
+	rtrim = /^[\s\uFEFF\xA0]+|[\s\uFEFF\xA0]+$/g,
+
+	// Matches dashed string for camelizing
+	rmsPrefix = /^-ms-/,
+	rdashAlpha = /-([\da-z])/gi,
+
+	// Used by jQuery.camelCase as callback to replace()
+	fcamelCase = function( all, letter ) {
+		return letter.toUpperCase();
+	};
+
+jQuery.fn = jQuery.prototype = {
+	// The current version of jQuery being used
+	jquery: version,
+
+	constructor: jQuery,
+
+	// Start with an empty selector
+	selector: "",
+
+	// The default length of a jQuery object is 0
+	length: 0,
+
+	toArray: function() {
+		return slice.call( this );
+	},
+
+	// Get the Nth element in the matched element set OR
+	// Get the whole matched element set as a clean array
+	get: function( num ) {
+		return num != null ?
+
+			// Return just the one element from the set
+			( num < 0 ? this[ num + this.length ] : this[ num ] ) :
+
+			// Return all the elements in a clean array
+			slice.call( this );
+	},
+
+	// Take an array of elements and push it onto the stack
+	// (returning the new matched element set)
+	pushStack: function( elems ) {
+
+		// Build a new jQuery matched element set
+		var ret = jQuery.merge( this.constructor(), elems );
+
+		// Add the old object onto the stack (as a reference)
+		ret.prevObject = this;
+		ret.context = this.context;
+
+		// Return the newly-formed element set
+		return ret;
+	},
+
+	// Execute a callback for every element in the matched set.
+	// (You can seed the arguments with an array of args, but this is
+	// only used internally.)
+	each: function( callback, args ) {
+		return jQuery.each( this, callback, args );
+	},
+
+	map: function( callback ) {
+		return this.pushStack( jQuery.map(this, function( elem, i ) {
+			return callback.call( elem, i, elem );
+		}));
+	},
+
+	slice: function() {
+		return this.pushStack( slice.apply( this, arguments ) );
+	},
+
+	first: function() {
+		return this.eq( 0 );
+	},
+
+	last: function() {
+		return this.eq( -1 );
+	},
+
+	eq: function( i ) {
+		var len = this.length,
+			j = +i + ( i < 0 ? len : 0 );
+		return this.pushStack( j >= 0 && j < len ? [ this[j] ] : [] );
+	},
+
+	end: function() {
+		return this.prevObject || this.constructor(null);
+	},
+
+	// For internal use only.
+	// Behaves like an Array's method, not like a jQuery method.
+	push: push,
+	sort: deletedIds.sort,
+	splice: deletedIds.splice
+};
+
+jQuery.extend = jQuery.fn.extend = function() {
+	var src, copyIsArray, copy, name, options, clone,
+		target = arguments[0] || {},
+		i = 1,
+		length = arguments.length,
+		deep = false;
+
+	// Handle a deep copy situation
+	if ( typeof target === "boolean" ) {
+		deep = target;
+
+		// skip the boolean and the target
+		target = arguments[ i ] || {};
+		i++;
+	}
+
+	// Handle case when target is a string or something (possible in deep copy)
+	if ( typeof target !== "object" && !jQuery.isFunction(target) ) {
+		target = {};
+	}
+
+	// extend jQuery itself if only one argument is passed
+	if ( i === length ) {
+		target = this;
+		i--;
+	}
+
+	for ( ; i < length; i++ ) {
+		// Only deal with non-null/undefined values
+		if ( (options = arguments[ i ]) != null ) {
+			// Extend the base object
+			for ( name in options ) {
+				src = target[ name ];
+				copy = options[ name ];
+
+				// Prevent never-ending loop
+				if ( target === copy ) {
+					continue;
+				}
+
+				// Recurse if we're merging plain objects or arrays
+				if ( deep && copy && ( jQuery.isPlainObject(copy) || (copyIsArray = jQuery.isArray(copy)) ) ) {
+					if ( copyIsArray ) {
+						copyIsArray = false;
+						clone = src && jQuery.isArray(src) ? src : [];
+
+					} else {
+						clone = src && jQuery.isPlainObject(src) ? src : {};
+					}
+
+					// Never move original objects, clone them
+					target[ name ] = jQuery.extend( deep, clone, copy );
+
+				// Don't bring in undefined values
+				} else if ( copy !== undefined ) {
+					target[ name ] = copy;
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Return the modified object
+	return target;
+};
+
+jQuery.extend({
+	// Unique for each copy of jQuery on the page
+	expando: "jQuery" + ( version + Math.random() ).replace( /\D/g, "" ),
+
+	// Assume jQuery is ready without the ready module
+	isReady: true,
+
+	error: function( msg ) {
+		throw new Error( msg );
+	},
+
+	noop: function() {},
+
+	// See test/unit/core.js for details concerning isFunction.
+	// Since version 1.3, DOM methods and functions like alert
+	// aren't supported. They return false on IE (#2968).
+	isFunction: function( obj ) {
+		return jQuery.type(obj) === "function";
+	},
+
+	isArray: Array.isArray || function( obj ) {
+		return jQuery.type(obj) === "array";
+	},
+
+	isWindow: function( obj ) {
+		/* jshint eqeqeq: false */
+		return obj != null && obj == obj.window;
+	},
+
+	isNumeric: function( obj ) {
+		// parseFloat NaNs numeric-cast false positives (null|true|false|"")
+		// ...but misinterprets leading-number strings, particularly hex literals ("0x...")
+		// subtraction forces infinities to NaN
+		return !jQuery.isArray( obj ) && obj - parseFloat( obj ) >= 0;
+	},
+
+	isEmptyObject: function( obj ) {
+		var name;
+		for ( name in obj ) {
+			return false;
+		}
+		return true;
+	},
+
+	isPlainObject: function( obj ) {
+		var key;
+
+		// Must be an Object.
+		// Because of IE, we also have to check the presence of the constructor property.
+		// Make sure that DOM nodes and window objects don't pass through, as well
+		if ( !obj || jQuery.type(obj) !== "object" || obj.nodeType || jQuery.isWindow( obj ) ) {
+			return false;
+		}
+
+		try {
+			// Not own constructor property must be Object
+			if ( obj.constructor &&
+				!hasOwn.call(obj, "constructor") &&
+				!hasOwn.call(obj.constructor.prototype, "isPrototypeOf") ) {
+				return false;
+			}
+		} catch ( e ) {
+			// IE8,9 Will throw exceptions on certain host objects #9897
+			return false;
+		}
+
+		// Support: IE<9
+		// Handle iteration over inherited properties before own properties.
+		if ( support.ownLast ) {
+			for ( key in obj ) {
+				return hasOwn.call( obj, key );
+			}
+		}
+
+		// Own properties are enumerated firstly, so to speed up,
+		// if last one is own, then all properties are own.
+		for ( key in obj ) {}
+
+		return key === undefined || hasOwn.call( obj, key );
+	},
+
+	type: function( obj ) {
+		if ( obj == null ) {
+			return obj + "";
+		}
+		return typeof obj === "object" || typeof obj === "function" ?
+			class2type[ toString.call(obj) ] || "object" :
+			typeof obj;
+	},
+
+	// Evaluates a script in a global context
+	// Workarounds based on findings by Jim Driscoll
+	// http://weblogs.java.net/blog/driscoll/archive/2009/09/08/eval-javascript-global-context
+	globalEval: function( data ) {
+		if ( data && jQuery.trim( data ) ) {
+			// We use execScript on Internet Explorer
+			// We use an anonymous function so that context is window
+			// rather than jQuery in Firefox
+			( window.execScript || function( data ) {
+				window[ "eval" ].call( window, data );
+			} )( data );
+		}
+	},
+
+	// Convert dashed to camelCase; used by the css and data modules
+	// Microsoft forgot to hump their vendor prefix (#9572)
+	camelCase: function( string ) {
+		return string.replace( rmsPrefix, "ms-" ).replace( rdashAlpha, fcamelCase );
+	},
+
+	nodeName: function( elem, name ) {
+		return elem.nodeName && elem.nodeName.toLowerCase() === name.toLowerCase();
+	},
+
+	// args is for internal usage only
+	each: function( obj, callback, args ) {
+		var value,
+			i = 0,
+			length = obj.length,
+			isArray = isArraylike( obj );
+
+		if ( args ) {
+			if ( isArray ) {
+				for ( ; i < length; i++ ) {
+					value = callback.apply( obj[ i ], args );
+
+					if ( value === false ) {
+						break;
+					}
+				}
+			} else {
+				for ( i in obj ) {
+					value = callback.apply( obj[ i ], args );
+
+					if ( value === false ) {
+						break;
+					}
+				}
+			}
+
+		// A special, fast, case for the most common use of each
+		} else {
+			if ( isArray ) {
+				for ( ; i < length; i++ ) {
+					value = callback.call( obj[ i ], i, obj[ i ] );
+
+					if ( value === false ) {
+						break;
+					}
+				}
+			} else {
+				for ( i in obj ) {
+					value = callback.call( obj[ i ], i, obj[ i ] );
+
+					if ( value === false ) {
+						break;
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		return obj;
+	},
+
+	// Support: Android<4.1, IE<9
+	trim: function( text ) {
+		return text == null ?
+			"" :
+			( text + "" ).replace( rtrim, "" );
+	},
+
+	// results is for internal usage only
+	makeArray: function( arr, results ) {
+		var ret = results || [];
+
+		if ( arr != null ) {
+			if ( isArraylike( Object(arr) ) ) {
+				jQuery.merge( ret,
+					typeof arr === "string" ?
+					[ arr ] : arr
+				);
+			} else {
+				push.call( ret, arr );
+			}
+		}
+
+		return ret;
+	},
+
+	inArray: function( elem, arr, i ) {
+		var len;
+
+		if ( arr ) {
+			if ( indexOf ) {
+				return indexOf.call( arr, elem, i );
+			}
+
+			len = arr.length;
+			i = i ? i < 0 ? Math.max( 0, len + i ) : i : 0;
+
+			for ( ; i < len; i++ ) {
+				// Skip accessing in sparse arrays
+				if ( i in arr && arr[ i ] === elem ) {
+					return i;
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		return -1;
+	},
+
+	merge: function( first, second ) {
+		var len = +second.length,
+			j = 0,
+			i = first.length;
+
+		while ( j < len ) {
+			first[ i++ ] = second[ j++ ];
+		}
+
+		// Support: IE<9
+		// Workaround casting of .length to NaN on otherwise arraylike objects (e.g., NodeLists)
+		if ( len !== len ) {
+			while ( second[j] !== undefined ) {
+				first[ i++ ] = second[ j++ ];
+			}
+		}
+
+		first.length = i;
+
+		return first;
+	},
+
+	grep: function( elems, callback, invert ) {
+		var callbackInverse,
+			matches = [],
+			i = 0,
+			length = elems.length,
+			callbackExpect = !invert;
+
+		// Go through the array, only saving the items
+		// that pass the validator function
+		for ( ; i < length; i++ ) {
+			callbackInverse = !callback( elems[ i ], i );
+			if ( callbackInverse !== callbackExpect ) {
+				matches.push( elems[ i ] );
+			}
+		}
+
+		return matches;
+	},
+
+	// arg is for internal usage only
+	map: function( elems, callback, arg ) {
+		var value,
+			i = 0,
+			length = elems.length,
+			isArray = isArraylike( elems ),
+			ret = [];
+
+		// Go through the array, translating each of the items to their new values
+		if ( isArray ) {
+			for ( ; i < length; i++ ) {
+				value = callback( elems[ i ], i, arg );
+
+				if ( value != null ) {
+					ret.push( value );
+				}
+			}
+
+		// Go through every key on the object,
+		} else {
+			for ( i in elems ) {
+				value = callback( elems[ i ], i, arg );
+
+				if ( value != null ) {
+					ret.push( value );
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		// Flatten any nested arrays
+		return concat.apply( [], ret );
+	},
+
+	// A global GUID counter for objects
+	guid: 1,
+
+	// Bind a function to a context, optionally partially applying any
+	// arguments.
+	proxy: function( fn, context ) {
+		var args, proxy, tmp;
+
+		if ( typeof context === "string" ) {
+			tmp = fn[ context ];
+			context = fn;
+			fn = tmp;
+		}
+
+		// Quick check to determine if target is callable, in the spec
+		// this throws a TypeError, but we will just return undefined.
+		if ( !jQuery.isFunction( fn ) ) {
+			return undefined;
+		}
+
+		// Simulated bind
+		args = slice.call( arguments, 2 );
+		proxy = function() {
+			return fn.apply( context || this, args.concat( slice.call( arguments ) ) );
+		};
+
+		// Set the guid of unique handler to the same of original handler, so it can be removed
+		proxy.guid = fn.guid = fn.guid || jQuery.guid++;
+
+		return proxy;
+	},
+
+	now: function() {
+		return +( new Date() );
+	},
+
+	// jQuery.support is not used in Core but other projects attach their
+	// properties to it so it needs to exist.
+	support: support
+});
+
+// Populate the class2type map
+jQuery.each("Boolean Number String Function Array Date RegExp Object Error".split(" "), function(i, name) {
+	class2type[ "[object " + name + "]" ] = name.toLowerCase();
+});
+
+function isArraylike( obj ) {
+	var length = obj.length,
+		type = jQuery.type( obj );
+
+	if ( type === "function" || jQuery.isWindow( obj ) ) {
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	if ( obj.nodeType === 1 && length ) {
+		return true;
+	}
+
+	return type === "array" || length === 0 ||
+		typeof length === "number" && length > 0 && ( length - 1 ) in obj;
+}
+var Sizzle =
+/*!
+ * Sizzle CSS Selector Engine v1.10.19
+ * http://sizzlejs.com/
+ *
+ * Copyright 2013 jQuery Foundation, Inc. and other contributors
+ * Released under the MIT license
+ * http://jquery.org/license
+ *
+ * Date: 2014-04-18
+ */
+(function( window ) {
+
+var i,
+	support,
+	Expr,
+	getText,
+	isXML,
+	tokenize,
+	compile,
+	select,
+	outermostContext,
+	sortInput,
+	hasDuplicate,
+
+	// Local document vars
+	setDocument,
+	document,
+	docElem,
+	documentIsHTML,
+	rbuggyQSA,
+	rbuggyMatches,
+	matches,
+	contains,
+
+	// Instance-specific data
+	expando = "sizzle" + -(new Date()),
+	preferredDoc = window.document,
+	dirruns = 0,
+	done = 0,
+	classCache = createCache(),
+	tokenCache = createCache(),
+	compilerCache = createCache(),
+	sortOrder = function( a, b ) {
+		if ( a === b ) {
+			hasDuplicate = true;
+		}
+		return 0;
+	},
+
+	// General-purpose constants
+	strundefined = typeof undefined,
+	MAX_NEGATIVE = 1 << 31,
+
+	// Instance methods
+	hasOwn = ({}).hasOwnProperty,
+	arr = [],
+	pop = arr.pop,
+	push_native = arr.push,
+	push = arr.push,
+	slice = arr.slice,
+	// Use a stripped-down indexOf if we can't use a native one
+	indexOf = arr.indexOf || function( elem ) {
+		var i = 0,
+			len = this.length;
+		for ( ; i < len; i++ ) {
+			if ( this[i] === elem ) {
+				return i;
+			}
+		}
+		return -1;
+	},
+
+	booleans = "checked|selected|async|autofocus|autoplay|controls|defer|disabled|hidden|ismap|loop|multiple|open|readonly|required|scoped",
+
+	// Regular expressions
+
+	// Whitespace characters http://www.w3.org/TR/css3-selectors/#whitespace
+	whitespace = "[\\x20\\t\\r\\n\\f]",
+	// http://www.w3.org/TR/css3-syntax/#characters
+	characterEncoding = "(?:\\\\.|[\\w-]|[^\\x00-\\xa0])+",
+
+	// Loosely modeled on CSS identifier characters
+	// An unquoted value should be a CSS identifier http://www.w3.org/TR/css3-selectors/#attribute-selectors
+	// Proper syntax: http://www.w3.org/TR/CSS21/syndata.html#value-def-identifier
+	identifier = characterEncoding.replace( "w", "w#" ),
+
+	// Attribute selectors: http://www.w3.org/TR/selectors/#attribute-selectors
+	attributes = "\\[" + whitespace + "*(" + characterEncoding + ")(?:" + whitespace +
+		// Operator (capture 2)
+		"*([*^$|!~]?=)" + whitespace +
+		// "Attribute values must be CSS identifiers [capture 5] or strings [capture 3 or capture 4]"
+		"*(?:'((?:\\\\.|[^\\\\'])*)'|\"((?:\\\\.|[^\\\\\"])*)\"|(" + identifier + "))|)" + whitespace +
+		"*\\]",
+
+	pseudos = ":(" + characterEncoding + ")(?:\\((" +
+		// To reduce the number of selectors needing tokenize in the preFilter, prefer arguments:
+		// 1. quoted (capture 3; capture 4 or capture 5)
+		"('((?:\\\\.|[^\\\\'])*)'|\"((?:\\\\.|[^\\\\\"])*)\")|" +
+		// 2. simple (capture 6)
+		"((?:\\\\.|[^\\\\()[\\]]|" + attributes + ")*)|" +
+		// 3. anything else (capture 2)
+		".*" +
+		")\\)|)",
+
+	// Leading and non-escaped trailing whitespace, capturing some non-whitespace characters preceding the latter
+	rtrim = new RegExp( "^" + whitespace + "+|((?:^|[^\\\\])(?:\\\\.)*)" + whitespace + "+$", "g" ),
+
+	rcomma = new RegExp( "^" + whitespace + "*," + whitespace + "*" ),
+	rcombinators = new RegExp( "^" + whitespace + "*([>+~]|" + whitespace + ")" + whitespace + "*" ),
+
+	rattributeQuotes = new RegExp( "=" + whitespace + "*([^\\]'\"]*?)" + whitespace + "*\\]", "g" ),
+
+	rpseudo = new RegExp( pseudos ),
+	ridentifier = new RegExp( "^" + identifier + "$" ),
+
+	matchExpr = {
+		"ID": new RegExp( "^#(" + characterEncoding + ")" ),
+		"CLASS": new RegExp( "^\\.(" + characterEncoding + ")" ),
+		"TAG": new RegExp( "^(" + characterEncoding.replace( "w", "w*" ) + ")" ),
+		"ATTR": new RegExp( "^" + attributes ),
+		"PSEUDO": new RegExp( "^" + pseudos ),
+		"CHILD": new RegExp( "^:(only|first|last|nth|nth-last)-(child|of-type)(?:\\(" + whitespace +
+			"*(even|odd|(([+-]|)(\\d*)n|)" + whitespace + "*(?:([+-]|)" + whitespace +
+			"*(\\d+)|))" + whitespace + "*\\)|)", "i" ),
+		"bool": new RegExp( "^(?:" + booleans + ")$", "i" ),
+		// For use in libraries implementing .is()
+		// We use this for POS matching in `select`
+		"needsContext": new RegExp( "^" + whitespace + "*[>+~]|:(even|odd|eq|gt|lt|nth|first|last)(?:\\(" +
+			whitespace + "*((?:-\\d)?\\d*)" + whitespace + "*\\)|)(?=[^-]|$)", "i" )
+	},
+
+	rinputs = /^(?:input|select|textarea|button)$/i,
+	rheader = /^h\d$/i,
+
+	rnative = /^[^{]+\{\s*\[native \w/,
+
+	// Easily-parseable/retrievable ID or TAG or CLASS selectors
+	rquickExpr = /^(?:#([\w-]+)|(\w+)|\.([\w-]+))$/,
+
+	rsibling = /[+~]/,
+	rescape = /'|\\/g,
+
+	// CSS escapes http://www.w3.org/TR/CSS21/syndata.html#escaped-characters
+	runescape = new RegExp( "\\\\([\\da-f]{1,6}" + whitespace + "?|(" + whitespace + ")|.)", "ig" ),
+	funescape = function( _, escaped, escapedWhitespace ) {
+		var high = "0x" + escaped - 0x10000;
+		// NaN means non-codepoint
+		// Support: Firefox<24
+		// Workaround erroneous numeric interpretation of +"0x"
+		return high !== high || escapedWhitespace ?
+			escaped :
+			high < 0 ?
+				// BMP codepoint
+				String.fromCharCode( high + 0x10000 ) :
+				// Supplemental Plane codepoint (surrogate pair)
+				String.fromCharCode( high >> 10 | 0xD800, high & 0x3FF | 0xDC00 );
+	};
+
+// Optimize for push.apply( _, NodeList )
+try {
+	push.apply(
+		(arr = slice.call( preferredDoc.childNodes )),
+		preferredDoc.childNodes
+	);
+	// Support: Android<4.0
+	// Detect silently failing push.apply
+	arr[ preferredDoc.childNodes.length ].nodeType;
+} catch ( e ) {
+	push = { apply: arr.length ?
+
+		// Leverage slice if possible
+		function( target, els ) {
+			push_native.apply( target, slice.call(els) );
+		} :
+
+		// Support: IE<9
+		// Otherwise append directly
+		function( target, els ) {
+			var j = target.length,
+				i = 0;
+			// Can't trust NodeList.length
+			while ( (target[j++] = els[i++]) ) {}
+			target.length = j - 1;
+		}
+	};
+}
+
+function Sizzle( selector, context, results, seed ) {
+	var match, elem, m, nodeType,
+		// QSA vars
+		i, groups, old, nid, newContext, newSelector;
+
+	if ( ( context ? context.ownerDocument || context : preferredDoc ) !== document ) {
+		setDocument( context );
+	}
+
+	context = context || document;
+	results = results || [];
+
+	if ( !selector || typeof selector !== "string" ) {
+		return results;
+	}
+
+	if ( (nodeType = context.nodeType) !== 1 && nodeType !== 9 ) {
+		return [];
+	}
+
+	if ( documentIsHTML && !seed ) {
+
+		// Shortcuts
+		if ( (match = rquickExpr.exec( selector )) ) {
+			// Speed-up: Sizzle("#ID")
+			if ( (m = match[1]) ) {
+				if ( nodeType === 9 ) {
+					elem = context.getElementById( m );
+					// Check parentNode to catch when Blackberry 4.6 returns
+					// nodes that are no longer in the document (jQuery #6963)
+					if ( elem && elem.parentNode ) {
+						// Handle the case where IE, Opera, and Webkit return items
+						// by name instead of ID
+						if ( elem.id === m ) {
+							results.push( elem );
+							return results;
+						}
+					} else {
+						return results;
+					}
+				} else {
+					// Context is not a document
+					if ( context.ownerDocument && (elem = context.ownerDocument.getElementById( m )) &&
+						contains( context, elem ) && elem.id === m ) {
+						results.push( elem );
+						return results;
+					}
+				}
+
+			// Speed-up: Sizzle("TAG")
+			} else if ( match[2] ) {
+				push.apply( results, context.getElementsByTagName( selector ) );
+				return results;
+
+			// Speed-up: Sizzle(".CLASS")
+			} else if ( (m = match[3]) && support.getElementsByClassName && context.getElementsByClassName ) {
+				push.apply( results, context.getElementsByClassName( m ) );
+				return results;
+			}
+		}
+
+		// QSA path
+		if ( support.qsa && (!rbuggyQSA || !rbuggyQSA.test( selector )) ) {
+			nid = old = expando;
+			newContext = context;
+			newSelector = nodeType === 9 && selector;
+
+			// qSA works strangely on Element-rooted queries
+			// We can work around this by specifying an extra ID on the root
+			// and working up from there (Thanks to Andrew Dupont for the technique)
+			// IE 8 doesn't work on object elements
+			if ( nodeType === 1 && context.nodeName.toLowerCase() !== "object" ) {
+				groups = tokenize( selector );
+
+				if ( (old = context.getAttribute("id")) ) {
+					nid = old.replace( rescape, "\\$&" );
+				} else {
+					context.setAttribute( "id", nid );
+				}
+				nid = "[id='" + nid + "'] ";
+
+				i = groups.length;
+				while ( i-- ) {
+					groups[i] = nid + toSelector( groups[i] );
+				}
+				newContext = rsibling.test( selector ) && testContext( context.parentNode ) || context;
+				newSelector = groups.join(",");
+			}
+
+			if ( newSelector ) {
+				try {
+					push.apply( results,
+						newContext.querySelectorAll( newSelector )
+					);
+					return results;
+				} catch(qsaError) {
+				} finally {
+					if ( !old ) {
+						context.removeAttribute("id");
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	// All others
+	return select( selector.replace( rtrim, "$1" ), context, results, seed );
+}
+
+/**
+ * Create key-value caches of limited size
+ * @returns {Function(string, Object)} Returns the Object data after storing it on itself with
+ *	property name the (space-suffixed) string and (if the cache is larger than Expr.cacheLength)
+ *	deleting the oldest entry
+ */
+function createCache() {
+	var keys = [];
+
+	function cache( key, value ) {
+		// Use (key + " ") to avoid collision with native prototype properties (see Issue #157)
+		if ( keys.push( key + " " ) > Expr.cacheLength ) {
+			// Only keep the most recent entries
+			delete cache[ keys.shift() ];
+		}
+		return (cache[ key + " " ] = value);
+	}
+	return cache;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Mark a function for special use by Sizzle
+ * @param {Function} fn The function to mark
+ */
+function markFunction( fn ) {
+	fn[ expando ] = true;
+	return fn;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Support testing using an element
+ * @param {Function} fn Passed the created div and expects a boolean result
+ */
+function assert( fn ) {
+	var div = document.createElement("div");
+
+	try {
+		return !!fn( div );
+	} catch (e) {
+		return false;
+	} finally {
+		// Remove from its parent by default
+		if ( div.parentNode ) {
+			div.parentNode.removeChild( div );
+		}
+		// release memory in IE
+		div = null;
+	}
+}
+
+/**
+ * Adds the same handler for all of the specified attrs
+ * @param {String} attrs Pipe-separated list of attributes
+ * @param {Function} handler The method that will be applied
+ */
+function addHandle( attrs, handler ) {
+	var arr = attrs.split("|"),
+		i = attrs.length;
+
+	while ( i-- ) {
+		Expr.attrHandle[ arr[i] ] = handler;
+	}
+}
+
+/**
+ * Checks document order of two siblings
+ * @param {Element} a
+ * @param {Element} b
+ * @returns {Number} Returns less than 0 if a precedes b, greater than 0 if a follows b
+ */
+function siblingCheck( a, b ) {
+	var cur = b && a,
+		diff = cur && a.nodeType === 1 && b.nodeType === 1 &&
+			( ~b.sourceIndex || MAX_NEGATIVE ) -
+			( ~a.sourceIndex || MAX_NEGATIVE );
+
+	// Use IE sourceIndex if available on both nodes
+	if ( diff ) {
+		return diff;
+	}
+
+	// Check if b follows a
+	if ( cur ) {
+		while ( (cur = cur.nextSibling) ) {
+			if ( cur === b ) {
+				return -1;
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	return a ? 1 : -1;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Returns a function to use in pseudos for input types
+ * @param {String} type
+ */
+function createInputPseudo( type ) {
+	return function( elem ) {
+		var name = elem.nodeName.toLowerCase();
+		return name === "input" && elem.type === type;
+	};
+}
+
+/**
+ * Returns a function to use in pseudos for buttons
+ * @param {String} type
+ */
+function createButtonPseudo( type ) {
+	return function( elem ) {
+		var name = elem.nodeName.toLowerCase();
+		return (name === "input" || name === "button") && elem.type === type;
+	};
+}
+
+/**
+ * Returns a function to use in pseudos for positionals
+ * @param {Function} fn
+ */
+function createPositionalPseudo( fn ) {
+	return markFunction(function( argument ) {
+		argument = +argument;
+		return markFunction(function( seed, matches ) {
+			var j,
+				matchIndexes = fn( [], seed.length, argument ),
+				i = matchIndexes.length;
+
+			// Match elements found at the specified indexes
+			while ( i-- ) {
+				if ( seed[ (j = matchIndexes[i]) ] ) {
+					seed[j] = !(matches[j] = seed[j]);
+				}
+			}
+		});
+	});
+}
+
+/**
+ * Checks a node for validity as a Sizzle context
+ * @param {Element|Object=} context
+ * @returns {Element|Object|Boolean} The input node if acceptable, otherwise a falsy value
+ */
+function testContext( context ) {
+	return context && typeof context.getElementsByTagName !== strundefined && context;
+}
+
+// Expose support vars for convenience
+support = Sizzle.support = {};
+
+/**
+ * Detects XML nodes
+ * @param {Element|Object} elem An element or a document
+ * @returns {Boolean} True iff elem is a non-HTML XML node
+ */
+isXML = Sizzle.isXML = function( elem ) {
+	// documentElement is verified for cases where it doesn't yet exist
+	// (such as loading iframes in IE - #4833)
+	var documentElement = elem && (elem.ownerDocument || elem).documentElement;
+	return documentElement ? documentElement.nodeName !== "HTML" : false;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Sets document-related variables once based on the current document
+ * @param {Element|Object} [doc] An element or document object to use to set the document
+ * @returns {Object} Returns the current document
+ */
+setDocument = Sizzle.setDocument = function( node ) {
+	var hasCompare,
+		doc = node ? node.ownerDocument || node : preferredDoc,
+		parent = doc.defaultView;
+
+	// If no document and documentElement is available, return
+	if ( doc === document || doc.nodeType !== 9 || !doc.documentElement ) {
+		return document;
+	}
+
+	// Set our document
+	document = doc;
+	docElem = doc.documentElement;
+
+	// Support tests
+	documentIsHTML = !isXML( doc );
+
+	// Support: IE>8
+	// If iframe document is assigned to "document" variable and if iframe has been reloaded,
+	// IE will throw "permission denied" error when accessing "document" variable, see jQuery #13936
+	// IE6-8 do not support the defaultView property so parent will be undefined
+	if ( parent && parent !== parent.top ) {
+		// IE11 does not have attachEvent, so all must suffer
+		if ( parent.addEventListener ) {
+			parent.addEventListener( "unload", function() {
+				setDocument();
+			}, false );
+		} else if ( parent.attachEvent ) {
+			parent.attachEvent( "onunload", function() {
+				setDocument();
+			});
+		}
+	}
+
+	/* Attributes
+	---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+	// Support: IE<8
+	// Verify that getAttribute really returns attributes and not properties (excepting IE8 booleans)
+	support.attributes = assert(function( div ) {
+		div.className = "i";
+		return !div.getAttribute("className");
+	});
+
+	/* getElement(s)By*
+	---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+	// Check if getElementsByTagName("*") returns only elements
+	support.getElementsByTagName = assert(function( div ) {
+		div.appendChild( doc.createComment("") );
+		return !div.getElementsByTagName("*").length;
+	});
+
+	// Check if getElementsByClassName can be trusted
+	support.getElementsByClassName = rnative.test( doc.getElementsByClassName ) && assert(function( div ) {
+		div.innerHTML = "<div class='a'></div><div class='a i'></div>";
+
+		// Support: Safari<4
+		// Catch class over-caching
+		div.firstChild.className = "i";
+		// Support: Opera<10
+		// Catch gEBCN failure to find non-leading classes
+		return div.getElementsByClassName("i").length === 2;
+	});
+
+	// Support: IE<10
+	// Check if getElementById returns elements by name
+	// The broken getElementById methods don't pick up programatically-set names,
+	// so use a roundabout getElementsByName test
+	support.getById = assert(function( div ) {
+		docElem.appendChild( div ).id = expando;
+		return !doc.getElementsByName || !doc.getElementsByName( expando ).length;
+	});
+
+	// ID find and filter
+	if ( support.getById ) {
+		Expr.find["ID"] = function( id, context ) {
+			if ( typeof context.getElementById !== strundefined && documentIsHTML ) {
+				var m = context.getElementById( id );
+				// Check parentNode to catch when Blackberry 4.6 returns
+				// nodes that are no longer in the document #6963
+				return m && m.parentNode ? [ m ] : [];
+			}
+		};
+		Expr.filter["ID"] = function( id ) {
+			var attrId = id.replace( runescape, funescape );
+			return function( elem ) {
+				return elem.getAttribute("id") === attrId;
+			};
+		};
+	} else {
+		// Support: IE6/7
+		// getElementById is not reliable as a find shortcut
+		delete Expr.find["ID"];
+
+		Expr.filter["ID"] =  function( id ) {
+			var attrId = id.replace( runescape, funescape );
+			return function( elem ) {
+				var node = typeof elem.getAttributeNode !== strundefined && elem.getAttributeNode("id");
+				return node && node.value === attrId;
+			};
+		};
+	}
+
+	// Tag
+	Expr.find["TAG"] = support.getElementsByTagName ?
+		function( tag, context ) {
+			if ( typeof context.getElementsByTagName !== strundefined ) {
+				return context.getElementsByTagName( tag );
+			}
+		} :
+		function( tag, context ) {
+			var elem,
+				tmp = [],
+				i = 0,
+				results = context.getElementsByTagName( tag );
+
+			// Filter out possible comments
+			if ( tag === "*" ) {
+				while ( (elem = results[i++]) ) {
+					if ( elem.nodeType === 1 ) {
+						tmp.push( elem );
+					}
+				}
+
+				return tmp;
+			}
+			return results;
+		};
+
+	// Class
+	Expr.find["CLASS"] = support.getElementsByClassName && function( className, context ) {
+		if ( typeof context.getElementsByClassName !== strundefined && documentIsHTML ) {
+			return context.getElementsByClassName( className );
+		}
+	};
+
+	/* QSA/matchesSelector
+	---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+	// QSA and matchesSelector support
+
+	// matchesSelector(:active) reports false when true (IE9/Opera 11.5)
+	rbuggyMatches = [];
+
+	// qSa(:focus) reports false when true (Chrome 21)
+	// We allow this because of a bug in IE8/9 that throws an error
+	// whenever `document.activeElement` is accessed on an iframe
+	// So, we allow :focus to pass through QSA all the time to avoid the IE error
+	// See http://bugs.jquery.com/ticket/13378
+	rbuggyQSA = [];
+
+	if ( (support.qsa = rnative.test( doc.querySelectorAll )) ) {
+		// Build QSA regex
+		// Regex strategy adopted from Diego Perini
+		assert(function( div ) {
+			// Select is set to empty string on purpose
+			// This is to test IE's treatment of not explicitly
+			// setting a boolean content attribute,
+			// since its presence should be enough
+			// http://bugs.jquery.com/ticket/12359
+			div.innerHTML = "<select msallowclip=''><option selected=''></option></select>";
+
+			// Support: IE8, Opera 11-12.16
+			// Nothing should be selected when empty strings follow ^= or $= or *=
+			// The test attribute must be unknown in Opera but "safe" for WinRT
+			// http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ie/hh465388.aspx#attribute_section
+			if ( div.querySelectorAll("[msallowclip^='']").length ) {
+				rbuggyQSA.push( "[*^$]=" + whitespace + "*(?:''|\"\")" );
+			}
+
+			// Support: IE8
+			// Boolean attributes and "value" are not treated correctly
+			if ( !div.querySelectorAll("[selected]").length ) {
+				rbuggyQSA.push( "\\[" + whitespace + "*(?:value|" + booleans + ")" );
+			}
+
+			// Webkit/Opera - :checked should return selected option elements
+			// http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/REC-css3-selectors-20110929/#checked
+			// IE8 throws error here and will not see later tests
+			if ( !div.querySelectorAll(":checked").length ) {
+				rbuggyQSA.push(":checked");
+			}
+		});
+
+		assert(function( div ) {
+			// Support: Windows 8 Native Apps
+			// The type and name attributes are restricted during .innerHTML assignment
+			var input = doc.createElement("input");
+			input.setAttribute( "type", "hidden" );
+			div.appendChild( input ).setAttribute( "name", "D" );
+
+			// Support: IE8
+			// Enforce case-sensitivity of name attribute
+			if ( div.querySelectorAll("[name=d]").length ) {
+				rbuggyQSA.push( "name" + whitespace + "*[*^$|!~]?=" );
+			}
+
+			// FF 3.5 - :enabled/:disabled and hidden elements (hidden elements are still enabled)
+			// IE8 throws error here and will not see later tests
+			if ( !div.querySelectorAll(":enabled").length ) {
+				rbuggyQSA.push( ":enabled", ":disabled" );
+			}
+
+			// Opera 10-11 does not throw on post-comma invalid pseudos
+			div.querySelectorAll("*,:x");
+			rbuggyQSA.push(",.*:");
+		});
+	}
+
+	if ( (support.matchesSelector = rnative.test( (matches = docElem.matches ||
+		docElem.webkitMatchesSelector ||
+		docElem.mozMatchesSelector ||
+		docElem.oMatchesSelector ||
+		docElem.msMatchesSelector) )) ) {
+
+		assert(function( div ) {
+			// Check to see if it's possible to do matchesSelector
+			// on a disconnected node (IE 9)
+			support.disconnectedMatch = matches.call( div, "div" );
+
+			// This should fail with an exception
+			// Gecko does not error, returns false instead
+			matches.call( div, "[s!='']:x" );
+			rbuggyMatches.push( "!=", pseudos );
+		});
+	}
+
+	rbuggyQSA = rbuggyQSA.length && new RegExp( rbuggyQSA.join("|") );
+	rbuggyMatches = rbuggyMatches.length && new RegExp( rbuggyMatches.join("|") );
+
+	/* Contains
+	---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+	hasCompare = rnative.test( docElem.compareDocumentPosition );
+
+	// Element contains another
+	// Purposefully does not implement inclusive descendent
+	// As in, an element does not contain itself
+	contains = hasCompare || rnative.test( docElem.contains ) ?
+		function( a, b ) {
+			var adown = a.nodeType === 9 ? a.documentElement : a,
+				bup = b && b.parentNode;
+			return a === bup || !!( bup && bup.nodeType === 1 && (
+				adown.contains ?
+					adown.contains( bup ) :
+					a.compareDocumentPosition && a.compareDocumentPosition( bup ) & 16
+			));
+		} :
+		function( a, b ) {
+			if ( b ) {
+				while ( (b = b.parentNode) ) {
+					if ( b === a ) {
+						return true;
+					}
+				}
+			}
+			return false;
+		};
+
+	/* Sorting
+	---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+	// Document order sorting
+	sortOrder = hasCompare ?
+	function( a, b ) {
+
+		// Flag for duplicate removal
+		if ( a === b ) {
+			hasDuplicate = true;
+			return 0;
+		}
+
+		// Sort on method existence if only one input has compareDocumentPosition
+		var compare = !a.compareDocumentPosition - !b.compareDocumentPosition;
+		if ( compare ) {
+			return compare;
+		}
+
+		// Calculate position if both inputs belong to the same document
+		compare = ( a.ownerDocument || a ) === ( b.ownerDocument || b ) ?
+			a.compareDocumentPosition( b ) :
+
+			// Otherwise we know they are disconnected
+			1;
+
+		// Disconnected nodes
+		if ( compare & 1 ||
+			(!support.sortDetached && b.compareDocumentPosition( a ) === compare) ) {
+
+			// Choose the first element that is related to our preferred document
+			if ( a === doc || a.ownerDocument === preferredDoc && contains(preferredDoc, a) ) {
+				return -1;
+			}
+			if ( b === doc || b.ownerDocument === preferredDoc && contains(preferredDoc, b) ) {
+				return 1;
+			}
+
+			// Maintain original order
+			return sortInput ?
+				( indexOf.call( sortInput, a ) - indexOf.call( sortInput, b ) ) :
+				0;
+		}
+
+		return compare & 4 ? -1 : 1;
+	} :
+	function( a, b ) {
+		// Exit early if the nodes are identical
+		if ( a === b ) {
+			hasDuplicate = true;
+			return 0;
+		}
+
+		var cur,
+			i = 0,
+			aup = a.parentNode,
+			bup = b.parentNode,
+			ap = [ a ],
+			bp = [ b ];
+
+		// Parentless nodes are either documents or disconnected
+		if ( !aup || !bup ) {
+			return a === doc ? -1 :
+				b === doc ? 1 :
+				aup ? -1 :
+				bup ? 1 :
+				sortInput ?
+				( indexOf.call( sortInput, a ) - indexOf.call( sortInput, b ) ) :
+				0;
+
+		// If the nodes are siblings, we can do a quick check
+		} else if ( aup === bup ) {
+			return siblingCheck( a, b );
+		}
+
+		// Otherwise we need full lists of their ancestors for comparison
+		cur = a;
+		while ( (cur = cur.parentNode) ) {
+			ap.unshift( cur );
+		}
+		cur = b;
+		while ( (cur = cur.parentNode) ) {
+			bp.unshift( cur );
+		}
+
+		// Walk down the tree looking for a discrepancy
+		while ( ap[i] === bp[i] ) {
+			i++;
+		}
+
+		return i ?
+			// Do a sibling check if the nodes have a common ancestor
+			siblingCheck( ap[i], bp[i] ) :
+
+			// Otherwise nodes in our document sort first
+			ap[i] === preferredDoc ? -1 :
+			bp[i] === preferredDoc ? 1 :
+			0;
+	};
+
+	return doc;
+};
+
+Sizzle.matches = function( expr, elements ) {
+	return Sizzle( expr, null, null, elements );
+};
+
+Sizzle.matchesSelector = function( elem, expr ) {
+	// Set document vars if needed
+	if ( ( elem.ownerDocument || elem ) !== document ) {
+		setDocument( elem );
+	}
+
+	// Make sure that attribute selectors are quoted
+	expr = expr.replace( rattributeQuotes, "='$1']" );
+
+	if ( support.matchesSelector && documentIsHTML &&
+		( !rbuggyMatches || !rbuggyMatches.test( expr ) ) &&
+		( !rbuggyQSA     || !rbuggyQSA.test( expr ) ) ) {
+
+		try {
+			var ret = matches.call( elem, expr );
+
+			// IE 9's matchesSelector returns false on disconnected nodes
+			if ( ret || support.disconnectedMatch ||
+					// As well, disconnected nodes are said to be in a document
+					// fragment in IE 9
+					elem.document && elem.document.nodeType !== 11 ) {
+				return ret;
+			}
+		} catch(e) {}
+	}
+
+	return Sizzle( expr, document, null, [ elem ] ).length > 0;
+};
+
+Sizzle.contains = function( context, elem ) {
+	// Set document vars if needed
+	if ( ( context.ownerDocument || context ) !== document ) {
+		setDocument( context );
+	}
+	return contains( context, elem );
+};
+
+Sizzle.attr = function( elem, name ) {
+	// Set document vars if needed
+	if ( ( elem.ownerDocument || elem ) !== document ) {
+		setDocument( elem );
+	}
+
+	var fn = Expr.attrHandle[ name.toLowerCase() ],
+		// Don't get fooled by Object.prototype properties (jQuery #13807)
+		val = fn && hasOwn.call( Expr.attrHandle, name.toLowerCase() ) ?
+			fn( elem, name, !documentIsHTML ) :
+			undefined;
+
+	return val !== undefined ?
+		val :
+		support.attributes || !documentIsHTML ?
+			elem.getAttribute( name ) :
+			(val = elem.getAttributeNode(name)) && val.specified ?
+				val.value :
+				null;
+};
+
+Sizzle.error = function( msg ) {
+	throw new Error( "Syntax error, unrecognized expression: " + msg );
+};
+
+/**
+ * Document sorting and removing duplicates
+ * @param {ArrayLike} results
+ */
+Sizzle.uniqueSort = function( results ) {
+	var elem,
+		duplicates = [],
+		j = 0,
+		i = 0;
+
+	// Unless we *know* we can detect duplicates, assume their presence
+	hasDuplicate = !support.detectDuplicates;
+	sortInput = !support.sortStable && results.slice( 0 );
+	results.sort( sortOrder );
+
+	if ( hasDuplicate ) {
+		while ( (elem = results[i++]) ) {
+			if ( elem === results[ i ] ) {
+				j = duplicates.push( i );
+			}
+		}
+		while ( j-- ) {
+			results.splice( duplicates[ j ], 1 );
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Clear input after sorting to release objects
+	// See https://github.com/jquery/sizzle/pull/225
+	sortInput = null;
+
+	return results;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Utility function for retrieving the text value of an array of DOM nodes
+ * @param {Array|Element} elem
+ */
+getText = Sizzle.getText = function( elem ) {
+	var node,
+		ret = "",
+		i = 0,
+		nodeType = elem.nodeType;
+
+	if ( !nodeType ) {
+		// If no nodeType, this is expected to be an array
+		while ( (node = elem[i++]) ) {
+			// Do not traverse comment nodes
+			ret += getText( node );
+		}
+	} else if ( nodeType === 1 || nodeType === 9 || nodeType === 11 ) {
+		// Use textContent for elements
+		// innerText usage removed for consistency of new lines (jQuery #11153)
+		if ( typeof elem.textContent === "string" ) {
+			return elem.textContent;
+		} else {
+			// Traverse its children
+			for ( elem = elem.firstChild; elem; elem = elem.nextSibling ) {
+				ret += getText( elem );
+			}
+		}
+	} else if ( nodeType === 3 || nodeType === 4 ) {
+		return elem.nodeValue;
+	}
+	// Do not include comment or processing instruction nodes
+
+	return ret;
+};
+
+Expr = Sizzle.selectors = {
+
+	// Can be adjusted by the user
+	cacheLength: 50,
+
+	createPseudo: markFunction,
+
+	match: matchExpr,
+
+	attrHandle: {},
+
+	find: {},
+
+	relative: {
+		">": { dir: "parentNode", first: true },
+		" ": { dir: "parentNode" },
+		"+": { dir: "previousSibling", first: true },
+		"~": { dir: "previousSibling" }
+	},
+
+	preFilter: {
+		"ATTR": function( match ) {
+			match[1] = match[1].replace( runescape, funescape );
+
+			// Move the given value to match[3] whether quoted or unquoted
+			match[3] = ( match[3] || match[4] || match[5] || "" ).replace( runescape, funescape );
+
+			if ( match[2] === "~=" ) {
+				match[3] = " " + match[3] + " ";
+			}
+
+			return match.slice( 0, 4 );
+		},
+
+		"CHILD": function( match ) {
+			/* matches from matchExpr["CHILD"]
+				1 type (only|nth|...)
+				2 what (child|of-type)
+				3 argument (even|odd|\d*|\d*n([+-]\d+)?|...)
+				4 xn-component of xn+y argument ([+-]?\d*n|)
+				5 sign of xn-component
+				6 x of xn-component
+				7 sign of y-component
+				8 y of y-component
+			*/
+			match[1] = match[1].toLowerCase();
+
+			if ( match[1].slice( 0, 3 ) === "nth" ) {
+				// nth-* requires argument
+				if ( !match[3] ) {
+					Sizzle.error( match[0] );
+				}
+
+				// numeric x and y parameters for Expr.filter.CHILD
+				// remember that false/true cast respectively to 0/1
+				match[4] = +( match[4] ? match[5] + (match[6] || 1) : 2 * ( match[3] === "even" || match[3] === "odd" ) );
+				match[5] = +( ( match[7] + match[8] ) || match[3] === "odd" );
+
+			// other types prohibit arguments
+			} else if ( match[3] ) {
+				Sizzle.error( match[0] );
+			}
+
+			return match;
+		},
+
+		"PSEUDO": function( match ) {
+			var excess,
+				unquoted = !match[6] && match[2];
+
+			if ( matchExpr["CHILD"].test( match[0] ) ) {
+				return null;
+			}
+
+			// Accept quoted arguments as-is
+			if ( match[3] ) {
+				match[2] = match[4] || match[5] || "";
+
+			// Strip excess characters from unquoted arguments
+			} else if ( unquoted && rpseudo.test( unquoted ) &&
+				// Get excess from tokenize (recursively)
+				(excess = tokenize( unquoted, true )) &&
+				// advance to the next closing parenthesis
+				(excess = unquoted.indexOf( ")", unquoted.length - excess ) - unquoted.length) ) {
+
+				// excess is a negative index
+				match[0] = match[0].slice( 0, excess );
+				match[2] = unquoted.slice( 0, excess );
+			}
+
+			// Return only captures needed by the pseudo filter method (type and argument)
+			return match.slice( 0, 3 );
+		}
+	},
+
+	filter: {
+
+		"TAG": function( nodeNameSelector ) {
+			var nodeName = nodeNameSelector.replace( runescape, funescape ).toLowerCase();
+			return nodeNameSelector === "*" ?
+				function() { return true; } :
+				function( elem ) {
+					return elem.nodeName && elem.nodeName.toLowerCase() === nodeName;
+				};
+		},
+
+		"CLASS": function( className ) {
+			var pattern = classCache[ className + " " ];
+
+			return pattern ||
+				(pattern = new RegExp( "(^|" + whitespace + ")" + className + "(" + whitespace + "|$)" )) &&
+				classCache( className, function( elem ) {
+					return pattern.test( typeof elem.className === "string" && elem.className || typeof elem.getAttribute !== strundefined && elem.getAttribute("class") || "" );
+				});
+		},
+
+		"ATTR": function( name, operator, check ) {
+			return function( elem ) {
+				var result = Sizzle.attr( elem, name );
+
+				if ( result == null ) {
+					return operator === "!=";
+				}
+				if ( !operator ) {
+					return true;
+				}
+
+				result += "";
+
+				return operator === "=" ? result === check :
+					operator === "!=" ? result !== check :
+					operator === "^=" ? check && result.indexOf( check ) === 0 :
+					operator === "*=" ? check && result.indexOf( check ) > -1 :
+					operator === "$=" ? check && result.slice( -check.length ) === check :
+					operator === "~=" ? ( " " + result + " " ).indexOf( check ) > -1 :
+					operator === "|=" ? result === check || result.slice( 0, check.length + 1 ) === check + "-" :
+					false;
+			};
+		},
+
+		"CHILD": function( type, what, argument, first, last ) {
+			var simple = type.slice( 0, 3 ) !== "nth",
+				forward = type.slice( -4 ) !== "last",
+				ofType = what === "of-type";
+
+			return first === 1 && last === 0 ?
+
+				// Shortcut for :nth-*(n)
+				function( elem ) {
+					return !!elem.parentNode;
+				} :
+
+				function( elem, context, xml ) {
+					var cache, outerCache, node, diff, nodeIndex, start,
+						dir = simple !== forward ? "nextSibling" : "previousSibling",
+						parent = elem.parentNode,
+						name = ofType && elem.nodeName.toLowerCase(),
+						useCache = !xml && !ofType;
+
+					if ( parent ) {
+
+						// :(first|last|only)-(child|of-type)
+						if ( simple ) {
+							while ( dir ) {
+								node = elem;
+								while ( (node = node[ dir ]) ) {
+									if ( ofType ? node.nodeName.toLowerCase() === name : node.nodeType === 1 ) {
+										return false;
+									}
+								}
+								// Reverse direction for :only-* (if we haven't yet done so)
+								start = dir = type === "only" && !start && "nextSibling";
+							}
+							return true;
+						}
+
+						start = [ forward ? parent.firstChild : parent.lastChild ];
+
+						// non-xml :nth-child(...) stores cache data on `parent`
+						if ( forward && useCache ) {
+							// Seek `elem` from a previously-cached index
+							outerCache = parent[ expando ] || (parent[ expando ] = {});
+							cache = outerCache[ type ] || [];
+							nodeIndex = cache[0] === dirruns && cache[1];
+							diff = cache[0] === dirruns && cache[2];
+							node = nodeIndex && parent.childNodes[ nodeIndex ];
+
+							while ( (node = ++nodeIndex && node && node[ dir ] ||
+
+								// Fallback to seeking `elem` from the start
+								(diff = nodeIndex = 0) || start.pop()) ) {
+
+								// When found, cache indexes on `parent` and break
+								if ( node.nodeType === 1 && ++diff && node === elem ) {
+									outerCache[ type ] = [ dirruns, nodeIndex, diff ];
+									break;
+								}
+							}
+
+						// Use previously-cached element index if available
+						} else if ( useCache && (cache = (elem[ expando ] || (elem[ expando ] = {}))[ type ]) && cache[0] === dirruns ) {
+							diff = cache[1];
+
+						// xml :nth-child(...) or :nth-last-child(...) or :nth(-last)?-of-type(...)
+						} else {
+							// Use the same loop as above to seek `elem` from the start
+							while ( (node = ++nodeIndex && node && node[ dir ] ||
+								(diff = nodeIndex = 0) || start.pop()) ) {
+
+								if ( ( ofType ? node.nodeName.toLowerCase() === name : node.nodeType === 1 ) && ++diff ) {
+									// Cache the index of each encountered element
+									if ( useCache ) {
+										(node[ expando ] || (node[ expando ] = {}))[ type ] = [ dirruns, diff ];
+									}
+
+									if ( node === elem ) {
+										break;
+									}
+								}
+							}
+						}
+
+						// Incorporate the offset, then check against cycle size
+						diff -= last;
+						return diff === first || ( diff % first === 0 && diff / first >= 0 );
+					}
+				};
+		},
+
+		"PSEUDO": function( pseudo, argument ) {
+			// pseudo-class names are case-insensitive
+			// http://www.w3.org/TR/selectors/#pseudo-classes
+			// Prioritize by case sensitivity in case custom pseudos are added with uppercase letters
+			// Remember that setFilters inherits from pseudos
+			var args,
+				fn = Expr.pseudos[ pseudo ] || Expr.setFilters[ pseudo.toLowerCase() ] ||
+					Sizzle.error( "unsupported pseudo: " + pseudo );
+
+			// The user may use createPseudo to indicate that
+			// arguments are needed to create the filter function
+			// just as Sizzle does
+			if ( fn[ expando ] ) {
+				return fn( argument );
+			}
+
+			// But maintain support for old signatures
+			if ( fn.length > 1 ) {
+				args = [ pseudo, pseudo, "", argument ];
+				return Expr.setFilters.hasOwnProperty( pseudo.toLowerCase() ) ?
+					markFunction(function( seed, matches ) {
+						var idx,
+							matched = fn( seed, argument ),
+							i = matched.length;
+						while ( i-- ) {
+							idx = indexOf.call( seed, matched[i] );
+							seed[ idx ] = !( matches[ idx ] = matched[i] );
+						}
+					}) :
+					function( elem ) {
+						return fn( elem, 0, args );
+					};
+			}
+
+			return fn;
+		}
+	},
+
+	pseudos: {
+		// Potentially complex pseudos
+		"not": markFunction(function( selector ) {
+			// Trim the selector passed to compile
+			// to avoid treating leading and trailing
+			// spaces as combinators
+			var input = [],
+				results = [],
+				matcher = compile( selector.replace( rtrim, "$1" ) );
+
+			return matcher[ expando ] ?
+				markFunction(function( seed, matches, context, xml ) {
+					var elem,
+						unmatched = matcher( seed, null, xml, [] ),
+						i = seed.length;
+
+					// Match elements unmatched by `matcher`
+					while ( i-- ) {
+						if ( (elem = unmatched[i]) ) {
+							seed[i] = !(matches[i] = elem);
+						}
+					}
+				}) :
+				function( elem, context, xml ) {
+					input[0] = elem;
+					matcher( input, null, xml, results );
+					return !results.pop();
+				};
+		}),
+
+		"has": markFunction(function( selector ) {
+			return function( elem ) {
+				return Sizzle( selector, elem ).length > 0;
+			};
+		}),
+
+		"contains": markFunction(function( text ) {
+			return function( elem ) {
+				return ( elem.textContent || elem.innerText || getText( elem ) ).indexOf( text ) > -1;
+			};
+		}),
+
+		// "Whether an element is represented by a :lang() selector
+		// is based solely on the element's language value
+		// being equal to the identifier C,
+		// or beginning with the identifier C immediately followed by "-".
+		// The matching of C against the element's language value is performed case-insensitively.
+		// The identifier C does not have to be a valid language name."
+		// http://www.w3.org/TR/selectors/#lang-pseudo
+		"lang": markFunction( function( lang ) {
+			// lang value must be a valid identifier
+			if ( !ridentifier.test(lang || "") ) {
+				Sizzle.error( "unsupported lang: " + lang );
+			}
+			lang = lang.replace( runescape, funescape ).toLowerCase();
+			return function( elem ) {
+				var elemLang;
+				do {
+					if ( (elemLang = documentIsHTML ?
+						elem.lang :
+						elem.getAttribute("xml:lang") || elem.getAttribute("lang")) ) {
+
+						elemLang = elemLang.toLowerCase();
+						return elemLang === lang || elemLang.indexOf( lang + "-" ) === 0;
+					}
+				} while ( (elem = elem.parentNode) && elem.nodeType === 1 );
+				return false;
+			};
+		}),
+
+		// Miscellaneous
+		"target": function( elem ) {
+			var hash = window.location && window.location.hash;
+			return hash && hash.slice( 1 ) === elem.id;
+		},
+
+		"root": function( elem ) {
+			return elem === docElem;
+		},
+
+		"focus": function( elem ) {
+			return elem === document.activeElement && (!document.hasFocus || document.hasFocus()) && !!(elem.type || elem.href || ~elem.tabIndex);
+		},
+
+		// Boolean properties
+		"enabled": function( elem ) {
+			return elem.disabled === false;
+		},
+
+		"disabled": function( elem ) {
+			return elem.disabled === true;
+		},
+
+		"checked": function( elem ) {
+			// In CSS3, :checked should return both checked and selected elements
+			// http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/REC-css3-selectors-20110929/#checked
+			var nodeName = elem.nodeName.toLowerCase();
+			return (nodeName === "input" && !!elem.checked) || (nodeName === "option" && !!elem.selected);
+		},
+
+		"selected": function( elem ) {
+			// Accessing this property makes selected-by-default
+			// options in Safari work properly
+			if ( elem.parentNode ) {
+				elem.parentNode.selectedIndex;
+			}
+
+			return elem.selected === true;
+		},
+
+		// Contents
+		"empty": function( elem ) {
+			// http://www.w3.org/TR/selectors/#empty-pseudo
+			// :empty is negated by element (1) or content nodes (text: 3; cdata: 4; entity ref: 5),
+			//   but not by others (comment: 8; processing instruction: 7; etc.)
+			// nodeType < 6 works because attributes (2) do not appear as children
+			for ( elem = elem.firstChild; elem; elem = elem.nextSibling ) {
+				if ( elem.nodeType < 6 ) {
+					return false;
+				}
+			}
+			return true;
+		},
+
+		"parent": function( elem ) {
+			return !Expr.pseudos["empty"]( elem );
+		},
+
+		// Element/input types
+		"header": function( elem ) {
+			return rheader.test( elem.nodeName );
+		},
+
+		"input": function( elem ) {
+			return rinputs.test( elem.nodeName );
+		},
+
+		"button": function( elem ) {
+			var name = elem.nodeName.toLowerCase();
+			return name === "input" && elem.type === "button" || name === "button";
+		},
+
+		"text": function( elem ) {
+			var attr;
+			return elem.nodeName.toLowerCase() === "input" &&
+				elem.type === "text" &&
+
+				// Support: IE<8
+				// New HTML5 attribute values (e.g., "search") appear with elem.type === "text"
+				( (attr = elem.getAttribute("type")) == null || attr.toLowerCase() === "text" );
+		},
+
+		// Position-in-collection
+		"first": createPositionalPseudo(function() {
+			return [ 0 ];
+		}),
+
+		"last": createPositionalPseudo(function( matchIndexes, length ) {
+			return [ length - 1 ];
+		}),
+
+		"eq": createPositionalPseudo(function( matchIndexes, length, argument ) {
+			return [ argument < 0 ? argument + length : argument ];
+		}),
+
+		"even": createPositionalPseudo(function( matchIndexes, length ) {
+			var i = 0;
+			for ( ; i < length; i += 2 ) {
+				matchIndexes.push( i );
+			}
+			return matchIndexes;
+		}),
+
+		"odd": createPositionalPseudo(function( matchIndexes, length ) {
+			var i = 1;
+			for ( ; i < length; i += 2 ) {
+				matchIndexes.push( i );
+			}
+			return matchIndexes;
+		}),
+
+		"lt": createPositionalPseudo(function( matchIndexes, length, argument ) {
+			var i = argument < 0 ? argument + length : argument;
+			for ( ; --i >= 0; ) {
+				matchIndexes.push( i );
+			}
+			return matchIndexes;
+		}),
+
+		"gt": createPositionalPseudo(function( matchIndexes, length, argument ) {
+			var i = argument < 0 ? argument + length : argument;
+			for ( ; ++i < length; ) {
+				matchIndexes.push( i );
+			}
+			return matchIndexes;
+		})
+	}
+};
+
+Expr.pseudos["nth"] = Expr.pseudos["eq"];
+
+// Add button/input type pseudos
+for ( i in { radio: true, checkbox: true, file: true, password: true, image: true } ) {
+	Expr.pseudos[ i ] = createInputPseudo( i );
+}
+for ( i in { submit: true, reset: true } ) {
+	Expr.pseudos[ i ] = createButtonPseudo( i );
+}
+
+// Easy API for creating new setFilters
+function setFilters() {}
+setFilters.prototype = Expr.filters = Expr.pseudos;
+Expr.setFilters = new setFilters();
+
+tokenize = Sizzle.tokenize = function( selector, parseOnly ) {
+	var matched, match, tokens, type,
+		soFar, groups, preFilters,
+		cached = tokenCache[ selector + " " ];
+
+	if ( cached ) {
+		return parseOnly ? 0 : cached.slice( 0 );
+	}
+
+	soFar = selector;
+	groups = [];
+	preFilters = Expr.preFilter;
+
+	while ( soFar ) {
+
+		// Comma and first run
+		if ( !matched || (match = rcomma.exec( soFar )) ) {
+			if ( match ) {
+				// Don't consume trailing commas as valid
+				soFar = soFar.slice( match[0].length ) || soFar;
+			}
+			groups.push( (tokens = []) );
+		}
+
+		matched = false;
+
+		// Combinators
+		if ( (match = rcombinators.exec( soFar )) ) {
+			matched = match.shift();
+			tokens.push({
+				value: matched,
+				// Cast descendant combinators to space
+				type: match[0].replace( rtrim, " " )
+			});
+			soFar = soFar.slice( matched.length );
+		}
+
+		// Filters
+		for ( type in Expr.filter ) {
+			if ( (match = matchExpr[ type ].exec( soFar )) && (!preFilters[ type ] ||
+				(match = preFilters[ type ]( match ))) ) {
+				matched = match.shift();
+				tokens.push({
+					value: matched,
+					type: type,
+					matches: match
+				});
+				soFar = soFar.slice( matched.length );
+			}
+		}
+
+		if ( !matched ) {
+			break;
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Return the length of the invalid excess
+	// if we're just parsing
+	// Otherwise, throw an error or return tokens
+	return parseOnly ?
+		soFar.length :
+		soFar ?
+			Sizzle.error( selector ) :
+			// Cache the tokens
+			tokenCache( selector, groups ).slice( 0 );
+};
+
+function toSelector( tokens ) {
+	var i = 0,
+		len = tokens.length,
+		selector = "";
+	for ( ; i < len; i++ ) {
+		selector += tokens[i].value;
+	}
+	return selector;
+}
+
+function addCombinator( matcher, combinator, base ) {
+	var dir = combinator.dir,
+		checkNonElements = base && dir === "parentNode",
+		doneName = done++;
+
+	return combinator.first ?
+		// Check against closest ancestor/preceding element
+		function( elem, context, xml ) {
+			while ( (elem = elem[ dir ]) ) {
+				if ( elem.nodeType === 1 || checkNonElements ) {
+					return matcher( elem, context, xml );
+				}
+			}
+		} :
+
+		// Check against all ancestor/preceding elements
+		function( elem, context, xml ) {
+			var oldCache, outerCache,
+				newCache = [ dirruns, doneName ];
+
+			// We can't set arbitrary data on XML nodes, so they don't benefit from dir caching
+			if ( xml ) {
+				while ( (elem = elem[ dir ]) ) {
+					if ( elem.nodeType === 1 || checkNonElements ) {
+						if ( matcher( elem, context, xml ) ) {
+							return true;
+						}
+					}
+				}
+			} else {
+				while ( (elem = elem[ dir ]) ) {
+					if ( elem.nodeType === 1 || checkNonElements ) {
+						outerCache = elem[ expando ] || (elem[ expando ] = {});
+						if ( (oldCache = outerCache[ dir ]) &&
+							oldCache[ 0 ] === dirruns && oldCache[ 1 ] === doneName ) {
+
+							// Assign to newCache so results back-propagate to previous elements
+							return (newCache[ 2 ] = oldCache[ 2 ]);
+						} else {
+							// Reuse newcache so results back-propagate to previous elements
+							outerCache[ dir ] = newCache;
+
+							// A match means we're done; a fail means we have to keep checking
+							if ( (newCache[ 2 ] = matcher( elem, context, xml )) ) {
+								return true;
+							}
+						}
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		};
+}
+
+function elementMatcher( matchers ) {
+	return matchers.length > 1 ?
+		function( elem, context, xml ) {
+			var i = matchers.length;
+			while ( i-- ) {
+				if ( !matchers[i]( elem, context, xml ) ) {
+					return false;
+				}
+			}
+			return true;
+		} :
+		matchers[0];
+}
+
+function multipleContexts( selector, contexts, results ) {
+	var i = 0,
+		len = contexts.length;
+	for ( ; i < len; i++ ) {
+		Sizzle( selector, contexts[i], results );
+	}
+	return results;
+}
+
+function condense( unmatched, map, filter, context, xml ) {
+	var elem,
+		newUnmatched = [],
+		i = 0,
+		len = unmatched.length,
+		mapped = map != null;
+
+	for ( ; i < len; i++ ) {
+		if ( (elem = unmatched[i]) ) {
+			if ( !filter || filter( elem, context, xml ) ) {
+				newUnmatched.push( elem );
+				if ( mapped ) {
+					map.push( i );
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	return newUnmatched;
+}
+
+function setMatcher( preFilter, selector, matcher, postFilter, postFinder, postSelector ) {
+	if ( postFilter && !postFilter[ expando ] ) {
+		postFilter = setMatcher( postFilter );
+	}
+	if ( postFinder && !postFinder[ expando ] ) {
+		postFinder = setMatcher( postFinder, postSelector );
+	}
+	return markFunction(function( seed, results, context, xml ) {
+		var temp, i, elem,
+			preMap = [],
+			postMap = [],
+			preexisting = results.length,
+
+			// Get initial elements from seed or context
+			elems = seed || multipleContexts( selector || "*", context.nodeType ? [ context ] : context, [] ),
+
+			// Prefilter to get matcher input, preserving a map for seed-results synchronization
+			matcherIn = preFilter && ( seed || !selector ) ?
+				condense( elems, preMap, preFilter, context, xml ) :
+				elems,
+
+			matcherOut = matcher ?
+				// If we have a postFinder, or filtered seed, or non-seed postFilter or preexisting results,
+				postFinder || ( seed ? preFilter : preexisting || postFilter ) ?
+
+					// ...intermediate processing is necessary
+					[] :
+
+					// ...otherwise use results directly
+					results :
+				matcherIn;
+
+		// Find primary matches
+		if ( matcher ) {
+			matcher( matcherIn, matcherOut, context, xml );
+		}
+
+		// Apply postFilter
+		if ( postFilter ) {
+			temp = condense( matcherOut, postMap );
+			postFilter( temp, [], context, xml );
+
+			// Un-match failing elements by moving them back to matcherIn
+			i = temp.length;
+			while ( i-- ) {
+				if ( (elem = temp[i]) ) {
+					matcherOut[ postMap[i] ] = !(matcherIn[ postMap[i] ] = elem);
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		if ( seed ) {
+			if ( postFinder || preFilter ) {
+				if ( postFinder ) {
+					// Get the final matcherOut by condensing this intermediate into postFinder contexts
+					temp = [];
+					i = matcherOut.length;
+					while ( i-- ) {
+						if ( (elem = matcherOut[i]) ) {
+							// Restore matcherIn since elem is not yet a final match
+							temp.push( (matcherIn[i] = elem) );
+						}
+					}
+					postFinder( null, (matcherOut = []), temp, xml );
+				}
+
+				// Move matched elements from seed to results to keep them synchronized
+				i = matcherOut.length;
+				while ( i-- ) {
+					if ( (elem = matcherOut[i]) &&
+						(temp = postFinder ? indexOf.call( seed, elem ) : preMap[i]) > -1 ) {
+
+						seed[temp] = !(results[temp] = elem);
+					}
+				}
+			}
+
+		// Add elements to results, through postFinder if defined
+		} else {
+			matcherOut = condense(
+				matcherOut === results ?
+					matcherOut.splice( preexisting, matcherOut.length ) :
+					matcherOut
+			);
+			if ( postFinder ) {
+				postFinder( null, results, matcherOut, xml );
+			} else {
+				push.apply( results, matcherOut );
+			}
+		}
+	});
+}
+
+function matcherFromTokens( tokens ) {
+	var checkContext, matcher, j,
+		len = tokens.length,
+		leadingRelative = Expr.relative[ tokens[0].type ],
+		implicitRelative = leadingRelative || Expr.relative[" "],
+		i = leadingRelative ? 1 : 0,
+
+		// The foundational matcher ensures that elements are reachable from top-level context(s)
+		matchContext = addCombinator( function( elem ) {
+			return elem === checkContext;
+		}, implicitRelative, true ),
+		matchAnyContext = addCombinator( function( elem ) {
+			return indexOf.call( checkContext, elem ) > -1;
+		}, implicitRelative, true ),
+		matchers = [ function( elem, context, xml ) {
+			return ( !leadingRelative && ( xml || context !== outermostContext ) ) || (
+				(checkContext = context).nodeType ?
+					matchContext( elem, context, xml ) :
+					matchAnyContext( elem, context, xml ) );
+		} ];
+
+	for ( ; i < len; i++ ) {
+		if ( (matcher = Expr.relative[ tokens[i].type ]) ) {
+			matchers = [ addCombinator(elementMatcher( matchers ), matcher) ];
+		} else {
+			matcher = Expr.filter[ tokens[i].type ].apply( null, tokens[i].matches );
+
+			// Return special upon seeing a positional matcher
+			if ( matcher[ expando ] ) {
+				// Find the next relative operator (if any) for proper handling
+				j = ++i;
+				for ( ; j < len; j++ ) {
+					if ( Expr.relative[ tokens[j].type ] ) {
+						break;
+					}
+				}
+				return setMatcher(
+					i > 1 && elementMatcher( matchers ),
+					i > 1 && toSelector(
+						// If the preceding token was a descendant combinator, insert an implicit any-element `*`
+						tokens.slice( 0, i - 1 ).concat({ value: tokens[ i - 2 ].type === " " ? "*" : "" })
+					).replace( rtrim, "$1" ),
+					matcher,
+					i < j && matcherFromTokens( tokens.slice( i, j ) ),
+					j < len && matcherFromTokens( (tokens = tokens.slice( j )) ),
+					j < len && toSelector( tokens )
+				);
+			}
+			matchers.push( matcher );
+		}
+	}
+
+	return elementMatcher( matchers );
+}
+
+function matcherFromGroupMatchers( elementMatchers, setMatchers ) {
+	var bySet = setMatchers.length > 0,
+		byElement = elementMatchers.length > 0,
+		superMatcher = function( seed, context, xml, results, outermost ) {
+			var elem, j, matcher,
+				matchedCount = 0,
+				i = "0",
+				unmatched = seed && [],
+				setMatched = [],
+				contextBackup = outermostContext,
+				// We must always have either seed elements or outermost context
+				elems = seed || byElement && Expr.find["TAG"]( "*", outermost ),
+				// Use integer dirruns iff this is the outermost matcher
+				dirrunsUnique = (dirruns += contextBackup == null ? 1 : Math.random() || 0.1),
+				len = elems.length;
+
+			if ( outermost ) {
+				outermostContext = context !== document && context;
+			}
+
+			// Add elements passing elementMatchers directly to results
+			// Keep `i` a string if there are no elements so `matchedCount` will be "00" below
+			// Support: IE<9, Safari
+			// Tolerate NodeList properties (IE: "length"; Safari: <number>) matching elements by id
+			for ( ; i !== len && (elem = elems[i]) != null; i++ ) {
+				if ( byElement && elem ) {
+					j = 0;
+					while ( (matcher = elementMatchers[j++]) ) {
+						if ( matcher( elem, context, xml ) ) {
+							results.push( elem );
+							break;
+						}
+					}
+					if ( outermost ) {
+						dirruns = dirrunsUnique;
+					}
+				}
+
+				// Track unmatched elements for set filters
+				if ( bySet ) {
+					// They will have gone through all possible matchers
+					if ( (elem = !matcher && elem) ) {
+						matchedCount--;
+					}
+
+					// Lengthen the array for every element, matched or not
+					if ( seed ) {
+						unmatched.push( elem );
+					}
+				}
+			}
+
+			// Apply set filters to unmatched elements
+			matchedCount += i;
+			if ( bySet && i !== matchedCount ) {
+				j = 0;
+				while ( (matcher = setMatchers[j++]) ) {
+					matcher( unmatched, setMatched, context, xml );
+				}
+
+				if ( seed ) {
+					// Reintegrate element matches to eliminate the need for sorting
+					if ( matchedCount > 0 ) {
+						while ( i-- ) {
+							if ( !(unmatched[i] || setMatched[i]) ) {
+								setMatched[i] = pop.call( results );
+							}
+						}
+					}
+
+					// Discard index placeholder values to get only actual matches
+					setMatched = condense( setMatched );
+				}
+
+				// Add matches to results
+				push.apply( results, setMatched );
+
+				// Seedless set matches succeeding multiple successful matchers stipulate sorting
+				if ( outermost && !seed && setMatched.length > 0 &&
+					( matchedCount + setMatchers.length ) > 1 ) {
+
+					Sizzle.uniqueSort( results );
+				}
+			}
+
+			// Override manipulation of globals by nested matchers
+			if ( outermost ) {
+				dirruns = dirrunsUnique;
+				outermostContext = contextBackup;
+			}
+
+			return unmatched;
+		};
+
+	return bySet ?
+		markFunction( superMatcher ) :
+		superMatcher;
+}
+
+compile = Sizzle.compile = function( selector, match /* Internal Use Only */ ) {
+	var i,
+		setMatchers = [],
+		elementMatchers = [],
+		cached = compilerCache[ selector + " " ];
+
+	if ( !cached ) {
+		// Generate a function of recursive functions that can be used to check each element
+		if ( !match ) {
+			match = tokenize( selector );
+		}
+		i = match.length;
+		while ( i-- ) {
+			cached = matcherFromTokens( match[i] );
+			if ( cached[ expando ] ) {
+				setMatchers.push( cached );
+			} else {
+				elementMatchers.push( cached );
+			}
+		}
+
+		// Cache the compiled function
+		cached = compilerCache( selector, matcherFromGroupMatchers( elementMatchers, setMatchers ) );
+
+		// Save selector and tokenization
+		cached.selector = selector;
+	}
+	return cached;
+};
+
+/**
+ * A low-level selection function that works with Sizzle's compiled
+ *  selector functions
+ * @param {String|Function} selector A selector or a pre-compiled
+ *  selector function built with Sizzle.compile
+ * @param {Element} context
+ * @param {Array} [results]
+ * @param {Array} [seed] A set of elements to match against
+ */
+select = Sizzle.select = function( selector, context, results, seed ) {
+	var i, tokens, token, type, find,
+		compiled = typeof selector === "function" && selector,
+		match = !seed && tokenize( (selector = compiled.selector || selector) );
+
+	results = results || [];
+
+	// Try to minimize operations if there is no seed and only one group
+	if ( match.length === 1 ) {
+
+		// Take a shortcut and set the context if the root selector is an ID
+		tokens = match[0] = match[0].slice( 0 );
+		if ( tokens.length > 2 && (token = tokens[0]).type === "ID" &&
+				support.getById && context.nodeType === 9 && documentIsHTML &&
+				Expr.relative[ tokens[1].type ] ) {
+
+			context = ( Expr.find["ID"]( token.matches[0].replace(runescape, funescape), context ) || [] )[0];
+			if ( !context ) {
+				return results;
+
+			// Precompiled matchers will still verify ancestry, so step up a level
+			} else if ( compiled ) {
+				context = context.parentNode;
+			}
+
+			selector = selector.slice( tokens.shift().value.length );
+		}
+
+		// Fetch a seed set for right-to-left matching
+		i = matchExpr["needsContext"].test( selector ) ? 0 : tokens.length;
+		while ( i-- ) {
+			token = tokens[i];
+
+			// Abort if we hit a combinator
+			if ( Expr.relative[ (type = token.type) ] ) {
+				break;
+			}
+			if ( (find = Expr.find[ type ]) ) {
+				// Search, expanding context for leading sibling combinators
+				if ( (seed = find(
+					token.matches[0].replace( runescape, funescape ),
+					rsibling.test( tokens[0].type ) && testContext( context.parentNode ) || context
+				)) ) {
+
+					// If seed is empty or no tokens remain, we can return early
+					tokens.splice( i, 1 );
+					selector = seed.length && toSelector( tokens );
+					if ( !selector ) {
+						push.apply( results, seed );
+						return results;
+					}
+
+					break;
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Compile and execute a filtering function if one is not provided
+	// Provide `match` to avoid retokenization if we modified the selector above
+	( compiled || compile( selector, match ) )(
+		seed,
+		context,
+		!documentIsHTML,
+		results,
+		rsibling.test( selector ) && testContext( context.parentNode ) || context
+	);
+	return results;
+};
+
+// One-time assignments
+
+// Sort stability
+support.sortStable = expando.split("").sort( sortOrder ).join("") === expando;
+
+// Support: Chrome<14
+// Always assume duplicates if they aren't passed to the comparison function
+support.detectDuplicates = !!hasDuplicate;
+
+// Initialize against the default document
+setDocument();
+
+// Support: Webkit<537.32 - Safari 6.0.3/Chrome 25 (fixed in Chrome 27)
+// Detached nodes confoundingly follow *each other*
+support.sortDetached = assert(function( div1 ) {
+	// Should return 1, but returns 4 (following)
+	return div1.compareDocumentPosition( document.createElement("div") ) & 1;
+});
+
+// Support: IE<8
+// Prevent attribute/property "interpolation"
+// http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms536429%28VS.85%29.aspx
+if ( !assert(function( div ) {
+	div.innerHTML = "<a href='#'></a>";
+	return div.firstChild.getAttribute("href") === "#" ;
+}) ) {
+	addHandle( "type|href|height|width", function( elem, name, isXML ) {
+		if ( !isXML ) {
+			return elem.getAttribute( name, name.toLowerCase() === "type" ? 1 : 2 );
+		}
+	});
+}
+
+// Support: IE<9
+// Use defaultValue in place of getAttribute("value")
+if ( !support.attributes || !assert(function( div ) {
+	div.innerHTML = "<input/>";
+	div.firstChild.setAttribute( "value", "" );
+	return div.firstChild.getAttribute( "value" ) === "";
+}) ) {
+	addHandle( "value", function( elem, name, isXML ) {
+		if ( !isXML && elem.nodeName.toLowerCase() === "input" ) {
+			return elem.defaultValue;
+		}
+	});
+}
+
+// Support: IE<9
+// Use getAttributeNode to fetch booleans when getAttribute lies
+if ( !assert(function( div ) {
+	return div.getAttribute("disabled") == null;
+}) ) {
+	addHandle( booleans, function( elem, name, isXML ) {
+		var val;
+		if ( !isXML ) {
+			return elem[ name ] === true ? name.toLowerCase() :
+					(val = elem.getAttributeNode( name )) && val.specified ?
+					val.value :
+				null;
+		}
+	});
+}
+
+return Sizzle;
+
+})( window );
+
+
+
+jQuery.find = Sizzle;
+jQuery.expr = Sizzle.selectors;
+jQuery.expr[":"] = jQuery.expr.pseudos;
+jQuery.unique = Sizzle.uniqueSort;
+jQuery.text = Sizzle.getText;
+jQuery.isXMLDoc = Sizzle.isXML;
+jQuery.contains = Sizzle.contains;
+
+
+
+var rneedsContext = jQuery.expr.match.needsContext;
+
+var rsingleTag = (/^<(\w+)\s*\/?>(?:<\/\1>|)$/);
+
+
+
+var risSimple = /^.[^:#\[\.,]*$/;
+
+// Implement the identical functionality for filter and not
+function winnow( elements, qualifier, not ) {
+	if ( jQuery.isFunction( qualifier ) ) {
+		return jQuery.grep( elements, function( elem, i ) {
+			/* jshint -W018 */
+			return !!qualifier.call( elem, i, elem ) !== not;
+		});
+
+	}
+
+	if ( qualifier.nodeType ) {
+		return jQuery.grep( elements, function( elem ) {
+			return ( elem === qualifier ) !== not;
+		});
+
+	}
+
+	if ( typeof qualifier === "string" ) {
+		if ( risSimple.test( qualifier ) ) {
+			return jQuery.filter( qualifier, elements, not );
+		}
+
+		qualifier = jQuery.filter( qualifier, elements );
+	}
+
+	return jQuery.grep( elements, function( elem ) {
+		return ( jQuery.inArray( elem, qualifier ) >= 0 ) !== not;
+	});
+}
+
+jQuery.filter = function( expr, elems, not ) {
+	var elem = elems[ 0 ];
+
+	if ( not ) {
+		expr = ":not(" + expr + ")";
+	}
+
+	return elems.length === 1 && elem.nodeType === 1 ?
+		jQuery.find.matchesSelector( elem, expr ) ? [ elem ] : [] :
+		jQuery.find.matches( expr, jQuery.grep( elems, function( elem ) {
+			return elem.nodeType === 1;
+		}));
+};
+
+jQuery.fn.extend({
+	find: function( selector ) {
+		var i,
+			ret = [],
+			self = this,
+			len = self.length;
+
+		if ( typeof selector !== "string" ) {
+			return this.pushStack( jQuery( selector ).filter(function() {
+				for ( i = 0; i < len; i++ ) {
+					if ( jQuery.contains( self[ i ], this ) ) {
+						return true;
+					}
+				}
+			}) );
+		}
+
+		for ( i = 0; i < len; i++ ) {
+			jQuery.find( selector, self[ i ], ret );
+		}
+
+		// Needed because $( selector, context ) becomes $( context ).find( selector )
+		ret = this.pushStack( len > 1 ? jQuery.unique( ret ) : ret );
+		ret.selector = this.selector ? this.selector + " " + selector : selector;
+		return ret;
+	},
+	filter: function( selector ) {
+		return this.pushStack( winnow(this, selector || [], false) );
+	},
+	not: function( selector ) {
+		return this.pushStack( winnow(this, selector || [], true) );
+	},
+	is: function( selector ) {
+		return !!winnow(
+			this,
+
+			// If this is a positional/relative selector, check membership in the returned set
+			// so $("p:first").is("p:last") won't return true for a doc with two "p".
+			typeof selector === "string" && rneedsContext.test( selector ) ?
+				jQuery( selector ) :
+				selector || [],
+			false
+		).length;
+	}
+});
+
+
+// Initialize a jQuery object
+
+
+// A central reference to the root jQuery(document)
+var rootjQuery,
+
+	// Use the correct document accordingly with window argument (sandbox)
+	document = window.document,
+
+	// A simple way to check for HTML strings
+	// Prioritize #id over <tag> to avoid XSS via location.hash (#9521)
+	// Strict HTML recognition (#11290: must start with <)
+	rquickExpr = /^(?:\s*(<[\w\W]+>)[^>]*|#([\w-]*))$/,
+
+	init = jQuery.fn.init = function( selector, context ) {
+		var match, elem;
+
+		// HANDLE: $(""), $(null), $(undefined), $(false)
+		if ( !selector ) {
+			return this;
+		}
+
+		// Handle HTML strings
+		if ( typeof selector === "string" ) {
+			if ( selector.charAt(0) === "<" && selector.charAt( selector.length - 1 ) === ">" && selector.length >= 3 ) {
+				// Assume that strings that start and end with <> are HTML and skip the regex check
+				match = [ null, selector, null ];
+
+			} else {
+				match = rquickExpr.exec( selector );
+			}
+
+			// Match html or make sure no context is specified for #id
+			if ( match && (match[1] || !context) ) {
+
+				// HANDLE: $(html) -> $(array)
+				if ( match[1] ) {
+					context = context instanceof jQuery ? context[0] : context;
+
+					// scripts is true for back-compat
+					// Intentionally let the error be thrown if parseHTML is not present
+					jQuery.merge( this, jQuery.parseHTML(
+						match[1],
+						context && context.nodeType ? context.ownerDocument || context : document,
+						true
+					) );
+
+					// HANDLE: $(html, props)
+					if ( rsingleTag.test( match[1] ) && jQuery.isPlainObject( context ) ) {
+						for ( match in context ) {
+							// Properties of context are called as methods if possible
+							if ( jQuery.isFunction( this[ match ] ) ) {
+								this[ match ]( context[ match ] );
+
+							// ...and otherwise set as attributes
+							} else {
+								this.attr( match, context[ match ] );
+							}
+						}
+					}
+
+					return this;
+
+				// HANDLE: $(#id)
+				} else {
+					elem = document.getElementById( match[2] );
+
+					// Check parentNode to catch when Blackberry 4.6 returns
+					// nodes that are no longer in the document #6963
+					if ( elem && elem.parentNode ) {
+						// Handle the case where IE and Opera return items
+						// by name instead of ID
+						if ( elem.id !== match[2] ) {
+							return rootjQuery.find( selector );
+						}
+
+						// Otherwise, we inject the element directly into the jQuery object
+						this.length = 1;
+						this[0] = elem;
+					}
+
+					this.context = document;
+					this.selector = selector;
+					return this;
+				}
+
+			// HANDLE: $(expr, $(...))
+			} else if ( !context || context.jquery ) {
+				return ( context || rootjQuery ).find( selector );
+
+			// HANDLE: $(expr, context)
+			// (which is just equivalent to: $(context).find(expr)
+			} else {
+				return this.constructor( context ).find( selector );
+			}
+
+		// HANDLE: $(DOMElement)
+		} else if ( selector.nodeType ) {
+			this.context = this[0] = selector;
+			this.length = 1;
+			return this;
+
+		// HANDLE: $(function)
+		// Shortcut for document ready
+		} else if ( jQuery.isFunction( selector ) ) {
+			return typeof rootjQuery.ready !== "undefined" ?
+				rootjQuery.ready( selector ) :
+				// Execute immediately if ready is not present
+				selector( jQuery );
+		}
+
+		if ( selector.selector !== undefined ) {
+			this.selector = selector.selector;
+			this.context = selector.context;
+		}
+
+		return jQuery.makeArray( selector, this );
+	};
+
+// Give the init function the jQuery prototype for later instantiation
+init.prototype = jQuery.fn;
+
+// Initialize central reference
+rootjQuery = jQuery( document );
+
+
+var rparentsprev = /^(?:parents|prev(?:Until|All))/,
+	// methods guaranteed to produce a unique set when starting from a unique set
+	guaranteedUnique = {
+		children: true,
+		contents: true,
+		next: true,
+		prev: true
+	};
+
+jQuery.extend({
+	dir: function( elem, dir, until ) {
+		var matched = [],
+			cur = elem[ dir ];
+
+		while ( cur && cur.nodeType !== 9 && (until === undefined || cur.nodeType !== 1 || !jQuery( cur ).is( until )) ) {
+			if ( cur.nodeType === 1 ) {
+				matched.push( cur );
+			}
+			cur = cur[dir];
+		}
+		return matched;
+	},
+
+	sibling: function( n, elem ) {
+		var r = [];
+
+		for ( ; n; n = n.nextSibling ) {
+			if ( n.nodeType === 1 && n !== elem ) {
+				r.push( n );
+			}
+		}
+
+		return r;
+	}
+});
+
+jQuery.fn.extend({
+	has: function( target ) {
+		var i,
+			targets = jQuery( target, this ),
+			len = targets.length;
+
+		return this.filter(function() {
+			for ( i = 0; i < len; i++ ) {
+				if ( jQuery.contains( this, targets[i] ) ) {
+					return true;
+				}
+			}
+		});
+	},
+
+	closest: function( selectors, context ) {
+		var cur,
+			i = 0,
+			l = this.length,
+			matched = [],
+			pos = rneedsContext.test( selectors ) || typeof selectors !== "string" ?
+				jQuery( selectors, context || this.context ) :
+				0;
+
+		for ( ; i < l; i++ ) {
+			for ( cur = this[i]; cur && cur !== context; cur = cur.parentNode ) {
+				// Always skip document fragments
+				if ( cur.nodeType < 11 && (pos ?
+					pos.index(cur) > -1 :
+
+					// Don't pass non-elements to Sizzle
+					cur.nodeType === 1 &&
+						jQuery.find.matchesSelector(cur, selectors)) ) {
+
+					matched.push( cur );
+					break;
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		return this.pushStack( matched.length > 1 ? jQuery.unique( matched ) : matched );
+	},
+
+	// Determine the position of an element within
+	// the matched set of elements
+	index: function( elem ) {
+
+		// No argument, return index in parent
+		if ( !elem ) {
+			return ( this[0] && this[0].parentNode ) ? this.first().prevAll().length : -1;
+		}
+
+		// index in selector
+		if ( typeof elem === "string" ) {
+			return jQuery.inArray( this[0], jQuery( elem ) );
+		}
+
+		// Locate the position of the desired element
+		return jQuery.inArray(
+			// If it receives a jQuery object, the first element is used
+			elem.jquery ? elem[0] : elem, this );
+	},
+
+	add: function( selector, context ) {
+		return this.pushStack(
+			jQuery.unique(
+				jQuery.merge( this.get(), jQuery( selector, context ) )
+			)
+		);
+	},
+
+	addBack: function( selector ) {
+		return this.add( selector == null ?
+			this.prevObject : this.prevObject.filter(selector)
+		);
+	}
+});
+
+function sibling( cur, dir ) {
+	do {
+		cur = cur[ dir ];
+	} while ( cur && cur.nodeType !== 1 );
+
+	return cur;
+}
+
+jQuery.each({
+	parent: function( elem ) {
+		var parent = elem.parentNode;
+		return parent && parent.nodeType !== 11 ? parent : null;
+	},
+	parents: function( elem ) {
+		return jQuery.dir( elem, "parentNode" );
+	},
+	parentsUntil: function( elem, i, until ) {
+		return jQuery.dir( elem, "parentNode", until );
+	},
+	next: function( elem ) {
+		return sibling( elem, "nextSibling" );
+	},
+	prev: function( elem ) {
+		return sibling( elem, "previousSibling" );
+	},
+	nextAll: function( elem ) {
+		return jQuery.dir( elem, "nextSibling" );
+	},
+	prevAll: function( elem ) {
+		return jQuery.dir( elem, "previousSibling" );
+	},
+	nextUntil: function( elem, i, until ) {
+		return jQuery.dir( elem, "nextSibling", until );
+	},
+	prevUntil: function( elem, i, until ) {
+		return jQuery.dir( elem, "previousSibling", until );
+	},
+	siblings: function( elem ) {
+		return jQuery.sibling( ( elem.parentNode || {} ).firstChild, elem );
+	},
+	children: function( elem ) {
+		return jQuery.sibling( elem.firstChild );
+	},
+	contents: function( elem ) {
+		return jQuery.nodeName( elem, "iframe" ) ?
+			elem.contentDocument || elem.contentWindow.document :
+			jQuery.merge( [], elem.childNodes );
+	}
+}, function( name, fn ) {
+	jQuery.fn[ name ] = function( until, selector ) {
+		var ret = jQuery.map( this, fn, until );
+
+		if ( name.slice( -5 ) !== "Until" ) {
+			selector = until;
+		}
+
+		if ( selector && typeof selector === "string" ) {
+			ret = jQuery.filter( selector, ret );
+		}
+
+		if ( this.length > 1 ) {
+			// Remove duplicates
+			if ( !guaranteedUnique[ name ] ) {
+				ret = jQuery.unique( ret );
+			}
+
+			// Reverse order for parents* and prev-derivatives
+			if ( rparentsprev.test( name ) ) {
+				ret = ret.reverse();
+			}
+		}
+
+		return this.pushStack( ret );
+	};
+});
+var rnotwhite = (/\S+/g);
+
+
+
+// String to Object options format cache
+var optionsCache = {};
+
+// Convert String-formatted options into Object-formatted ones and store in cache
+function createOptions( options ) {
+	var object = optionsCache[ options ] = {};
+	jQuery.each( options.match( rnotwhite ) || [], function( _, flag ) {
+		object[ flag ] = true;
+	});
+	return object;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Create a callback list using the following parameters:
+ *
+ *	options: an optional list of space-separated options that will change how
+ *			the callback list behaves or a more traditional option object
+ *
+ * By default a callback list will act like an event callback list and can be
+ * "fired" multiple times.
+ *
+ * Possible options:
+ *
+ *	once:			will ensure the callback list can only be fired once (like a Deferred)
+ *
+ *	memory:			will keep track of previous values and will call any callback added
+ *					after the list has been fired right away with the latest "memorized"
+ *					values (like a Deferred)
+ *
+ *	unique:			will ensure a callback can only be added once (no duplicate in the list)
+ *
+ *	stopOnFalse:	interrupt callings when a callback returns false
+ *
+ */
+jQuery.Callbacks = function( options ) {
+
+	// Convert options from String-formatted to Object-formatted if needed
+	// (we check in cache first)
+	options = typeof options === "string" ?
+		( optionsCache[ options ] || createOptions( options ) ) :
+		jQuery.extend( {}, options );
+
+	var // Flag to know if list is currently firing
+		firing,
+		// Last fire value (for non-forgettable lists)
+		memory,
+		// Flag to know if list was already fired
+		fired,
+		// End of the loop when firing
+		firingLength,
+		// Index of currently firing callback (modified by remove if needed)
+		firingIndex,
+		// First callback to fire (used internally by add and fireWith)
+		firingStart,
+		// Actual callback list
+		list = [],
+		// Stack of fire calls for repeatable lists
+		stack = !options.once && [],
+		// Fire callbacks
+		fire = function( data ) {
+			memory = options.memory && data;
+			fired = true;
+			firingIndex = firingStart || 0;
+			firingStart = 0;
+			firingLength = list.length;
+			firing = true;
+			for ( ; list && firingIndex < firingLength; firingIndex++ ) {
+				if ( list[ firingIndex ].apply( data[ 0 ], data[ 1 ] ) === false && options.stopOnFalse ) {
+					memory = false; // To prevent further calls using add
+					break;
+				}
+			}
+			firing = false;
+			if ( list ) {
+				if ( stack ) {
+					if ( stack.length ) {
+						fire( stack.shift() );
+					}
+				} else if ( memory ) {
+					list = [];
+				} else {
+					self.disable();
+				}
+			}
+		},
+		// Actual Callbacks object
+		self = {
+			// Add a callback or a collection of callbacks to the list
+			add: function() {
+				if ( list ) {
+					// First, we save the current length
+					var start = list.length;
+					(function add( args ) {
+						jQuery.each( args, function( _, arg ) {
+							var type = jQuery.type( arg );
+							if ( type === "function" ) {
+								if ( !options.unique || !self.has( arg ) ) {
+									list.push( arg );
+								}
+							} else if ( arg && arg.length && type !== "string" ) {
+								// Inspect recursively
+								add( arg );
+							}
+						});
+					})( arguments );
+					// Do we need to add the callbacks to the
+					// current firing batch?
+					if ( firing ) {
+						firingLength = list.length;
+					// With memory, if we're not firing then
+					// we should call right away
+					} else if ( memory ) {
+						firingStart = start;
+						fire( memory );
+					}
+				}
+				return this;
+			},
+			// Remove a callback from the list
+			remove: function() {
+				if ( list ) {
+					jQuery.each( arguments, function( _, arg ) {
+						var index;
+						while ( ( index = jQuery.inArray( arg, list, index ) ) > -1 ) {
+							list.splice( index, 1 );
+							// Handle firing indexes
+							if ( firing ) {
+								if ( index <= firingLength ) {
+									firingLength--;
+								}
+								if ( index <= firingIndex ) {
+									firingIndex--;
+								}
+							}
+						}
+					});
+				}
+				return this;
+			},
+			// Check if a given callback is in the list.
+			// If no argument is given, return whether or not list has callbacks attached.
+			has: function( fn ) {
+				return fn ? jQuery.inArray( fn, list ) > -1 : !!( list && list.length );
+			},
+			// Remove all callbacks from the list
+			empty: function() {
+				list = [];
+				firingLength = 0;
+				return this;
+			},
+			// Have the list do nothing anymore
+			disable: function() {
+				list = stack = memory = undefined;
+				return this;
+			},
+			// Is it disabled?
+			disabled: function() {
+				return !list;
+			},
+			// Lock the list in its current state
+			lock: function() {
+				stack = undefined;
+				if ( !memory ) {
+					self.disable();
+				}
+				return this;
+			},
+			// Is it locked?
+			locked: function() {
+				return !stack;
+			},
+			// Call all callbacks with the given context and arguments
+			fireWith: function( context, args ) {
+				if ( list && ( !fired || stack ) ) {
+					args = args || [];
+					args = [ context, args.slice ? args.slice() : args ];
+					if ( firing ) {
+						stack.push( args );
+					} else {
+						fire( args );
+					}
+				}
+				return this;
+			},
+			// Call all the callbacks with the given arguments
+			fire: function() {
+				self.fireWith( this, arguments );
+				return this;
+			},
+			// To know if the callbacks have already been called at least once
+			fired: function() {
+				return !!fired;
+			}
+		};
+
+	return self;
+};
+
+
+jQuery.extend({
+
+	Deferred: function( func ) {
+		var tuples = [
+				// action, add listener, listener list, final state
+				[ "resolve", "done", jQuery.Callbacks("once memory"), "resolved" ],
+				[ "reject", "fail", jQuery.Callbacks("once memory"), "rejected" ],
+				[ "notify", "progress", jQuery.Callbacks("memory") ]
+			],
+			state = "pending",
+			promise = {
+				state: function() {
+					return state;
+				},
+				always: function() {
+					deferred.done( arguments ).fail( arguments );
+					return this;
+				},
+				then: function( /* fnDone, fnFail, fnProgress */ ) {
+					var fns = arguments;
+					return jQuery.Deferred(function( newDefer ) {
+						jQuery.each( tuples, function( i, tuple ) {
+							var fn = jQuery.isFunction( fns[ i ] ) && fns[ i ];
+							// deferred[ done | fail | progress ] for forwarding actions to newDefer
+							deferred[ tuple[1] ](function() {
+								var returned = fn && fn.apply( this, arguments );
+								if ( returned && jQuery.isFunction( returned.promise ) ) {
+									returned.promise()
+										.done( newDefer.resolve )
+										.fail( newDefer.reject )
+										.progress( newDefer.notify );
+								} else {
+									newDefer[ tuple[ 0 ] + "With" ]( this === promise ? newDefer.promise() : this, fn ? [ returned ] : arguments );
+								}
+							});
+						});
+						fns = null;
+					}).promise();
+				},
+				// Get a promise for this deferred
+				// If obj is provided, the promise aspect is added to the object
+				promise: function( obj ) {
+					return obj != null ? jQuery.extend( obj, promise ) : promise;
+				}
+			},
+			deferred = {};
+
+		// Keep pipe for back-compat
+		promise.pipe = promise.then;
+
+		// Add list-specific methods
+		jQuery.each( tuples, function( i, tuple ) {
+			var list = tuple[ 2 ],
+				stateString = tuple[ 3 ];
+
+			// promise[ done | fail | progress ] = list.add
+			promise[ tuple[1] ] = list.add;
+
+			// Handle state
+			if ( stateString ) {
+				list.add(function() {
+					// state = [ resolved | rejected ]
+					state = stateString;
+
+				// [ reject_list | resolve_list ].disable; progress_list.lock
+				}, tuples[ i ^ 1 ][ 2 ].disable, tuples[ 2 ][ 2 ].lock );
+			}
+
+			// deferred[ resolve | reject | notify ]
+			deferred[ tuple[0] ] = function() {
+				deferred[ tuple[0] + "With" ]( this === deferred ? promise : this, arguments );
+				return this;
+			};
+			deferred[ tuple[0] + "With" ] = list.fireWith;
+		});
+
+		// Make the deferred a promise
+		promise.promise( deferred );
+
+		// Call given func if any
+		if ( func ) {
+			func.call( deferred, deferred );
+		}
+
+		// All done!
+		return deferred;
+	},
+
+	// Deferred helper
+	when: function( subordinate /* , ..., subordinateN */ ) {
+		var i = 0,
+			resolveValues = slice.call( arguments ),
+			length = resolveValues.length,
+
+			// the count of uncompleted subordinates
+			remaining = length !== 1 || ( subordinate && jQuery.isFunction( subordinate.promise ) ) ? length : 0,
+
+			// the master Deferred. If resolveValues consist of only a single Deferred, just use that.
+			deferred = remaining === 1 ? subordinate : jQuery.Deferred(),
+
+			// Update function for both resolve and progress values
+			updateFunc = function( i, contexts, values ) {
+				return function( value ) {
+					contexts[ i ] = this;
+					values[ i ] = arguments.length > 1 ? slice.call( arguments ) : value;
+					if ( values === progressValues ) {
+						deferred.notifyWith( contexts, values );
+
+					} else if ( !(--remaining) ) {
+						deferred.resolveWith( contexts, values );
+					}
+				};
+			},
+
+			progressValues, progressContexts, resolveContexts;
+
+		// add listeners to Deferred subordinates; treat others as resolved
+		if ( length > 1 ) {
+			progressValues = new Array( length );
+			progressContexts = new Array( length );
+			resolveContexts = new Array( length );
+			for ( ; i < length; i++ ) {
+				if ( resolveValues[ i ] && jQuery.isFunction( resolveValues[ i ].promise ) ) {
+					resolveValues[ i ].promise()
+						.done( updateFunc( i, resolveContexts, resolveValues ) )
+						.fail( deferred.reject )
+						.progress( updateFunc( i, progressContexts, progressValues ) );
+				} else {
+					--remaining;
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		// if we're not waiting on anything, resolve the master
+		if ( !remaining ) {
+			deferred.resolveWith( resolveContexts, resolveValues );
+		}
+
+		return deferred.promise();
+	}
+});
+
+
+// The deferred used on DOM ready
+var readyList;
+
+jQuery.fn.ready = function( fn ) {
+	// Add the callback
+	jQuery.ready.promise().done( fn );
+
+	return this;
+};
+
+jQuery.extend({
+	// Is the DOM ready to be used? Set to true once it occurs.
+	isReady: false,
+
+	// A counter to track how many items to wait for before
+	// the ready event fires. See #6781
+	readyWait: 1,
+
+	// Hold (or release) the ready event
+	holdReady: function( hold ) {
+		if ( hold ) {
+			jQuery.readyWait++;
+		} else {
+			jQuery.ready( true );
+		}
+	},
+
+	// Handle when the DOM is ready
+	ready: function( wait ) {
+
+		// Abort if there are pending holds or we're already ready
+		if ( wait === true ? --jQuery.readyWait : jQuery.isReady ) {
+			return;
+		}
+
+		// Make sure body exists, at least, in case IE gets a little overzealous (ticket #5443).
+		if ( !document.body ) {
+			return setTimeout( jQuery.ready );
+		}
+
+		// Remember that the DOM is ready
+		jQuery.isReady = true;
+
+		// If a normal DOM Ready event fired, decrement, and wait if need be
+		if ( wait !== true && --jQuery.readyWait > 0 ) {
+			return;
+		}
+
+		// If there are functions bound, to execute
+		readyList.resolveWith( document, [ jQuery ] );
+
+		// Trigger any bound ready events
+		if ( jQuery.fn.triggerHandler ) {
+			jQuery( document ).triggerHandler( "ready" );
+			jQuery( document ).off( "ready" );
+		}
+	}
+});
+
+/**
+ * Clean-up method for dom ready events
+ */
+function detach() {
+	if ( document.addEventListener ) {
+		document.removeEventListener( "DOMContentLoaded", completed, false );
+		window.removeEventListener( "load", completed, false );
+
+	} else {
+		document.detachEvent( "onreadystatechange", completed );
+		window.detachEvent( "onload", completed );
+	}
+}
+
+/**
+ * The ready event handler and self cleanup method
+ */
+function completed() {
+	// readyState === "complete" is good enough for us to call the dom ready in oldIE
+	if ( document.addEventListener || event.type === "load" || document.readyState === "complete" ) {
+		detach();
+		jQuery.ready();
+	}
+}
+
+jQuery.ready.promise = function( obj ) {
+	if ( !readyList ) {
+
+		readyList = jQuery.Deferred();
+
+		// Catch cases where $(document).ready() is called after the browser event has already occurred.
+		// we once tried to use readyState "interactive" here, but it caused issues like the one
+		// discovered by ChrisS here: http://bugs.jquery.com/ticket/12282#comment:15
+		if ( document.readyState === "complete" ) {
+			// Handle it asynchronously to allow scripts the opportunity to delay ready
+			setTimeout( jQuery.ready );
+
+		// Standards-based browsers support DOMContentLoaded
+		} else if ( document.addEventListener ) {
+			// Use the handy event callback
+			document.addEventListener( "DOMContentLoaded", completed, false );
+
+			// A fallback to window.onload, that will always work
+			window.addEventListener( "load", completed, false );
+
+		// If IE event model is used
+		} else {
+			// Ensure firing before onload, maybe late but safe also for iframes
+			document.attachEvent( "onreadystatechange", completed );
+
+			// A fallback to window.onload, that will always work
+			window.attachEvent( "onload", completed );
+
+			// If IE and not a frame
+			// continually check to see if the document is ready
+			var top = false;
+
+			try {
+				top = window.frameElement == null && document.documentElement;
+			} catch(e) {}
+
+			if ( top && top.doScroll ) {
+				(function doScrollCheck() {
+					if ( !jQuery.isReady ) {
+
+						try {
+							// Use the trick by Diego Perini
+							// http://javascript.nwbox.com/IEContentLoaded/
+							top.doScroll("left");
+						} catch(e) {
+							return setTimeout( doScrollCheck, 50 );
+						}
+
+						// detach all dom ready events
+						detach();
+
+						// and execute any waiting functions
+						jQuery.ready();
+					}
+				})();
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return readyList.promise( obj );
+};
+
+
+var strundefined = typeof undefined;
+
+
+
+// Support: IE<9
+// Iteration over object's inherited properties before its own
+var i;
+for ( i in jQuery( support ) ) {
+	break;
+}
+support.ownLast = i !== "0";
+
+// Note: most support tests are defined in their respective modules.
+// false until the test is run
+support.inlineBlockNeedsLayout = false;
+
+// Execute ASAP in case we need to set body.style.zoom
+jQuery(function() {
+	// Minified: var a,b,c,d
+	var val, div, body, container;
+
+	body = document.getElementsByTagName( "body" )[ 0 ];
+	if ( !body || !body.style ) {
+		// Return for frameset docs that don't have a body
+		return;
+	}
+
+	// Setup
+	div = document.createElement( "div" );
+	container = document.createElement( "div" );
+	container.style.cssText = "position:absolute;border:0;width:0;height:0;top:0;left:-9999px";
+	body.appendChild( container ).appendChild( div );
+
+	if ( typeof div.style.zoom !== strundefined ) {
+		// Support: IE<8
+		// Check if natively block-level elements act like inline-block
+		// elements when setting their display to 'inline' and giving
+		// them layout
+		div.style.cssText = "display:inline;margin:0;border:0;padding:1px;width:1px;zoom:1";
+
+		support.inlineBlockNeedsLayout = val = div.offsetWidth === 3;
+		if ( val ) {
+			// Prevent IE 6 from affecting layout for positioned elements #11048
+			// Prevent IE from shrinking the body in IE 7 mode #12869
+			// Support: IE<8
+			body.style.zoom = 1;
+		}
+	}
+
+	body.removeChild( container );
+});
+
+
+
+
+(function() {
+	var div = document.createElement( "div" );
+
+	// Execute the test only if not already executed in another module.
+	if (support.deleteExpando == null) {
+		// Support: IE<9
+		support.deleteExpando = true;
+		try {
+			delete div.test;
+		} catch( e ) {
+			support.deleteExpando = false;
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Null elements to avoid leaks in IE.
+	div = null;
+})();
+
+
+/**
+ * Determines whether an object can have data
+ */
+jQuery.acceptData = function( elem ) {
+	var noData = jQuery.noData[ (elem.nodeName + " ").toLowerCase() ],
+		nodeType = +elem.nodeType || 1;
+
+	// Do not set data on non-element DOM nodes because it will not be cleared (#8335).
+	return nodeType !== 1 && nodeType !== 9 ?
+		false :
+
+		// Nodes accept data unless otherwise specified; rejection can be conditional
+		!noData || noData !== true && elem.getAttribute("classid") === noData;
+};
+
+
+var rbrace = /^(?:\{[\w\W]*\}|\[[\w\W]*\])$/,
+	rmultiDash = /([A-Z])/g;
+
+function dataAttr( elem, key, data ) {
+	// If nothing was found internally, try to fetch any
+	// data from the HTML5 data-* attribute
+	if ( data === undefined && elem.nodeType === 1 ) {
+
+		var name = "data-" + key.replace( rmultiDash, "-$1" ).toLowerCase();
+
+		data = elem.getAttribute( name );
+
+		if ( typeof data === "string" ) {
+			try {
+				data = data === "true" ? true :
+					data === "false" ? false :
+					data === "null" ? null :
+					// Only convert to a number if it doesn't change the string
+					+data + "" === data ? +data :
+					rbrace.test( data ) ? jQuery.parseJSON( data ) :
+					data;
+			} catch( e ) {}
+
+			// Make sure we set the data so it isn't changed later
+			jQuery.data( elem, key, data );
+
+		} else {
+			data = undefined;
+		}
+	}
+
+	return data;
+}
+
+// checks a cache object for emptiness
+function isEmptyDataObject( obj ) {
+	var name;
+	for ( name in obj ) {
+
+		// if the public data object is empty, the private is still empty
+		if ( name === "data" && jQuery.isEmptyObject( obj[name] ) ) {
+			continue;
+		}
+		if ( name !== "toJSON" ) {
+			return false;
+		}
+	}
+
+	return true;
+}
+
+function internalData( elem, name, data, pvt /* Internal Use Only */ ) {
+	if ( !jQuery.acceptData( elem ) ) {
+		return;
+	}
+
+	var ret, thisCache,
+		internalKey = jQuery.expando,
+
+		// We have to handle DOM nodes and JS objects differently because IE6-7
+		// can't GC object references properly across the DOM-JS boundary
+		isNode = elem.nodeType,
+
+		// Only DOM nodes need the global jQuery cache; JS object data is
+		// attached directly to the object so GC can occur automatically
+		cache = isNode ? jQuery.cache : elem,
+
+		// Only defining an ID for JS objects if its cache already exists allows
+		// the code to shortcut on the same path as a DOM node with no cache
+		id = isNode ? elem[ internalKey ] : elem[ internalKey ] && internalKey;
+
+	// Avoid doing any more work than we need to when trying to get data on an
+	// object that has no data at all
+	if ( (!id || !cache[id] || (!pvt && !cache[id].data)) && data === undefined && typeof name === "string" ) {
+		return;
+	}
+
+	if ( !id ) {
+		// Only DOM nodes need a new unique ID for each element since their data
+		// ends up in the global cache
+		if ( isNode ) {
+			id = elem[ internalKey ] = deletedIds.pop() || jQuery.guid++;
+		} else {
+			id = internalKey;
+		}
+	}
+
+	if ( !cache[ id ] ) {
+		// Avoid exposing jQuery metadata on plain JS objects when the object
+		// is serialized using JSON.stringify
+		cache[ id ] = isNode ? {} : { toJSON: jQuery.noop };
+	}
+
+	// An object can be passed to jQuery.data instead of a key/value pair; this gets
+	// shallow copied over onto the existing cache
+	if ( typeof name === "object" || typeof name === "function" ) {
+		if ( pvt ) {
+			cache[ id ] = jQuery.extend( cache[ id ], name );
+		} else {
+			cache[ id ].data = jQuery.extend( cache[ id ].data, name );
+		}
+	}
+
+	thisCache = cache[ id ];
+
+	// jQuery data() is stored in a separate object inside the object's internal data
+	// cache in order to avoid key collisions between internal data and user-defined
+	// data.
+	if ( !pvt ) {
+		if ( !thisCache.data ) {
+			thisCache.data = {};
+		}
+
+		thisCache = thisCache.data;
+	}
+
+	if ( data !== undefined ) {
+		thisCache[ jQuery.camelCase( name ) ] = data;
+	}
+
+	// Check for both converted-to-camel and non-converted data property names
+	// If a data property was specified
+	if ( typeof name === "string" ) {
+
+		// First Try to find as-is property data
+		ret = thisCache[ name ];
+
+		// Test for null|undefined property data
+		if ( ret == null ) {
+
+			// Try to find the camelCased property
+			ret = thisCache[ jQuery.camelCase( name ) ];
+		}
+	} else {
+		ret = thisCache;
+	}
+
+	return ret;
+}
+
+function internalRemoveData( elem, name, pvt ) {
+	if ( !jQuery.acceptData( elem ) ) {
+		return;
+	}
+
+	var thisCache, i,
+		isNode = elem.nodeType,
+
+		// See jQuery.data for more information
+		cache = isNode ? jQuery.cache : elem,
+		id = isNode ? elem[ jQuery.expando ] : jQuery.expando;
+
+	// If there is already no cache entry for this object, there is no
+	// purpose in continuing
+	if ( !cache[ id ] ) {
+		return;
+	}
+
+	if ( name ) {
+
+		thisCache = pvt ? cache[ id ] : cache[ id ].data;
+
+		if ( thisCache ) {
+
+			// Support array or space separated string names for data keys
+			if ( !jQuery.isArray( name ) ) {
+
+				// try the string as a key before any manipulation
+				if ( name in thisCache ) {
+					name = [ name ];
+				} else {
+
+					// split the camel cased version by spaces unless a key with the spaces exists
+					name = jQuery.camelCase( name );
+					if ( name in thisCache ) {
+						name = [ name ];
+					} else {
+						name = name.split(" ");
+					}
+				}
+			} else {
+				// If "name" is an array of keys...
+				// When data is initially created, via ("key", "val") signature,
+				// keys will be converted to camelCase.
+				// Since there is no way to tell _how_ a key was added, remove
+				// both plain key and camelCase key. #12786
+				// This will only penalize the array argument path.
+				name = name.concat( jQuery.map( name, jQuery.camelCase ) );
+			}
+
+			i = name.length;
+			while ( i-- ) {
+				delete thisCache[ name[i] ];
+			}
+
+			// If there is no data left in the cache, we want to continue
+			// and let the cache object itself get destroyed
+			if ( pvt ? !isEmptyDataObject(thisCache) : !jQuery.isEmptyObject(thisCache) ) {
+				return;
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	// See jQuery.data for more information
+	if ( !pvt ) {
+		delete cache[ id ].data;
+
+		// Don't destroy the parent cache unless the internal data object
+		// had been the only thing left in it
+		if ( !isEmptyDataObject( cache[ id ] ) ) {
+			return;
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Destroy the cache
+	if ( isNode ) {
+		jQuery.cleanData( [ elem ], true );
+
+	// Use delete when supported for expandos or `cache` is not a window per isWindow (#10080)
+	/* jshint eqeqeq: false */
+	} else if ( support.deleteExpando || cache != cache.window ) {
+		/* jshint eqeqeq: true */
+		delete cache[ id ];
+
+	// When all else fails, null
+	} else {
+		cache[ id ] = null;
+	}
+}
+
+jQuery.extend({
+	cache: {},
+
+	// The following elements (space-suffixed to avoid Object.prototype collisions)
+	// throw uncatchable exceptions if you attempt to set expando properties
+	noData: {
+		"applet ": true,
+		"embed ": true,
+		// ...but Flash objects (which have this classid) *can* handle expandos
+		"object ": "clsid:D27CDB6E-AE6D-11cf-96B8-444553540000"
+	},
+
+	hasData: function( elem ) {
+		elem = elem.nodeType ? jQuery.cache[ elem[jQuery.expando] ] : elem[ jQuery.expando ];
+		return !!elem && !isEmptyDataObject( elem );
+	},
+
+	data: function( elem, name, data ) {
+		return internalData( elem, name, data );
+	},
+
+	removeData: function( elem, name ) {
+		return internalRemoveData( elem, name );
+	},
+
+	// For internal use only.
+	_data: function( elem, name, data ) {
+		return internalData( elem, name, data, true );
+	},
+
+	_removeData: function( elem, name ) {
+		return internalRemoveData( elem, name, true );
+	}
+});
+
+jQuery.fn.extend({
+	data: function( key, value ) {
+		var i, name, data,
+			elem = this[0],
+			attrs = elem && elem.attributes;
+
+		// Special expections of .data basically thwart jQuery.access,
+		// so implement the relevant behavior ourselves
+
+		// Gets all values
+		if ( key === undefined ) {
+			if ( this.length ) {
+				data = jQuery.data( elem );
+
+				if ( elem.nodeType === 1 && !jQuery._data( elem, "parsedAttrs" ) ) {
+					i = attrs.length;
+					while ( i-- ) {
+
+						// Support: IE11+
+						// The attrs elements can be null (#14894)
+						if ( attrs[ i ] ) {
+							name = attrs[ i ].name;
+							if ( name.indexOf( "data-" ) === 0 ) {
+								name = jQuery.camelCase( name.slice(5) );
+								dataAttr( elem, name, data[ name ] );
+							}
+						}
+					}
+					jQuery._data( elem, "parsedAttrs", true );
+				}
+			}
+
+			return data;
+		}
+
+		// Sets multiple values
+		if ( typeof key === "object" ) {
+			return this.each(function() {
+				jQuery.data( this, key );
+			});
+		}
+
+		return arguments.length > 1 ?
+
+			// Sets one value
+			this.each(function() {
+				jQuery.data( this, key, value );
+			}) :
+
+			// Gets one value
+			// Try to fetch any internally stored data first
+			elem ? dataAttr( elem, key, jQuery.data( elem, key ) ) : undefined;
+	},
+
+	removeData: function( key ) {
+		return this.each(function() {
+			jQuery.removeData( this, key );
+		});
+	}
+});
+
+
+jQuery.extend({
+	queue: function( elem, type, data ) {
+		var queue;
+
+		if ( elem ) {
+			type = ( type || "fx" ) + "queue";
+			queue = jQuery._data( elem, type );
+
+			// Speed up dequeue by getting out quickly if this is just a lookup
+			if ( data ) {
+				if ( !queue || jQuery.isArray(data) ) {
+					queue = jQuery._data( elem, type, jQuery.makeArray(data) );
+				} else {
+					queue.push( data );
+				}
+			}
+			return queue || [];
+		}
+	},
+
+	dequeue: function( elem, type ) {
+		type = type || "fx";
+
+		var queue = jQuery.queue( elem, type ),
+			startLength = queue.length,
+			fn = queue.shift(),
+			hooks = jQuery._queueHooks( elem, type ),
+			next = function() {
+				jQuery.dequeue( elem, type );
+			};
+
+		// If the fx queue is dequeued, always remove the progress sentinel
+		if ( fn === "inprogress" ) {
+			fn = queue.shift();
+			startLength--;
+		}
+
+		if ( fn ) {
+
+			// Add a progress sentinel to prevent the fx queue from being
+			// automatically dequeued
+			if ( type === "fx" ) {
+				queue.unshift( "inprogress" );
+			}
+
+			// clear up the last queue stop function
+			delete hooks.stop;
+			fn.call( elem, next, hooks );
+		}
+
+		if ( !startLength && hooks ) {
+			hooks.empty.fire();
+		}
+	},
+
+	// not intended for public consumption - generates a queueHooks object, or returns the current one
+	_queueHooks: function( elem, type ) {
+		var key = type + "queueHooks";
+		return jQuery._data( elem, key ) || jQuery._data( elem, key, {
+			empty: jQuery.Callbacks("once memory").add(function() {
+				jQuery._removeData( elem, type + "queue" );
+				jQuery._removeData( elem, key );
+			})
+		});
+	}
+});
+
+jQuery.fn.extend({
+	queue: function( type, data ) {
+		var setter = 2;
+
+		if ( typeof type !== "string" ) {
+			data = type;
+			type = "fx";
+			setter--;
+		}
+
+		if ( arguments.length < setter ) {
+			return jQuery.queue( this[0], type );
+		}
+
+		return data === undefined ?
+			this :
+			this.each(function() {
+				var queue = jQuery.queue( this, type, data );
+
+				// ensure a hooks for this queue
+				jQuery._queueHooks( this, type );
+
+				if ( type === "fx" && queue[0] !== "inprogress" ) {
+					jQuery.dequeue( this, type );
+				}
+			});
+	},
+	dequeue: function( type ) {
+		return this.each(function() {
+			jQuery.dequeue( this, type );
+		});
+	},
+	clearQueue: function( type ) {
+		return this.queue( type || "fx", [] );
+	},
+	// Get a promise resolved when queues of a certain type
+	// are emptied (fx is the type by default)
+	promise: function( type, obj ) {
+		var tmp,
+			count = 1,
+			defer = jQuery.Deferred(),
+			elements = this,
+			i = this.length,
+			resolve = function() {
+				if ( !( --count ) ) {
+					defer.resolveWith( elements, [ elements ] );
+				}
+			};
+
+		if ( typeof type !== "string" ) {
+			obj = type;
+			type = undefined;
+		}
+		type = type || "fx";
+
+		while ( i-- ) {
+			tmp = jQuery._data( elements[ i ], type + "queueHooks" );
+			if ( tmp && tmp.empty ) {
+				count++;
+				tmp.empty.add( resolve );
+			}
+		}
+		resolve();
+		return defer.promise( obj );
+	}
+});
+var pnum = (/[+-]?(?:\d*\.|)\d+(?:[eE][+-]?\d+|)/).source;
+
+var cssExpand = [ "Top", "Right", "Bottom", "Left" ];
+
+var isHidden = function( elem, el ) {
+		// isHidden might be called from jQuery#filter function;
+		// in that case, element will be second argument
+		elem = el || elem;
+		return jQuery.css( elem, "display" ) === "none" || !jQuery.contains( elem.ownerDocument, elem );
+	};
+
+
+
+// Multifunctional method to get and set values of a collection
+// The value/s can optionally be executed if it's a function
+var access = jQuery.access = function( elems, fn, key, value, chainable, emptyGet, raw ) {
+	var i = 0,
+		length = elems.length,
+		bulk = key == null;
+
+	// Sets many values
+	if ( jQuery.type( key ) === "object" ) {
+		chainable = true;
+		for ( i in key ) {
+			jQuery.access( elems, fn, i, key[i], true, emptyGet, raw );
+		}
+
+	// Sets one value
+	} else if ( value !== undefined ) {
+		chainable = true;
+
+		if ( !jQuery.isFunction( value ) ) {
+			raw = true;
+		}
+
+		if ( bulk ) {
+			// Bulk operations run against the entire set
+			if ( raw ) {
+				fn.call( elems, value );
+				fn = null;
+
+			// ...except when executing function values
+			} else {
+				bulk = fn;
+				fn = function( elem, key, value ) {
+					return bulk.call( jQuery( elem ), value );
+				};
+			}
+		}
+
+		if ( fn ) {
+			for ( ; i < length; i++ ) {
+				fn( elems[i], key, raw ? value : value.call( elems[i], i, fn( elems[i], key ) ) );
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	return chainable ?
+		elems :
+
+		// Gets
+		bulk ?
+			fn.call( elems ) :
+			length ? fn( elems[0], key ) : emptyGet;
+};
+var rcheckableType = (/^(?:checkbox|radio)$/i);
+
+
+
+(function() {
+	// Minified: var a,b,c
+	var input = document.createElement( "input" ),
+		div = document.createElement( "div" ),
+		fragment = document.createDocumentFragment();
+
+	// Setup
+	div.innerHTML = "  <link/><table></table><a href='/a'>a</a><input type='checkbox'/>";
+
+	// IE strips leading whitespace when .innerHTML is used
+	support.leadingWhitespace = div.firstChild.nodeType === 3;
+
+	// Make sure that tbody elements aren't automatically inserted
+	// IE will insert them into empty tables
+	support.tbody = !div.getElementsByTagName( "tbody" ).length;
+
+	// Make sure that link elements get serialized correctly by innerHTML
+	// This requires a wrapper element in IE
+	support.htmlSerialize = !!div.getElementsByTagName( "link" ).length;
+
+	// Makes sure cloning an html5 element does not cause problems
+	// Where outerHTML is undefined, this still works
+	support.html5Clone =
+		document.createElement( "nav" ).cloneNode( true ).outerHTML !== "<:nav></:nav>";
+
+	// Check if a disconnected checkbox will retain its checked
+	// value of true after appended to the DOM (IE6/7)
+	input.type = "checkbox";
+	input.checked = true;
+	fragment.appendChild( input );
+	support.appendChecked = input.checked;
+
+	// Make sure textarea (and checkbox) defaultValue is properly cloned
+	// Support: IE6-IE11+
+	div.innerHTML = "<textarea>x</textarea>";
+	support.noCloneChecked = !!div.cloneNode( true ).lastChild.defaultValue;
+
+	// #11217 - WebKit loses check when the name is after the checked attribute
+	fragment.appendChild( div );
+	div.innerHTML = "<input type='radio' checked='checked' name='t'/>";
+
+	// Support: Safari 5.1, iOS 5.1, Android 4.x, Android 2.3
+	// old WebKit doesn't clone checked state correctly in fragments
+	support.checkClone = div.cloneNode( true ).cloneNode( true ).lastChild.checked;
+
+	// Support: IE<9
+	// Opera does not clone events (and typeof div.attachEvent === undefined).
+	// IE9-10 clones events bound via attachEvent, but they don't trigger with .click()
+	support.noCloneEvent = true;
+	if ( div.attachEvent ) {
+		div.attachEvent( "onclick", function() {
+			support.noCloneEvent = false;
+		});
+
+		div.cloneNode( true ).click();
+	}
+
+	// Execute the test only if not already executed in another module.
+	if (support.deleteExpando == null) {
+		// Support: IE<9
+		support.deleteExpando = true;
+		try {
+			delete div.test;
+		} catch( e ) {
+			support.deleteExpando = false;
+		}
+	}
+})();
+
+
+(function() {
+	var i, eventName,
+		div = document.createElement( "div" );
+
+	// Support: IE<9 (lack submit/change bubble), Firefox 23+ (lack focusin event)
+	for ( i in { submit: true, change: true, focusin: true }) {
+		eventName = "on" + i;
+
+		if ( !(support[ i + "Bubbles" ] = eventName in window) ) {
+			// Beware of CSP restrictions (https://developer.mozilla.org/en/Security/CSP)
+			div.setAttribute( eventName, "t" );
+			support[ i + "Bubbles" ] = div.attributes[ eventName ].expando === false;
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Null elements to avoid leaks in IE.
+	div = null;
+})();
+
+
+var rformElems = /^(?:input|select|textarea)$/i,
+	rkeyEvent = /^key/,
+	rmouseEvent = /^(?:mouse|pointer|contextmenu)|click/,
+	rfocusMorph = /^(?:focusinfocus|focusoutblur)$/,
+	rtypenamespace = /^([^.]*)(?:\.(.+)|)$/;
+
+function returnTrue() {
+	return true;
+}
+
+function returnFalse() {
+	return false;
+}
+
+function safeActiveElement() {
+	try {
+		return document.activeElement;
+	} catch ( err ) { }
+}
+
+/*
+ * Helper functions for managing events -- not part of the public interface.
+ * Props to Dean Edwards' addEvent library for many of the ideas.
+ */
+jQuery.event = {
+
+	global: {},
+
+	add: function( elem, types, handler, data, selector ) {
+		var tmp, events, t, handleObjIn,
+			special, eventHandle, handleObj,
+			handlers, type, namespaces, origType,
+			elemData = jQuery._data( elem );
+
+		// Don't attach events to noData or text/comment nodes (but allow plain objects)
+		if ( !elemData ) {
+			return;
+		}
+
+		// Caller can pass in an object of custom data in lieu of the handler
+		if ( handler.handler ) {
+			handleObjIn = handler;
+			handler = handleObjIn.handler;
+			selector = handleObjIn.selector;
+		}
+
+		// Make sure that the handler has a unique ID, used to find/remove it later
+		if ( !handler.guid ) {
+			handler.guid = jQuery.guid++;
+		}
+
+		// Init the element's event structure and main handler, if this is the first
+		if ( !(events = elemData.events) ) {
+			events = elemData.events = {};
+		}
+		if ( !(eventHandle = elemData.handle) ) {
+			eventHandle = elemData.handle = function( e ) {
+				// Discard the second event of a jQuery.event.trigger() and
+				// when an event is called after a page has unloaded
+				return typeof jQuery !== strundefined && (!e || jQuery.event.triggered !== e.type) ?
+					jQuery.event.dispatch.apply( eventHandle.elem, arguments ) :
+					undefined;
+			};
+			// Add elem as a property of the handle fn to prevent a memory leak with IE non-native events
+			eventHandle.elem = elem;
+		}
+
+		// Handle multiple events separated by a space
+		types = ( types || "" ).match( rnotwhite ) || [ "" ];
+		t = types.length;
+		while ( t-- ) {
+			tmp = rtypenamespace.exec( types[t] ) || [];
+			type = origType = tmp[1];
+			namespaces = ( tmp[2] || "" ).split( "." ).sort();
+
+			// There *must* be a type, no attaching namespace-only handlers
+			if ( !type ) {
+				continue;
+			}
+
+			// If event changes its type, use the special event handlers for the changed type
+			special = jQuery.event.special[ type ] || {};
+
+			// If selector defined, determine special event api type, otherwise given type
+			type = ( selector ? special.delegateType : special.bindType ) || type;
+
+			// Update special based on newly reset type
+			special = jQuery.event.special[ type ] || {};
+
+			// handleObj is passed to all event handlers
+			handleObj = jQuery.extend({
+				type: type,
+				origType: origType,
+				data: data,
+				handler: handler,
+				guid: handler.guid,
+				selector: selector,
+				needsContext: selector && jQuery.expr.match.needsContext.test( selector ),
+				namespace: namespaces.join(".")
+			}, handleObjIn );
+
+			// Init the event handler queue if we're the first
+			if ( !(handlers = events[ type ]) ) {
+				handlers = events[ type ] = [];
+				handlers.delegateCount = 0;
+
+				// Only use addEventListener/attachEvent if the special events handler returns false
+				if ( !special.setup || special.setup.call( elem, data, namespaces, eventHandle ) === false ) {
+					// Bind the global event handler to the element
+					if ( elem.addEventListener ) {
+						elem.addEventListener( type, eventHandle, false );
+
+					} else if ( elem.attachEvent ) {
+						elem.attachEvent( "on" + type, eventHandle );
+					}
+				}
+			}
+
+			if ( special.add ) {
+				special.add.call( elem, handleObj );
+
+				if ( !handleObj.handler.guid ) {
+					handleObj.handler.guid = handler.guid;
+				}
+			}
+
+			// Add to the element's handler list, delegates in front
+			if ( selector ) {
+				handlers.splice( handlers.delegateCount++, 0, handleObj );
+			} else {
+				handlers.push( handleObj );
+			}
+
+			// Keep track of which events have ever been used, for event optimization
+			jQuery.event.global[ type ] = true;
+		}
+
+		// Nullify elem to prevent memory leaks in IE
+		elem = null;
+	},
+
+	// Detach an event or set of events from an element
+	remove: function( elem, types, handler, selector, mappedTypes ) {
+		var j, handleObj, tmp,
+			origCount, t, events,
+			special, handlers, type,
+			namespaces, origType,
+			elemData = jQuery.hasData( elem ) && jQuery._data( elem );
+
+		if ( !elemData || !(events = elemData.events) ) {
+			return;
+		}
+
+		// Once for each type.namespace in types; type may be omitted
+		types = ( types || "" ).match( rnotwhite ) || [ "" ];
+		t = types.length;
+		while ( t-- ) {
+			tmp = rtypenamespace.exec( types[t] ) || [];
+			type = origType = tmp[1];
+			namespaces = ( tmp[2] || "" ).split( "." ).sort();
+
+			// Unbind all events (on this namespace, if provided) for the element
+			if ( !type ) {
+				for ( type in events ) {
+					jQuery.event.remove( elem, type + types[ t ], handler, selector, true );
+				}
+				continue;
+			}
+
+			special = jQuery.event.special[ type ] || {};
+			type = ( selector ? special.delegateType : special.bindType ) || type;
+			handlers = events[ type ] || [];
+			tmp = tmp[2] && new RegExp( "(^|\\.)" + namespaces.join("\\.(?:.*\\.|)") + "(\\.|$)" );
+
+			// Remove matching events
+			origCount = j = handlers.length;
+			while ( j-- ) {
+				handleObj = handlers[ j ];
+
+				if ( ( mappedTypes || origType === handleObj.origType ) &&
+					( !handler || handler.guid === handleObj.guid ) &&
+					( !tmp || tmp.test( handleObj.namespace ) ) &&
+					( !selector || selector === handleObj.selector || selector === "**" && handleObj.selector ) ) {
+					handlers.splice( j, 1 );
+
+					if ( handleObj.selector ) {
+						handlers.delegateCount--;
+					}
+					if ( special.remove ) {
+						special.remove.call( elem, handleObj );
+					}
+				}
+			}
+
+			// Remove generic event handler if we removed something and no more handlers exist
+			// (avoids potential for endless recursion during removal of special event handlers)
+			if ( origCount && !handlers.length ) {
+				if ( !special.teardown || special.teardown.call( elem, namespaces, elemData.handle ) === false ) {
+					jQuery.removeEvent( elem, type, elemData.handle );
+				}
+
+				delete events[ type ];
+			}
+		}
+
+		// Remove the expando if it's no longer used
+		if ( jQuery.isEmptyObject( events ) ) {
+			delete elemData.handle;
+
+			// removeData also checks for emptiness and clears the expando if empty
+			// so use it instead of delete
+			jQuery._removeData( elem, "events" );
+		}
+	},
+
+	trigger: function( event, data, elem, onlyHandlers ) {
+		var handle, ontype, cur,
+			bubbleType, special, tmp, i,
+			eventPath = [ elem || document ],
+			type = hasOwn.call( event, "type" ) ? event.type : event,
+			namespaces = hasOwn.call( event, "namespace" ) ? event.namespace.split(".") : [];
+
+		cur = tmp = elem = elem || document;
+
+		// Don't do events on text and comment nodes
+		if ( elem.nodeType === 3 || elem.nodeType === 8 ) {
+			return;
+		}
+
+		// focus/blur morphs to focusin/out; ensure we're not firing them right now
+		if ( rfocusMorph.test( type + jQuery.event.triggered ) ) {
+			return;
+		}
+
+		if ( type.indexOf(".") >= 0 ) {
+			// Namespaced trigger; create a regexp to match event type in handle()
+			namespaces = type.split(".");
+			type = namespaces.shift();
+			namespaces.sort();
+		}
+		ontype = type.indexOf(":") < 0 && "on" + type;
+
+		// Caller can pass in a jQuery.Event object, Object, or just an event type string
+		event = event[ jQuery.expando ] ?
+			event :
+			new jQuery.Event( type, typeof event === "object" && event );
+
+		// Trigger bitmask: & 1 for native handlers; & 2 for jQuery (always true)
+		event.isTrigger = onlyHandlers ? 2 : 3;
+		event.namespace = namespaces.join(".");
+		event.namespace_re = event.namespace ?
+			new RegExp( "(^|\\.)" + namespaces.join("\\.(?:.*\\.|)") + "(\\.|$)" ) :
+			null;
+
+		// Clean up the event in case it is being reused
+		event.result = undefined;
+		if ( !event.target ) {
+			event.target = elem;
+		}
+
+		// Clone any incoming data and prepend the event, creating the handler arg list
+		data = data == null ?
+			[ event ] :
+			jQuery.makeArray( data, [ event ] );
+
+		// Allow special events to draw outside the lines
+		special = jQuery.event.special[ type ] || {};
+		if ( !onlyHandlers && special.trigger && special.trigger.apply( elem, data ) === false ) {
+			return;
+		}
+
+		// Determine event propagation path in advance, per W3C events spec (#9951)
+		// Bubble up to document, then to window; watch for a global ownerDocument var (#9724)
+		if ( !onlyHandlers && !special.noBubble && !jQuery.isWindow( elem ) ) {
+
+			bubbleType = special.delegateType || type;
+			if ( !rfocusMorph.test( bubbleType + type ) ) {
+				cur = cur.parentNode;
+			}
+			for ( ; cur; cur = cur.parentNode ) {
+				eventPath.push( cur );
+				tmp = cur;
+			}
+
+			// Only add window if we got to document (e.g., not plain obj or detached DOM)
+			if ( tmp === (elem.ownerDocument || document) ) {
+				eventPath.push( tmp.defaultView || tmp.parentWindow || window );
+			}
+		}
+
+		// Fire handlers on the event path
+		i = 0;
+		while ( (cur = eventPath[i++]) && !event.isPropagationStopped() ) {
+
+			event.type = i > 1 ?
+				bubbleType :
+				special.bindType || type;
+
+			// jQuery handler
+			handle = ( jQuery._data( cur, "events" ) || {} )[ event.type ] && jQuery._data( cur, "handle" );
+			if ( handle ) {
+				handle.apply( cur, data );
+			}
+
+			// Native handler
+			handle = ontype && cur[ ontype ];
+			if ( handle && handle.apply && jQuery.acceptData( cur ) ) {
+				event.result = handle.apply( cur, data );
+				if ( event.result === false ) {
+					event.preventDefault();
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		event.type = type;
+
+		// If nobody prevented the default action, do it now
+		if ( !onlyHandlers && !event.isDefaultPrevented() ) {
+
+			if ( (!special._default || special._default.apply( eventPath.pop(), data ) === false) &&
+				jQuery.acceptData( elem ) ) {
+
+				// Call a native DOM method on the target with the same name name as the event.
+				// Can't use an .isFunction() check here because IE6/7 fails that test.
+				// Don't do default actions on window, that's where global variables be (#6170)
+				if ( ontype && elem[ type ] && !jQuery.isWindow( elem ) ) {
+
+					// Don't re-trigger an onFOO event when we call its FOO() method
+					tmp = elem[ ontype ];
+
+					if ( tmp ) {
+						elem[ ontype ] = null;
+					}
+
+					// Prevent re-triggering of the same event, since we already bubbled it above
+					jQuery.event.triggered = type;
+					try {
+						elem[ type ]();
+					} catch ( e ) {
+						// IE<9 dies on focus/blur to hidden element (#1486,#12518)
+						// only reproducible on winXP IE8 native, not IE9 in IE8 mode
+					}
+					jQuery.event.triggered = undefined;
+
+					if ( tmp ) {
+						elem[ ontype ] = tmp;
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		return event.result;
+	},
+
+	dispatch: function( event ) {
+
+		// Make a writable jQuery.Event from the native event object
+		event = jQuery.event.fix( event );
+
+		var i, ret, handleObj, matched, j,
+			handlerQueue = [],
+			args = slice.call( arguments ),
+			handlers = ( jQuery._data( this, "events" ) || {} )[ event.type ] || [],
+			special = jQuery.event.special[ event.type ] || {};
+
+		// Use the fix-ed jQuery.Event rather than the (read-only) native event
+		args[0] = event;
+		event.delegateTarget = this;
+
+		// Call the preDispatch hook for the mapped type, and let it bail if desired
+		if ( special.preDispatch && special.preDispatch.call( this, event ) === false ) {
+			return;
+		}
+
+		// Determine handlers
+		handlerQueue = jQuery.event.handlers.call( this, event, handlers );
+
+		// Run delegates first; they may want to stop propagation beneath us
+		i = 0;
+		while ( (matched = handlerQueue[ i++ ]) && !event.isPropagationStopped() ) {
+			event.currentTarget = matched.elem;
+
+			j = 0;
+			while ( (handleObj = matched.handlers[ j++ ]) && !event.isImmediatePropagationStopped() ) {
+
+				// Triggered event must either 1) have no namespace, or
+				// 2) have namespace(s) a subset or equal to those in the bound event (both can have no namespace).
+				if ( !event.namespace_re || event.namespace_re.test( handleObj.namespace ) ) {
+
+					event.handleObj = handleObj;
+					event.data = handleObj.data;
+
+					ret = ( (jQuery.event.special[ handleObj.origType ] || {}).handle || handleObj.handler )
+							.apply( matched.elem, args );
+
+					if ( ret !== undefined ) {
+						if ( (event.result = ret) === false ) {
+							event.preventDefault();
+							event.stopPropagation();
+						}
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		// Call the postDispatch hook for the mapped type
+		if ( special.postDispatch ) {
+			special.postDispatch.call( this, event );
+		}
+
+		return event.result;
+	},
+
+	handlers: function( event, handlers ) {
+		var sel, handleObj, matches, i,
+			handlerQueue = [],
+			delegateCount = handlers.delegateCount,
+			cur = event.target;
+
+		// Find delegate handlers
+		// Black-hole SVG <use> instance trees (#13180)
+		// Avoid non-left-click bubbling in Firefox (#3861)
+		if ( delegateCount && cur.nodeType && (!event.button || event.type !== "click") ) {
+
+			/* jshint eqeqeq: false */
+			for ( ; cur != this; cur = cur.parentNode || this ) {
+				/* jshint eqeqeq: true */
+
+				// Don't check non-elements (#13208)
+				// Don't process clicks on disabled elements (#6911, #8165, #11382, #11764)
+				if ( cur.nodeType === 1 && (cur.disabled !== true || event.type !== "click") ) {
+					matches = [];
+					for ( i = 0; i < delegateCount; i++ ) {
+						handleObj = handlers[ i ];
+
+						// Don't conflict with Object.prototype properties (#13203)
+						sel = handleObj.selector + " ";
+
+						if ( matches[ sel ] === undefined ) {
+							matches[ sel ] = handleObj.needsContext ?
+								jQuery( sel, this ).index( cur ) >= 0 :
+								jQuery.find( sel, this, null, [ cur ] ).length;
+						}
+						if ( matches[ sel ] ) {
+							matches.push( handleObj );
+						}
+					}
+					if ( matches.length ) {
+						handlerQueue.push({ elem: cur, handlers: matches });
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		// Add the remaining (directly-bound) handlers
+		if ( delegateCount < handlers.length ) {
+			handlerQueue.push({ elem: this, handlers: handlers.slice( delegateCount ) });
+		}
+
+		return handlerQueue;
+	},
+
+	fix: function( event ) {
+		if ( event[ jQuery.expando ] ) {
+			return event;
+		}
+
+		// Create a writable copy of the event object and normalize some properties
+		var i, prop, copy,
+			type = event.type,
+			originalEvent = event,
+			fixHook = this.fixHooks[ type ];
+
+		if ( !fixHook ) {
+			this.fixHooks[ type ] = fixHook =
+				rmouseEvent.test( type ) ? this.mouseHooks :
+				rkeyEvent.test( type ) ? this.keyHooks :
+				{};
+		}
+		copy = fixHook.props ? this.props.concat( fixHook.props ) : this.props;
+
+		event = new jQuery.Event( originalEvent );
+
+		i = copy.length;
+		while ( i-- ) {
+			prop = copy[ i ];
+			event[ prop ] = originalEvent[ prop ];
+		}
+
+		// Support: IE<9
+		// Fix target property (#1925)
+		if ( !event.target ) {
+			event.target = originalEvent.srcElement || document;
+		}
+
+		// Support: Chrome 23+, Safari?
+		// Target should not be a text node (#504, #13143)
+		if ( event.target.nodeType === 3 ) {
+			event.target = event.target.parentNode;
+		}
+
+		// Support: IE<9
+		// For mouse/key events, metaKey==false if it's undefined (#3368, #11328)
+		event.metaKey = !!event.metaKey;
+
+		return fixHook.filter ? fixHook.filter( event, originalEvent ) : event;
+	},
+
+	// Includes some event props shared by KeyEvent and MouseEvent
+	props: "altKey bubbles cancelable ctrlKey currentTarget eventPhase metaKey relatedTarget shiftKey target timeStamp view which".split(" "),
+
+	fixHooks: {},
+
+	keyHooks: {
+		props: "char charCode key keyCode".split(" "),
+		filter: function( event, original ) {
+
+			// Add which for key events
+			if ( event.which == null ) {
+				event.which = original.charCode != null ? original.charCode : original.keyCode;
+			}
+
+			return event;
+		}
+	},
+
+	mouseHooks: {
+		props: "button buttons clientX clientY fromElement offsetX offsetY pageX pageY screenX screenY toElement".split(" "),
+		filter: function( event, original ) {
+			var body, eventDoc, doc,
+				button = original.button,
+				fromElement = original.fromElement;
+
+			// Calculate pageX/Y if missing and clientX/Y available
+			if ( event.pageX == null && original.clientX != null ) {
+				eventDoc = event.target.ownerDocument || document;
+				doc = eventDoc.documentElement;
+				body = eventDoc.body;
+
+				event.pageX = original.clientX + ( doc && doc.scrollLeft || body && body.scrollLeft || 0 ) - ( doc && doc.clientLeft || body && body.clientLeft || 0 );
+				event.pageY = original.clientY + ( doc && doc.scrollTop  || body && body.scrollTop  || 0 ) - ( doc && doc.clientTop  || body && body.clientTop  || 0 );
+			}
+
+			// Add relatedTarget, if necessary
+			if ( !event.relatedTarget && fromElement ) {
+				event.relatedTarget = fromElement === event.target ? original.toElement : fromElement;
+			}
+
+			// Add which for click: 1 === left; 2 === middle; 3 === right
+			// Note: button is not normalized, so don't use it
+			if ( !event.which && button !== undefined ) {
+				event.which = ( button & 1 ? 1 : ( button & 2 ? 3 : ( button & 4 ? 2 : 0 ) ) );
+			}
+
+			return event;
+		}
+	},
+
+	special: {
+		load: {
+			// Prevent triggered image.load events from bubbling to window.load
+			noBubble: true
+		},
+		focus: {
+			// Fire native event if possible so blur/focus sequence is correct
+			trigger: function() {
+				if ( this !== safeActiveElement() && this.focus ) {
+					try {
+						this.focus();
+						return false;
+					} catch ( e ) {
+						// Support: IE<9
+						// If we error on focus to hidden element (#1486, #12518),
+						// let .trigger() run the handlers
+					}
+				}
+			},
+			delegateType: "focusin"
+		},
+		blur: {
+			trigger: function() {
+				if ( this === safeActiveElement() && this.blur ) {
+					this.blur();
+					return false;
+				}
+			},
+			delegateType: "focusout"
+		},
+		click: {
+			// For checkbox, fire native event so checked state will be right
+			trigger: function() {
+				if ( jQuery.nodeName( this, "input" ) && this.type === "checkbox" && this.click ) {
+					this.click();
+					return false;
+				}
+			},
+
+			// For cross-browser consistency, don't fire native .click() on links
+			_default: function( event ) {
+				return jQuery.nodeName( event.target, "a" );
+			}
+		},
+
+		beforeunload: {
+			postDispatch: function( event ) {
+
+				// Support: Firefox 20+
+				// Firefox doesn't alert if the returnValue field is not set.
+				if ( event.result !== undefined && event.originalEvent ) {
+					event.originalEvent.returnValue = event.result;
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	},
+
+	simulate: function( type, elem, event, bubble ) {
+		// Piggyback on a donor event to simulate a different one.
+		// Fake originalEvent to avoid donor's stopPropagation, but if the
+		// simulated event prevents default then we do the same on the donor.
+		var e = jQuery.extend(
+			new jQuery.Event(),
+			event,
+			{
+				type: type,
+				isSimulated: true,
+				originalEvent: {}
+			}
+		);
+		if ( bubble ) {
+			jQuery.event.trigger( e, null, elem );
+		} else {
+			jQuery.event.dispatch.call( elem, e );
+		}
+		if ( e.isDefaultPrevented() ) {
+			event.preventDefault();
+		}
+	}
+};
+
+jQuery.removeEvent = document.removeEventListener ?
+	function( elem, type, handle ) {
+		if ( elem.removeEventListener ) {
+			elem.removeEventListener( type, handle, false );
+		}
+	} :
+	function( elem, type, handle ) {
+		var name = "on" + type;
+
+		if ( elem.detachEvent ) {
+
+			// #8545, #7054, preventing memory leaks for custom events in IE6-8
+			// detachEvent needed property on element, by name of that event, to properly expose it to GC
+			if ( typeof elem[ name ] === strundefined ) {
+				elem[ name ] = null;
+			}
+
+			elem.detachEvent( name, handle );
+		}
+	};
+
+jQuery.Event = function( src, props ) {
+	// Allow instantiation without the 'new' keyword
+	if ( !(this instanceof jQuery.Event) ) {
+		return new jQuery.Event( src, props );
+	}
+
+	// Event object
+	if ( src && src.type ) {
+		this.originalEvent = src;
+		this.type = src.type;
+
+		// Events bubbling up the document may have been marked as prevented
+		// by a handler lower down the tree; reflect the correct value.
+		this.isDefaultPrevented = src.defaultPrevented ||
+				src.defaultPrevented === undefined &&
+				// Support: IE < 9, Android < 4.0
+				src.returnValue === false ?
+			returnTrue :
+			returnFalse;
+
+	// Event type
+	} else {
+		this.type = src;
+	}
+
+	// Put explicitly provided properties onto the event object
+	if ( props ) {
+		jQuery.extend( this, props );
+	}
+
+	// Create a timestamp if incoming event doesn't have one
+	this.timeStamp = src && src.timeStamp || jQuery.now();
+
+	// Mark it as fixed
+	this[ jQuery.expando ] = true;
+};
+
+// jQuery.Event is based on DOM3 Events as specified by the ECMAScript Language Binding
+// http://www.w3.org/TR/2003/WD-DOM-Level-3-Events-20030331/ecma-script-binding.html
+jQuery.Event.prototype = {
+	isDefaultPrevented: returnFalse,
+	isPropagationStopped: returnFalse,
+	isImmediatePropagationStopped: returnFalse,
+
+	preventDefault: function() {
+		var e = this.originalEvent;
+
+		this.isDefaultPrevented = returnTrue;
+		if ( !e ) {
+			return;
+		}
+
+		// If preventDefault exists, run it on the original event
+		if ( e.preventDefault ) {
+			e.preventDefault();
+
+		// Support: IE
+		// Otherwise set the returnValue property of the original event to false
+		} else {
+			e.returnValue = false;
+		}
+	},
+	stopPropagation: function() {
+		var e = this.originalEvent;
+
+		this.isPropagationStopped = returnTrue;
+		if ( !e ) {
+			return;
+		}
+		// If stopPropagation exists, run it on the original event
+		if ( e.stopPropagation ) {
+			e.stopPropagation();
+		}
+
+		// Support: IE
+		// Set the cancelBubble property of the original event to true
+		e.cancelBubble = true;
+	},
+	stopImmediatePropagation: function() {
+		var e = this.originalEvent;
+
+		this.isImmediatePropagationStopped = returnTrue;
+
+		if ( e && e.stopImmediatePropagation ) {
+			e.stopImmediatePropagation();
+		}
+
+		this.stopPropagation();
+	}
+};
+
+// Create mouseenter/leave events using mouseover/out and event-time checks
+jQuery.each({
+	mouseenter: "mouseover",
+	mouseleave: "mouseout",
+	pointerenter: "pointerover",
+	pointerleave: "pointerout"
+}, function( orig, fix ) {
+	jQuery.event.special[ orig ] = {
+		delegateType: fix,
+		bindType: fix,
+
+		handle: function( event ) {
+			var ret,
+				target = this,
+				related = event.relatedTarget,
+				handleObj = event.handleObj;
+
+			// For mousenter/leave call the handler if related is outside the target.
+			// NB: No relatedTarget if the mouse left/entered the browser window
+			if ( !related || (related !== target && !jQuery.contains( target, related )) ) {
+				event.type = handleObj.origType;
+				ret = handleObj.handler.apply( this, arguments );
+				event.type = fix;
+			}
+			return ret;
+		}
+	};
+});
+
+// IE submit delegation
+if ( !support.submitBubbles ) {
+
+	jQuery.event.special.submit = {
+		setup: function() {
+			// Only need this for delegated form submit events
+			if ( jQuery.nodeName( this, "form" ) ) {
+				return false;
+			}
+
+			// Lazy-add a submit handler when a descendant form may potentially be submitted
+			jQuery.event.add( this, "click._submit keypress._submit", function( e ) {
+				// Node name check avoids a VML-related crash in IE (#9807)
+				var elem = e.target,
+					form = jQuery.nodeName( elem, "input" ) || jQuery.nodeName( elem, "button" ) ? elem.form : undefined;
+				if ( form && !jQuery._data( form, "submitBubbles" ) ) {
+					jQuery.event.add( form, "submit._submit", function( event ) {
+						event._submit_bubble = true;
+					});
+					jQuery._data( form, "submitBubbles", true );
+				}
+			});
+			// return undefined since we don't need an event listener
+		},
+
+		postDispatch: function( event ) {
+			// If form was submitted by the user, bubble the event up the tree
+			if ( event._submit_bubble ) {
+				delete event._submit_bubble;
+				if ( this.parentNode && !event.isTrigger ) {
+					jQuery.event.simulate( "submit", this.parentNode, event, true );
+				}
+			}
+		},
+
+		teardown: function() {
+			// Only need this for delegated form submit events
+			if ( jQuery.nodeName( this, "form" ) ) {
+				return false;
+			}
+
+			// Remove delegated handlers; cleanData eventually reaps submit handlers attached above
+			jQuery.event.remove( this, "._submit" );
+		}
+	};
+}
+
+// IE change delegation and checkbox/radio fix
+if ( !support.changeBubbles ) {
+
+	jQuery.event.special.change = {
+
+		setup: function() {
+
+			if ( rformElems.test( this.nodeName ) ) {
+				// IE doesn't fire change on a check/radio until blur; trigger it on click
+				// after a propertychange. Eat the blur-change in special.change.handle.
+				// This still fires onchange a second time for check/radio after blur.
+				if ( this.type === "checkbox" || this.type === "radio" ) {
+					jQuery.event.add( this, "propertychange._change", function( event ) {
+						if ( event.originalEvent.propertyName === "checked" ) {
+							this._just_changed = true;
+						}
+					});
+					jQuery.event.add( this, "click._change", function( event ) {
+						if ( this._just_changed && !event.isTrigger ) {
+							this._just_changed = false;
+						}
+						// Allow triggered, simulated change events (#11500)
+						jQuery.event.simulate( "change", this, event, true );
+					});
+				}
+				return false;
+			}
+			// Delegated event; lazy-add a change handler on descendant inputs
+			jQuery.event.add( this, "beforeactivate._change", function( e ) {
+				var elem = e.target;
+
+				if ( rformElems.test( elem.nodeName ) && !jQuery._data( elem, "changeBubbles" ) ) {
+					jQuery.event.add( elem, "change._change", function( event ) {
+						if ( this.parentNode && !event.isSimulated && !event.isTrigger ) {
+							jQuery.event.simulate( "change", this.parentNode, event, true );
+						}
+					});
+					jQuery._data( elem, "changeBubbles", true );
+				}
+			});
+		},
+
+		handle: function( event ) {
+			var elem = event.target;
+
+			// Swallow native change events from checkbox/radio, we already triggered them above
+			if ( this !== elem || event.isSimulated || event.isTrigger || (elem.type !== "radio" && elem.type !== "checkbox") ) {
+				return event.handleObj.handler.apply( this, arguments );
+			}
+		},
+
+		teardown: function() {
+			jQuery.event.remove( this, "._change" );
+
+			return !rformElems.test( this.nodeName );
+		}
+	};
+}
+
+// Create "bubbling" focus and blur events
+if ( !support.focusinBubbles ) {
+	jQuery.each({ focus: "focusin", blur: "focusout" }, function( orig, fix ) {
+
+		// Attach a single capturing handler on the document while someone wants focusin/focusout
+		var handler = function( event ) {
+				jQuery.event.simulate( fix, event.target, jQuery.event.fix( event ), true );
+			};
+
+		jQuery.event.special[ fix ] = {
+			setup: function() {
+				var doc = this.ownerDocument || this,
+					attaches = jQuery._data( doc, fix );
+
+				if ( !attaches ) {
+					doc.addEventListener( orig, handler, true );
+				}
+				jQuery._data( doc, fix, ( attaches || 0 ) + 1 );
+			},
+			teardown: function() {
+				var doc = this.ownerDocument || this,
+					attaches = jQuery._data( doc, fix ) - 1;
+
+				if ( !attaches ) {
+					doc.removeEventListener( orig, handler, true );
+					jQuery._removeData( doc, fix );
+				} else {
+					jQuery._data( doc, fix, attaches );
+				}
+			}
+		};
+	});
+}
+
+jQuery.fn.extend({
+
+	on: function( types, selector, data, fn, /*INTERNAL*/ one ) {
+		var type, origFn;
+
+		// Types can be a map of types/handlers
+		if ( typeof types === "object" ) {
+			// ( types-Object, selector, data )
+			if ( typeof selector !== "string" ) {
+				// ( types-Object, data )
+				data = data || selector;
+				selector = undefined;
+			}
+			for ( type in types ) {
+				this.on( type, selector, data, types[ type ], one );
+			}
+			return this;
+		}
+
+		if ( data == null && fn == null ) {
+			// ( types, fn )
+			fn = selector;
+			data = selector = undefined;
+		} else if ( fn == null ) {
+			if ( typeof selector === "string" ) {
+				// ( types, selector, fn )
+				fn = data;
+				data = undefined;
+			} else {
+				// ( types, data, fn )
+				fn = data;
+				data = selector;
+				selector = undefined;
+			}
+		}
+		if ( fn === false ) {
+			fn = returnFalse;
+		} else if ( !fn ) {
+			return this;
+		}
+
+		if ( one === 1 ) {
+			origFn = fn;
+			fn = function( event ) {
+				// Can use an empty set, since event contains the info
+				jQuery().off( event );
+				return origFn.apply( this, arguments );
+			};
+			// Use same guid so caller can remove using origFn
+			fn.guid = origFn.guid || ( origFn.guid = jQuery.guid++ );
+		}
+		return this.each( function() {
+			jQuery.event.add( this, types, fn, data, selector );
+		});
+	},
+	one: function( types, selector, data, fn ) {
+		return this.on( types, selector, data, fn, 1 );
+	},
+	off: function( types, selector, fn ) {
+		var handleObj, type;
+		if ( types && types.preventDefault && types.handleObj ) {
+			// ( event )  dispatched jQuery.Event
+			handleObj = types.handleObj;
+			jQuery( types.delegateTarget ).off(
+				handleObj.namespace ? handleObj.origType + "." + handleObj.namespace : handleObj.origType,
+				handleObj.selector,
+				handleObj.handler
+			);
+			return this;
+		}
+		if ( typeof types === "object" ) {
+			// ( types-object [, selector] )
+			for ( type in types ) {
+				this.off( type, selector, types[ type ] );
+			}
+			return this;
+		}
+		if ( selector === false || typeof selector === "function" ) {
+			// ( types [, fn] )
+			fn = selector;
+			selector = undefined;
+		}
+		if ( fn === false ) {
+			fn = returnFalse;
+		}
+		return this.each(function() {
+			jQuery.event.remove( this, types, fn, selector );
+		});
+	},
+
+	trigger: function( type, data ) {
+		return this.each(function() {
+			jQuery.event.trigger( type, data, this );
+		});
+	},
+	triggerHandler: function( type, data ) {
+		var elem = this[0];
+		if ( elem ) {
+			return jQuery.event.trigger( type, data, elem, true );
+		}
+	}
+});
+
+
+function createSafeFragment( document ) {
+	var list = nodeNames.split( "|" ),
+		safeFrag = document.createDocumentFragment();
+
+	if ( safeFrag.createElement ) {
+		while ( list.length ) {
+			safeFrag.createElement(
+				list.pop()
+			);
+		}
+	}
+	return safeFrag;
+}
+
+var nodeNames = "abbr|article|aside|audio|bdi|canvas|data|datalist|details|figcaption|figure|footer|" +
+		"header|hgroup|mark|meter|nav|output|progress|section|summary|time|video",
+	rinlinejQuery = / jQuery\d+="(?:null|\d+)"/g,
+	rnoshimcache = new RegExp("<(?:" + nodeNames + ")[\\s/>]", "i"),
+	rleadingWhitespace = /^\s+/,
+	rxhtmlTag = /<(?!area|br|col|embed|hr|img|input|link|meta|param)(([\w:]+)[^>]*)\/>/gi,
+	rtagName = /<([\w:]+)/,
+	rtbody = /<tbody/i,
+	rhtml = /<|&#?\w+;/,
+	rnoInnerhtml = /<(?:script|style|link)/i,
+	// checked="checked" or checked
+	rchecked = /checked\s*(?:[^=]|=\s*.checked.)/i,
+	rscriptType = /^$|\/(?:java|ecma)script/i,
+	rscriptTypeMasked = /^true\/(.*)/,
+	rcleanScript = /^\s*<!(?:\[CDATA\[|--)|(?:\]\]|--)>\s*$/g,
+
+	// We have to close these tags to support XHTML (#13200)
+	wrapMap = {
+		option: [ 1, "<select multiple='multiple'>", "</select>" ],
+		legend: [ 1, "<fieldset>", "</fieldset>" ],
+		area: [ 1, "<map>", "</map>" ],
+		param: [ 1, "<object>", "</object>" ],
+		thead: [ 1, "<table>", "</table>" ],
+		tr: [ 2, "<table><tbody>", "</tbody></table>" ],
+		col: [ 2, "<table><tbody></tbody><colgroup>", "</colgroup></table>" ],
+		td: [ 3, "<table><tbody><tr>", "</tr></tbody></table>" ],
+
+		// IE6-8 can't serialize link, script, style, or any html5 (NoScope) tags,
+		// unless wrapped in a div with non-breaking characters in front of it.
+		_default: support.htmlSerialize ? [ 0, "", "" ] : [ 1, "X<div>", "</div>"  ]
+	},
+	safeFragment = createSafeFragment( document ),
+	fragmentDiv = safeFragment.appendChild( document.createElement("div") );
+
+wrapMap.optgroup = wrapMap.option;
+wrapMap.tbody = wrapMap.tfoot = wrapMap.colgroup = wrapMap.caption = wrapMap.thead;
+wrapMap.th = wrapMap.td;
+
+function getAll( context, tag ) {
+	var elems, elem,
+		i = 0,
+		found = typeof context.getElementsByTagName !== strundefined ? context.getElementsByTagName( tag || "*" ) :
+			typeof context.querySelectorAll !== strundefined ? context.querySelectorAll( tag || "*" ) :
+			undefined;
+
+	if ( !found ) {
+		for ( found = [], elems = context.childNodes || context; (elem = elems[i]) != null; i++ ) {
+			if ( !tag || jQuery.nodeName( elem, tag ) ) {
+				found.push( elem );
+			} else {
+				jQuery.merge( found, getAll( elem, tag ) );
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	return tag === undefined || tag && jQuery.nodeName( context, tag ) ?
+		jQuery.merge( [ context ], found ) :
+		found;
+}
+
+// Used in buildFragment, fixes the defaultChecked property
+function fixDefaultChecked( elem ) {
+	if ( rcheckableType.test( elem.type ) ) {
+		elem.defaultChecked = elem.checked;
+	}
+}
+
+// Support: IE<8
+// Manipulating tables requires a tbody
+function manipulationTarget( elem, content ) {
+	return jQuery.nodeName( elem, "table" ) &&
+		jQuery.nodeName( content.nodeType !== 11 ? content : content.firstChild, "tr" ) ?
+
+		elem.getElementsByTagName("tbody")[0] ||
+			elem.appendChild( elem.ownerDocument.createElement("tbody") ) :
+		elem;
+}
+
+// Replace/restore the type attribute of script elements for safe DOM manipulation
+function disableScript( elem ) {
+	elem.type = (jQuery.find.attr( elem, "type" ) !== null) + "/" + elem.type;
+	return elem;
+}
+function restoreScript( elem ) {
+	var match = rscriptTypeMasked.exec( elem.type );
+	if ( match ) {
+		elem.type = match[1];
+	} else {
+		elem.removeAttribute("type");
+	}
+	return elem;
+}
+
+// Mark scripts as having already been evaluated
+function setGlobalEval( elems, refElements ) {
+	var elem,
+		i = 0;
+	for ( ; (elem = elems[i]) != null; i++ ) {
+		jQuery._data( elem, "globalEval", !refElements || jQuery._data( refElements[i], "globalEval" ) );
+	}
+}
+
+function cloneCopyEvent( src, dest ) {
+
+	if ( dest.nodeType !== 1 || !jQuery.hasData( src ) ) {
+		return;
+	}
+
+	var type, i, l,
+		oldData = jQuery._data( src ),
+		curData = jQuery._data( dest, oldData ),
+		events = oldData.events;
+
+	if ( events ) {
+		delete curData.handle;
+		curData.events = {};
+
+		for ( type in events ) {
+			for ( i = 0, l = events[ type ].length; i < l; i++ ) {
+				jQuery.event.add( dest, type, events[ type ][ i ] );
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	// make the cloned public data object a copy from the original
+	if ( curData.data ) {
+		curData.data = jQuery.extend( {}, curData.data );
+	}
+}
+
+function fixCloneNodeIssues( src, dest ) {
+	var nodeName, e, data;
+
+	// We do not need to do anything for non-Elements
+	if ( dest.nodeType !== 1 ) {
+		return;
+	}
+
+	nodeName = dest.nodeName.toLowerCase();
+
+	// IE6-8 copies events bound via attachEvent when using cloneNode.
+	if ( !support.noCloneEvent && dest[ jQuery.expando ] ) {
+		data = jQuery._data( dest );
+
+		for ( e in data.events ) {
+			jQuery.removeEvent( dest, e, data.handle );
+		}
+
+		// Event data gets referenced instead of copied if the expando gets copied too
+		dest.removeAttribute( jQuery.expando );
+	}
+
+	// IE blanks contents when cloning scripts, and tries to evaluate newly-set text
+	if ( nodeName === "script" && dest.text !== src.text ) {
+		disableScript( dest ).text = src.text;
+		restoreScript( dest );
+
+	// IE6-10 improperly clones children of object elements using classid.
+	// IE10 throws NoModificationAllowedError if parent is null, #12132.
+	} else if ( nodeName === "object" ) {
+		if ( dest.parentNode ) {
+			dest.outerHTML = src.outerHTML;
+		}
+
+		// This path appears unavoidable for IE9. When cloning an object
+		// element in IE9, the outerHTML strategy above is not sufficient.
+		// If the src has innerHTML and the destination does not,
+		// copy the src.innerHTML into the dest.innerHTML. #10324
+		if ( support.html5Clone && ( src.innerHTML && !jQuery.trim(dest.innerHTML) ) ) {
+			dest.innerHTML = src.innerHTML;
+		}
+
+	} else if ( nodeName === "input" && rcheckableType.test( src.type ) ) {
+		// IE6-8 fails to persist the checked state of a cloned checkbox
+		// or radio button. Worse, IE6-7 fail to give the cloned element
+		// a checked appearance if the defaultChecked value isn't also set
+
+		dest.defaultChecked = dest.checked = src.checked;
+
+		// IE6-7 get confused and end up setting the value of a cloned
+		// checkbox/radio button to an empty string instead of "on"
+		if ( dest.value !== src.value ) {
+			dest.value = src.value;
+		}
+
+	// IE6-8 fails to return the selected option to the default selected
+	// state when cloning options
+	} else if ( nodeName === "option" ) {
+		dest.defaultSelected = dest.selected = src.defaultSelected;
+
+	// IE6-8 fails to set the defaultValue to the correct value when
+	// cloning other types of input fields
+	} else if ( nodeName === "input" || nodeName === "textarea" ) {
+		dest.defaultValue = src.defaultValue;
+	}
+}
+
+jQuery.extend({
+	clone: function( elem, dataAndEvents, deepDataAndEvents ) {
+		var destElements, node, clone, i, srcElements,
+			inPage = jQuery.contains( elem.ownerDocument, elem );
+
+		if ( support.html5Clone || jQuery.isXMLDoc(elem) || !rnoshimcache.test( "<" + elem.nodeName + ">" ) ) {
+			clone = elem.cloneNode( true );
+
+		// IE<=8 does not properly clone detached, unknown element nodes
+		} else {
+			fragmentDiv.innerHTML = elem.outerHTML;
+			fragmentDiv.removeChild( clone = fragmentDiv.firstChild );
+		}
+
+		if ( (!support.noCloneEvent || !support.noCloneChecked) &&
+				(elem.nodeType === 1 || elem.nodeType === 11) && !jQuery.isXMLDoc(elem) ) {
+
+			// We eschew Sizzle here for performance reasons: http://jsperf.com/getall-vs-sizzle/2
+			destElements = getAll( clone );
+			srcElements = getAll( elem );
+
+			// Fix all IE cloning issues
+			for ( i = 0; (node = srcElements[i]) != null; ++i ) {
+				// Ensure that the destination node is not null; Fixes #9587
+				if ( destElements[i] ) {
+					fixCloneNodeIssues( node, destElements[i] );
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		// Copy the events from the original to the clone
+		if ( dataAndEvents ) {
+			if ( deepDataAndEvents ) {
+				srcElements = srcElements || getAll( elem );
+				destElements = destElements || getAll( clone );
+
+				for ( i = 0; (node = srcElements[i]) != null; i++ ) {
+					cloneCopyEvent( node, destElements[i] );
+				}
+			} else {
+				cloneCopyEvent( elem, clone );
+			}
+		}
+
+		// Preserve script evaluation history
+		destElements = getAll( clone, "script" );
+		if ( destElements.length > 0 ) {
+			setGlobalEval( destElements, !inPage && getAll( elem, "script" ) );
+		}
+
+		destElements = srcElements = node = null;
+
+		// Return the cloned set
+		return clone;
+	},
+
+	buildFragment: function( elems, context, scripts, selection ) {
+		var j, elem, contains,
+			tmp, tag, tbody, wrap,
+			l = elems.length,
+
+			// Ensure a safe fragment
+			safe = createSafeFragment( context ),
+
+			nodes = [],
+			i = 0;
+
+		for ( ; i < l; i++ ) {
+			elem = elems[ i ];
+
+			if ( elem || elem === 0 ) {
+
+				// Add nodes directly
+				if ( jQuery.type( elem ) === "object" ) {
+					jQuery.merge( nodes, elem.nodeType ? [ elem ] : elem );
+
+				// Convert non-html into a text node
+				} else if ( !rhtml.test( elem ) ) {
+					nodes.push( context.createTextNode( elem ) );
+
+				// Convert html into DOM nodes
+				} else {
+					tmp = tmp || safe.appendChild( context.createElement("div") );
+
+					// Deserialize a standard representation
+					tag = (rtagName.exec( elem ) || [ "", "" ])[ 1 ].toLowerCase();
+					wrap = wrapMap[ tag ] || wrapMap._default;
+
+					tmp.innerHTML = wrap[1] + elem.replace( rxhtmlTag, "<$1></$2>" ) + wrap[2];
+
+					// Descend through wrappers to the right content
+					j = wrap[0];
+					while ( j-- ) {
+						tmp = tmp.lastChild;
+					}
+
+					// Manually add leading whitespace removed by IE
+					if ( !support.leadingWhitespace && rleadingWhitespace.test( elem ) ) {
+						nodes.push( context.createTextNode( rleadingWhitespace.exec( elem )[0] ) );
+					}
+
+					// Remove IE's autoinserted <tbody> from table fragments
+					if ( !support.tbody ) {
+
+						// String was a <table>, *may* have spurious <tbody>
+						elem = tag === "table" && !rtbody.test( elem ) ?
+							tmp.firstChild :
+
+							// String was a bare <thead> or <tfoot>
+							wrap[1] === "<table>" && !rtbody.test( elem ) ?
+								tmp :
+								0;
+
+						j = elem && elem.childNodes.length;
+						while ( j-- ) {
+							if ( jQuery.nodeName( (tbody = elem.childNodes[j]), "tbody" ) && !tbody.childNodes.length ) {
+								elem.removeChild( tbody );
+							}
+						}
+					}
+
+					jQuery.merge( nodes, tmp.childNodes );
+
+					// Fix #12392 for WebKit and IE > 9
+					tmp.textContent = "";
+
+					// Fix #12392 for oldIE
+					while ( tmp.firstChild ) {
+						tmp.removeChild( tmp.firstChild );
+					}
+
+					// Remember the top-level container for proper cleanup
+					tmp = safe.lastChild;
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		// Fix #11356: Clear elements from fragment
+		if ( tmp ) {
+			safe.removeChild( tmp );
+		}
+
+		// Reset defaultChecked for any radios and checkboxes
+		// about to be appended to the DOM in IE 6/7 (#8060)
+		if ( !support.appendChecked ) {
+			jQuery.grep( getAll( nodes, "input" ), fixDefaultChecked );
+		}
+
+		i = 0;
+		while ( (elem = nodes[ i++ ]) ) {
+
+			// #4087 - If origin and destination elements are the same, and this is
+			// that element, do not do anything
+			if ( selection && jQuery.inArray( elem, selection ) !== -1 ) {
+				continue;
+			}
+
+			contains = jQuery.contains( elem.ownerDocument, elem );
+
+			// Append to fragment
+			tmp = getAll( safe.appendChild( elem ), "script" );
+
+			// Preserve script evaluation history
+			if ( contains ) {
+				setGlobalEval( tmp );
+			}
+
+			// Capture executables
+			if ( scripts ) {
+				j = 0;
+				while ( (elem = tmp[ j++ ]) ) {
+					if ( rscriptType.test( elem.type || "" ) ) {
+						scripts.push( elem );
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		tmp = null;
+
+		return safe;
+	},
+
+	cleanData: function( elems, /* internal */ acceptData ) {
+		var elem, type, id, data,
+			i = 0,
+			internalKey = jQuery.expando,
+			cache = jQuery.cache,
+			deleteExpando = support.deleteExpando,
+			special = jQuery.event.special;
+
+		for ( ; (elem = elems[i]) != null; i++ ) {
+			if ( acceptData || jQuery.acceptData( elem ) ) {
+
+				id = elem[ internalKey ];
+				data = id && cache[ id ];
+
+				if ( data ) {
+					if ( data.events ) {
+						for ( type in data.events ) {
+							if ( special[ type ] ) {
+								jQuery.event.remove( elem, type );
+
+							// This is a shortcut to avoid jQuery.event.remove's overhead
+							} else {
+								jQuery.removeEvent( elem, type, data.handle );
+							}
+						}
+					}
+
+					// Remove cache only if it was not already removed by jQuery.event.remove
+					if ( cache[ id ] ) {
+
+						delete cache[ id ];
+
+						// IE does not allow us to delete expando properties from nodes,
+						// nor does it have a removeAttribute function on Document nodes;
+						// we must handle all of these cases
+						if ( deleteExpando ) {
+							delete elem[ internalKey ];
+
+						} else if ( typeof elem.removeAttribute !== strundefined ) {
+							elem.removeAttribute( internalKey );
+
+						} else {
+							elem[ internalKey ] = null;
+						}
+
+						deletedIds.push( id );
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+});
+
+jQuery.fn.extend({
+	text: function( value ) {
+		return access( this, function( value ) {
+			return value === undefined ?
+				jQuery.text( this ) :
+				this.empty().append( ( this[0] && this[0].ownerDocument || document ).createTextNode( value ) );
+		}, null, value, arguments.length );
+	},
+
+	append: function() {
+		return this.domManip( arguments, function( elem ) {
+			if ( this.nodeType === 1 || this.nodeType === 11 || this.nodeType === 9 ) {
+				var target = manipulationTarget( this, elem );
+				target.appendChild( elem );
+			}
+		});
+	},
+
+	prepend: function() {
+		return this.domManip( arguments, function( elem ) {
+			if ( this.nodeType === 1 || this.nodeType === 11 || this.nodeType === 9 ) {
+				var target = manipulationTarget( this, elem );
+				target.insertBefore( elem, target.firstChild );
+			}
+		});
+	},
+
+	before: function() {
+		return this.domManip( arguments, function( elem ) {
+			if ( this.parentNode ) {
+				this.parentNode.insertBefore( elem, this );
+			}
+		});
+	},
+
+	after: function() {
+		return this.domManip( arguments, function( elem ) {
+			if ( this.parentNode ) {
+				this.parentNode.insertBefore( elem, this.nextSibling );
+			}
+		});
+	},
+
+	remove: function( selector, keepData /* Internal Use Only */ ) {
+		var elem,
+			elems = selector ? jQuery.filter( selector, this ) : this,
+			i = 0;
+
+		for ( ; (elem = elems[i]) != null; i++ ) {
+
+			if ( !keepData && elem.nodeType === 1 ) {
+				jQuery.cleanData( getAll( elem ) );
+			}
+
+			if ( elem.parentNode ) {
+				if ( keepData && jQuery.contains( elem.ownerDocument, elem ) ) {
+					setGlobalEval( getAll( elem, "script" ) );
+				}
+				elem.parentNode.removeChild( elem );
+			}
+		}
+
+		return this;
+	},
+
+	empty: function() {
+		var elem,
+			i = 0;
+
+		for ( ; (elem = this[i]) != null; i++ ) {
+			// Remove element nodes and prevent memory leaks
+			if ( elem.nodeType === 1 ) {
+				jQuery.cleanData( getAll( elem, false ) );
+			}
+
+			// Remove any remaining nodes
+			while ( elem.firstChild ) {
+				elem.removeChild( elem.firstChild );
+			}
+
+			// If this is a select, ensure that it displays empty (#12336)
+			// Support: IE<9
+			if ( elem.options && jQuery.nodeName( elem, "select" ) ) {
+				elem.options.length = 0;
+			}
+		}
+
+		return this;
+	},
+
+	clone: function( dataAndEvents, deepDataAndEvents ) {
+		dataAndEvents = dataAndEvents == null ? false : dataAndEvents;
+		deepDataAndEvents = deepDataAndEvents == null ? dataAndEvents : deepDataAndEvents;
+
+		return this.map(function() {
+			return jQuery.clone( this, dataAndEvents, deepDataAndEvents );
+		});
+	},
+
+	html: function( value ) {
+		return access( this, function( value ) {
+			var elem = this[ 0 ] || {},
+				i = 0,
+				l = this.length;
+
+			if ( value === undefined ) {
+				return elem.nodeType === 1 ?
+					elem.innerHTML.replace( rinlinejQuery, "" ) :
+					undefined;
+			}
+
+			// See if we can take a shortcut and just use innerHTML
+			if ( typeof value === "string" && !rnoInnerhtml.test( value ) &&
+				( support.htmlSerialize || !rnoshimcache.test( value )  ) &&
+				( support.leadingWhitespace || !rleadingWhitespace.test( value ) ) &&
+				!wrapMap[ (rtagName.exec( value ) || [ "", "" ])[ 1 ].toLowerCase() ] ) {
+
+				value = value.replace( rxhtmlTag, "<$1></$2>" );
+
+				try {
+					for (; i < l; i++ ) {
+						// Remove element nodes and prevent memory leaks
+						elem = this[i] || {};
+						if ( elem.nodeType === 1 ) {
+							jQuery.cleanData( getAll( elem, false ) );
+							elem.innerHTML = value;
+						}
+					}
+
+					elem = 0;
+
+				// If using innerHTML throws an exception, use the fallback method
+				} catch(e) {}
+			}
+
+			if ( elem ) {
+				this.empty().append( value );
+			}
+		}, null, value, arguments.length );
+	},
+
+	replaceWith: function() {
+		var arg = arguments[ 0 ];
+
+		// Make the changes, replacing each context element with the new content
+		this.domManip( arguments, function( elem ) {
+			arg = this.parentNode;
+
+			jQuery.cleanData( getAll( this ) );
+
+			if ( arg ) {
+				arg.replaceChild( elem, this );
+			}
+		});
+
+		// Force removal if there was no new content (e.g., from empty arguments)
+		return arg && (arg.length || arg.nodeType) ? this : this.remove();
+	},
+
+	detach: function( selector ) {
+		return this.remove( selector, true );
+	},
+
+	domManip: function( args, callback ) {
+
+		// Flatten any nested arrays
+		args = concat.apply( [], args );
+
+		var first, node, hasScripts,
+			scripts, doc, fragment,
+			i = 0,
+			l = this.length,
+			set = this,
+			iNoClone = l - 1,
+			value = args[0],
+			isFunction = jQuery.isFunction( value );
+
+		// We can't cloneNode fragments that contain checked, in WebKit
+		if ( isFunction ||
+				( l > 1 && typeof value === "string" &&
+					!support.checkClone && rchecked.test( value ) ) ) {
+			return this.each(function( index ) {
+				var self = set.eq( index );
+				if ( isFunction ) {
+					args[0] = value.call( this, index, self.html() );
+				}
+				self.domManip( args, callback );
+			});
+		}
+
+		if ( l ) {
+			fragment = jQuery.buildFragment( args, this[ 0 ].ownerDocument, false, this );
+			first = fragment.firstChild;
+
+			if ( fragment.childNodes.length === 1 ) {
+				fragment = first;
+			}
+
+			if ( first ) {
+				scripts = jQuery.map( getAll( fragment, "script" ), disableScript );
+				hasScripts = scripts.length;
+
+				// Use the original fragment for the last item instead of the first because it can end up
+				// being emptied incorrectly in certain situations (#8070).
+				for ( ; i < l; i++ ) {
+					node = fragment;
+
+					if ( i !== iNoClone ) {
+						node = jQuery.clone( node, true, true );
+
+						// Keep references to cloned scripts for later restoration
+						if ( hasScripts ) {
+							jQuery.merge( scripts, getAll( node, "script" ) );
+						}
+					}
+
+					callback.call( this[i], node, i );
+				}
+
+				if ( hasScripts ) {
+					doc = scripts[ scripts.length - 1 ].ownerDocument;
+
+					// Reenable scripts
+					jQuery.map( scripts, restoreScript );
+
+					// Evaluate executable scripts on first document insertion
+					for ( i = 0; i < hasScripts; i++ ) {
+						node = scripts[ i ];
+						if ( rscriptType.test( node.type || "" ) &&
+							!jQuery._data( node, "globalEval" ) && jQuery.contains( doc, node ) ) {
+
+							if ( node.src ) {
+								// Optional AJAX dependency, but won't run scripts if not present
+								if ( jQuery._evalUrl ) {
+									jQuery._evalUrl( node.src );
+								}
+							} else {
+								jQuery.globalEval( ( node.text || node.textContent || node.innerHTML || "" ).replace( rcleanScript, "" ) );
+							}
+						}
+					}
+				}
+
+				// Fix #11809: Avoid leaking memory
+				fragment = first = null;
+			}
+		}
+
+		return this;
+	}
+});
+
+jQuery.each({
+	appendTo: "append",
+	prependTo: "prepend",
+	insertBefore: "before",
+	insertAfter: "after",
+	replaceAll: "replaceWith"
+}, function( name, original ) {
+	jQuery.fn[ name ] = function( selector ) {
+		var elems,
+			i = 0,
+			ret = [],
+			insert = jQuery( selector ),
+			last = insert.length - 1;
+
+		for ( ; i <= last; i++ ) {
+			elems = i === last ? this : this.clone(true);
+			jQuery( insert[i] )[ original ]( elems );
+
+			// Modern browsers can apply jQuery collections as arrays, but oldIE needs a .get()
+			push.apply( ret, elems.get() );
+		}
+
+		return this.pushStack( ret );
+	};
+});
+
+
+var iframe,
+	elemdisplay = {};
+
+/**
+ * Retrieve the actual display of a element
+ * @param {String} name nodeName of the element
+ * @param {Object} doc Document object
+ */
+// Called only from within defaultDisplay
+function actualDisplay( name, doc ) {
+	var style,
+		elem = jQuery( doc.createElement( name ) ).appendTo( doc.body ),
+
+		// getDefaultComputedStyle might be reliably used only on attached element
+		display = window.getDefaultComputedStyle && ( style = window.getDefaultComputedStyle( elem[ 0 ] ) ) ?
+
+			// Use of this method is a temporary fix (more like optmization) until something better comes along,
+			// since it was removed from specification and supported only in FF
+			style.display : jQuery.css( elem[ 0 ], "display" );
+
+	// We don't have any data stored on the element,
+	// so use "detach" method as fast way to get rid of the element
+	elem.detach();
+
+	return display;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Try to determine the default display value of an element
+ * @param {String} nodeName
+ */
+function defaultDisplay( nodeName ) {
+	var doc = document,
+		display = elemdisplay[ nodeName ];
+
+	if ( !display ) {
+		display = actualDisplay( nodeName, doc );
+
+		// If the simple way fails, read from inside an iframe
+		if ( display === "none" || !display ) {
+
+			// Use the already-created iframe if possible
+			iframe = (iframe || jQuery( "<iframe frameborder='0' width='0' height='0'/>" )).appendTo( doc.documentElement );
+
+			// Always write a new HTML skeleton so Webkit and Firefox don't choke on reuse
+			doc = ( iframe[ 0 ].contentWindow || iframe[ 0 ].contentDocument ).document;
+
+			// Support: IE
+			doc.write();
+			doc.close();
+
+			display = actualDisplay( nodeName, doc );
+			iframe.detach();
+		}
+
+		// Store the correct default display
+		elemdisplay[ nodeName ] = display;
+	}
+
+	return display;
+}
+
+
+(function() {
+	var shrinkWrapBlocksVal;
+
+	support.shrinkWrapBlocks = function() {
+		if ( shrinkWrapBlocksVal != null ) {
+			return shrinkWrapBlocksVal;
+		}
+
+		// Will be changed later if needed.
+		shrinkWrapBlocksVal = false;
+
+		// Minified: var b,c,d
+		var div, body, container;
+
+		body = document.getElementsByTagName( "body" )[ 0 ];
+		if ( !body || !body.style ) {
+			// Test fired too early or in an unsupported environment, exit.
+			return;
+		}
+
+		// Setup
+		div = document.createElement( "div" );
+		container = document.createElement( "div" );
+		container.style.cssText = "position:absolute;border:0;width:0;height:0;top:0;left:-9999px";
+		body.appendChild( container ).appendChild( div );
+
+		// Support: IE6
+		// Check if elements with layout shrink-wrap their children
+		if ( typeof div.style.zoom !== strundefined ) {
+			// Reset CSS: box-sizing; display; margin; border
+			div.style.cssText =
+				// Support: Firefox<29, Android 2.3
+				// Vendor-prefix box-sizing
+				"-webkit-box-sizing:content-box;-moz-box-sizing:content-box;" +
+				"box-sizing:content-box;display:block;margin:0;border:0;" +
+				"padding:1px;width:1px;zoom:1";
+			div.appendChild( document.createElement( "div" ) ).style.width = "5px";
+			shrinkWrapBlocksVal = div.offsetWidth !== 3;
+		}
+
+		body.removeChild( container );
+
+		return shrinkWrapBlocksVal;
+	};
+
+})();
+var rmargin = (/^margin/);
+
+var rnumnonpx = new RegExp( "^(" + pnum + ")(?!px)[a-z%]+$", "i" );
+
+
+
+var getStyles, curCSS,
+	rposition = /^(top|right|bottom|left)$/;
+
+if ( window.getComputedStyle ) {
+	getStyles = function( elem ) {
+		return elem.ownerDocument.defaultView.getComputedStyle( elem, null );
+	};
+
+	curCSS = function( elem, name, computed ) {
+		var width, minWidth, maxWidth, ret,
+			style = elem.style;
+
+		computed = computed || getStyles( elem );
+
+		// getPropertyValue is only needed for .css('filter') in IE9, see #12537
+		ret = computed ? computed.getPropertyValue( name ) || computed[ name ] : undefined;
+
+		if ( computed ) {
+
+			if ( ret === "" && !jQuery.contains( elem.ownerDocument, elem ) ) {
+				ret = jQuery.style( elem, name );
+			}
+
+			// A tribute to the "awesome hack by Dean Edwards"
+			// Chrome < 17 and Safari 5.0 uses "computed value" instead of "used value" for margin-right
+			// Safari 5.1.7 (at least) returns percentage for a larger set of values, but width seems to be reliably pixels
+			// this is against the CSSOM draft spec: http://dev.w3.org/csswg/cssom/#resolved-values
+			if ( rnumnonpx.test( ret ) && rmargin.test( name ) ) {
+
+				// Remember the original values
+				width = style.width;
+				minWidth = style.minWidth;
+				maxWidth = style.maxWidth;
+
+				// Put in the new values to get a computed value out
+				style.minWidth = style.maxWidth = style.width = ret;
+				ret = computed.width;
+
+				// Revert the changed values
+				style.width = width;
+				style.minWidth = minWidth;
+				style.maxWidth = maxWidth;
+			}
+		}
+
+		// Support: IE
+		// IE returns zIndex value as an integer.
+		return ret === undefined ?
+			ret :
+			ret + "";
+	};
+} else if ( document.documentElement.currentStyle ) {
+	getStyles = function( elem ) {
+		return elem.currentStyle;
+	};
+
+	curCSS = function( elem, name, computed ) {
+		var left, rs, rsLeft, ret,
+			style = elem.style;
+
+		computed = computed || getStyles( elem );
+		ret = computed ? computed[ name ] : undefined;
+
+		// Avoid setting ret to empty string here
+		// so we don't default to auto
+		if ( ret == null && style && style[ name ] ) {
+			ret = style[ name ];
+		}
+
+		// From the awesome hack by Dean Edwards
+		// http://erik.eae.net/archives/2007/07/27/18.54.15/#comment-102291
+
+		// If we're not dealing with a regular pixel number
+		// but a number that has a weird ending, we need to convert it to pixels
+		// but not position css attributes, as those are proportional to the parent element instead
+		// and we can't measure the parent instead because it might trigger a "stacking dolls" problem
+		if ( rnumnonpx.test( ret ) && !rposition.test( name ) ) {
+
+			// Remember the original values
+			left = style.left;
+			rs = elem.runtimeStyle;
+			rsLeft = rs && rs.left;
+
+			// Put in the new values to get a computed value out
+			if ( rsLeft ) {
+				rs.left = elem.currentStyle.left;
+			}
+			style.left = name === "fontSize" ? "1em" : ret;
+			ret = style.pixelLeft + "px";
+
+			// Revert the changed values
+			style.left = left;
+			if ( rsLeft ) {
+				rs.left = rsLeft;
+			}
+		}
+
+		// Support: IE
+		// IE returns zIndex value as an integer.
+		return ret === undefined ?
+			ret :
+			ret + "" || "auto";
+	};
+}
+
+
+
+
+function addGetHookIf( conditionFn, hookFn ) {
+	// Define the hook, we'll check on the first run if it's really needed.
+	return {
+		get: function() {
+			var condition = conditionFn();
+
+			if ( condition == null ) {
+				// The test was not ready at this point; screw the hook this time
+				// but check again when needed next time.
+				return;
+			}
+
+			if ( condition ) {
+				// Hook not needed (or it's not possible to use it due to missing dependency),
+				// remove it.
+				// Since there are no other hooks for marginRight, remove the whole object.
+				delete this.get;
+				return;
+			}
+
+			// Hook needed; redefine it so that the support test is not executed again.
+
+			return (this.get = hookFn).apply( this, arguments );
+		}
+	};
+}
+
+
+(function() {
+	// Minified: var b,c,d,e,f,g, h,i
+	var div, style, a, pixelPositionVal, boxSizingReliableVal,
+		reliableHiddenOffsetsVal, reliableMarginRightVal;
+
+	// Setup
+	div = document.createElement( "div" );
+	div.innerHTML = "  <link/><table></table><a href='/a'>a</a><input type='checkbox'/>";
+	a = div.getElementsByTagName( "a" )[ 0 ];
+	style = a && a.style;
+
+	// Finish early in limited (non-browser) environments
+	if ( !style ) {
+		return;
+	}
+
+	style.cssText = "float:left;opacity:.5";
+
+	// Support: IE<9
+	// Make sure that element opacity exists (as opposed to filter)
+	support.opacity = style.opacity === "0.5";
+
+	// Verify style float existence
+	// (IE uses styleFloat instead of cssFloat)
+	support.cssFloat = !!style.cssFloat;
+
+	div.style.backgroundClip = "content-box";
+	div.cloneNode( true ).style.backgroundClip = "";
+	support.clearCloneStyle = div.style.backgroundClip === "content-box";
+
+	// Support: Firefox<29, Android 2.3
+	// Vendor-prefix box-sizing
+	support.boxSizing = style.boxSizing === "" || style.MozBoxSizing === "" ||
+		style.WebkitBoxSizing === "";
+
+	jQuery.extend(support, {
+		reliableHiddenOffsets: function() {
+			if ( reliableHiddenOffsetsVal == null ) {
+				computeStyleTests();
+			}
+			return reliableHiddenOffsetsVal;
+		},
+
+		boxSizingReliable: function() {
+			if ( boxSizingReliableVal == null ) {
+				computeStyleTests();
+			}
+			return boxSizingReliableVal;
+		},
+
+		pixelPosition: function() {
+			if ( pixelPositionVal == null ) {
+				computeStyleTests();
+			}
+			return pixelPositionVal;
+		},
+
+		// Support: Android 2.3
+		reliableMarginRight: function() {
+			if ( reliableMarginRightVal == null ) {
+				computeStyleTests();
+			}
+			return reliableMarginRightVal;
+		}
+	});
+
+	function computeStyleTests() {
+		// Minified: var b,c,d,j
+		var div, body, container, contents;
+
+		body = document.getElementsByTagName( "body" )[ 0 ];
+		if ( !body || !body.style ) {
+			// Test fired too early or in an unsupported environment, exit.
+			return;
+		}
+
+		// Setup
+		div = document.createElement( "div" );
+		container = document.createElement( "div" );
+		container.style.cssText = "position:absolute;border:0;width:0;height:0;top:0;left:-9999px";
+		body.appendChild( container ).appendChild( div );
+
+		div.style.cssText =
+			// Support: Firefox<29, Android 2.3
+			// Vendor-prefix box-sizing
+			"-webkit-box-sizing:border-box;-moz-box-sizing:border-box;" +
+			"box-sizing:border-box;display:block;margin-top:1%;top:1%;" +
+			"border:1px;padding:1px;width:4px;position:absolute";
+
+		// Support: IE<9
+		// Assume reasonable values in the absence of getComputedStyle
+		pixelPositionVal = boxSizingReliableVal = false;
+		reliableMarginRightVal = true;
+
+		// Check for getComputedStyle so that this code is not run in IE<9.
+		if ( window.getComputedStyle ) {
+			pixelPositionVal = ( window.getComputedStyle( div, null ) || {} ).top !== "1%";
+			boxSizingReliableVal =
+				( window.getComputedStyle( div, null ) || { width: "4px" } ).width === "4px";
+
+			// Support: Android 2.3
+			// Div with explicit width and no margin-right incorrectly
+			// gets computed margin-right based on width of container (#3333)
+			// WebKit Bug 13343 - getComputedStyle returns wrong value for margin-right
+			contents = div.appendChild( document.createElement( "div" ) );
+
+			// Reset CSS: box-sizing; display; margin; border; padding
+			contents.style.cssText = div.style.cssText =
+				// Support: Firefox<29, Android 2.3
+				// Vendor-prefix box-sizing
+				"-webkit-box-sizing:content-box;-moz-box-sizing:content-box;" +
+				"box-sizing:content-box;display:block;margin:0;border:0;padding:0";
+			contents.style.marginRight = contents.style.width = "0";
+			div.style.width = "1px";
+
+			reliableMarginRightVal =
+				!parseFloat( ( window.getComputedStyle( contents, null ) || {} ).marginRight );
+		}
+
+		// Support: IE8
+		// Check if table cells still have offsetWidth/Height when they are set
+		// to display:none and there are still other visible table cells in a
+		// table row; if so, offsetWidth/Height are not reliable for use when
+		// determining if an element has been hidden directly using
+		// display:none (it is still safe to use offsets if a parent element is
+		// hidden; don safety goggles and see bug #4512 for more information).
+		div.innerHTML = "<table><tr><td></td><td>t</td></tr></table>";
+		contents = div.getElementsByTagName( "td" );
+		contents[ 0 ].style.cssText = "margin:0;border:0;padding:0;display:none";
+		reliableHiddenOffsetsVal = contents[ 0 ].offsetHeight === 0;
+		if ( reliableHiddenOffsetsVal ) {
+			contents[ 0 ].style.display = "";
+			contents[ 1 ].style.display = "none";
+			reliableHiddenOffsetsVal = contents[ 0 ].offsetHeight === 0;
+		}
+
+		body.removeChild( container );
+	}
+
+})();
+
+
+// A method for quickly swapping in/out CSS properties to get correct calculations.
+jQuery.swap = function( elem, options, callback, args ) {
+	var ret, name,
+		old = {};
+
+	// Remember the old values, and insert the new ones
+	for ( name in options ) {
+		old[ name ] = elem.style[ name ];
+		elem.style[ name ] = options[ name ];
+	}
+
+	ret = callback.apply( elem, args || [] );
+
+	// Revert the old values
+	for ( name in options ) {
+		elem.style[ name ] = old[ name ];
+	}
+
+	return ret;
+};
+
+
+var
+		ralpha = /alpha\([^)]*\)/i,
+	ropacity = /opacity\s*=\s*([^)]*)/,
+
+	// swappable if display is none or starts with table except "table", "table-cell", or "table-caption"
+	// see here for display values: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/CSS/display
+	rdisplayswap = /^(none|table(?!-c[ea]).+)/,
+	rnumsplit = new RegExp( "^(" + pnum + ")(.*)$", "i" ),
+	rrelNum = new RegExp( "^([+-])=(" + pnum + ")", "i" ),
+
+	cssShow = { position: "absolute", visibility: "hidden", display: "block" },
+	cssNormalTransform = {
+		letterSpacing: "0",
+		fontWeight: "400"
+	},
+
+	cssPrefixes = [ "Webkit", "O", "Moz", "ms" ];
+
+
+// return a css property mapped to a potentially vendor prefixed property
+function vendorPropName( style, name ) {
+
+	// shortcut for names that are not vendor prefixed
+	if ( name in style ) {
+		return name;
+	}
+
+	// check for vendor prefixed names
+	var capName = name.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + name.slice(1),
+		origName = name,
+		i = cssPrefixes.length;
+
+	while ( i-- ) {
+		name = cssPrefixes[ i ] + capName;
+		if ( name in style ) {
+			return name;
+		}
+	}
+
+	return origName;
+}
+
+function showHide( elements, show ) {
+	var display, elem, hidden,
+		values = [],
+		index = 0,
+		length = elements.length;
+
+	for ( ; index < length; index++ ) {
+		elem = elements[ index ];
+		if ( !elem.style ) {
+			continue;
+		}
+
+		values[ index ] = jQuery._data( elem, "olddisplay" );
+		display = elem.style.display;
+		if ( show ) {
+			// Reset the inline display of this element to learn if it is
+			// being hidden by cascaded rules or not
+			if ( !values[ index ] && display === "none" ) {
+				elem.style.display = "";
+			}
+
+			// Set elements which have been overridden with display: none
+			// in a stylesheet to whatever the default browser style is
+			// for such an element
+			if ( elem.style.display === "" && isHidden( elem ) ) {
+				values[ index ] = jQuery._data( elem, "olddisplay", defaultDisplay(elem.nodeName) );
+			}
+		} else {
+			hidden = isHidden( elem );
+
+			if ( display && display !== "none" || !hidden ) {
+				jQuery._data( elem, "olddisplay", hidden ? display : jQuery.css( elem, "display" ) );
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Set the display of most of the elements in a second loop
+	// to avoid the constant reflow
+	for ( index = 0; index < length; index++ ) {
+		elem = elements[ index ];
+		if ( !elem.style ) {
+			continue;
+		}
+		if ( !show || elem.style.display === "none" || elem.style.display === "" ) {
+			elem.style.display = show ? values[ index ] || "" : "none";
+		}
+	}
+
+	return elements;
+}
+
+function setPositiveNumber( elem, value, subtract ) {
+	var matches = rnumsplit.exec( value );
+	return matches ?
+		// Guard against undefined "subtract", e.g., when used as in cssHooks
+		Math.max( 0, matches[ 1 ] - ( subtract || 0 ) ) + ( matches[ 2 ] || "px" ) :
+		value;
+}
+
+function augmentWidthOrHeight( elem, name, extra, isBorderBox, styles ) {
+	var i = extra === ( isBorderBox ? "border" : "content" ) ?
+		// If we already have the right measurement, avoid augmentation
+		4 :
+		// Otherwise initialize for horizontal or vertical properties
+		name === "width" ? 1 : 0,
+
+		val = 0;
+
+	for ( ; i < 4; i += 2 ) {
+		// both box models exclude margin, so add it if we want it
+		if ( extra === "margin" ) {
+			val += jQuery.css( elem, extra + cssExpand[ i ], true, styles );
+		}
+
+		if ( isBorderBox ) {
+			// border-box includes padding, so remove it if we want content
+			if ( extra === "content" ) {
+				val -= jQuery.css( elem, "padding" + cssExpand[ i ], true, styles );
+			}
+
+			// at this point, extra isn't border nor margin, so remove border
+			if ( extra !== "margin" ) {
+				val -= jQuery.css( elem, "border" + cssExpand[ i ] + "Width", true, styles );
+			}
+		} else {
+			// at this point, extra isn't content, so add padding
+			val += jQuery.css( elem, "padding" + cssExpand[ i ], true, styles );
+
+			// at this point, extra isn't content nor padding, so add border
+			if ( extra !== "padding" ) {
+				val += jQuery.css( elem, "border" + cssExpand[ i ] + "Width", true, styles );
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	return val;
+}
+
+function getWidthOrHeight( elem, name, extra ) {
+
+	// Start with offset property, which is equivalent to the border-box value
+	var valueIsBorderBox = true,
+		val = name === "width" ? elem.offsetWidth : elem.offsetHeight,
+		styles = getStyles( elem ),
+		isBorderBox = support.boxSizing && jQuery.css( elem, "boxSizing", false, styles ) === "border-box";
+
+	// some non-html elements return undefined for offsetWidth, so check for null/undefined
+	// svg - https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=649285
+	// MathML - https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=491668
+	if ( val <= 0 || val == null ) {
+		// Fall back to computed then uncomputed css if necessary
+		val = curCSS( elem, name, styles );
+		if ( val < 0 || val == null ) {
+			val = elem.style[ name ];
+		}
+
+		// Computed unit is not pixels. Stop here and return.
+		if ( rnumnonpx.test(val) ) {
+			return val;
+		}
+
+		// we need the check for style in case a browser which returns unreliable values
+		// for getComputedStyle silently falls back to the reliable elem.style
+		valueIsBorderBox = isBorderBox && ( support.boxSizingReliable() || val === elem.style[ name ] );
+
+		// Normalize "", auto, and prepare for extra
+		val = parseFloat( val ) || 0;
+	}
+
+	// use the active box-sizing model to add/subtract irrelevant styles
+	return ( val +
+		augmentWidthOrHeight(
+			elem,
+			name,
+			extra || ( isBorderBox ? "border" : "content" ),
+			valueIsBorderBox,
+			styles
+		)
+	) + "px";
+}
+
+jQuery.extend({
+	// Add in style property hooks for overriding the default
+	// behavior of getting and setting a style property
+	cssHooks: {
+		opacity: {
+			get: function( elem, computed ) {
+				if ( computed ) {
+					// We should always get a number back from opacity
+					var ret = curCSS( elem, "opacity" );
+					return ret === "" ? "1" : ret;
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	},
+
+	// Don't automatically add "px" to these possibly-unitless properties
+	cssNumber: {
+		"columnCount": true,
+		"fillOpacity": true,
+		"flexGrow": true,
+		"flexShrink": true,
+		"fontWeight": true,
+		"lineHeight": true,
+		"opacity": true,
+		"order": true,
+		"orphans": true,
+		"widows": true,
+		"zIndex": true,
+		"zoom": true
+	},
+
+	// Add in properties whose names you wish to fix before
+	// setting or getting the value
+	cssProps: {
+		// normalize float css property
+		"float": support.cssFloat ? "cssFloat" : "styleFloat"
+	},
+
+	// Get and set the style property on a DOM Node
+	style: function( elem, name, value, extra ) {
+		// Don't set styles on text and comment nodes
+		if ( !elem || elem.nodeType === 3 || elem.nodeType === 8 || !elem.style ) {
+			return;
+		}
+
+		// Make sure that we're working with the right name
+		var ret, type, hooks,
+			origName = jQuery.camelCase( name ),
+			style = elem.style;
+
+		name = jQuery.cssProps[ origName ] || ( jQuery.cssProps[ origName ] = vendorPropName( style, origName ) );
+
+		// gets hook for the prefixed version
+		// followed by the unprefixed version
+		hooks = jQuery.cssHooks[ name ] || jQuery.cssHooks[ origName ];
+
+		// Check if we're setting a value
+		if ( value !== undefined ) {
+			type = typeof value;
+
+			// convert relative number strings (+= or -=) to relative numbers. #7345
+			if ( type === "string" && (ret = rrelNum.exec( value )) ) {
+				value = ( ret[1] + 1 ) * ret[2] + parseFloat( jQuery.css( elem, name ) );
+				// Fixes bug #9237
+				type = "number";
+			}
+
+			// Make sure that null and NaN values aren't set. See: #7116
+			if ( value == null || value !== value ) {
+				return;
+			}
+
+			// If a number was passed in, add 'px' to the (except for certain CSS properties)
+			if ( type === "number" && !jQuery.cssNumber[ origName ] ) {
+				value += "px";
+			}
+
+			// Fixes #8908, it can be done more correctly by specifing setters in cssHooks,
+			// but it would mean to define eight (for every problematic property) identical functions
+			if ( !support.clearCloneStyle && value === "" && name.indexOf("background") === 0 ) {
+				style[ name ] = "inherit";
+			}
+
+			// If a hook was provided, use that value, otherwise just set the specified value
+			if ( !hooks || !("set" in hooks) || (value = hooks.set( elem, value, extra )) !== undefined ) {
+
+				// Support: IE
+				// Swallow errors from 'invalid' CSS values (#5509)
+				try {
+					style[ name ] = value;
+				} catch(e) {}
+			}
+
+		} else {
+			// If a hook was provided get the non-computed value from there
+			if ( hooks && "get" in hooks && (ret = hooks.get( elem, false, extra )) !== undefined ) {
+				return ret;
+			}
+
+			// Otherwise just get the value from the style object
+			return style[ name ];
+		}
+	},
+
+	css: function( elem, name, extra, styles ) {
+		var num, val, hooks,
+			origName = jQuery.camelCase( name );
+
+		// Make sure that we're working with the right name
+		name = jQuery.cssProps[ origName ] || ( jQuery.cssProps[ origName ] = vendorPropName( elem.style, origName ) );
+
+		// gets hook for the prefixed version
+		// followed by the unprefixed version
+		hooks = jQuery.cssHooks[ name ] || jQuery.cssHooks[ origName ];
+
+		// If a hook was provided get the computed value from there
+		if ( hooks && "get" in hooks ) {
+			val = hooks.get( elem, true, extra );
+		}
+
+		// Otherwise, if a way to get the computed value exists, use that
+		if ( val === undefined ) {
+			val = curCSS( elem, name, styles );
+		}
+
+		//convert "normal" to computed value
+		if ( val === "normal" && name in cssNormalTransform ) {
+			val = cssNormalTransform[ name ];
+		}
+
+		// Return, converting to number if forced or a qualifier was provided and val looks numeric
+		if ( extra === "" || extra ) {
+			num = parseFloat( val );
+			return extra === true || jQuery.isNumeric( num ) ? num || 0 : val;
+		}
+		return val;
+	}
+});
+
+jQuery.each([ "height", "width" ], function( i, name ) {
+	jQuery.cssHooks[ name ] = {
+		get: function( elem, computed, extra ) {
+			if ( computed ) {
+				// certain elements can have dimension info if we invisibly show them
+				// however, it must have a current display style that would benefit from this
+				return rdisplayswap.test( jQuery.css( elem, "display" ) ) && elem.offsetWidth === 0 ?
+					jQuery.swap( elem, cssShow, function() {
+						return getWidthOrHeight( elem, name, extra );
+					}) :
+					getWidthOrHeight( elem, name, extra );
+			}
+		},
+
+		set: function( elem, value, extra ) {
+			var styles = extra && getStyles( elem );
+			return setPositiveNumber( elem, value, extra ?
+				augmentWidthOrHeight(
+					elem,
+					name,
+					extra,
+					support.boxSizing && jQuery.css( elem, "boxSizing", false, styles ) === "border-box",
+					styles
+				) : 0
+			);
+		}
+	};
+});
+
+if ( !support.opacity ) {
+	jQuery.cssHooks.opacity = {
+		get: function( elem, computed ) {
+			// IE uses filters for opacity
+			return ropacity.test( (computed && elem.currentStyle ? elem.currentStyle.filter : elem.style.filter) || "" ) ?
+				( 0.01 * parseFloat( RegExp.$1 ) ) + "" :
+				computed ? "1" : "";
+		},
+
+		set: function( elem, value ) {
+			var style = elem.style,
+				currentStyle = elem.currentStyle,
+				opacity = jQuery.isNumeric( value ) ? "alpha(opacity=" + value * 100 + ")" : "",
+				filter = currentStyle && currentStyle.filter || style.filter || "";
+
+			// IE has trouble with opacity if it does not have layout
+			// Force it by setting the zoom level
+			style.zoom = 1;
+
+			// if setting opacity to 1, and no other filters exist - attempt to remove filter attribute #6652
+			// if value === "", then remove inline opacity #12685
+			if ( ( value >= 1 || value === "" ) &&
+					jQuery.trim( filter.replace( ralpha, "" ) ) === "" &&
+					style.removeAttribute ) {
+
+				// Setting style.filter to null, "" & " " still leave "filter:" in the cssText
+				// if "filter:" is present at all, clearType is disabled, we want to avoid this
+				// style.removeAttribute is IE Only, but so apparently is this code path...
+				style.removeAttribute( "filter" );
+
+				// if there is no filter style applied in a css rule or unset inline opacity, we are done
+				if ( value === "" || currentStyle && !currentStyle.filter ) {
+					return;
+				}
+			}
+
+			// otherwise, set new filter values
+			style.filter = ralpha.test( filter ) ?
+				filter.replace( ralpha, opacity ) :
+				filter + " " + opacity;
+		}
+	};
+}
+
+jQuery.cssHooks.marginRight = addGetHookIf( support.reliableMarginRight,
+	function( elem, computed ) {
+		if ( computed ) {
+			// WebKit Bug 13343 - getComputedStyle returns wrong value for margin-right
+			// Work around by temporarily setting element display to inline-block
+			return jQuery.swap( elem, { "display": "inline-block" },
+				curCSS, [ elem, "marginRight" ] );
+		}
+	}
+);
+
+// These hooks are used by animate to expand properties
+jQuery.each({
+	margin: "",
+	padding: "",
+	border: "Width"
+}, function( prefix, suffix ) {
+	jQuery.cssHooks[ prefix + suffix ] = {
+		expand: function( value ) {
+			var i = 0,
+				expanded = {},
+
+				// assumes a single number if not a string
+				parts = typeof value === "string" ? value.split(" ") : [ value ];
+
+			for ( ; i < 4; i++ ) {
+				expanded[ prefix + cssExpand[ i ] + suffix ] =
+					parts[ i ] || parts[ i - 2 ] || parts[ 0 ];
+			}
+
+			return expanded;
+		}
+	};
+
+	if ( !rmargin.test( prefix ) ) {
+		jQuery.cssHooks[ prefix + suffix ].set = setPositiveNumber;
+	}
+});
+
+jQuery.fn.extend({
+	css: function( name, value ) {
+		return access( this, function( elem, name, value ) {
+			var styles, len,
+				map = {},
+				i = 0;
+
+			if ( jQuery.isArray( name ) ) {
+				styles = getStyles( elem );
+				len = name.length;
+
+				for ( ; i < len; i++ ) {
+					map[ name[ i ] ] = jQuery.css( elem, name[ i ], false, styles );
+				}
+
+				return map;
+			}
+
+			return value !== undefined ?
+				jQuery.style( elem, name, value ) :
+				jQuery.css( elem, name );
+		}, name, value, arguments.length > 1 );
+	},
+	show: function() {
+		return showHide( this, true );
+	},
+	hide: function() {
+		return showHide( this );
+	},
+	toggle: function( state ) {
+		if ( typeof state === "boolean" ) {
+			return state ? this.show() : this.hide();
+		}
+
+		return this.each(function() {
+			if ( isHidden( this ) ) {
+				jQuery( this ).show();
+			} else {
+				jQuery( this ).hide();
+			}
+		});
+	}
+});
+
+
+function Tween( elem, options, prop, end, easing ) {
+	return new Tween.prototype.init( elem, options, prop, end, easing );
+}
+jQuery.Tween = Tween;
+
+Tween.prototype = {
+	constructor: Tween,
+	init: function( elem, options, prop, end, easing, unit ) {
+		this.elem = elem;
+		this.prop = prop;
+		this.easing = easing || "swing";
+		this.options = options;
+		this.start = this.now = this.cur();
+		this.end = end;
+		this.unit = unit || ( jQuery.cssNumber[ prop ] ? "" : "px" );
+	},
+	cur: function() {
+		var hooks = Tween.propHooks[ this.prop ];
+
+		return hooks && hooks.get ?
+			hooks.get( this ) :
+			Tween.propHooks._default.get( this );
+	},
+	run: function( percent ) {
+		var eased,
+			hooks = Tween.propHooks[ this.prop ];
+
+		if ( this.options.duration ) {
+			this.pos = eased = jQuery.easing[ this.easing ](
+				percent, this.options.duration * percent, 0, 1, this.options.duration
+			);
+		} else {
+			this.pos = eased = percent;
+		}
+		this.now = ( this.end - this.start ) * eased + this.start;
+
+		if ( this.options.step ) {
+			this.options.step.call( this.elem, this.now, this );
+		}
+
+		if ( hooks && hooks.set ) {
+			hooks.set( this );
+		} else {
+			Tween.propHooks._default.set( this );
+		}
+		return this;
+	}
+};
+
+Tween.prototype.init.prototype = Tween.prototype;
+
+Tween.propHooks = {
+	_default: {
+		get: function( tween ) {
+			var result;
+
+			if ( tween.elem[ tween.prop ] != null &&
+				(!tween.elem.style || tween.elem.style[ tween.prop ] == null) ) {
+				return tween.elem[ tween.prop ];
+			}
+
+			// passing an empty string as a 3rd parameter to .css will automatically
+			// attempt a parseFloat and fallback to a string if the parse fails
+			// so, simple values such as "10px" are parsed to Float.
+			// complex values such as "rotate(1rad)" are returned as is.
+			result = jQuery.css( tween.elem, tween.prop, "" );
+			// Empty strings, null, undefined and "auto" are converted to 0.
+			return !result || result === "auto" ? 0 : result;
+		},
+		set: function( tween ) {
+			// use step hook for back compat - use cssHook if its there - use .style if its
+			// available and use plain properties where available
+			if ( jQuery.fx.step[ tween.prop ] ) {
+				jQuery.fx.step[ tween.prop ]( tween );
+			} else if ( tween.elem.style && ( tween.elem.style[ jQuery.cssProps[ tween.prop ] ] != null || jQuery.cssHooks[ tween.prop ] ) ) {
+				jQuery.style( tween.elem, tween.prop, tween.now + tween.unit );
+			} else {
+				tween.elem[ tween.prop ] = tween.now;
+			}
+		}
+	}
+};
+
+// Support: IE <=9
+// Panic based approach to setting things on disconnected nodes
+
+Tween.propHooks.scrollTop = Tween.propHooks.scrollLeft = {
+	set: function( tween ) {
+		if ( tween.elem.nodeType && tween.elem.parentNode ) {
+			tween.elem[ tween.prop ] = tween.now;
+		}
+	}
+};
+
+jQuery.easing = {
+	linear: function( p ) {
+		return p;
+	},
+	swing: function( p ) {
+		return 0.5 - Math.cos( p * Math.PI ) / 2;
+	}
+};
+
+jQuery.fx = Tween.prototype.init;
+
+// Back Compat <1.8 extension point
+jQuery.fx.step = {};
+
+
+
+
+var
+	fxNow, timerId,
+	rfxtypes = /^(?:toggle|show|hide)$/,
+	rfxnum = new RegExp( "^(?:([+-])=|)(" + pnum + ")([a-z%]*)$", "i" ),
+	rrun = /queueHooks$/,
+	animationPrefilters = [ defaultPrefilter ],
+	tweeners = {
+		"*": [ function( prop, value ) {
+			var tween = this.createTween( prop, value ),
+				target = tween.cur(),
+				parts = rfxnum.exec( value ),
+				unit = parts && parts[ 3 ] || ( jQuery.cssNumber[ prop ] ? "" : "px" ),
+
+				// Starting value computation is required for potential unit mismatches
+				start = ( jQuery.cssNumber[ prop ] || unit !== "px" && +target ) &&
+					rfxnum.exec( jQuery.css( tween.elem, prop ) ),
+				scale = 1,
+				maxIterations = 20;
+
+			if ( start && start[ 3 ] !== unit ) {
+				// Trust units reported by jQuery.css
+				unit = unit || start[ 3 ];
+
+				// Make sure we update the tween properties later on
+				parts = parts || [];
+
+				// Iteratively approximate from a nonzero starting point
+				start = +target || 1;
+
+				do {
+					// If previous iteration zeroed out, double until we get *something*
+					// Use a string for doubling factor so we don't accidentally see scale as unchanged below
+					scale = scale || ".5";
+
+					// Adjust and apply
+					start = start / scale;
+					jQuery.style( tween.elem, prop, start + unit );
+
+				// Update scale, tolerating zero or NaN from tween.cur()
+				// And breaking the loop if scale is unchanged or perfect, or if we've just had enough
+				} while ( scale !== (scale = tween.cur() / target) && scale !== 1 && --maxIterations );
+			}
+
+			// Update tween properties
+			if ( parts ) {
+				start = tween.start = +start || +target || 0;
+				tween.unit = unit;
+				// If a +=/-= token was provided, we're doing a relative animation
+				tween.end = parts[ 1 ] ?
+					start + ( parts[ 1 ] + 1 ) * parts[ 2 ] :
+					+parts[ 2 ];
+			}
+
+			return tween;
+		} ]
+	};
+
+// Animations created synchronously will run synchronously
+function createFxNow() {
+	setTimeout(function() {
+		fxNow = undefined;
+	});
+	return ( fxNow = jQuery.now() );
+}
+
+// Generate parameters to create a standard animation
+function genFx( type, includeWidth ) {
+	var which,
+		attrs = { height: type },
+		i = 0;
+
+	// if we include width, step value is 1 to do all cssExpand values,
+	// if we don't include width, step value is 2 to skip over Left and Right
+	includeWidth = includeWidth ? 1 : 0;
+	for ( ; i < 4 ; i += 2 - includeWidth ) {
+		which = cssExpand[ i ];
+		attrs[ "margin" + which ] = attrs[ "padding" + which ] = type;
+	}
+
+	if ( includeWidth ) {
+		attrs.opacity = attrs.width = type;
+	}
+
+	return attrs;
+}
+
+function createTween( value, prop, animation ) {
+	var tween,
+		collection = ( tweeners[ prop ] || [] ).concat( tweeners[ "*" ] ),
+		index = 0,
+		length = collection.length;
+	for ( ; index < length; index++ ) {
+		if ( (tween = collection[ index ].call( animation, prop, value )) ) {
+
+			// we're done with this property
+			return tween;
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+function defaultPrefilter( elem, props, opts ) {
+	/* jshint validthis: true */
+	var prop, value, toggle, tween, hooks, oldfire, display, checkDisplay,
+		anim = this,
+		orig = {},
+		style = elem.style,
+		hidden = elem.nodeType && isHidden( elem ),
+		dataShow = jQuery._data( elem, "fxshow" );
+
+	// handle queue: false promises
+	if ( !opts.queue ) {
+		hooks = jQuery._queueHooks( elem, "fx" );
+		if ( hooks.unqueued == null ) {
+			hooks.unqueued = 0;
+			oldfire = hooks.empty.fire;
+			hooks.empty.fire = function() {
+				if ( !hooks.unqueued ) {
+					oldfire();
+				}
+			};
+		}
+		hooks.unqueued++;
+
+		anim.always(function() {
+			// doing this makes sure that the complete handler will be called
+			// before this completes
+			anim.always(function() {
+				hooks.unqueued--;
+				if ( !jQuery.queue( elem, "fx" ).length ) {
+					hooks.empty.fire();
+				}
+			});
+		});
+	}
+
+	// height/width overflow pass
+	if ( elem.nodeType === 1 && ( "height" in props || "width" in props ) ) {
+		// Make sure that nothing sneaks out
+		// Record all 3 overflow attributes because IE does not
+		// change the overflow attribute when overflowX and
+		// overflowY are set to the same value
+		opts.overflow = [ style.overflow, style.overflowX, style.overflowY ];
+
+		// Set display property to inline-block for height/width
+		// animations on inline elements that are having width/height animated
+		display = jQuery.css( elem, "display" );
+
+		// Test default display if display is currently "none"
+		checkDisplay = display === "none" ?
+			jQuery._data( elem, "olddisplay" ) || defaultDisplay( elem.nodeName ) : display;
+
+		if ( checkDisplay === "inline" && jQuery.css( elem, "float" ) === "none" ) {
+
+			// inline-level elements accept inline-block;
+			// block-level elements need to be inline with layout
+			if ( !support.inlineBlockNeedsLayout || defaultDisplay( elem.nodeName ) === "inline" ) {
+				style.display = "inline-block";
+			} else {
+				style.zoom = 1;
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	if ( opts.overflow ) {
+		style.overflow = "hidden";
+		if ( !support.shrinkWrapBlocks() ) {
+			anim.always(function() {
+				style.overflow = opts.overflow[ 0 ];
+				style.overflowX = opts.overflow[ 1 ];
+				style.overflowY = opts.overflow[ 2 ];
+			});
+		}
+	}
+
+	// show/hide pass
+	for ( prop in props ) {
+		value = props[ prop ];
+		if ( rfxtypes.exec( value ) ) {
+			delete props[ prop ];
+			toggle = toggle || value === "toggle";
+			if ( value === ( hidden ? "hide" : "show" ) ) {
+
+				// If there is dataShow left over from a stopped hide or show and we are going to proceed with show, we should pretend to be hidden
+				if ( value === "show" && dataShow && dataShow[ prop ] !== undefined ) {
+					hidden = true;
+				} else {
+					continue;
+				}
+			}
+			orig[ prop ] = dataShow && dataShow[ prop ] || jQuery.style( elem, prop );
+
+		// Any non-fx value stops us from restoring the original display value
+		} else {
+			display = undefined;
+		}
+	}
+
+	if ( !jQuery.isEmptyObject( orig ) ) {
+		if ( dataShow ) {
+			if ( "hidden" in dataShow ) {
+				hidden = dataShow.hidden;
+			}
+		} else {
+			dataShow = jQuery._data( elem, "fxshow", {} );
+		}
+
+		// store state if its toggle - enables .stop().toggle() to "reverse"
+		if ( toggle ) {
+			dataShow.hidden = !hidden;
+		}
+		if ( hidden ) {
+			jQuery( elem ).show();
+		} else {
+			anim.done(function() {
+				jQuery( elem ).hide();
+			});
+		}
+		anim.done(function() {
+			var prop;
+			jQuery._removeData( elem, "fxshow" );
+			for ( prop in orig ) {
+				jQuery.style( elem, prop, orig[ prop ] );
+			}
+		});
+		for ( prop in orig ) {
+			tween = createTween( hidden ? dataShow[ prop ] : 0, prop, anim );
+
+			if ( !( prop in dataShow ) ) {
+				dataShow[ prop ] = tween.start;
+				if ( hidden ) {
+					tween.end = tween.start;
+					tween.start = prop === "width" || prop === "height" ? 1 : 0;
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+	// If this is a noop like .hide().hide(), restore an overwritten display value
+	} else if ( (display === "none" ? defaultDisplay( elem.nodeName ) : display) === "inline" ) {
+		style.display = display;
+	}
+}
+
+function propFilter( props, specialEasing ) {
+	var index, name, easing, value, hooks;
+
+	// camelCase, specialEasing and expand cssHook pass
+	for ( index in props ) {
+		name = jQuery.camelCase( index );
+		easing = specialEasing[ name ];
+		value = props[ index ];
+		if ( jQuery.isArray( value ) ) {
+			easing = value[ 1 ];
+			value = props[ index ] = value[ 0 ];
+		}
+
+		if ( index !== name ) {
+			props[ name ] = value;
+			delete props[ index ];
+		}
+
+		hooks = jQuery.cssHooks[ name ];
+		if ( hooks && "expand" in hooks ) {
+			value = hooks.expand( value );
+			delete props[ name ];
+
+			// not quite $.extend, this wont overwrite keys already present.
+			// also - reusing 'index' from above because we have the correct "name"
+			for ( index in value ) {
+				if ( !( index in props ) ) {
+					props[ index ] = value[ index ];
+					specialEasing[ index ] = easing;
+				}
+			}
+		} else {
+			specialEasing[ name ] = easing;
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+function Animation( elem, properties, options ) {
+	var result,
+		stopped,
+		index = 0,
+		length = animationPrefilters.length,
+		deferred = jQuery.Deferred().always( function() {
+			// don't match elem in the :animated selector
+			delete tick.elem;
+		}),
+		tick = function() {
+			if ( stopped ) {
+				return false;
+			}
+			var currentTime = fxNow || createFxNow(),
+				remaining = Math.max( 0, animation.startTime + animation.duration - currentTime ),
+				// archaic crash bug won't allow us to use 1 - ( 0.5 || 0 ) (#12497)
+				temp = remaining / animation.duration || 0,
+				percent = 1 - temp,
+				index = 0,
+				length = animation.tweens.length;
+
+			for ( ; index < length ; index++ ) {
+				animation.tweens[ index ].run( percent );
+			}
+
+			deferred.notifyWith( elem, [ animation, percent, remaining ]);
+
+			if ( percent < 1 && length ) {
+				return remaining;
+			} else {
+				deferred.resolveWith( elem, [ animation ] );
+				return false;
+			}
+		},
+		animation = deferred.promise({
+			elem: elem,
+			props: jQuery.extend( {}, properties ),
+			opts: jQuery.extend( true, { specialEasing: {} }, options ),
+			originalProperties: properties,
+			originalOptions: options,
+			startTime: fxNow || createFxNow(),
+			duration: options.duration,
+			tweens: [],
+			createTween: function( prop, end ) {
+				var tween = jQuery.Tween( elem, animation.opts, prop, end,
+						animation.opts.specialEasing[ prop ] || animation.opts.easing );
+				animation.tweens.push( tween );
+				return tween;
+			},
+			stop: function( gotoEnd ) {
+				var index = 0,
+					// if we are going to the end, we want to run all the tweens
+					// otherwise we skip this part
+					length = gotoEnd ? animation.tweens.length : 0;
+				if ( stopped ) {
+					return this;
+				}
+				stopped = true;
+				for ( ; index < length ; index++ ) {
+					animation.tweens[ index ].run( 1 );
+				}
+
+				// resolve when we played the last frame
+				// otherwise, reject
+				if ( gotoEnd ) {
+					deferred.resolveWith( elem, [ animation, gotoEnd ] );
+				} else {
+					deferred.rejectWith( elem, [ animation, gotoEnd ] );
+				}
+				return this;
+			}
+		}),
+		props = animation.props;
+
+	propFilter( props, animation.opts.specialEasing );
+
+	for ( ; index < length ; index++ ) {
+		result = animationPrefilters[ index ].call( animation, elem, props, animation.opts );
+		if ( result ) {
+			return result;
+		}
+	}
+
+	jQuery.map( props, createTween, animation );
+
+	if ( jQuery.isFunction( animation.opts.start ) ) {
+		animation.opts.start.call( elem, animation );
+	}
+
+	jQuery.fx.timer(
+		jQuery.extend( tick, {
+			elem: elem,
+			anim: animation,
+			queue: animation.opts.queue
+		})
+	);
+
+	// attach callbacks from options
+	return animation.progress( animation.opts.progress )
+		.done( animation.opts.done, animation.opts.complete )
+		.fail( animation.opts.fail )
+		.always( animation.opts.always );
+}
+
+jQuery.Animation = jQuery.extend( Animation, {
+	tweener: function( props, callback ) {
+		if ( jQuery.isFunction( props ) ) {
+			callback = props;
+			props = [ "*" ];
+		} else {
+			props = props.split(" ");
+		}
+
+		var prop,
+			index = 0,
+			length = props.length;
+
+		for ( ; index < length ; index++ ) {
+			prop = props[ index ];
+			tweeners[ prop ] = tweeners[ prop ] || [];
+			tweeners[ prop ].unshift( callback );
+		}
+	},
+
+	prefilter: function( callback, prepend ) {
+		if ( prepend ) {
+			animationPrefilters.unshift( callback );
+		} else {
+			animationPrefilters.push( callback );
+		}
+	}
+});
+
+jQuery.speed = function( speed, easing, fn ) {
+	var opt = speed && typeof speed === "object" ? jQuery.extend( {}, speed ) : {
+		complete: fn || !fn && easing ||
+			jQuery.isFunction( speed ) && speed,
+		duration: speed,
+		easing: fn && easing || easing && !jQuery.isFunction( easing ) && easing
+	};
+
+	opt.duration = jQuery.fx.off ? 0 : typeof opt.duration === "number" ? opt.duration :
+		opt.duration in jQuery.fx.speeds ? jQuery.fx.speeds[ opt.duration ] : jQuery.fx.speeds._default;
+
+	// normalize opt.queue - true/undefined/null -> "fx"
+	if ( opt.queue == null || opt.queue === true ) {
+		opt.queue = "fx";
+	}
+
+	// Queueing
+	opt.old = opt.complete;
+
+	opt.complete = function() {
+		if ( jQuery.isFunction( opt.old ) ) {
+			opt.old.call( this );
+		}
+
+		if ( opt.queue ) {
+			jQuery.dequeue( this, opt.queue );
+		}
+	};
+
+	return opt;
+};
+
+jQuery.fn.extend({
+	fadeTo: function( speed, to, easing, callback ) {
+
+		// show any hidden elements after setting opacity to 0
+		return this.filter( isHidden ).css( "opacity", 0 ).show()
+
+			// animate to the value specified
+			.end().animate({ opacity: to }, speed, easing, callback );
+	},
+	animate: function( prop, speed, easing, callback ) {
+		var empty = jQuery.isEmptyObject( prop ),
+			optall = jQuery.speed( speed, easing, callback ),
+			doAnimation = function() {
+				// Operate on a copy of prop so per-property easing won't be lost
+				var anim = Animation( this, jQuery.extend( {}, prop ), optall );
+
+				// Empty animations, or finishing resolves immediately
+				if ( empty || jQuery._data( this, "finish" ) ) {
+					anim.stop( true );
+				}
+			};
+			doAnimation.finish = doAnimation;
+
+		return empty || optall.queue === false ?
+			this.each( doAnimation ) :
+			this.queue( optall.queue, doAnimation );
+	},
+	stop: function( type, clearQueue, gotoEnd ) {
+		var stopQueue = function( hooks ) {
+			var stop = hooks.stop;
+			delete hooks.stop;
+			stop( gotoEnd );
+		};
+
+		if ( typeof type !== "string" ) {
+			gotoEnd = clearQueue;
+			clearQueue = type;
+			type = undefined;
+		}
+		if ( clearQueue && type !== false ) {
+			this.queue( type || "fx", [] );
+		}
+
+		return this.each(function() {
+			var dequeue = true,
+				index = type != null && type + "queueHooks",
+				timers = jQuery.timers,
+				data = jQuery._data( this );
+
+			if ( index ) {
+				if ( data[ index ] && data[ index ].stop ) {
+					stopQueue( data[ index ] );
+				}
+			} else {
+				for ( index in data ) {
+					if ( data[ index ] && data[ index ].stop && rrun.test( index ) ) {
+						stopQueue( data[ index ] );
+					}
+				}
+			}
+
+			for ( index = timers.length; index--; ) {
+				if ( timers[ index ].elem === this && (type == null || timers[ index ].queue === type) ) {
+					timers[ index ].anim.stop( gotoEnd );
+					dequeue = false;
+					timers.splice( index, 1 );
+				}
+			}
+
+			// start the next in the queue if the last step wasn't forced
+			// timers currently will call their complete callbacks, which will dequeue
+			// but only if they were gotoEnd
+			if ( dequeue || !gotoEnd ) {
+				jQuery.dequeue( this, type );
+			}
+		});
+	},
+	finish: function( type ) {
+		if ( type !== false ) {
+			type = type || "fx";
+		}
+		return this.each(function() {
+			var index,
+				data = jQuery._data( this ),
+				queue = data[ type + "queue" ],
+				hooks = data[ type + "queueHooks" ],
+				timers = jQuery.timers,
+				length = queue ? queue.length : 0;
+
+			// enable finishing flag on private data
+			data.finish = true;
+
+			// empty the queue first
+			jQuery.queue( this, type, [] );
+
+			if ( hooks && hooks.stop ) {
+				hooks.stop.call( this, true );
+			}
+
+			// look for any active animations, and finish them
+			for ( index = timers.length; index--; ) {
+				if ( timers[ index ].elem === this && timers[ index ].queue === type ) {
+					timers[ index ].anim.stop( true );
+					timers.splice( index, 1 );
+				}
+			}
+
+			// look for any animations in the old queue and finish them
+			for ( index = 0; index < length; index++ ) {
+				if ( queue[ index ] && queue[ index ].finish ) {
+					queue[ index ].finish.call( this );
+				}
+			}
+
+			// turn off finishing flag
+			delete data.finish;
+		});
+	}
+});
+
+jQuery.each([ "toggle", "show", "hide" ], function( i, name ) {
+	var cssFn = jQuery.fn[ name ];
+	jQuery.fn[ name ] = function( speed, easing, callback ) {
+		return speed == null || typeof speed === "boolean" ?
+			cssFn.apply( this, arguments ) :
+			this.animate( genFx( name, true ), speed, easing, callback );
+	};
+});
+
+// Generate shortcuts for custom animations
+jQuery.each({
+	slideDown: genFx("show"),
+	slideUp: genFx("hide"),
+	slideToggle: genFx("toggle"),
+	fadeIn: { opacity: "show" },
+	fadeOut: { opacity: "hide" },
+	fadeToggle: { opacity: "toggle" }
+}, function( name, props ) {
+	jQuery.fn[ name ] = function( speed, easing, callback ) {
+		return this.animate( props, speed, easing, callback );
+	};
+});
+
+jQuery.timers = [];
+jQuery.fx.tick = function() {
+	var timer,
+		timers = jQuery.timers,
+		i = 0;
+
+	fxNow = jQuery.now();
+
+	for ( ; i < timers.length; i++ ) {
+		timer = timers[ i ];
+		// Checks the timer has not already been removed
+		if ( !timer() && timers[ i ] === timer ) {
+			timers.splice( i--, 1 );
+		}
+	}
+
+	if ( !timers.length ) {
+		jQuery.fx.stop();
+	}
+	fxNow = undefined;
+};
+
+jQuery.fx.timer = function( timer ) {
+	jQuery.timers.push( timer );
+	if ( timer() ) {
+		jQuery.fx.start();
+	} else {
+		jQuery.timers.pop();
+	}
+};
+
+jQuery.fx.interval = 13;
+
+jQuery.fx.start = function() {
+	if ( !timerId ) {
+		timerId = setInterval( jQuery.fx.tick, jQuery.fx.interval );
+	}
+};
+
+jQuery.fx.stop = function() {
+	clearInterval( timerId );
+	timerId = null;
+};
+
+jQuery.fx.speeds = {
+	slow: 600,
+	fast: 200,
+	// Default speed
+	_default: 400
+};
+
+
+// Based off of the plugin by Clint Helfers, with permission.
+// http://blindsignals.com/index.php/2009/07/jquery-delay/
+jQuery.fn.delay = function( time, type ) {
+	time = jQuery.fx ? jQuery.fx.speeds[ time ] || time : time;
+	type = type || "fx";
+
+	return this.queue( type, function( next, hooks ) {
+		var timeout = setTimeout( next, time );
+		hooks.stop = function() {
+			clearTimeout( timeout );
+		};
+	});
+};
+
+
+(function() {
+	// Minified: var a,b,c,d,e
+	var input, div, select, a, opt;
+
+	// Setup
+	div = document.createElement( "div" );
+	div.setAttribute( "className", "t" );
+	div.innerHTML = "  <link/><table></table><a href='/a'>a</a><input type='checkbox'/>";
+	a = div.getElementsByTagName("a")[ 0 ];
+
+	// First batch of tests.
+	select = document.createElement("select");
+	opt = select.appendChild( document.createElement("option") );
+	input = div.getElementsByTagName("input")[ 0 ];
+
+	a.style.cssText = "top:1px";
+
+	// Test setAttribute on camelCase class. If it works, we need attrFixes when doing get/setAttribute (ie6/7)
+	support.getSetAttribute = div.className !== "t";
+
+	// Get the style information from getAttribute
+	// (IE uses .cssText instead)
+	support.style = /top/.test( a.getAttribute("style") );
+
+	// Make sure that URLs aren't manipulated
+	// (IE normalizes it by default)
+	support.hrefNormalized = a.getAttribute("href") === "/a";
+
+	// Check the default checkbox/radio value ("" on WebKit; "on" elsewhere)
+	support.checkOn = !!input.value;
+
+	// Make sure that a selected-by-default option has a working selected property.
+	// (WebKit defaults to false instead of true, IE too, if it's in an optgroup)
+	support.optSelected = opt.selected;
+
+	// Tests for enctype support on a form (#6743)
+	support.enctype = !!document.createElement("form").enctype;
+
+	// Make sure that the options inside disabled selects aren't marked as disabled
+	// (WebKit marks them as disabled)
+	select.disabled = true;
+	support.optDisabled = !opt.disabled;
+
+	// Support: IE8 only
+	// Check if we can trust getAttribute("value")
+	input = document.createElement( "input" );
+	input.setAttribute( "value", "" );
+	support.input = input.getAttribute( "value" ) === "";
+
+	// Check if an input maintains its value after becoming a radio
+	input.value = "t";
+	input.setAttribute( "type", "radio" );
+	support.radioValue = input.value === "t";
+})();
+
+
+var rreturn = /\r/g;
+
+jQuery.fn.extend({
+	val: function( value ) {
+		var hooks, ret, isFunction,
+			elem = this[0];
+
+		if ( !arguments.length ) {
+			if ( elem ) {
+				hooks = jQuery.valHooks[ elem.type ] || jQuery.valHooks[ elem.nodeName.toLowerCase() ];
+
+				if ( hooks && "get" in hooks && (ret = hooks.get( elem, "value" )) !== undefined ) {
+					return ret;
+				}
+
+				ret = elem.value;
+
+				return typeof ret === "string" ?
+					// handle most common string cases
+					ret.replace(rreturn, "") :
+					// handle cases where value is null/undef or number
+					ret == null ? "" : ret;
+			}
+
+			return;
+		}
+
+		isFunction = jQuery.isFunction( value );
+
+		return this.each(function( i ) {
+			var val;
+
+			if ( this.nodeType !== 1 ) {
+				return;
+			}
+
+			if ( isFunction ) {
+				val = value.call( this, i, jQuery( this ).val() );
+			} else {
+				val = value;
+			}
+
+			// Treat null/undefined as ""; convert numbers to string
+			if ( val == null ) {
+				val = "";
+			} else if ( typeof val === "number" ) {
+				val += "";
+			} else if ( jQuery.isArray( val ) ) {
+				val = jQuery.map( val, function( value ) {
+					return value == null ? "" : value + "";
+				});
+			}
+
+			hooks = jQuery.valHooks[ this.type ] || jQuery.valHooks[ this.nodeName.toLowerCase() ];
+
+			// If set returns undefined, fall back to normal setting
+			if ( !hooks || !("set" in hooks) || hooks.set( this, val, "value" ) === undefined ) {
+				this.value = val;
+			}
+		});
+	}
+});
+
+jQuery.extend({
+	valHooks: {
+		option: {
+			get: function( elem ) {
+				var val = jQuery.find.attr( elem, "value" );
+				return val != null ?
+					val :
+					// Support: IE10-11+
+					// option.text throws exceptions (#14686, #14858)
+					jQuery.trim( jQuery.text( elem ) );
+			}
+		},
+		select: {
+			get: function( elem ) {
+				var value, option,
+					options = elem.options,
+					index = elem.selectedIndex,
+					one = elem.type === "select-one" || index < 0,
+					values = one ? null : [],
+					max = one ? index + 1 : options.length,
+					i = index < 0 ?
+						max :
+						one ? index : 0;
+
+				// Loop through all the selected options
+				for ( ; i < max; i++ ) {
+					option = options[ i ];
+
+					// oldIE doesn't update selected after form reset (#2551)
+					if ( ( option.selected || i === index ) &&
+							// Don't return options that are disabled or in a disabled optgroup
+							( support.optDisabled ? !option.disabled : option.getAttribute("disabled") === null ) &&
+							( !option.parentNode.disabled || !jQuery.nodeName( option.parentNode, "optgroup" ) ) ) {
+
+						// Get the specific value for the option
+						value = jQuery( option ).val();
+
+						// We don't need an array for one selects
+						if ( one ) {
+							return value;
+						}
+
+						// Multi-Selects return an array
+						values.push( value );
+					}
+				}
+
+				return values;
+			},
+
+			set: function( elem, value ) {
+				var optionSet, option,
+					options = elem.options,
+					values = jQuery.makeArray( value ),
+					i = options.length;
+
+				while ( i-- ) {
+					option = options[ i ];
+
+					if ( jQuery.inArray( jQuery.valHooks.option.get( option ), values ) >= 0 ) {
+
+						// Support: IE6
+						// When new option element is added to select box we need to
+						// force reflow of newly added node in order to workaround delay
+						// of initialization properties
+						try {
+							option.selected = optionSet = true;
+
+						} catch ( _ ) {
+
+							// Will be executed only in IE6
+							option.scrollHeight;
+						}
+
+					} else {
+						option.selected = false;
+					}
+				}
+
+				// Force browsers to behave consistently when non-matching value is set
+				if ( !optionSet ) {
+					elem.selectedIndex = -1;
+				}
+
+				return options;
+			}
+		}
+	}
+});
+
+// Radios and checkboxes getter/setter
+jQuery.each([ "radio", "checkbox" ], function() {
+	jQuery.valHooks[ this ] = {
+		set: function( elem, value ) {
+			if ( jQuery.isArray( value ) ) {
+				return ( elem.checked = jQuery.inArray( jQuery(elem).val(), value ) >= 0 );
+			}
+		}
+	};
+	if ( !support.checkOn ) {
+		jQuery.valHooks[ this ].get = function( elem ) {
+			// Support: Webkit
+			// "" is returned instead of "on" if a value isn't specified
+			return elem.getAttribute("value") === null ? "on" : elem.value;
+		};
+	}
+});
+
+
+
+
+var nodeHook, boolHook,
+	attrHandle = jQuery.expr.attrHandle,
+	ruseDefault = /^(?:checked|selected)$/i,
+	getSetAttribute = support.getSetAttribute,
+	getSetInput = support.input;
+
+jQuery.fn.extend({
+	attr: function( name, value ) {
+		return access( this, jQuery.attr, name, value, arguments.length > 1 );
+	},
+
+	removeAttr: function( name ) {
+		return this.each(function() {
+			jQuery.removeAttr( this, name );
+		});
+	}
+});
+
+jQuery.extend({
+	attr: function( elem, name, value ) {
+		var hooks, ret,
+			nType = elem.nodeType;
+
+		// don't get/set attributes on text, comment and attribute nodes
+		if ( !elem || nType === 3 || nType === 8 || nType === 2 ) {
+			return;
+		}
+
+		// Fallback to prop when attributes are not supported
+		if ( typeof elem.getAttribute === strundefined ) {
+			return jQuery.prop( elem, name, value );
+		}
+
+		// All attributes are lowercase
+		// Grab necessary hook if one is defined
+		if ( nType !== 1 || !jQuery.isXMLDoc( elem ) ) {
+			name = name.toLowerCase();
+			hooks = jQuery.attrHooks[ name ] ||
+				( jQuery.expr.match.bool.test( name ) ? boolHook : nodeHook );
+		}
+
+		if ( value !== undefined ) {
+
+			if ( value === null ) {
+				jQuery.removeAttr( elem, name );
+
+			} else if ( hooks && "set" in hooks && (ret = hooks.set( elem, value, name )) !== undefined ) {
+				return ret;
+
+			} else {
+				elem.setAttribute( name, value + "" );
+				return value;
+			}
+
+		} else if ( hooks && "get" in hooks && (ret = hooks.get( elem, name )) !== null ) {
+			return ret;
+
+		} else {
+			ret = jQuery.find.attr( elem, name );
+
+			// Non-existent attributes return null, we normalize to undefined
+			return ret == null ?
+				undefined :
+				ret;
+		}
+	},
+
+	removeAttr: function( elem, value ) {
+		var name, propName,
+			i = 0,
+			attrNames = value && value.match( rnotwhite );
+
+		if ( attrNames && elem.nodeType === 1 ) {
+			while ( (name = attrNames[i++]) ) {
+				propName = jQuery.propFix[ name ] || name;
+
+				// Boolean attributes get special treatment (#10870)
+				if ( jQuery.expr.match.bool.test( name ) ) {
+					// Set corresponding property to false
+					if ( getSetInput && getSetAttribute || !ruseDefault.test( name ) ) {
+						elem[ propName ] = false;
+					// Support: IE<9
+					// Also clear defaultChecked/defaultSelected (if appropriate)
+					} else {
+						elem[ jQuery.camelCase( "default-" + name ) ] =
+							elem[ propName ] = false;
+					}
+
+				// See #9699 for explanation of this approach (setting first, then removal)
+				} else {
+					jQuery.attr( elem, name, "" );
+				}
+
+				elem.removeAttribute( getSetAttribute ? name : propName );
+			}
+		}
+	},
+
+	attrHooks: {
+		type: {
+			set: function( elem, value ) {
+				if ( !support.radioValue && value === "radio" && jQuery.nodeName(elem, "input") ) {
+					// Setting the type on a radio button after the value resets the value in IE6-9
+					// Reset value to default in case type is set after value during creation
+					var val = elem.value;
+					elem.setAttribute( "type", value );
+					if ( val ) {
+						elem.value = val;
+					}
+					return value;
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+});
+
+// Hook for boolean attributes
+boolHook = {
+	set: function( elem, value, name ) {
+		if ( value === false ) {
+			// Remove boolean attributes when set to false
+			jQuery.removeAttr( elem, name );
+		} else if ( getSetInput && getSetAttribute || !ruseDefault.test( name ) ) {
+			// IE<8 needs the *property* name
+			elem.setAttribute( !getSetAttribute && jQuery.propFix[ name ] || name, name );
+
+		// Use defaultChecked and defaultSelected for oldIE
+		} else {
+			elem[ jQuery.camelCase( "default-" + name ) ] = elem[ name ] = true;
+		}
+
+		return name;
+	}
+};
+
+// Retrieve booleans specially
+jQuery.each( jQuery.expr.match.bool.source.match( /\w+/g ), function( i, name ) {
+
+	var getter = attrHandle[ name ] || jQuery.find.attr;
+
+	attrHandle[ name ] = getSetInput && getSetAttribute || !ruseDefault.test( name ) ?
+		function( elem, name, isXML ) {
+			var ret, handle;
+			if ( !isXML ) {
+				// Avoid an infinite loop by temporarily removing this function from the getter
+				handle = attrHandle[ name ];
+				attrHandle[ name ] = ret;
+				ret = getter( elem, name, isXML ) != null ?
+					name.toLowerCase() :
+					null;
+				attrHandle[ name ] = handle;
+			}
+			return ret;
+		} :
+		function( elem, name, isXML ) {
+			if ( !isXML ) {
+				return elem[ jQuery.camelCase( "default-" + name ) ] ?
+					name.toLowerCase() :
+					null;
+			}
+		};
+});
+
+// fix oldIE attroperties
+if ( !getSetInput || !getSetAttribute ) {
+	jQuery.attrHooks.value = {
+		set: function( elem, value, name ) {
+			if ( jQuery.nodeName( elem, "input" ) ) {
+				// Does not return so that setAttribute is also used
+				elem.defaultValue = value;
+			} else {
+				// Use nodeHook if defined (#1954); otherwise setAttribute is fine
+				return nodeHook && nodeHook.set( elem, value, name );
+			}
+		}
+	};
+}
+
+// IE6/7 do not support getting/setting some attributes with get/setAttribute
+if ( !getSetAttribute ) {
+
+	// Use this for any attribute in IE6/7
+	// This fixes almost every IE6/7 issue
+	nodeHook = {
+		set: function( elem, value, name ) {
+			// Set the existing or create a new attribute node
+			var ret = elem.getAttributeNode( name );
+			if ( !ret ) {
+				elem.setAttributeNode(
+					(ret = elem.ownerDocument.createAttribute( name ))
+				);
+			}
+
+			ret.value = value += "";
+
+			// Break association with cloned elements by also using setAttribute (#9646)
+			if ( name === "value" || value === elem.getAttribute( name ) ) {
+				return value;
+			}
+		}
+	};
+
+	// Some attributes are constructed with empty-string values when not defined
+	attrHandle.id = attrHandle.name = attrHandle.coords =
+		function( elem, name, isXML ) {
+			var ret;
+			if ( !isXML ) {
+				return (ret = elem.getAttributeNode( name )) && ret.value !== "" ?
+					ret.value :
+					null;
+			}
+		};
+
+	// Fixing value retrieval on a button requires this module
+	jQuery.valHooks.button = {
+		get: function( elem, name ) {
+			var ret = elem.getAttributeNode( name );
+			if ( ret && ret.specified ) {
+				return ret.value;
+			}
+		},
+		set: nodeHook.set
+	};
+
+	// Set contenteditable to false on removals(#10429)
+	// Setting to empty string throws an error as an invalid value
+	jQuery.attrHooks.contenteditable = {
+		set: function( elem, value, name ) {
+			nodeHook.set( elem, value === "" ? false : value, name );
+		}
+	};
+
+	// Set width and height to auto instead of 0 on empty string( Bug #8150 )
+	// This is for removals
+	jQuery.each([ "width", "height" ], function( i, name ) {
+		jQuery.attrHooks[ name ] = {
+			set: function( elem, value ) {
+				if ( value === "" ) {
+					elem.setAttribute( name, "auto" );
+					return value;
+				}
+			}
+		};
+	});
+}
+
+if ( !support.style ) {
+	jQuery.attrHooks.style = {
+		get: function( elem ) {
+			// Return undefined in the case of empty string
+			// Note: IE uppercases css property names, but if we were to .toLowerCase()
+			// .cssText, that would destroy case senstitivity in URL's, like in "background"
+			return elem.style.cssText || undefined;
+		},
+		set: function( elem, value ) {
+			return ( elem.style.cssText = value + "" );
+		}
+	};
+}
+
+
+
+
+var rfocusable = /^(?:input|select|textarea|button|object)$/i,
+	rclickable = /^(?:a|area)$/i;
+
+jQuery.fn.extend({
+	prop: function( name, value ) {
+		return access( this, jQuery.prop, name, value, arguments.length > 1 );
+	},
+
+	removeProp: function( name ) {
+		name = jQuery.propFix[ name ] || name;
+		return this.each(function() {
+			// try/catch handles cases where IE balks (such as removing a property on window)
+			try {
+				this[ name ] = undefined;
+				delete this[ name ];
+			} catch( e ) {}
+		});
+	}
+});
+
+jQuery.extend({
+	propFix: {
+		"for": "htmlFor",
+		"class": "className"
+	},
+
+	prop: function( elem, name, value ) {
+		var ret, hooks, notxml,
+			nType = elem.nodeType;
+
+		// don't get/set properties on text, comment and attribute nodes
+		if ( !elem || nType === 3 || nType === 8 || nType === 2 ) {
+			return;
+		}
+
+		notxml = nType !== 1 || !jQuery.isXMLDoc( elem );
+
+		if ( notxml ) {
+			// Fix name and attach hooks
+			name = jQuery.propFix[ name ] || name;
+			hooks = jQuery.propHooks[ name ];
+		}
+
+		if ( value !== undefined ) {
+			return hooks && "set" in hooks && (ret = hooks.set( elem, value, name )) !== undefined ?
+				ret :
+				( elem[ name ] = value );
+
+		} else {
+			return hooks && "get" in hooks && (ret = hooks.get( elem, name )) !== null ?
+				ret :
+				elem[ name ];
+		}
+	},
+
+	propHooks: {
+		tabIndex: {
+			get: function( elem ) {
+				// elem.tabIndex doesn't always return the correct value when it hasn't been explicitly set
+				// http://fluidproject.org/blog/2008/01/09/getting-setting-and-removing-tabindex-values-with-javascript/
+				// Use proper attribute retrieval(#12072)
+				var tabindex = jQuery.find.attr( elem, "tabindex" );
+
+				return tabindex ?
+					parseInt( tabindex, 10 ) :
+					rfocusable.test( elem.nodeName ) || rclickable.test( elem.nodeName ) && elem.href ?
+						0 :
+						-1;
+			}
+		}
+	}
+});
+
+// Some attributes require a special call on IE
+// http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms536429%28VS.85%29.aspx
+if ( !support.hrefNormalized ) {
+	// href/src property should get the full normalized URL (#10299/#12915)
+	jQuery.each([ "href", "src" ], function( i, name ) {
+		jQuery.propHooks[ name ] = {
+			get: function( elem ) {
+				return elem.getAttribute( name, 4 );
+			}
+		};
+	});
+}
+
+// Support: Safari, IE9+
+// mis-reports the default selected property of an option
+// Accessing the parent's selectedIndex property fixes it
+if ( !support.optSelected ) {
+	jQuery.propHooks.selected = {
+		get: function( elem ) {
+			var parent = elem.parentNode;
+
+			if ( parent ) {
+				parent.selectedIndex;
+
+				// Make sure that it also works with optgroups, see #5701
+				if ( parent.parentNode ) {
+					parent.parentNode.selectedIndex;
+				}
+			}
+			return null;
+		}
+	};
+}
+
+jQuery.each([
+	"tabIndex",
+	"readOnly",
+	"maxLength",
+	"cellSpacing",
+	"cellPadding",
+	"rowSpan",
+	"colSpan",
+	"useMap",
+	"frameBorder",
+	"contentEditable"
+], function() {
+	jQuery.propFix[ this.toLowerCase() ] = this;
+});
+
+// IE6/7 call enctype encoding
+if ( !support.enctype ) {
+	jQuery.propFix.enctype = "encoding";
+}
+
+
+
+
+var rclass = /[\t\r\n\f]/g;
+
+jQuery.fn.extend({
+	addClass: function( value ) {
+		var classes, elem, cur, clazz, j, finalValue,
+			i = 0,
+			len = this.length,
+			proceed = typeof value === "string" && value;
+
+		if ( jQuery.isFunction( value ) ) {
+			return this.each(function( j ) {
+				jQuery( this ).addClass( value.call( this, j, this.className ) );
+			});
+		}
+
+		if ( proceed ) {
+			// The disjunction here is for better compressibility (see removeClass)
+			classes = ( value || "" ).match( rnotwhite ) || [];
+
+			for ( ; i < len; i++ ) {
+				elem = this[ i ];
+				cur = elem.nodeType === 1 && ( elem.className ?
+					( " " + elem.className + " " ).replace( rclass, " " ) :
+					" "
+				);
+
+				if ( cur ) {
+					j = 0;
+					while ( (clazz = classes[j++]) ) {
+						if ( cur.indexOf( " " + clazz + " " ) < 0 ) {
+							cur += clazz + " ";
+						}
+					}
+
+					// only assign if different to avoid unneeded rendering.
+					finalValue = jQuery.trim( cur );
+					if ( elem.className !== finalValue ) {
+						elem.className = finalValue;
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		return this;
+	},
+
+	removeClass: function( value ) {
+		var classes, elem, cur, clazz, j, finalValue,
+			i = 0,
+			len = this.length,
+			proceed = arguments.length === 0 || typeof value === "string" && value;
+
+		if ( jQuery.isFunction( value ) ) {
+			return this.each(function( j ) {
+				jQuery( this ).removeClass( value.call( this, j, this.className ) );
+			});
+		}
+		if ( proceed ) {
+			classes = ( value || "" ).match( rnotwhite ) || [];
+
+			for ( ; i < len; i++ ) {
+				elem = this[ i ];
+				// This expression is here for better compressibility (see addClass)
+				cur = elem.nodeType === 1 && ( elem.className ?
+					( " " + elem.className + " " ).replace( rclass, " " ) :
+					""
+				);
+
+				if ( cur ) {
+					j = 0;
+					while ( (clazz = classes[j++]) ) {
+						// Remove *all* instances
+						while ( cur.indexOf( " " + clazz + " " ) >= 0 ) {
+							cur = cur.replace( " " + clazz + " ", " " );
+						}
+					}
+
+					// only assign if different to avoid unneeded rendering.
+					finalValue = value ? jQuery.trim( cur ) : "";
+					if ( elem.className !== finalValue ) {
+						elem.className = finalValue;
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		return this;
+	},
+
+	toggleClass: function( value, stateVal ) {
+		var type = typeof value;
+
+		if ( typeof stateVal === "boolean" && type === "string" ) {
+			return stateVal ? this.addClass( value ) : this.removeClass( value );
+		}
+
+		if ( jQuery.isFunction( value ) ) {
+			return this.each(function( i ) {
+				jQuery( this ).toggleClass( value.call(this, i, this.className, stateVal), stateVal );
+			});
+		}
+
+		return this.each(function() {
+			if ( type === "string" ) {
+				// toggle individual class names
+				var className,
+					i = 0,
+					self = jQuery( this ),
+					classNames = value.match( rnotwhite ) || [];
+
+				while ( (className = classNames[ i++ ]) ) {
+					// check each className given, space separated list
+					if ( self.hasClass( className ) ) {
+						self.removeClass( className );
+					} else {
+						self.addClass( className );
+					}
+				}
+
+			// Toggle whole class name
+			} else if ( type === strundefined || type === "boolean" ) {
+				if ( this.className ) {
+					// store className if set
+					jQuery._data( this, "__className__", this.className );
+				}
+
+				// If the element has a class name or if we're passed "false",
+				// then remove the whole classname (if there was one, the above saved it).
+				// Otherwise bring back whatever was previously saved (if anything),
+				// falling back to the empty string if nothing was stored.
+				this.className = this.className || value === false ? "" : jQuery._data( this, "__className__" ) || "";
+			}
+		});
+	},
+
+	hasClass: function( selector ) {
+		var className = " " + selector + " ",
+			i = 0,
+			l = this.length;
+		for ( ; i < l; i++ ) {
+			if ( this[i].nodeType === 1 && (" " + this[i].className + " ").replace(rclass, " ").indexOf( className ) >= 0 ) {
+				return true;
+			}
+		}
+
+		return false;
+	}
+});
+
+
+
+
+// Return jQuery for attributes-only inclusion
+
+
+jQuery.each( ("blur focus focusin focusout load resize scroll unload click dblclick " +
+	"mousedown mouseup mousemove mouseover mouseout mouseenter mouseleave " +
+	"change select submit keydown keypress keyup error contextmenu").split(" "), function( i, name ) {
+
+	// Handle event binding
+	jQuery.fn[ name ] = function( data, fn ) {
+		return arguments.length > 0 ?
+			this.on( name, null, data, fn ) :
+			this.trigger( name );
+	};
+});
+
+jQuery.fn.extend({
+	hover: function( fnOver, fnOut ) {
+		return this.mouseenter( fnOver ).mouseleave( fnOut || fnOver );
+	},
+
+	bind: function( types, data, fn ) {
+		return this.on( types, null, data, fn );
+	},
+	unbind: function( types, fn ) {
+		return this.off( types, null, fn );
+	},
+
+	delegate: function( selector, types, data, fn ) {
+		return this.on( types, selector, data, fn );
+	},
+	undelegate: function( selector, types, fn ) {
+		// ( namespace ) or ( selector, types [, fn] )
+		return arguments.length === 1 ? this.off( selector, "**" ) : this.off( types, selector || "**", fn );
+	}
+});
+
+
+var nonce = jQuery.now();
+
+var rquery = (/\?/);
+
+
+
+var rvalidtokens = /(,)|(\[|{)|(}|])|"(?:[^"\\\r\n]|\\["\\\/bfnrt]|\\u[\da-fA-F]{4})*"\s*:?|true|false|null|-?(?!0\d)\d+(?:\.\d+|)(?:[eE][+-]?\d+|)/g;
+
+jQuery.parseJSON = function( data ) {
+	// Attempt to parse using the native JSON parser first
+	if ( window.JSON && window.JSON.parse ) {
+		// Support: Android 2.3
+		// Workaround failure to string-cast null input
+		return window.JSON.parse( data + "" );
+	}
+
+	var requireNonComma,
+		depth = null,
+		str = jQuery.trim( data + "" );
+
+	// Guard against invalid (and possibly dangerous) input by ensuring that nothing remains
+	// after removing valid tokens
+	return str && !jQuery.trim( str.replace( rvalidtokens, function( token, comma, open, close ) {
+
+		// Force termination if we see a misplaced comma
+		if ( requireNonComma && comma ) {
+			depth = 0;
+		}
+
+		// Perform no more replacements after returning to outermost depth
+		if ( depth === 0 ) {
+			return token;
+		}
+
+		// Commas must not follow "[", "{", or ","
+		requireNonComma = open || comma;
+
+		// Determine new depth
+		// array/object open ("[" or "{"): depth += true - false (increment)
+		// array/object close ("]" or "}"): depth += false - true (decrement)
+		// other cases ("," or primitive): depth += true - true (numeric cast)
+		depth += !close - !open;
+
+		// Remove this token
+		return "";
+	}) ) ?
+		( Function( "return " + str ) )() :
+		jQuery.error( "Invalid JSON: " + data );
+};
+
+
+// Cross-browser xml parsing
+jQuery.parseXML = function( data ) {
+	var xml, tmp;
+	if ( !data || typeof data !== "string" ) {
+		return null;
+	}
+	try {
+		if ( window.DOMParser ) { // Standard
+			tmp = new DOMParser();
+			xml = tmp.parseFromString( data, "text/xml" );
+		} else { // IE
+			xml = new ActiveXObject( "Microsoft.XMLDOM" );
+			xml.async = "false";
+			xml.loadXML( data );
+		}
+	} catch( e ) {
+		xml = undefined;
+	}
+	if ( !xml || !xml.documentElement || xml.getElementsByTagName( "parsererror" ).length ) {
+		jQuery.error( "Invalid XML: " + data );
+	}
+	return xml;
+};
+
+
+var
+	// Document location
+	ajaxLocParts,
+	ajaxLocation,
+
+	rhash = /#.*$/,
+	rts = /([?&])_=[^&]*/,
+	rheaders = /^(.*?):[ \t]*([^\r\n]*)\r?$/mg, // IE leaves an \r character at EOL
+	// #7653, #8125, #8152: local protocol detection
+	rlocalProtocol = /^(?:about|app|app-storage|.+-extension|file|res|widget):$/,
+	rnoContent = /^(?:GET|HEAD)$/,
+	rprotocol = /^\/\//,
+	rurl = /^([\w.+-]+:)(?:\/\/(?:[^\/?#]*@|)([^\/?#:]*)(?::(\d+)|)|)/,
+
+	/* Prefilters
+	 * 1) They are useful to introduce custom dataTypes (see ajax/jsonp.js for an example)
+	 * 2) These are called:
+	 *    - BEFORE asking for a transport
+	 *    - AFTER param serialization (s.data is a string if s.processData is true)
+	 * 3) key is the dataType
+	 * 4) the catchall symbol "*" can be used
+	 * 5) execution will start with transport dataType and THEN continue down to "*" if needed
+	 */
+	prefilters = {},
+
+	/* Transports bindings
+	 * 1) key is the dataType
+	 * 2) the catchall symbol "*" can be used
+	 * 3) selection will start with transport dataType and THEN go to "*" if needed
+	 */
+	transports = {},
+
+	// Avoid comment-prolog char sequence (#10098); must appease lint and evade compression
+	allTypes = "*/".concat("*");
+
+// #8138, IE may throw an exception when accessing
+// a field from window.location if document.domain has been set
+try {
+	ajaxLocation = location.href;
+} catch( e ) {
+	// Use the href attribute of an A element
+	// since IE will modify it given document.location
+	ajaxLocation = document.createElement( "a" );
+	ajaxLocation.href = "";
+	ajaxLocation = ajaxLocation.href;
+}
+
+// Segment location into parts
+ajaxLocParts = rurl.exec( ajaxLocation.toLowerCase() ) || [];
+
+// Base "constructor" for jQuery.ajaxPrefilter and jQuery.ajaxTransport
+function addToPrefiltersOrTransports( structure ) {
+
+	// dataTypeExpression is optional and defaults to "*"
+	return function( dataTypeExpression, func ) {
+
+		if ( typeof dataTypeExpression !== "string" ) {
+			func = dataTypeExpression;
+			dataTypeExpression = "*";
+		}
+
+		var dataType,
+			i = 0,
+			dataTypes = dataTypeExpression.toLowerCase().match( rnotwhite ) || [];
+
+		if ( jQuery.isFunction( func ) ) {
+			// For each dataType in the dataTypeExpression
+			while ( (dataType = dataTypes[i++]) ) {
+				// Prepend if requested
+				if ( dataType.charAt( 0 ) === "+" ) {
+					dataType = dataType.slice( 1 ) || "*";
+					(structure[ dataType ] = structure[ dataType ] || []).unshift( func );
+
+				// Otherwise append
+				} else {
+					(structure[ dataType ] = structure[ dataType ] || []).push( func );
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	};
+}
+
+// Base inspection function for prefilters and transports
+function inspectPrefiltersOrTransports( structure, options, originalOptions, jqXHR ) {
+
+	var inspected = {},
+		seekingTransport = ( structure === transports );
+
+	function inspect( dataType ) {
+		var selected;
+		inspected[ dataType ] = true;
+		jQuery.each( structure[ dataType ] || [], function( _, prefilterOrFactory ) {
+			var dataTypeOrTransport = prefilterOrFactory( options, originalOptions, jqXHR );
+			if ( typeof dataTypeOrTransport === "string" && !seekingTransport && !inspected[ dataTypeOrTransport ] ) {
+				options.dataTypes.unshift( dataTypeOrTransport );
+				inspect( dataTypeOrTransport );
+				return false;
+			} else if ( seekingTransport ) {
+				return !( selected = dataTypeOrTransport );
+			}
+		});
+		return selected;
+	}
+
+	return inspect( options.dataTypes[ 0 ] ) || !inspected[ "*" ] && inspect( "*" );
+}
+
+// A special extend for ajax options
+// that takes "flat" options (not to be deep extended)
+// Fixes #9887
+function ajaxExtend( target, src ) {
+	var deep, key,
+		flatOptions = jQuery.ajaxSettings.flatOptions || {};
+
+	for ( key in src ) {
+		if ( src[ key ] !== undefined ) {
+			( flatOptions[ key ] ? target : ( deep || (deep = {}) ) )[ key ] = src[ key ];
+		}
+	}
+	if ( deep ) {
+		jQuery.extend( true, target, deep );
+	}
+
+	return target;
+}
+
+/* Handles responses to an ajax request:
+ * - finds the right dataType (mediates between content-type and expected dataType)
+ * - returns the corresponding response
+ */
+function ajaxHandleResponses( s, jqXHR, responses ) {
+	var firstDataType, ct, finalDataType, type,
+		contents = s.contents,
+		dataTypes = s.dataTypes;
+
+	// Remove auto dataType and get content-type in the process
+	while ( dataTypes[ 0 ] === "*" ) {
+		dataTypes.shift();
+		if ( ct === undefined ) {
+			ct = s.mimeType || jqXHR.getResponseHeader("Content-Type");
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Check if we're dealing with a known content-type
+	if ( ct ) {
+		for ( type in contents ) {
+			if ( contents[ type ] && contents[ type ].test( ct ) ) {
+				dataTypes.unshift( type );
+				break;
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Check to see if we have a response for the expected dataType
+	if ( dataTypes[ 0 ] in responses ) {
+		finalDataType = dataTypes[ 0 ];
+	} else {
+		// Try convertible dataTypes
+		for ( type in responses ) {
+			if ( !dataTypes[ 0 ] || s.converters[ type + " " + dataTypes[0] ] ) {
+				finalDataType = type;
+				break;
+			}
+			if ( !firstDataType ) {
+				firstDataType = type;
+			}
+		}
+		// Or just use first one
+		finalDataType = finalDataType || firstDataType;
+	}
+
+	// If we found a dataType
+	// We add the dataType to the list if needed
+	// and return the corresponding response
+	if ( finalDataType ) {
+		if ( finalDataType !== dataTypes[ 0 ] ) {
+			dataTypes.unshift( finalDataType );
+		}
+		return responses[ finalDataType ];
+	}
+}
+
+/* Chain conversions given the request and the original response
+ * Also sets the responseXXX fields on the jqXHR instance
+ */
+function ajaxConvert( s, response, jqXHR, isSuccess ) {
+	var conv2, current, conv, tmp, prev,
+		converters = {},
+		// Work with a copy of dataTypes in case we need to modify it for conversion
+		dataTypes = s.dataTypes.slice();
+
+	// Create converters map with lowercased keys
+	if ( dataTypes[ 1 ] ) {
+		for ( conv in s.converters ) {
+			converters[ conv.toLowerCase() ] = s.converters[ conv ];
+		}
+	}
+
+	current = dataTypes.shift();
+
+	// Convert to each sequential dataType
+	while ( current ) {
+
+		if ( s.responseFields[ current ] ) {
+			jqXHR[ s.responseFields[ current ] ] = response;
+		}
+
+		// Apply the dataFilter if provided
+		if ( !prev && isSuccess && s.dataFilter ) {
+			response = s.dataFilter( response, s.dataType );
+		}
+
+		prev = current;
+		current = dataTypes.shift();
+
+		if ( current ) {
+
+			// There's only work to do if current dataType is non-auto
+			if ( current === "*" ) {
+
+				current = prev;
+
+			// Convert response if prev dataType is non-auto and differs from current
+			} else if ( prev !== "*" && prev !== current ) {
+
+				// Seek a direct converter
+				conv = converters[ prev + " " + current ] || converters[ "* " + current ];
+
+				// If none found, seek a pair
+				if ( !conv ) {
+					for ( conv2 in converters ) {
+
+						// If conv2 outputs current
+						tmp = conv2.split( " " );
+						if ( tmp[ 1 ] === current ) {
+
+							// If prev can be converted to accepted input
+							conv = converters[ prev + " " + tmp[ 0 ] ] ||
+								converters[ "* " + tmp[ 0 ] ];
+							if ( conv ) {
+								// Condense equivalence converters
+								if ( conv === true ) {
+									conv = converters[ conv2 ];
+
+								// Otherwise, insert the intermediate dataType
+								} else if ( converters[ conv2 ] !== true ) {
+									current = tmp[ 0 ];
+									dataTypes.unshift( tmp[ 1 ] );
+								}
+								break;
+							}
+						}
+					}
+				}
+
+				// Apply converter (if not an equivalence)
+				if ( conv !== true ) {
+
+					// Unless errors are allowed to bubble, catch and return them
+					if ( conv && s[ "throws" ] ) {
+						response = conv( response );
+					} else {
+						try {
+							response = conv( response );
+						} catch ( e ) {
+							return { state: "parsererror", error: conv ? e : "No conversion from " + prev + " to " + current };
+						}
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	return { state: "success", data: response };
+}
+
+jQuery.extend({
+
+	// Counter for holding the number of active queries
+	active: 0,
+
+	// Last-Modified header cache for next request
+	lastModified: {},
+	etag: {},
+
+	ajaxSettings: {
+		url: ajaxLocation,
+		type: "GET",
+		isLocal: rlocalProtocol.test( ajaxLocParts[ 1 ] ),
+		global: true,
+		processData: true,
+		async: true,
+		contentType: "application/x-www-form-urlencoded; charset=UTF-8",
+		/*
+		timeout: 0,
+		data: null,
+		dataType: null,
+		username: null,
+		password: null,
+		cache: null,
+		throws: false,
+		traditional: false,
+		headers: {},
+		*/
+
+		accepts: {
+			"*": allTypes,
+			text: "text/plain",
+			html: "text/html",
+			xml: "application/xml, text/xml",
+			json: "application/json, text/javascript"
+		},
+
+		contents: {
+			xml: /xml/,
+			html: /html/,
+			json: /json/
+		},
+
+		responseFields: {
+			xml: "responseXML",
+			text: "responseText",
+			json: "responseJSON"
+		},
+
+		// Data converters
+		// Keys separate source (or catchall "*") and destination types with a single space
+		converters: {
+
+			// Convert anything to text
+			"* text": String,
+
+			// Text to html (true = no transformation)
+			"text html": true,
+
+			// Evaluate text as a json expression
+			"text json": jQuery.parseJSON,
+
+			// Parse text as xml
+			"text xml": jQuery.parseXML
+		},
+
+		// For options that shouldn't be deep extended:
+		// you can add your own custom options here if
+		// and when you create one that shouldn't be
+		// deep extended (see ajaxExtend)
+		flatOptions: {
+			url: true,
+			context: true
+		}
+	},
+
+	// Creates a full fledged settings object into target
+	// with both ajaxSettings and settings fields.
+	// If target is omitted, writes into ajaxSettings.
+	ajaxSetup: function( target, settings ) {
+		return settings ?
+
+			// Building a settings object
+			ajaxExtend( ajaxExtend( target, jQuery.ajaxSettings ), settings ) :
+
+			// Extending ajaxSettings
+			ajaxExtend( jQuery.ajaxSettings, target );
+	},
+
+	ajaxPrefilter: addToPrefiltersOrTransports( prefilters ),
+	ajaxTransport: addToPrefiltersOrTransports( transports ),
+
+	// Main method
+	ajax: function( url, options ) {
+
+		// If url is an object, simulate pre-1.5 signature
+		if ( typeof url === "object" ) {
+			options = url;
+			url = undefined;
+		}
+
+		// Force options to be an object
+		options = options || {};
+
+		var // Cross-domain detection vars
+			parts,
+			// Loop variable
+			i,
+			// URL without anti-cache param
+			cacheURL,
+			// Response headers as string
+			responseHeadersString,
+			// timeout handle
+			timeoutTimer,
+
+			// To know if global events are to be dispatched
+			fireGlobals,
+
+			transport,
+			// Response headers
+			responseHeaders,
+			// Create the final options object
+			s = jQuery.ajaxSetup( {}, options ),
+			// Callbacks context
+			callbackContext = s.context || s,
+			// Context for global events is callbackContext if it is a DOM node or jQuery collection
+			globalEventContext = s.context && ( callbackContext.nodeType || callbackContext.jquery ) ?
+				jQuery( callbackContext ) :
+				jQuery.event,
+			// Deferreds
+			deferred = jQuery.Deferred(),
+			completeDeferred = jQuery.Callbacks("once memory"),
+			// Status-dependent callbacks
+			statusCode = s.statusCode || {},
+			// Headers (they are sent all at once)
+			requestHeaders = {},
+			requestHeadersNames = {},
+			// The jqXHR state
+			state = 0,
+			// Default abort message
+			strAbort = "canceled",
+			// Fake xhr
+			jqXHR = {
+				readyState: 0,
+
+				// Builds headers hashtable if needed
+				getResponseHeader: function( key ) {
+					var match;
+					if ( state === 2 ) {
+						if ( !responseHeaders ) {
+							responseHeaders = {};
+							while ( (match = rheaders.exec( responseHeadersString )) ) {
+								responseHeaders[ match[1].toLowerCase() ] = match[ 2 ];
+							}
+						}
+						match = responseHeaders[ key.toLowerCase() ];
+					}
+					return match == null ? null : match;
+				},
+
+				// Raw string
+				getAllResponseHeaders: function() {
+					return state === 2 ? responseHeadersString : null;
+				},
+
+				// Caches the header
+				setRequestHeader: function( name, value ) {
+					var lname = name.toLowerCase();
+					if ( !state ) {
+						name = requestHeadersNames[ lname ] = requestHeadersNames[ lname ] || name;
+						requestHeaders[ name ] = value;
+					}
+					return this;
+				},
+
+				// Overrides response content-type header
+				overrideMimeType: function( type ) {
+					if ( !state ) {
+						s.mimeType = type;
+					}
+					return this;
+				},
+
+				// Status-dependent callbacks
+				statusCode: function( map ) {
+					var code;
+					if ( map ) {
+						if ( state < 2 ) {
+							for ( code in map ) {
+								// Lazy-add the new callback in a way that preserves old ones
+								statusCode[ code ] = [ statusCode[ code ], map[ code ] ];
+							}
+						} else {
+							// Execute the appropriate callbacks
+							jqXHR.always( map[ jqXHR.status ] );
+						}
+					}
+					return this;
+				},
+
+				// Cancel the request
+				abort: function( statusText ) {
+					var finalText = statusText || strAbort;
+					if ( transport ) {
+						transport.abort( finalText );
+					}
+					done( 0, finalText );
+					return this;
+				}
+			};
+
+		// Attach deferreds
+		deferred.promise( jqXHR ).complete = completeDeferred.add;
+		jqXHR.success = jqXHR.done;
+		jqXHR.error = jqXHR.fail;
+
+		// Remove hash character (#7531: and string promotion)
+		// Add protocol if not provided (#5866: IE7 issue with protocol-less urls)
+		// Handle falsy url in the settings object (#10093: consistency with old signature)
+		// We also use the url parameter if available
+		s.url = ( ( url || s.url || ajaxLocation ) + "" ).replace( rhash, "" ).replace( rprotocol, ajaxLocParts[ 1 ] + "//" );
+
+		// Alias method option to type as per ticket #12004
+		s.type = options.method || options.type || s.method || s.type;
+
+		// Extract dataTypes list
+		s.dataTypes = jQuery.trim( s.dataType || "*" ).toLowerCase().match( rnotwhite ) || [ "" ];
+
+		// A cross-domain request is in order when we have a protocol:host:port mismatch
+		if ( s.crossDomain == null ) {
+			parts = rurl.exec( s.url.toLowerCase() );
+			s.crossDomain = !!( parts &&
+				( parts[ 1 ] !== ajaxLocParts[ 1 ] || parts[ 2 ] !== ajaxLocParts[ 2 ] ||
+					( parts[ 3 ] || ( parts[ 1 ] === "http:" ? "80" : "443" ) ) !==
+						( ajaxLocParts[ 3 ] || ( ajaxLocParts[ 1 ] === "http:" ? "80" : "443" ) ) )
+			);
+		}
+
+		// Convert data if not already a string
+		if ( s.data && s.processData && typeof s.data !== "string" ) {
+			s.data = jQuery.param( s.data, s.traditional );
+		}
+
+		// Apply prefilters
+		inspectPrefiltersOrTransports( prefilters, s, options, jqXHR );
+
+		// If request was aborted inside a prefilter, stop there
+		if ( state === 2 ) {
+			return jqXHR;
+		}
+
+		// We can fire global events as of now if asked to
+		fireGlobals = s.global;
+
+		// Watch for a new set of requests
+		if ( fireGlobals && jQuery.active++ === 0 ) {
+			jQuery.event.trigger("ajaxStart");
+		}
+
+		// Uppercase the type
+		s.type = s.type.toUpperCase();
+
+		// Determine if request has content
+		s.hasContent = !rnoContent.test( s.type );
+
+		// Save the URL in case we're toying with the If-Modified-Since
+		// and/or If-None-Match header later on
+		cacheURL = s.url;
+
+		// More options handling for requests with no content
+		if ( !s.hasContent ) {
+
+			// If data is available, append data to url
+			if ( s.data ) {
+				cacheURL = ( s.url += ( rquery.test( cacheURL ) ? "&" : "?" ) + s.data );
+				// #9682: remove data so that it's not used in an eventual retry
+				delete s.data;
+			}
+
+			// Add anti-cache in url if needed
+			if ( s.cache === false ) {
+				s.url = rts.test( cacheURL ) ?
+
+					// If there is already a '_' parameter, set its value
+					cacheURL.replace( rts, "$1_=" + nonce++ ) :
+
+					// Otherwise add one to the end
+					cacheURL + ( rquery.test( cacheURL ) ? "&" : "?" ) + "_=" + nonce++;
+			}
+		}
+
+		// Set the If-Modified-Since and/or If-None-Match header, if in ifModified mode.
+		if ( s.ifModified ) {
+			if ( jQuery.lastModified[ cacheURL ] ) {
+				jqXHR.setRequestHeader( "If-Modified-Since", jQuery.lastModified[ cacheURL ] );
+			}
+			if ( jQuery.etag[ cacheURL ] ) {
+				jqXHR.setRequestHeader( "If-None-Match", jQuery.etag[ cacheURL ] );
+			}
+		}
+
+		// Set the correct header, if data is being sent
+		if ( s.data && s.hasContent && s.contentType !== false || options.contentType ) {
+			jqXHR.setRequestHeader( "Content-Type", s.contentType );
+		}
+
+		// Set the Accepts header for the server, depending on the dataType
+		jqXHR.setRequestHeader(
+			"Accept",
+			s.dataTypes[ 0 ] && s.accepts[ s.dataTypes[0] ] ?
+				s.accepts[ s.dataTypes[0] ] + ( s.dataTypes[ 0 ] !== "*" ? ", " + allTypes + "; q=0.01" : "" ) :
+				s.accepts[ "*" ]
+		);
+
+		// Check for headers option
+		for ( i in s.headers ) {
+			jqXHR.setRequestHeader( i, s.headers[ i ] );
+		}
+
+		// Allow custom headers/mimetypes and early abort
+		if ( s.beforeSend && ( s.beforeSend.call( callbackContext, jqXHR, s ) === false || state === 2 ) ) {
+			// Abort if not done already and return
+			return jqXHR.abort();
+		}
+
+		// aborting is no longer a cancellation
+		strAbort = "abort";
+
+		// Install callbacks on deferreds
+		for ( i in { success: 1, error: 1, complete: 1 } ) {
+			jqXHR[ i ]( s[ i ] );
+		}
+
+		// Get transport
+		transport = inspectPrefiltersOrTransports( transports, s, options, jqXHR );
+
+		// If no transport, we auto-abort
+		if ( !transport ) {
+			done( -1, "No Transport" );
+		} else {
+			jqXHR.readyState = 1;
+
+			// Send global event
+			if ( fireGlobals ) {
+				globalEventContext.trigger( "ajaxSend", [ jqXHR, s ] );
+			}
+			// Timeout
+			if ( s.async && s.timeout > 0 ) {
+				timeoutTimer = setTimeout(function() {
+					jqXHR.abort("timeout");
+				}, s.timeout );
+			}
+
+			try {
+				state = 1;
+				transport.send( requestHeaders, done );
+			} catch ( e ) {
+				// Propagate exception as error if not done
+				if ( state < 2 ) {
+					done( -1, e );
+				// Simply rethrow otherwise
+				} else {
+					throw e;
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		// Callback for when everything is done
+		function done( status, nativeStatusText, responses, headers ) {
+			var isSuccess, success, error, response, modified,
+				statusText = nativeStatusText;
+
+			// Called once
+			if ( state === 2 ) {
+				return;
+			}
+
+			// State is "done" now
+			state = 2;
+
+			// Clear timeout if it exists
+			if ( timeoutTimer ) {
+				clearTimeout( timeoutTimer );
+			}
+
+			// Dereference transport for early garbage collection
+			// (no matter how long the jqXHR object will be used)
+			transport = undefined;
+
+			// Cache response headers
+			responseHeadersString = headers || "";
+
+			// Set readyState
+			jqXHR.readyState = status > 0 ? 4 : 0;
+
+			// Determine if successful
+			isSuccess = status >= 200 && status < 300 || status === 304;
+
+			// Get response data
+			if ( responses ) {
+				response = ajaxHandleResponses( s, jqXHR, responses );
+			}
+
+			// Convert no matter what (that way responseXXX fields are always set)
+			response = ajaxConvert( s, response, jqXHR, isSuccess );
+
+			// If successful, handle type chaining
+			if ( isSuccess ) {
+
+				// Set the If-Modified-Since and/or If-None-Match header, if in ifModified mode.
+				if ( s.ifModified ) {
+					modified = jqXHR.getResponseHeader("Last-Modified");
+					if ( modified ) {
+						jQuery.lastModified[ cacheURL ] = modified;
+					}
+					modified = jqXHR.getResponseHeader("etag");
+					if ( modified ) {
+						jQuery.etag[ cacheURL ] = modified;
+					}
+				}
+
+				// if no content
+				if ( status === 204 || s.type === "HEAD" ) {
+					statusText = "nocontent";
+
+				// if not modified
+				} else if ( status === 304 ) {
+					statusText = "notmodified";
+
+				// If we have data, let's convert it
+				} else {
+					statusText = response.state;
+					success = response.data;
+					error = response.error;
+					isSuccess = !error;
+				}
+			} else {
+				// We extract error from statusText
+				// then normalize statusText and status for non-aborts
+				error = statusText;
+				if ( status || !statusText ) {
+					statusText = "error";
+					if ( status < 0 ) {
+						status = 0;
+					}
+				}
+			}
+
+			// Set data for the fake xhr object
+			jqXHR.status = status;
+			jqXHR.statusText = ( nativeStatusText || statusText ) + "";
+
+			// Success/Error
+			if ( isSuccess ) {
+				deferred.resolveWith( callbackContext, [ success, statusText, jqXHR ] );
+			} else {
+				deferred.rejectWith( callbackContext, [ jqXHR, statusText, error ] );
+			}
+
+			// Status-dependent callbacks
+			jqXHR.statusCode( statusCode );
+			statusCode = undefined;
+
+			if ( fireGlobals ) {
+				globalEventContext.trigger( isSuccess ? "ajaxSuccess" : "ajaxError",
+					[ jqXHR, s, isSuccess ? success : error ] );
+			}
+
+			// Complete
+			completeDeferred.fireWith( callbackContext, [ jqXHR, statusText ] );
+
+			if ( fireGlobals ) {
+				globalEventContext.trigger( "ajaxComplete", [ jqXHR, s ] );
+				// Handle the global AJAX counter
+				if ( !( --jQuery.active ) ) {
+					jQuery.event.trigger("ajaxStop");
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		return jqXHR;
+	},
+
+	getJSON: function( url, data, callback ) {
+		return jQuery.get( url, data, callback, "json" );
+	},
+
+	getScript: function( url, callback ) {
+		return jQuery.get( url, undefined, callback, "script" );
+	}
+});
+
+jQuery.each( [ "get", "post" ], function( i, method ) {
+	jQuery[ method ] = function( url, data, callback, type ) {
+		// shift arguments if data argument was omitted
+		if ( jQuery.isFunction( data ) ) {
+			type = type || callback;
+			callback = data;
+			data = undefined;
+		}
+
+		return jQuery.ajax({
+			url: url,
+			type: method,
+			dataType: type,
+			data: data,
+			success: callback
+		});
+	};
+});
+
+// Attach a bunch of functions for handling common AJAX events
+jQuery.each( [ "ajaxStart", "ajaxStop", "ajaxComplete", "ajaxError", "ajaxSuccess", "ajaxSend" ], function( i, type ) {
+	jQuery.fn[ type ] = function( fn ) {
+		return this.on( type, fn );
+	};
+});
+
+
+jQuery._evalUrl = function( url ) {
+	return jQuery.ajax({
+		url: url,
+		type: "GET",
+		dataType: "script",
+		async: false,
+		global: false,
+		"throws": true
+	});
+};
+
+
+jQuery.fn.extend({
+	wrapAll: function( html ) {
+		if ( jQuery.isFunction( html ) ) {
+			return this.each(function(i) {
+				jQuery(this).wrapAll( html.call(this, i) );
+			});
+		}
+
+		if ( this[0] ) {
+			// The elements to wrap the target around
+			var wrap = jQuery( html, this[0].ownerDocument ).eq(0).clone(true);
+
+			if ( this[0].parentNode ) {
+				wrap.insertBefore( this[0] );
+			}
+
+			wrap.map(function() {
+				var elem = this;
+
+				while ( elem.firstChild && elem.firstChild.nodeType === 1 ) {
+					elem = elem.firstChild;
+				}
+
+				return elem;
+			}).append( this );
+		}
+
+		return this;
+	},
+
+	wrapInner: function( html ) {
+		if ( jQuery.isFunction( html ) ) {
+			return this.each(function(i) {
+				jQuery(this).wrapInner( html.call(this, i) );
+			});
+		}
+
+		return this.each(function() {
+			var self = jQuery( this ),
+				contents = self.contents();
+
+			if ( contents.length ) {
+				contents.wrapAll( html );
+
+			} else {
+				self.append( html );
+			}
+		});
+	},
+
+	wrap: function( html ) {
+		var isFunction = jQuery.isFunction( html );
+
+		return this.each(function(i) {
+			jQuery( this ).wrapAll( isFunction ? html.call(this, i) : html );
+		});
+	},
+
+	unwrap: function() {
+		return this.parent().each(function() {
+			if ( !jQuery.nodeName( this, "body" ) ) {
+				jQuery( this ).replaceWith( this.childNodes );
+			}
+		}).end();
+	}
+});
+
+
+jQuery.expr.filters.hidden = function( elem ) {
+	// Support: Opera <= 12.12
+	// Opera reports offsetWidths and offsetHeights less than zero on some elements
+	return elem.offsetWidth <= 0 && elem.offsetHeight <= 0 ||
+		(!support.reliableHiddenOffsets() &&
+			((elem.style && elem.style.display) || jQuery.css( elem, "display" )) === "none");
+};
+
+jQuery.expr.filters.visible = function( elem ) {
+	return !jQuery.expr.filters.hidden( elem );
+};
+
+
+
+
+var r20 = /%20/g,
+	rbracket = /\[\]$/,
+	rCRLF = /\r?\n/g,
+	rsubmitterTypes = /^(?:submit|button|image|reset|file)$/i,
+	rsubmittable = /^(?:input|select|textarea|keygen)/i;
+
+function buildParams( prefix, obj, traditional, add ) {
+	var name;
+
+	if ( jQuery.isArray( obj ) ) {
+		// Serialize array item.
+		jQuery.each( obj, function( i, v ) {
+			if ( traditional || rbracket.test( prefix ) ) {
+				// Treat each array item as a scalar.
+				add( prefix, v );
+
+			} else {
+				// Item is non-scalar (array or object), encode its numeric index.
+				buildParams( prefix + "[" + ( typeof v === "object" ? i : "" ) + "]", v, traditional, add );
+			}
+		});
+
+	} else if ( !traditional && jQuery.type( obj ) === "object" ) {
+		// Serialize object item.
+		for ( name in obj ) {
+			buildParams( prefix + "[" + name + "]", obj[ name ], traditional, add );
+		}
+
+	} else {
+		// Serialize scalar item.
+		add( prefix, obj );
+	}
+}
+
+// Serialize an array of form elements or a set of
+// key/values into a query string
+jQuery.param = function( a, traditional ) {
+	var prefix,
+		s = [],
+		add = function( key, value ) {
+			// If value is a function, invoke it and return its value
+			value = jQuery.isFunction( value ) ? value() : ( value == null ? "" : value );
+			s[ s.length ] = encodeURIComponent( key ) + "=" + encodeURIComponent( value );
+		};
+
+	// Set traditional to true for jQuery <= 1.3.2 behavior.
+	if ( traditional === undefined ) {
+		traditional = jQuery.ajaxSettings && jQuery.ajaxSettings.traditional;
+	}
+
+	// If an array was passed in, assume that it is an array of form elements.
+	if ( jQuery.isArray( a ) || ( a.jquery && !jQuery.isPlainObject( a ) ) ) {
+		// Serialize the form elements
+		jQuery.each( a, function() {
+			add( this.name, this.value );
+		});
+
+	} else {
+		// If traditional, encode the "old" way (the way 1.3.2 or older
+		// did it), otherwise encode params recursively.
+		for ( prefix in a ) {
+			buildParams( prefix, a[ prefix ], traditional, add );
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Return the resulting serialization
+	return s.join( "&" ).replace( r20, "+" );
+};
+
+jQuery.fn.extend({
+	serialize: function() {
+		return jQuery.param( this.serializeArray() );
+	},
+	serializeArray: function() {
+		return this.map(function() {
+			// Can add propHook for "elements" to filter or add form elements
+			var elements = jQuery.prop( this, "elements" );
+			return elements ? jQuery.makeArray( elements ) : this;
+		})
+		.filter(function() {
+			var type = this.type;
+			// Use .is(":disabled") so that fieldset[disabled] works
+			return this.name && !jQuery( this ).is( ":disabled" ) &&
+				rsubmittable.test( this.nodeName ) && !rsubmitterTypes.test( type ) &&
+				( this.checked || !rcheckableType.test( type ) );
+		})
+		.map(function( i, elem ) {
+			var val = jQuery( this ).val();
+
+			return val == null ?
+				null :
+				jQuery.isArray( val ) ?
+					jQuery.map( val, function( val ) {
+						return { name: elem.name, value: val.replace( rCRLF, "\r\n" ) };
+					}) :
+					{ name: elem.name, value: val.replace( rCRLF, "\r\n" ) };
+		}).get();
+	}
+});
+
+
+// Create the request object
+// (This is still attached to ajaxSettings for backward compatibility)
+jQuery.ajaxSettings.xhr = window.ActiveXObject !== undefined ?
+	// Support: IE6+
+	function() {
+
+		// XHR cannot access local files, always use ActiveX for that case
+		return !this.isLocal &&
+
+			// Support: IE7-8
+			// oldIE XHR does not support non-RFC2616 methods (#13240)
+			// See http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ie/ms536648(v=vs.85).aspx
+			// and http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec9.html#sec9
+			// Although this check for six methods instead of eight
+			// since IE also does not support "trace" and "connect"
+			/^(get|post|head|put|delete|options)$/i.test( this.type ) &&
+
+			createStandardXHR() || createActiveXHR();
+	} :
+	// For all other browsers, use the standard XMLHttpRequest object
+	createStandardXHR;
+
+var xhrId = 0,
+	xhrCallbacks = {},
+	xhrSupported = jQuery.ajaxSettings.xhr();
+
+// Support: IE<10
+// Open requests must be manually aborted on unload (#5280)
+if ( window.ActiveXObject ) {
+	jQuery( window ).on( "unload", function() {
+		for ( var key in xhrCallbacks ) {
+			xhrCallbacks[ key ]( undefined, true );
+		}
+	});
+}
+
+// Determine support properties
+support.cors = !!xhrSupported && ( "withCredentials" in xhrSupported );
+xhrSupported = support.ajax = !!xhrSupported;
+
+// Create transport if the browser can provide an xhr
+if ( xhrSupported ) {
+
+	jQuery.ajaxTransport(function( options ) {
+		// Cross domain only allowed if supported through XMLHttpRequest
+		if ( !options.crossDomain || support.cors ) {
+
+			var callback;
+
+			return {
+				send: function( headers, complete ) {
+					var i,
+						xhr = options.xhr(),
+						id = ++xhrId;
+
+					// Open the socket
+					xhr.open( options.type, options.url, options.async, options.username, options.password );
+
+					// Apply custom fields if provided
+					if ( options.xhrFields ) {
+						for ( i in options.xhrFields ) {
+							xhr[ i ] = options.xhrFields[ i ];
+						}
+					}
+
+					// Override mime type if needed
+					if ( options.mimeType && xhr.overrideMimeType ) {
+						xhr.overrideMimeType( options.mimeType );
+					}
+
+					// X-Requested-With header
+					// For cross-domain requests, seeing as conditions for a preflight are
+					// akin to a jigsaw puzzle, we simply never set it to be sure.
+					// (it can always be set on a per-request basis or even using ajaxSetup)
+					// For same-domain requests, won't change header if already provided.
+					if ( !options.crossDomain && !headers["X-Requested-With"] ) {
+						headers["X-Requested-With"] = "XMLHttpRequest";
+					}
+
+					// Set headers
+					for ( i in headers ) {
+						// Support: IE<9
+						// IE's ActiveXObject throws a 'Type Mismatch' exception when setting
+						// request header to a null-value.
+						//
+						// To keep consistent with other XHR implementations, cast the value
+						// to string and ignore `undefined`.
+						if ( headers[ i ] !== undefined ) {
+							xhr.setRequestHeader( i, headers[ i ] + "" );
+						}
+					}
+
+					// Do send the request
+					// This may raise an exception which is actually
+					// handled in jQuery.ajax (so no try/catch here)
+					xhr.send( ( options.hasContent && options.data ) || null );
+
+					// Listener
+					callback = function( _, isAbort ) {
+						var status, statusText, responses;
+
+						// Was never called and is aborted or complete
+						if ( callback && ( isAbort || xhr.readyState === 4 ) ) {
+							// Clean up
+							delete xhrCallbacks[ id ];
+							callback = undefined;
+							xhr.onreadystatechange = jQuery.noop;
+
+							// Abort manually if needed
+							if ( isAbort ) {
+								if ( xhr.readyState !== 4 ) {
+									xhr.abort();
+								}
+							} else {
+								responses = {};
+								status = xhr.status;
+
+								// Support: IE<10
+								// Accessing binary-data responseText throws an exception
+								// (#11426)
+								if ( typeof xhr.responseText === "string" ) {
+									responses.text = xhr.responseText;
+								}
+
+								// Firefox throws an exception when accessing
+								// statusText for faulty cross-domain requests
+								try {
+									statusText = xhr.statusText;
+								} catch( e ) {
+									// We normalize with Webkit giving an empty statusText
+									statusText = "";
+								}
+
+								// Filter status for non standard behaviors
+
+								// If the request is local and we have data: assume a success
+								// (success with no data won't get notified, that's the best we
+								// can do given current implementations)
+								if ( !status && options.isLocal && !options.crossDomain ) {
+									status = responses.text ? 200 : 404;
+								// IE - #1450: sometimes returns 1223 when it should be 204
+								} else if ( status === 1223 ) {
+									status = 204;
+								}
+							}
+						}
+
+						// Call complete if needed
+						if ( responses ) {
+							complete( status, statusText, responses, xhr.getAllResponseHeaders() );
+						}
+					};
+
+					if ( !options.async ) {
+						// if we're in sync mode we fire the callback
+						callback();
+					} else if ( xhr.readyState === 4 ) {
+						// (IE6 & IE7) if it's in cache and has been
+						// retrieved directly we need to fire the callback
+						setTimeout( callback );
+					} else {
+						// Add to the list of active xhr callbacks
+						xhr.onreadystatechange = xhrCallbacks[ id ] = callback;
+					}
+				},
+
+				abort: function() {
+					if ( callback ) {
+						callback( undefined, true );
+					}
+				}
+			};
+		}
+	});
+}
+
+// Functions to create xhrs
+function createStandardXHR() {
+	try {
+		return new window.XMLHttpRequest();
+	} catch( e ) {}
+}
+
+function createActiveXHR() {
+	try {
+		return new window.ActiveXObject( "Microsoft.XMLHTTP" );
+	} catch( e ) {}
+}
+
+
+
+
+// Install script dataType
+jQuery.ajaxSetup({
+	accepts: {
+		script: "text/javascript, application/javascript, application/ecmascript, application/x-ecmascript"
+	},
+	contents: {
+		script: /(?:java|ecma)script/
+	},
+	converters: {
+		"text script": function( text ) {
+			jQuery.globalEval( text );
+			return text;
+		}
+	}
+});
+
+// Handle cache's special case and global
+jQuery.ajaxPrefilter( "script", function( s ) {
+	if ( s.cache === undefined ) {
+		s.cache = false;
+	}
+	if ( s.crossDomain ) {
+		s.type = "GET";
+		s.global = false;
+	}
+});
+
+// Bind script tag hack transport
+jQuery.ajaxTransport( "script", function(s) {
+
+	// This transport only deals with cross domain requests
+	if ( s.crossDomain ) {
+
+		var script,
+			head = document.head || jQuery("head")[0] || document.documentElement;
+
+		return {
+
+			send: function( _, callback ) {
+
+				script = document.createElement("script");
+
+				script.async = true;
+
+				if ( s.scriptCharset ) {
+					script.charset = s.scriptCharset;
+				}
+
+				script.src = s.url;
+
+				// Attach handlers for all browsers
+				script.onload = script.onreadystatechange = function( _, isAbort ) {
+
+					if ( isAbort || !script.readyState || /loaded|complete/.test( script.readyState ) ) {
+
+						// Handle memory leak in IE
+						script.onload = script.onreadystatechange = null;
+
+						// Remove the script
+						if ( script.parentNode ) {
+							script.parentNode.removeChild( script );
+						}
+
+						// Dereference the script
+						script = null;
+
+						// Callback if not abort
+						if ( !isAbort ) {
+							callback( 200, "success" );
+						}
+					}
+				};
+
+				// Circumvent IE6 bugs with base elements (#2709 and #4378) by prepending
+				// Use native DOM manipulation to avoid our domManip AJAX trickery
+				head.insertBefore( script, head.firstChild );
+			},
+
+			abort: function() {
+				if ( script ) {
+					script.onload( undefined, true );
+				}
+			}
+		};
+	}
+});
+
+
+
+
+var oldCallbacks = [],
+	rjsonp = /(=)\?(?=&|$)|\?\?/;
+
+// Default jsonp settings
+jQuery.ajaxSetup({
+	jsonp: "callback",
+	jsonpCallback: function() {
+		var callback = oldCallbacks.pop() || ( jQuery.expando + "_" + ( nonce++ ) );
+		this[ callback ] = true;
+		return callback;
+	}
+});
+
+// Detect, normalize options and install callbacks for jsonp requests
+jQuery.ajaxPrefilter( "json jsonp", function( s, originalSettings, jqXHR ) {
+
+	var callbackName, overwritten, responseContainer,
+		jsonProp = s.jsonp !== false && ( rjsonp.test( s.url ) ?
+			"url" :
+			typeof s.data === "string" && !( s.contentType || "" ).indexOf("application/x-www-form-urlencoded") && rjsonp.test( s.data ) && "data"
+		);
+
+	// Handle iff the expected data type is "jsonp" or we have a parameter to set
+	if ( jsonProp || s.dataTypes[ 0 ] === "jsonp" ) {
+
+		// Get callback name, remembering preexisting value associated with it
+		callbackName = s.jsonpCallback = jQuery.isFunction( s.jsonpCallback ) ?
+			s.jsonpCallback() :
+			s.jsonpCallback;
+
+		// Insert callback into url or form data
+		if ( jsonProp ) {
+			s[ jsonProp ] = s[ jsonProp ].replace( rjsonp, "$1" + callbackName );
+		} else if ( s.jsonp !== false ) {
+			s.url += ( rquery.test( s.url ) ? "&" : "?" ) + s.jsonp + "=" + callbackName;
+		}
+
+		// Use data converter to retrieve json after script execution
+		s.converters["script json"] = function() {
+			if ( !responseContainer ) {
+				jQuery.error( callbackName + " was not called" );
+			}
+			return responseContainer[ 0 ];
+		};
+
+		// force json dataType
+		s.dataTypes[ 0 ] = "json";
+
+		// Install callback
+		overwritten = window[ callbackName ];
+		window[ callbackName ] = function() {
+			responseContainer = arguments;
+		};
+
+		// Clean-up function (fires after converters)
+		jqXHR.always(function() {
+			// Restore preexisting value
+			window[ callbackName ] = overwritten;
+
+			// Save back as free
+			if ( s[ callbackName ] ) {
+				// make sure that re-using the options doesn't screw things around
+				s.jsonpCallback = originalSettings.jsonpCallback;
+
+				// save the callback name for future use
+				oldCallbacks.push( callbackName );
+			}
+
+			// Call if it was a function and we have a response
+			if ( responseContainer && jQuery.isFunction( overwritten ) ) {
+				overwritten( responseContainer[ 0 ] );
+			}
+
+			responseContainer = overwritten = undefined;
+		});
+
+		// Delegate to script
+		return "script";
+	}
+});
+
+
+
+
+// data: string of html
+// context (optional): If specified, the fragment will be created in this context, defaults to document
+// keepScripts (optional): If true, will include scripts passed in the html string
+jQuery.parseHTML = function( data, context, keepScripts ) {
+	if ( !data || typeof data !== "string" ) {
+		return null;
+	}
+	if ( typeof context === "boolean" ) {
+		keepScripts = context;
+		context = false;
+	}
+	context = context || document;
+
+	var parsed = rsingleTag.exec( data ),
+		scripts = !keepScripts && [];
+
+	// Single tag
+	if ( parsed ) {
+		return [ context.createElement( parsed[1] ) ];
+	}
+
+	parsed = jQuery.buildFragment( [ data ], context, scripts );
+
+	if ( scripts && scripts.length ) {
+		jQuery( scripts ).remove();
+	}
+
+	return jQuery.merge( [], parsed.childNodes );
+};
+
+
+// Keep a copy of the old load method
+var _load = jQuery.fn.load;
+
+/**
+ * Load a url into a page
+ */
+jQuery.fn.load = function( url, params, callback ) {
+	if ( typeof url !== "string" && _load ) {
+		return _load.apply( this, arguments );
+	}
+
+	var selector, response, type,
+		self = this,
+		off = url.indexOf(" ");
+
+	if ( off >= 0 ) {
+		selector = jQuery.trim( url.slice( off, url.length ) );
+		url = url.slice( 0, off );
+	}
+
+	// If it's a function
+	if ( jQuery.isFunction( params ) ) {
+
+		// We assume that it's the callback
+		callback = params;
+		params = undefined;
+
+	// Otherwise, build a param string
+	} else if ( params && typeof params === "object" ) {
+		type = "POST";
+	}
+
+	// If we have elements to modify, make the request
+	if ( self.length > 0 ) {
+		jQuery.ajax({
+			url: url,
+
+			// if "type" variable is undefined, then "GET" method will be used
+			type: type,
+			dataType: "html",
+			data: params
+		}).done(function( responseText ) {
+
+			// Save response for use in complete callback
+			response = arguments;
+
+			self.html( selector ?
+
+				// If a selector was specified, locate the right elements in a dummy div
+				// Exclude scripts to avoid IE 'Permission Denied' errors
+				jQuery("<div>").append( jQuery.parseHTML( responseText ) ).find( selector ) :
+
+				// Otherwise use the full result
+				responseText );
+
+		}).complete( callback && function( jqXHR, status ) {
+			self.each( callback, response || [ jqXHR.responseText, status, jqXHR ] );
+		});
+	}
+
+	return this;
+};
+
+
+
+
+jQuery.expr.filters.animated = function( elem ) {
+	return jQuery.grep(jQuery.timers, function( fn ) {
+		return elem === fn.elem;
+	}).length;
+};
+
+
+
+
+
+var docElem = window.document.documentElement;
+
+/**
+ * Gets a window from an element
+ */
+function getWindow( elem ) {
+	return jQuery.isWindow( elem ) ?
+		elem :
+		elem.nodeType === 9 ?
+			elem.defaultView || elem.parentWindow :
+			false;
+}
+
+jQuery.offset = {
+	setOffset: function( elem, options, i ) {
+		var curPosition, curLeft, curCSSTop, curTop, curOffset, curCSSLeft, calculatePosition,
+			position = jQuery.css( elem, "position" ),
+			curElem = jQuery( elem ),
+			props = {};
+
+		// set position first, in-case top/left are set even on static elem
+		if ( position === "static" ) {
+			elem.style.position = "relative";
+		}
+
+		curOffset = curElem.offset();
+		curCSSTop = jQuery.css( elem, "top" );
+		curCSSLeft = jQuery.css( elem, "left" );
+		calculatePosition = ( position === "absolute" || position === "fixed" ) &&
+			jQuery.inArray("auto", [ curCSSTop, curCSSLeft ] ) > -1;
+
+		// need to be able to calculate position if either top or left is auto and position is either absolute or fixed
+		if ( calculatePosition ) {
+			curPosition = curElem.position();
+			curTop = curPosition.top;
+			curLeft = curPosition.left;
+		} else {
+			curTop = parseFloat( curCSSTop ) || 0;
+			curLeft = parseFloat( curCSSLeft ) || 0;
+		}
+
+		if ( jQuery.isFunction( options ) ) {
+			options = options.call( elem, i, curOffset );
+		}
+
+		if ( options.top != null ) {
+			props.top = ( options.top - curOffset.top ) + curTop;
+		}
+		if ( options.left != null ) {
+			props.left = ( options.left - curOffset.left ) + curLeft;
+		}
+
+		if ( "using" in options ) {
+			options.using.call( elem, props );
+		} else {
+			curElem.css( props );
+		}
+	}
+};
+
+jQuery.fn.extend({
+	offset: function( options ) {
+		if ( arguments.length ) {
+			return options === undefined ?
+				this :
+				this.each(function( i ) {
+					jQuery.offset.setOffset( this, options, i );
+				});
+		}
+
+		var docElem, win,
+			box = { top: 0, left: 0 },
+			elem = this[ 0 ],
+			doc = elem && elem.ownerDocument;
+
+		if ( !doc ) {
+			return;
+		}
+
+		docElem = doc.documentElement;
+
+		// Make sure it's not a disconnected DOM node
+		if ( !jQuery.contains( docElem, elem ) ) {
+			return box;
+		}
+
+		// If we don't have gBCR, just use 0,0 rather than error
+		// BlackBerry 5, iOS 3 (original iPhone)
+		if ( typeof elem.getBoundingClientRect !== strundefined ) {
+			box = elem.getBoundingClientRect();
+		}
+		win = getWindow( doc );
+		return {
+			top: box.top  + ( win.pageYOffset || docElem.scrollTop )  - ( docElem.clientTop  || 0 ),
+			left: box.left + ( win.pageXOffset || docElem.scrollLeft ) - ( docElem.clientLeft || 0 )
+		};
+	},
+
+	position: function() {
+		if ( !this[ 0 ] ) {
+			return;
+		}
+
+		var offsetParent, offset,
+			parentOffset = { top: 0, left: 0 },
+			elem = this[ 0 ];
+
+		// fixed elements are offset from window (parentOffset = {top:0, left: 0}, because it is its only offset parent
+		if ( jQuery.css( elem, "position" ) === "fixed" ) {
+			// we assume that getBoundingClientRect is available when computed position is fixed
+			offset = elem.getBoundingClientRect();
+		} else {
+			// Get *real* offsetParent
+			offsetParent = this.offsetParent();
+
+			// Get correct offsets
+			offset = this.offset();
+			if ( !jQuery.nodeName( offsetParent[ 0 ], "html" ) ) {
+				parentOffset = offsetParent.offset();
+			}
+
+			// Add offsetParent borders
+			parentOffset.top  += jQuery.css( offsetParent[ 0 ], "borderTopWidth", true );
+			parentOffset.left += jQuery.css( offsetParent[ 0 ], "borderLeftWidth", true );
+		}
+
+		// Subtract parent offsets and element margins
+		// note: when an element has margin: auto the offsetLeft and marginLeft
+		// are the same in Safari causing offset.left to incorrectly be 0
+		return {
+			top:  offset.top  - parentOffset.top - jQuery.css( elem, "marginTop", true ),
+			left: offset.left - parentOffset.left - jQuery.css( elem, "marginLeft", true)
+		};
+	},
+
+	offsetParent: function() {
+		return this.map(function() {
+			var offsetParent = this.offsetParent || docElem;
+
+			while ( offsetParent && ( !jQuery.nodeName( offsetParent, "html" ) && jQuery.css( offsetParent, "position" ) === "static" ) ) {
+				offsetParent = offsetParent.offsetParent;
+			}
+			return offsetParent || docElem;
+		});
+	}
+});
+
+// Create scrollLeft and scrollTop methods
+jQuery.each( { scrollLeft: "pageXOffset", scrollTop: "pageYOffset" }, function( method, prop ) {
+	var top = /Y/.test( prop );
+
+	jQuery.fn[ method ] = function( val ) {
+		return access( this, function( elem, method, val ) {
+			var win = getWindow( elem );
+
+			if ( val === undefined ) {
+				return win ? (prop in win) ? win[ prop ] :
+					win.document.documentElement[ method ] :
+					elem[ method ];
+			}
+
+			if ( win ) {
+				win.scrollTo(
+					!top ? val : jQuery( win ).scrollLeft(),
+					top ? val : jQuery( win ).scrollTop()
+				);
+
+			} else {
+				elem[ method ] = val;
+			}
+		}, method, val, arguments.length, null );
+	};
+});
+
+// Add the top/left cssHooks using jQuery.fn.position
+// Webkit bug: https://bugs.webkit.org/show_bug.cgi?id=29084
+// getComputedStyle returns percent when specified for top/left/bottom/right
+// rather than make the css module depend on the offset module, we just check for it here
+jQuery.each( [ "top", "left" ], function( i, prop ) {
+	jQuery.cssHooks[ prop ] = addGetHookIf( support.pixelPosition,
+		function( elem, computed ) {
+			if ( computed ) {
+				computed = curCSS( elem, prop );
+				// if curCSS returns percentage, fallback to offset
+				return rnumnonpx.test( computed ) ?
+					jQuery( elem ).position()[ prop ] + "px" :
+					computed;
+			}
+		}
+	);
+});
+
+
+// Create innerHeight, innerWidth, height, width, outerHeight and outerWidth methods
+jQuery.each( { Height: "height", Width: "width" }, function( name, type ) {
+	jQuery.each( { padding: "inner" + name, content: type, "": "outer" + name }, function( defaultExtra, funcName ) {
+		// margin is only for outerHeight, outerWidth
+		jQuery.fn[ funcName ] = function( margin, value ) {
+			var chainable = arguments.length && ( defaultExtra || typeof margin !== "boolean" ),
+				extra = defaultExtra || ( margin === true || value === true ? "margin" : "border" );
+
+			return access( this, function( elem, type, value ) {
+				var doc;
+
+				if ( jQuery.isWindow( elem ) ) {
+					// As of 5/8/2012 this will yield incorrect results for Mobile Safari, but there
+					// isn't a whole lot we can do. See pull request at this URL for discussion:
+					// https://github.com/jquery/jquery/pull/764
+					return elem.document.documentElement[ "client" + name ];
+				}
+
+				// Get document width or height
+				if ( elem.nodeType === 9 ) {
+					doc = elem.documentElement;
+
+					// Either scroll[Width/Height] or offset[Width/Height] or client[Width/Height], whichever is greatest
+					// unfortunately, this causes bug #3838 in IE6/8 only, but there is currently no good, small way to fix it.
+					return Math.max(
+						elem.body[ "scroll" + name ], doc[ "scroll" + name ],
+						elem.body[ "offset" + name ], doc[ "offset" + name ],
+						doc[ "client" + name ]
+					);
+				}
+
+				return value === undefined ?
+					// Get width or height on the element, requesting but not forcing parseFloat
+					jQuery.css( elem, type, extra ) :
+
+					// Set width or height on the element
+					jQuery.style( elem, type, value, extra );
+			}, type, chainable ? margin : undefined, chainable, null );
+		};
+	});
+});
+
+
+// The number of elements contained in the matched element set
+jQuery.fn.size = function() {
+	return this.length;
+};
+
+jQuery.fn.andSelf = jQuery.fn.addBack;
+
+
+
+
+// Register as a named AMD module, since jQuery can be concatenated with other
+// files that may use define, but not via a proper concatenation script that
+// understands anonymous AMD modules. A named AMD is safest and most robust
+// way to register. Lowercase jquery is used because AMD module names are
+// derived from file names, and jQuery is normally delivered in a lowercase
+// file name. Do this after creating the global so that if an AMD module wants
+// to call noConflict to hide this version of jQuery, it will work.
+
+// Note that for maximum portability, libraries that are not jQuery should
+// declare themselves as anonymous modules, and avoid setting a global if an
+// AMD loader is present. jQuery is a special case. For more information, see
+// https://github.com/jrburke/requirejs/wiki/Updating-existing-libraries#wiki-anon
+
+if ( typeof define === "function" && define.amd ) {
+	define( "jquery", [], function() {
+		return jQuery;
+	});
+}
+
+
+
+
+var
+	// Map over jQuery in case of overwrite
+	_jQuery = window.jQuery,
+
+	// Map over the $ in case of overwrite
+	_$ = window.$;
+
+jQuery.noConflict = function( deep ) {
+	if ( window.$ === jQuery ) {
+		window.$ = _$;
+	}
+
+	if ( deep && window.jQuery === jQuery ) {
+		window.jQuery = _jQuery;
+	}
+
+	return jQuery;
+};
+
+// Expose jQuery and $ identifiers, even in
+// AMD (#7102#comment:10, https://github.com/jquery/jquery/pull/557)
+// and CommonJS for browser emulators (#13566)
+if ( typeof noGlobal === strundefined ) {
+	window.jQuery = window.$ = jQuery;
+}
+
+
+
+
+return jQuery;
+
+}));
diff --git a/html/_static/jquery.js b/html/_static/jquery.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ab28a247
--- /dev/null
+++ b/html/_static/jquery.js
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+/*! jQuery v1.11.1 | (c) 2005, 2014 jQuery Foundation, Inc. | jquery.org/license */
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similarity index 100%
rename from source/_static/mac-icon.png
rename to html/_static/mac-icon.png
diff --git a/source/_themes/uwpce_theme/static/middlebg.png b/html/_static/middlebg.png
similarity index 100%
rename from source/_themes/uwpce_theme/static/middlebg.png
rename to html/_static/middlebg.png
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rename from source/_static/plone-icon-256-white-bg.png
rename to html/_static/plone-icon-256-white-bg.png
diff --git a/source/_static/plone_conf_2012.jpg b/html/_static/plone_conf_2012.jpg
similarity index 100%
rename from source/_static/plone_conf_2012.jpg
rename to html/_static/plone_conf_2012.jpg
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diff --git a/html/_static/pygments.css b/html/_static/pygments.css
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b67900d4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/html/_static/pygments.css
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+.highlight .hll { background-color: #ffffcc }
+.highlight  { background: #ffffff; }
+.highlight .c { color: #888888 } /* Comment */
+.highlight .err { color: #FF0000; background-color: #FFAAAA } /* Error */
+.highlight .k { color: #008800; font-weight: bold } /* Keyword */
+.highlight .o { color: #333333 } /* Operator */
+.highlight .cm { color: #888888 } /* Comment.Multiline */
+.highlight .cp { color: #557799 } /* Comment.Preproc */
+.highlight .c1 { color: #888888 } /* Comment.Single */
+.highlight .cs { color: #cc0000; font-weight: bold } /* Comment.Special */
+.highlight .gd { color: #A00000 } /* Generic.Deleted */
+.highlight .ge { font-style: italic } /* Generic.Emph */
+.highlight .gr { color: #FF0000 } /* Generic.Error */
+.highlight .gh { color: #000080; font-weight: bold } /* Generic.Heading */
+.highlight .gi { color: #00A000 } /* Generic.Inserted */
+.highlight .go { color: #888888 } /* Generic.Output */
+.highlight .gp { color: #c65d09; font-weight: bold } /* Generic.Prompt */
+.highlight .gs { font-weight: bold } /* Generic.Strong */
+.highlight .gu { color: #800080; font-weight: bold } /* Generic.Subheading */
+.highlight .gt { color: #0044DD } /* Generic.Traceback */
+.highlight .kc { color: #008800; font-weight: bold } /* Keyword.Constant */
+.highlight .kd { color: #008800; font-weight: bold } /* Keyword.Declaration */
+.highlight .kn { color: #008800; font-weight: bold } /* Keyword.Namespace */
+.highlight .kp { color: #003388; font-weight: bold } /* Keyword.Pseudo */
+.highlight .kr { color: #008800; font-weight: bold } /* Keyword.Reserved */
+.highlight .kt { color: #333399; font-weight: bold } /* Keyword.Type */
+.highlight .m { color: #6600EE; font-weight: bold } /* Literal.Number */
+.highlight .s { background-color: #fff0f0 } /* Literal.String */
+.highlight .na { color: #0000CC } /* Name.Attribute */
+.highlight .nb { color: #007020 } /* Name.Builtin */
+.highlight .nc { color: #BB0066; font-weight: bold } /* Name.Class */
+.highlight .no { color: #003366; font-weight: bold } /* Name.Constant */
+.highlight .nd { color: #555555; font-weight: bold } /* Name.Decorator */
+.highlight .ni { color: #880000; font-weight: bold } /* Name.Entity */
+.highlight .ne { color: #FF0000; font-weight: bold } /* Name.Exception */
+.highlight .nf { color: #0066BB; font-weight: bold } /* Name.Function */
+.highlight .nl { color: #997700; font-weight: bold } /* Name.Label */
+.highlight .nn { color: #0e84b5; font-weight: bold } /* Name.Namespace */
+.highlight .nt { color: #007700 } /* Name.Tag */
+.highlight .nv { color: #996633 } /* Name.Variable */
+.highlight .ow { color: #000000; font-weight: bold } /* Operator.Word */
+.highlight .w { color: #bbbbbb } /* Text.Whitespace */
+.highlight .mb { color: #6600EE; font-weight: bold } /* Literal.Number.Bin */
+.highlight .mf { color: #6600EE; font-weight: bold } /* Literal.Number.Float */
+.highlight .mh { color: #005588; font-weight: bold } /* Literal.Number.Hex */
+.highlight .mi { color: #0000DD; font-weight: bold } /* Literal.Number.Integer */
+.highlight .mo { color: #4400EE; font-weight: bold } /* Literal.Number.Oct */
+.highlight .sb { background-color: #fff0f0 } /* Literal.String.Backtick */
+.highlight .sc { color: #0044DD } /* Literal.String.Char */
+.highlight .sd { color: #DD4422 } /* Literal.String.Doc */
+.highlight .s2 { background-color: #fff0f0 } /* Literal.String.Double */
+.highlight .se { color: #666666; font-weight: bold; background-color: #fff0f0 } /* Literal.String.Escape */
+.highlight .sh { background-color: #fff0f0 } /* Literal.String.Heredoc */
+.highlight .si { background-color: #eeeeee } /* Literal.String.Interpol */
+.highlight .sx { color: #DD2200; background-color: #fff0f0 } /* Literal.String.Other */
+.highlight .sr { color: #000000; background-color: #fff0ff } /* Literal.String.Regex */
+.highlight .s1 { background-color: #fff0f0 } /* Literal.String.Single */
+.highlight .ss { color: #AA6600 } /* Literal.String.Symbol */
+.highlight .bp { color: #007020 } /* Name.Builtin.Pseudo */
+.highlight .vc { color: #336699 } /* Name.Variable.Class */
+.highlight .vg { color: #dd7700; font-weight: bold } /* Name.Variable.Global */
+.highlight .vi { color: #3333BB } /* Name.Variable.Instance */
+.highlight .il { color: #0000DD; font-weight: bold } /* Literal.Number.Integer.Long */
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diff --git a/source/_static/pyramid-medium.png b/html/_static/pyramid-medium.png
similarity index 100%
rename from source/_static/pyramid-medium.png
rename to html/_static/pyramid-medium.png
diff --git a/source/_themes/uwpce_theme/static/pyramid.css_t b/html/_static/pyramid.css
similarity index 98%
rename from source/_themes/uwpce_theme/static/pyramid.css_t
rename to html/_static/pyramid.css
index ffe91a17..c658c0db 100644
--- a/source/_themes/uwpce_theme/static/pyramid.css_t
+++ b/html/_static/pyramid.css
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ div.documentwrapper {
 }
 
 div.bodywrapper {
-    margin: 0 0 0 {{ theme_sidebarwidth }}px;
+    margin: 0 0 0 230px;
 }
 
 hr {
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ div.related a {
 }
 
 div.related ul {
-    padding-left: {{ theme_sidebarwidth|toint + 10 }}px;
+    padding-left: 240px;
 }
  
 div.sphinxsidebar {
@@ -366,4 +366,4 @@ a:hover em.std-term {
 tt.xref {
     font-weight: normal;
     font-style: normal;
-}
+}
\ No newline at end of file
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diff --git a/html/_static/searchtools.js b/html/_static/searchtools.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0e794fd3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/html/_static/searchtools.js
@@ -0,0 +1,622 @@
+/*
+ * searchtools.js_t
+ * ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+ *
+ * Sphinx JavaScript utilties for the full-text search.
+ *
+ * :copyright: Copyright 2007-2015 by the Sphinx team, see AUTHORS.
+ * :license: BSD, see LICENSE for details.
+ *
+ */
+
+
+/**
+ * Porter Stemmer
+ */
+var Stemmer = function() {
+
+  var step2list = {
+    ational: 'ate',
+    tional: 'tion',
+    enci: 'ence',
+    anci: 'ance',
+    izer: 'ize',
+    bli: 'ble',
+    alli: 'al',
+    entli: 'ent',
+    eli: 'e',
+    ousli: 'ous',
+    ization: 'ize',
+    ation: 'ate',
+    ator: 'ate',
+    alism: 'al',
+    iveness: 'ive',
+    fulness: 'ful',
+    ousness: 'ous',
+    aliti: 'al',
+    iviti: 'ive',
+    biliti: 'ble',
+    logi: 'log'
+  };
+
+  var step3list = {
+    icate: 'ic',
+    ative: '',
+    alize: 'al',
+    iciti: 'ic',
+    ical: 'ic',
+    ful: '',
+    ness: ''
+  };
+
+  var c = "[^aeiou]";          // consonant
+  var v = "[aeiouy]";          // vowel
+  var C = c + "[^aeiouy]*";    // consonant sequence
+  var V = v + "[aeiou]*";      // vowel sequence
+
+  var mgr0 = "^(" + C + ")?" + V + C;                      // [C]VC... is m>0
+  var meq1 = "^(" + C + ")?" + V + C + "(" + V + ")?$";    // [C]VC[V] is m=1
+  var mgr1 = "^(" + C + ")?" + V + C + V + C;              // [C]VCVC... is m>1
+  var s_v   = "^(" + C + ")?" + v;                         // vowel in stem
+
+  this.stemWord = function (w) {
+    var stem;
+    var suffix;
+    var firstch;
+    var origword = w;
+
+    if (w.length < 3)
+      return w;
+
+    var re;
+    var re2;
+    var re3;
+    var re4;
+
+    firstch = w.substr(0,1);
+    if (firstch == "y")
+      w = firstch.toUpperCase() + w.substr(1);
+
+    // Step 1a
+    re = /^(.+?)(ss|i)es$/;
+    re2 = /^(.+?)([^s])s$/;
+
+    if (re.test(w))
+      w = w.replace(re,"$1$2");
+    else if (re2.test(w))
+      w = w.replace(re2,"$1$2");
+
+    // Step 1b
+    re = /^(.+?)eed$/;
+    re2 = /^(.+?)(ed|ing)$/;
+    if (re.test(w)) {
+      var fp = re.exec(w);
+      re = new RegExp(mgr0);
+      if (re.test(fp[1])) {
+        re = /.$/;
+        w = w.replace(re,"");
+      }
+    }
+    else if (re2.test(w)) {
+      var fp = re2.exec(w);
+      stem = fp[1];
+      re2 = new RegExp(s_v);
+      if (re2.test(stem)) {
+        w = stem;
+        re2 = /(at|bl|iz)$/;
+        re3 = new RegExp("([^aeiouylsz])\\1$");
+        re4 = new RegExp("^" + C + v + "[^aeiouwxy]$");
+        if (re2.test(w))
+          w = w + "e";
+        else if (re3.test(w)) {
+          re = /.$/;
+          w = w.replace(re,"");
+        }
+        else if (re4.test(w))
+          w = w + "e";
+      }
+    }
+
+    // Step 1c
+    re = /^(.+?)y$/;
+    if (re.test(w)) {
+      var fp = re.exec(w);
+      stem = fp[1];
+      re = new RegExp(s_v);
+      if (re.test(stem))
+        w = stem + "i";
+    }
+
+    // Step 2
+    re = /^(.+?)(ational|tional|enci|anci|izer|bli|alli|entli|eli|ousli|ization|ation|ator|alism|iveness|fulness|ousness|aliti|iviti|biliti|logi)$/;
+    if (re.test(w)) {
+      var fp = re.exec(w);
+      stem = fp[1];
+      suffix = fp[2];
+      re = new RegExp(mgr0);
+      if (re.test(stem))
+        w = stem + step2list[suffix];
+    }
+
+    // Step 3
+    re = /^(.+?)(icate|ative|alize|iciti|ical|ful|ness)$/;
+    if (re.test(w)) {
+      var fp = re.exec(w);
+      stem = fp[1];
+      suffix = fp[2];
+      re = new RegExp(mgr0);
+      if (re.test(stem))
+        w = stem + step3list[suffix];
+    }
+
+    // Step 4
+    re = /^(.+?)(al|ance|ence|er|ic|able|ible|ant|ement|ment|ent|ou|ism|ate|iti|ous|ive|ize)$/;
+    re2 = /^(.+?)(s|t)(ion)$/;
+    if (re.test(w)) {
+      var fp = re.exec(w);
+      stem = fp[1];
+      re = new RegExp(mgr1);
+      if (re.test(stem))
+        w = stem;
+    }
+    else if (re2.test(w)) {
+      var fp = re2.exec(w);
+      stem = fp[1] + fp[2];
+      re2 = new RegExp(mgr1);
+      if (re2.test(stem))
+        w = stem;
+    }
+
+    // Step 5
+    re = /^(.+?)e$/;
+    if (re.test(w)) {
+      var fp = re.exec(w);
+      stem = fp[1];
+      re = new RegExp(mgr1);
+      re2 = new RegExp(meq1);
+      re3 = new RegExp("^" + C + v + "[^aeiouwxy]$");
+      if (re.test(stem) || (re2.test(stem) && !(re3.test(stem))))
+        w = stem;
+    }
+    re = /ll$/;
+    re2 = new RegExp(mgr1);
+    if (re.test(w) && re2.test(w)) {
+      re = /.$/;
+      w = w.replace(re,"");
+    }
+
+    // and turn initial Y back to y
+    if (firstch == "y")
+      w = firstch.toLowerCase() + w.substr(1);
+    return w;
+  }
+}
+
+
+
+/**
+ * Simple result scoring code.
+ */
+var Scorer = {
+  // Implement the following function to further tweak the score for each result
+  // The function takes a result array [filename, title, anchor, descr, score]
+  // and returns the new score.
+  /*
+  score: function(result) {
+    return result[4];
+  },
+  */
+
+  // query matches the full name of an object
+  objNameMatch: 11,
+  // or matches in the last dotted part of the object name
+  objPartialMatch: 6,
+  // Additive scores depending on the priority of the object
+  objPrio: {0:  15,   // used to be importantResults
+            1:  5,   // used to be objectResults
+            2: -5},  // used to be unimportantResults
+  //  Used when the priority is not in the mapping.
+  objPrioDefault: 0,
+
+  // query found in title
+  title: 15,
+  // query found in terms
+  term: 5
+};
+
+
+/**
+ * Search Module
+ */
+var Search = {
+
+  _index : null,
+  _queued_query : null,
+  _pulse_status : -1,
+
+  init : function() {
+      var params = $.getQueryParameters();
+      if (params.q) {
+          var query = params.q[0];
+          $('input[name="q"]')[0].value = query;
+          this.performSearch(query);
+      }
+  },
+
+  loadIndex : function(url) {
+    $.ajax({type: "GET", url: url, data: null,
+            dataType: "script", cache: true,
+            complete: function(jqxhr, textstatus) {
+              if (textstatus != "success") {
+                document.getElementById("searchindexloader").src = url;
+              }
+            }});
+  },
+
+  setIndex : function(index) {
+    var q;
+    this._index = index;
+    if ((q = this._queued_query) !== null) {
+      this._queued_query = null;
+      Search.query(q);
+    }
+  },
+
+  hasIndex : function() {
+      return this._index !== null;
+  },
+
+  deferQuery : function(query) {
+      this._queued_query = query;
+  },
+
+  stopPulse : function() {
+      this._pulse_status = 0;
+  },
+
+  startPulse : function() {
+    if (this._pulse_status >= 0)
+        return;
+    function pulse() {
+      var i;
+      Search._pulse_status = (Search._pulse_status + 1) % 4;
+      var dotString = '';
+      for (i = 0; i < Search._pulse_status; i++)
+        dotString += '.';
+      Search.dots.text(dotString);
+      if (Search._pulse_status > -1)
+        window.setTimeout(pulse, 500);
+    }
+    pulse();
+  },
+
+  /**
+   * perform a search for something (or wait until index is loaded)
+   */
+  performSearch : function(query) {
+    // create the required interface elements
+    this.out = $('#search-results');
+    this.title = $('<h2>' + _('Searching') + '</h2>').appendTo(this.out);
+    this.dots = $('<span></span>').appendTo(this.title);
+    this.status = $('<p style="display: none"></p>').appendTo(this.out);
+    this.output = $('<ul class="search"/>').appendTo(this.out);
+
+    $('#search-progress').text(_('Preparing search...'));
+    this.startPulse();
+
+    // index already loaded, the browser was quick!
+    if (this.hasIndex())
+      this.query(query);
+    else
+      this.deferQuery(query);
+  },
+
+  /**
+   * execute search (requires search index to be loaded)
+   */
+  query : function(query) {
+    var i;
+    var stopwords = ["a","and","are","as","at","be","but","by","for","if","in","into","is","it","near","no","not","of","on","or","such","that","the","their","then","there","these","they","this","to","was","will","with"];
+
+    // stem the searchterms and add them to the correct list
+    var stemmer = new Stemmer();
+    var searchterms = [];
+    var excluded = [];
+    var hlterms = [];
+    var tmp = query.split(/\s+/);
+    var objectterms = [];
+    for (i = 0; i < tmp.length; i++) {
+      if (tmp[i] !== "") {
+          objectterms.push(tmp[i].toLowerCase());
+      }
+
+      if ($u.indexOf(stopwords, tmp[i].toLowerCase()) != -1 || tmp[i].match(/^\d+$/) ||
+          tmp[i] === "") {
+        // skip this "word"
+        continue;
+      }
+      // stem the word
+      var word = stemmer.stemWord(tmp[i].toLowerCase());
+      var toAppend;
+      // select the correct list
+      if (word[0] == '-') {
+        toAppend = excluded;
+        word = word.substr(1);
+      }
+      else {
+        toAppend = searchterms;
+        hlterms.push(tmp[i].toLowerCase());
+      }
+      // only add if not already in the list
+      if (!$u.contains(toAppend, word))
+        toAppend.push(word);
+    }
+    var highlightstring = '?highlight=' + $.urlencode(hlterms.join(" "));
+
+    // console.debug('SEARCH: searching for:');
+    // console.info('required: ', searchterms);
+    // console.info('excluded: ', excluded);
+
+    // prepare search
+    var terms = this._index.terms;
+    var titleterms = this._index.titleterms;
+
+    // array of [filename, title, anchor, descr, score]
+    var results = [];
+    $('#search-progress').empty();
+
+    // lookup as object
+    for (i = 0; i < objectterms.length; i++) {
+      var others = [].concat(objectterms.slice(0, i),
+                             objectterms.slice(i+1, objectterms.length));
+      results = results.concat(this.performObjectSearch(objectterms[i], others));
+    }
+
+    // lookup as search terms in fulltext
+    results = results.concat(this.performTermsSearch(searchterms, excluded, terms, Scorer.term))
+                     .concat(this.performTermsSearch(searchterms, excluded, titleterms, Scorer.title));
+
+    // let the scorer override scores with a custom scoring function
+    if (Scorer.score) {
+      for (i = 0; i < results.length; i++)
+        results[i][4] = Scorer.score(results[i]);
+    }
+
+    // now sort the results by score (in opposite order of appearance, since the
+    // display function below uses pop() to retrieve items) and then
+    // alphabetically
+    results.sort(function(a, b) {
+      var left = a[4];
+      var right = b[4];
+      if (left > right) {
+        return 1;
+      } else if (left < right) {
+        return -1;
+      } else {
+        // same score: sort alphabetically
+        left = a[1].toLowerCase();
+        right = b[1].toLowerCase();
+        return (left > right) ? -1 : ((left < right) ? 1 : 0);
+      }
+    });
+
+    // for debugging
+    //Search.lastresults = results.slice();  // a copy
+    //console.info('search results:', Search.lastresults);
+
+    // print the results
+    var resultCount = results.length;
+    function displayNextItem() {
+      // results left, load the summary and display it
+      if (results.length) {
+        var item = results.pop();
+        var listItem = $('<li style="display:none"></li>');
+        if (DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS.FILE_SUFFIX === '') {
+          // dirhtml builder
+          var dirname = item[0] + '/';
+          if (dirname.match(/\/index\/$/)) {
+            dirname = dirname.substring(0, dirname.length-6);
+          } else if (dirname == 'index/') {
+            dirname = '';
+          }
+          listItem.append($('<a/>').attr('href',
+            DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS.URL_ROOT + dirname +
+            highlightstring + item[2]).html(item[1]));
+        } else {
+          // normal html builders
+          listItem.append($('<a/>').attr('href',
+            item[0] + DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS.FILE_SUFFIX +
+            highlightstring + item[2]).html(item[1]));
+        }
+        if (item[3]) {
+          listItem.append($('<span> (' + item[3] + ')</span>'));
+          Search.output.append(listItem);
+          listItem.slideDown(5, function() {
+            displayNextItem();
+          });
+        } else if (DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS.HAS_SOURCE) {
+          $.ajax({url: DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS.URL_ROOT + '_sources/' + item[0] + '.txt',
+                  dataType: "text",
+                  complete: function(jqxhr, textstatus) {
+                    var data = jqxhr.responseText;
+                    if (data !== '' && data !== undefined) {
+                      listItem.append(Search.makeSearchSummary(data, searchterms, hlterms));
+                    }
+                    Search.output.append(listItem);
+                    listItem.slideDown(5, function() {
+                      displayNextItem();
+                    });
+                  }});
+        } else {
+          // no source available, just display title
+          Search.output.append(listItem);
+          listItem.slideDown(5, function() {
+            displayNextItem();
+          });
+        }
+      }
+      // search finished, update title and status message
+      else {
+        Search.stopPulse();
+        Search.title.text(_('Search Results'));
+        if (!resultCount)
+          Search.status.text(_('Your search did not match any documents. Please make sure that all words are spelled correctly and that you\'ve selected enough categories.'));
+        else
+            Search.status.text(_('Search finished, found %s page(s) matching the search query.').replace('%s', resultCount));
+        Search.status.fadeIn(500);
+      }
+    }
+    displayNextItem();
+  },
+
+  /**
+   * search for object names
+   */
+  performObjectSearch : function(object, otherterms) {
+    var filenames = this._index.filenames;
+    var objects = this._index.objects;
+    var objnames = this._index.objnames;
+    var titles = this._index.titles;
+
+    var i;
+    var results = [];
+
+    for (var prefix in objects) {
+      for (var name in objects[prefix]) {
+        var fullname = (prefix ? prefix + '.' : '') + name;
+        if (fullname.toLowerCase().indexOf(object) > -1) {
+          var score = 0;
+          var parts = fullname.split('.');
+          // check for different match types: exact matches of full name or
+          // "last name" (i.e. last dotted part)
+          if (fullname == object || parts[parts.length - 1] == object) {
+            score += Scorer.objNameMatch;
+          // matches in last name
+          } else if (parts[parts.length - 1].indexOf(object) > -1) {
+            score += Scorer.objPartialMatch;
+          }
+          var match = objects[prefix][name];
+          var objname = objnames[match[1]][2];
+          var title = titles[match[0]];
+          // If more than one term searched for, we require other words to be
+          // found in the name/title/description
+          if (otherterms.length > 0) {
+            var haystack = (prefix + ' ' + name + ' ' +
+                            objname + ' ' + title).toLowerCase();
+            var allfound = true;
+            for (i = 0; i < otherterms.length; i++) {
+              if (haystack.indexOf(otherterms[i]) == -1) {
+                allfound = false;
+                break;
+              }
+            }
+            if (!allfound) {
+              continue;
+            }
+          }
+          var descr = objname + _(', in ') + title;
+
+          var anchor = match[3];
+          if (anchor === '')
+            anchor = fullname;
+          else if (anchor == '-')
+            anchor = objnames[match[1]][1] + '-' + fullname;
+          // add custom score for some objects according to scorer
+          if (Scorer.objPrio.hasOwnProperty(match[2])) {
+            score += Scorer.objPrio[match[2]];
+          } else {
+            score += Scorer.objPrioDefault;
+          }
+          results.push([filenames[match[0]], fullname, '#'+anchor, descr, score]);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    return results;
+  },
+
+  /**
+   * search for full-text terms in the index
+   */
+  performTermsSearch : function(searchterms, excluded, terms, score) {
+    var filenames = this._index.filenames;
+    var titles = this._index.titles;
+
+    var i, j, file, files;
+    var fileMap = {};
+    var results = [];
+
+    // perform the search on the required terms
+    for (i = 0; i < searchterms.length; i++) {
+      var word = searchterms[i];
+      // no match but word was a required one
+      if ((files = terms[word]) === undefined)
+        break;
+      if (files.length === undefined) {
+        files = [files];
+      }
+      // create the mapping
+      for (j = 0; j < files.length; j++) {
+        file = files[j];
+        if (file in fileMap)
+          fileMap[file].push(word);
+        else
+          fileMap[file] = [word];
+      }
+    }
+
+    // now check if the files don't contain excluded terms
+    for (file in fileMap) {
+      var valid = true;
+
+      // check if all requirements are matched
+      if (fileMap[file].length != searchterms.length)
+          continue;
+
+      // ensure that none of the excluded terms is in the search result
+      for (i = 0; i < excluded.length; i++) {
+        if (terms[excluded[i]] == file ||
+          $u.contains(terms[excluded[i]] || [], file)) {
+          valid = false;
+          break;
+        }
+      }
+
+      // if we have still a valid result we can add it to the result list
+      if (valid) {
+        results.push([filenames[file], titles[file], '', null, score]);
+      }
+    }
+    return results;
+  },
+
+  /**
+   * helper function to return a node containing the
+   * search summary for a given text. keywords is a list
+   * of stemmed words, hlwords is the list of normal, unstemmed
+   * words. the first one is used to find the occurance, the
+   * latter for highlighting it.
+   */
+  makeSearchSummary : function(text, keywords, hlwords) {
+    var textLower = text.toLowerCase();
+    var start = 0;
+    $.each(keywords, function() {
+      var i = textLower.indexOf(this.toLowerCase());
+      if (i > -1)
+        start = i;
+    });
+    start = Math.max(start - 120, 0);
+    var excerpt = ((start > 0) ? '...' : '') +
+      $.trim(text.substr(start, 240)) +
+      ((start + 240 - text.length) ? '...' : '');
+    var rv = $('<div class="context"></div>').text(excerpt);
+    $.each(hlwords, function() {
+      rv = rv.highlightText(this, 'highlighted');
+    });
+    return rv;
+  }
+};
+
+$(document).ready(function() {
+  Search.init();
+});
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/source/_static/sheep_pyramid.jpg b/html/_static/sheep_pyramid.jpg
similarity index 100%
rename from source/_static/sheep_pyramid.jpg
rename to html/_static/sheep_pyramid.jpg
diff --git a/source/_static/skateboard.jpg b/html/_static/skateboard.jpg
similarity index 100%
rename from source/_static/skateboard.jpg
rename to html/_static/skateboard.jpg
diff --git a/source/_static/socket_interaction.png b/html/_static/socket_interaction.png
similarity index 100%
rename from source/_static/socket_interaction.png
rename to html/_static/socket_interaction.png
diff --git a/source/_themes/uwpce_theme/static/transparent.gif b/html/_static/transparent.gif
similarity index 100%
rename from source/_themes/uwpce_theme/static/transparent.gif
rename to html/_static/transparent.gif
diff --git a/html/_static/underscore-1.3.1.js b/html/_static/underscore-1.3.1.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..208d4cd8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/html/_static/underscore-1.3.1.js
@@ -0,0 +1,999 @@
+//     Underscore.js 1.3.1
+//     (c) 2009-2012 Jeremy Ashkenas, DocumentCloud Inc.
+//     Underscore is freely distributable under the MIT license.
+//     Portions of Underscore are inspired or borrowed from Prototype,
+//     Oliver Steele's Functional, and John Resig's Micro-Templating.
+//     For all details and documentation:
+//     http://documentcloud.github.com/underscore
+
+(function() {
+
+  // Baseline setup
+  // --------------
+
+  // Establish the root object, `window` in the browser, or `global` on the server.
+  var root = this;
+
+  // Save the previous value of the `_` variable.
+  var previousUnderscore = root._;
+
+  // Establish the object that gets returned to break out of a loop iteration.
+  var breaker = {};
+
+  // Save bytes in the minified (but not gzipped) version:
+  var ArrayProto = Array.prototype, ObjProto = Object.prototype, FuncProto = Function.prototype;
+
+  // Create quick reference variables for speed access to core prototypes.
+  var slice            = ArrayProto.slice,
+      unshift          = ArrayProto.unshift,
+      toString         = ObjProto.toString,
+      hasOwnProperty   = ObjProto.hasOwnProperty;
+
+  // All **ECMAScript 5** native function implementations that we hope to use
+  // are declared here.
+  var
+    nativeForEach      = ArrayProto.forEach,
+    nativeMap          = ArrayProto.map,
+    nativeReduce       = ArrayProto.reduce,
+    nativeReduceRight  = ArrayProto.reduceRight,
+    nativeFilter       = ArrayProto.filter,
+    nativeEvery        = ArrayProto.every,
+    nativeSome         = ArrayProto.some,
+    nativeIndexOf      = ArrayProto.indexOf,
+    nativeLastIndexOf  = ArrayProto.lastIndexOf,
+    nativeIsArray      = Array.isArray,
+    nativeKeys         = Object.keys,
+    nativeBind         = FuncProto.bind;
+
+  // Create a safe reference to the Underscore object for use below.
+  var _ = function(obj) { return new wrapper(obj); };
+
+  // Export the Underscore object for **Node.js**, with
+  // backwards-compatibility for the old `require()` API. If we're in
+  // the browser, add `_` as a global object via a string identifier,
+  // for Closure Compiler "advanced" mode.
+  if (typeof exports !== 'undefined') {
+    if (typeof module !== 'undefined' && module.exports) {
+      exports = module.exports = _;
+    }
+    exports._ = _;
+  } else {
+    root['_'] = _;
+  }
+
+  // Current version.
+  _.VERSION = '1.3.1';
+
+  // Collection Functions
+  // --------------------
+
+  // The cornerstone, an `each` implementation, aka `forEach`.
+  // Handles objects with the built-in `forEach`, arrays, and raw objects.
+  // Delegates to **ECMAScript 5**'s native `forEach` if available.
+  var each = _.each = _.forEach = function(obj, iterator, context) {
+    if (obj == null) return;
+    if (nativeForEach && obj.forEach === nativeForEach) {
+      obj.forEach(iterator, context);
+    } else if (obj.length === +obj.length) {
+      for (var i = 0, l = obj.length; i < l; i++) {
+        if (i in obj && iterator.call(context, obj[i], i, obj) === breaker) return;
+      }
+    } else {
+      for (var key in obj) {
+        if (_.has(obj, key)) {
+          if (iterator.call(context, obj[key], key, obj) === breaker) return;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  };
+
+  // Return the results of applying the iterator to each element.
+  // Delegates to **ECMAScript 5**'s native `map` if available.
+  _.map = _.collect = function(obj, iterator, context) {
+    var results = [];
+    if (obj == null) return results;
+    if (nativeMap && obj.map === nativeMap) return obj.map(iterator, context);
+    each(obj, function(value, index, list) {
+      results[results.length] = iterator.call(context, value, index, list);
+    });
+    if (obj.length === +obj.length) results.length = obj.length;
+    return results;
+  };
+
+  // **Reduce** builds up a single result from a list of values, aka `inject`,
+  // or `foldl`. Delegates to **ECMAScript 5**'s native `reduce` if available.
+  _.reduce = _.foldl = _.inject = function(obj, iterator, memo, context) {
+    var initial = arguments.length > 2;
+    if (obj == null) obj = [];
+    if (nativeReduce && obj.reduce === nativeReduce) {
+      if (context) iterator = _.bind(iterator, context);
+      return initial ? obj.reduce(iterator, memo) : obj.reduce(iterator);
+    }
+    each(obj, function(value, index, list) {
+      if (!initial) {
+        memo = value;
+        initial = true;
+      } else {
+        memo = iterator.call(context, memo, value, index, list);
+      }
+    });
+    if (!initial) throw new TypeError('Reduce of empty array with no initial value');
+    return memo;
+  };
+
+  // The right-associative version of reduce, also known as `foldr`.
+  // Delegates to **ECMAScript 5**'s native `reduceRight` if available.
+  _.reduceRight = _.foldr = function(obj, iterator, memo, context) {
+    var initial = arguments.length > 2;
+    if (obj == null) obj = [];
+    if (nativeReduceRight && obj.reduceRight === nativeReduceRight) {
+      if (context) iterator = _.bind(iterator, context);
+      return initial ? obj.reduceRight(iterator, memo) : obj.reduceRight(iterator);
+    }
+    var reversed = _.toArray(obj).reverse();
+    if (context && !initial) iterator = _.bind(iterator, context);
+    return initial ? _.reduce(reversed, iterator, memo, context) : _.reduce(reversed, iterator);
+  };
+
+  // Return the first value which passes a truth test. Aliased as `detect`.
+  _.find = _.detect = function(obj, iterator, context) {
+    var result;
+    any(obj, function(value, index, list) {
+      if (iterator.call(context, value, index, list)) {
+        result = value;
+        return true;
+      }
+    });
+    return result;
+  };
+
+  // Return all the elements that pass a truth test.
+  // Delegates to **ECMAScript 5**'s native `filter` if available.
+  // Aliased as `select`.
+  _.filter = _.select = function(obj, iterator, context) {
+    var results = [];
+    if (obj == null) return results;
+    if (nativeFilter && obj.filter === nativeFilter) return obj.filter(iterator, context);
+    each(obj, function(value, index, list) {
+      if (iterator.call(context, value, index, list)) results[results.length] = value;
+    });
+    return results;
+  };
+
+  // Return all the elements for which a truth test fails.
+  _.reject = function(obj, iterator, context) {
+    var results = [];
+    if (obj == null) return results;
+    each(obj, function(value, index, list) {
+      if (!iterator.call(context, value, index, list)) results[results.length] = value;
+    });
+    return results;
+  };
+
+  // Determine whether all of the elements match a truth test.
+  // Delegates to **ECMAScript 5**'s native `every` if available.
+  // Aliased as `all`.
+  _.every = _.all = function(obj, iterator, context) {
+    var result = true;
+    if (obj == null) return result;
+    if (nativeEvery && obj.every === nativeEvery) return obj.every(iterator, context);
+    each(obj, function(value, index, list) {
+      if (!(result = result && iterator.call(context, value, index, list))) return breaker;
+    });
+    return result;
+  };
+
+  // Determine if at least one element in the object matches a truth test.
+  // Delegates to **ECMAScript 5**'s native `some` if available.
+  // Aliased as `any`.
+  var any = _.some = _.any = function(obj, iterator, context) {
+    iterator || (iterator = _.identity);
+    var result = false;
+    if (obj == null) return result;
+    if (nativeSome && obj.some === nativeSome) return obj.some(iterator, context);
+    each(obj, function(value, index, list) {
+      if (result || (result = iterator.call(context, value, index, list))) return breaker;
+    });
+    return !!result;
+  };
+
+  // Determine if a given value is included in the array or object using `===`.
+  // Aliased as `contains`.
+  _.include = _.contains = function(obj, target) {
+    var found = false;
+    if (obj == null) return found;
+    if (nativeIndexOf && obj.indexOf === nativeIndexOf) return obj.indexOf(target) != -1;
+    found = any(obj, function(value) {
+      return value === target;
+    });
+    return found;
+  };
+
+  // Invoke a method (with arguments) on every item in a collection.
+  _.invoke = function(obj, method) {
+    var args = slice.call(arguments, 2);
+    return _.map(obj, function(value) {
+      return (_.isFunction(method) ? method || value : value[method]).apply(value, args);
+    });
+  };
+
+  // Convenience version of a common use case of `map`: fetching a property.
+  _.pluck = function(obj, key) {
+    return _.map(obj, function(value){ return value[key]; });
+  };
+
+  // Return the maximum element or (element-based computation).
+  _.max = function(obj, iterator, context) {
+    if (!iterator && _.isArray(obj)) return Math.max.apply(Math, obj);
+    if (!iterator && _.isEmpty(obj)) return -Infinity;
+    var result = {computed : -Infinity};
+    each(obj, function(value, index, list) {
+      var computed = iterator ? iterator.call(context, value, index, list) : value;
+      computed >= result.computed && (result = {value : value, computed : computed});
+    });
+    return result.value;
+  };
+
+  // Return the minimum element (or element-based computation).
+  _.min = function(obj, iterator, context) {
+    if (!iterator && _.isArray(obj)) return Math.min.apply(Math, obj);
+    if (!iterator && _.isEmpty(obj)) return Infinity;
+    var result = {computed : Infinity};
+    each(obj, function(value, index, list) {
+      var computed = iterator ? iterator.call(context, value, index, list) : value;
+      computed < result.computed && (result = {value : value, computed : computed});
+    });
+    return result.value;
+  };
+
+  // Shuffle an array.
+  _.shuffle = function(obj) {
+    var shuffled = [], rand;
+    each(obj, function(value, index, list) {
+      if (index == 0) {
+        shuffled[0] = value;
+      } else {
+        rand = Math.floor(Math.random() * (index + 1));
+        shuffled[index] = shuffled[rand];
+        shuffled[rand] = value;
+      }
+    });
+    return shuffled;
+  };
+
+  // Sort the object's values by a criterion produced by an iterator.
+  _.sortBy = function(obj, iterator, context) {
+    return _.pluck(_.map(obj, function(value, index, list) {
+      return {
+        value : value,
+        criteria : iterator.call(context, value, index, list)
+      };
+    }).sort(function(left, right) {
+      var a = left.criteria, b = right.criteria;
+      return a < b ? -1 : a > b ? 1 : 0;
+    }), 'value');
+  };
+
+  // Groups the object's values by a criterion. Pass either a string attribute
+  // to group by, or a function that returns the criterion.
+  _.groupBy = function(obj, val) {
+    var result = {};
+    var iterator = _.isFunction(val) ? val : function(obj) { return obj[val]; };
+    each(obj, function(value, index) {
+      var key = iterator(value, index);
+      (result[key] || (result[key] = [])).push(value);
+    });
+    return result;
+  };
+
+  // Use a comparator function to figure out at what index an object should
+  // be inserted so as to maintain order. Uses binary search.
+  _.sortedIndex = function(array, obj, iterator) {
+    iterator || (iterator = _.identity);
+    var low = 0, high = array.length;
+    while (low < high) {
+      var mid = (low + high) >> 1;
+      iterator(array[mid]) < iterator(obj) ? low = mid + 1 : high = mid;
+    }
+    return low;
+  };
+
+  // Safely convert anything iterable into a real, live array.
+  _.toArray = function(iterable) {
+    if (!iterable)                return [];
+    if (iterable.toArray)         return iterable.toArray();
+    if (_.isArray(iterable))      return slice.call(iterable);
+    if (_.isArguments(iterable))  return slice.call(iterable);
+    return _.values(iterable);
+  };
+
+  // Return the number of elements in an object.
+  _.size = function(obj) {
+    return _.toArray(obj).length;
+  };
+
+  // Array Functions
+  // ---------------
+
+  // Get the first element of an array. Passing **n** will return the first N
+  // values in the array. Aliased as `head`. The **guard** check allows it to work
+  // with `_.map`.
+  _.first = _.head = function(array, n, guard) {
+    return (n != null) && !guard ? slice.call(array, 0, n) : array[0];
+  };
+
+  // Returns everything but the last entry of the array. Especcialy useful on
+  // the arguments object. Passing **n** will return all the values in
+  // the array, excluding the last N. The **guard** check allows it to work with
+  // `_.map`.
+  _.initial = function(array, n, guard) {
+    return slice.call(array, 0, array.length - ((n == null) || guard ? 1 : n));
+  };
+
+  // Get the last element of an array. Passing **n** will return the last N
+  // values in the array. The **guard** check allows it to work with `_.map`.
+  _.last = function(array, n, guard) {
+    if ((n != null) && !guard) {
+      return slice.call(array, Math.max(array.length - n, 0));
+    } else {
+      return array[array.length - 1];
+    }
+  };
+
+  // Returns everything but the first entry of the array. Aliased as `tail`.
+  // Especially useful on the arguments object. Passing an **index** will return
+  // the rest of the values in the array from that index onward. The **guard**
+  // check allows it to work with `_.map`.
+  _.rest = _.tail = function(array, index, guard) {
+    return slice.call(array, (index == null) || guard ? 1 : index);
+  };
+
+  // Trim out all falsy values from an array.
+  _.compact = function(array) {
+    return _.filter(array, function(value){ return !!value; });
+  };
+
+  // Return a completely flattened version of an array.
+  _.flatten = function(array, shallow) {
+    return _.reduce(array, function(memo, value) {
+      if (_.isArray(value)) return memo.concat(shallow ? value : _.flatten(value));
+      memo[memo.length] = value;
+      return memo;
+    }, []);
+  };
+
+  // Return a version of the array that does not contain the specified value(s).
+  _.without = function(array) {
+    return _.difference(array, slice.call(arguments, 1));
+  };
+
+  // Produce a duplicate-free version of the array. If the array has already
+  // been sorted, you have the option of using a faster algorithm.
+  // Aliased as `unique`.
+  _.uniq = _.unique = function(array, isSorted, iterator) {
+    var initial = iterator ? _.map(array, iterator) : array;
+    var result = [];
+    _.reduce(initial, function(memo, el, i) {
+      if (0 == i || (isSorted === true ? _.last(memo) != el : !_.include(memo, el))) {
+        memo[memo.length] = el;
+        result[result.length] = array[i];
+      }
+      return memo;
+    }, []);
+    return result;
+  };
+
+  // Produce an array that contains the union: each distinct element from all of
+  // the passed-in arrays.
+  _.union = function() {
+    return _.uniq(_.flatten(arguments, true));
+  };
+
+  // Produce an array that contains every item shared between all the
+  // passed-in arrays. (Aliased as "intersect" for back-compat.)
+  _.intersection = _.intersect = function(array) {
+    var rest = slice.call(arguments, 1);
+    return _.filter(_.uniq(array), function(item) {
+      return _.every(rest, function(other) {
+        return _.indexOf(other, item) >= 0;
+      });
+    });
+  };
+
+  // Take the difference between one array and a number of other arrays.
+  // Only the elements present in just the first array will remain.
+  _.difference = function(array) {
+    var rest = _.flatten(slice.call(arguments, 1));
+    return _.filter(array, function(value){ return !_.include(rest, value); });
+  };
+
+  // Zip together multiple lists into a single array -- elements that share
+  // an index go together.
+  _.zip = function() {
+    var args = slice.call(arguments);
+    var length = _.max(_.pluck(args, 'length'));
+    var results = new Array(length);
+    for (var i = 0; i < length; i++) results[i] = _.pluck(args, "" + i);
+    return results;
+  };
+
+  // If the browser doesn't supply us with indexOf (I'm looking at you, **MSIE**),
+  // we need this function. Return the position of the first occurrence of an
+  // item in an array, or -1 if the item is not included in the array.
+  // Delegates to **ECMAScript 5**'s native `indexOf` if available.
+  // If the array is large and already in sort order, pass `true`
+  // for **isSorted** to use binary search.
+  _.indexOf = function(array, item, isSorted) {
+    if (array == null) return -1;
+    var i, l;
+    if (isSorted) {
+      i = _.sortedIndex(array, item);
+      return array[i] === item ? i : -1;
+    }
+    if (nativeIndexOf && array.indexOf === nativeIndexOf) return array.indexOf(item);
+    for (i = 0, l = array.length; i < l; i++) if (i in array && array[i] === item) return i;
+    return -1;
+  };
+
+  // Delegates to **ECMAScript 5**'s native `lastIndexOf` if available.
+  _.lastIndexOf = function(array, item) {
+    if (array == null) return -1;
+    if (nativeLastIndexOf && array.lastIndexOf === nativeLastIndexOf) return array.lastIndexOf(item);
+    var i = array.length;
+    while (i--) if (i in array && array[i] === item) return i;
+    return -1;
+  };
+
+  // Generate an integer Array containing an arithmetic progression. A port of
+  // the native Python `range()` function. See
+  // [the Python documentation](http://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#range).
+  _.range = function(start, stop, step) {
+    if (arguments.length <= 1) {
+      stop = start || 0;
+      start = 0;
+    }
+    step = arguments[2] || 1;
+
+    var len = Math.max(Math.ceil((stop - start) / step), 0);
+    var idx = 0;
+    var range = new Array(len);
+
+    while(idx < len) {
+      range[idx++] = start;
+      start += step;
+    }
+
+    return range;
+  };
+
+  // Function (ahem) Functions
+  // ------------------
+
+  // Reusable constructor function for prototype setting.
+  var ctor = function(){};
+
+  // Create a function bound to a given object (assigning `this`, and arguments,
+  // optionally). Binding with arguments is also known as `curry`.
+  // Delegates to **ECMAScript 5**'s native `Function.bind` if available.
+  // We check for `func.bind` first, to fail fast when `func` is undefined.
+  _.bind = function bind(func, context) {
+    var bound, args;
+    if (func.bind === nativeBind && nativeBind) return nativeBind.apply(func, slice.call(arguments, 1));
+    if (!_.isFunction(func)) throw new TypeError;
+    args = slice.call(arguments, 2);
+    return bound = function() {
+      if (!(this instanceof bound)) return func.apply(context, args.concat(slice.call(arguments)));
+      ctor.prototype = func.prototype;
+      var self = new ctor;
+      var result = func.apply(self, args.concat(slice.call(arguments)));
+      if (Object(result) === result) return result;
+      return self;
+    };
+  };
+
+  // Bind all of an object's methods to that object. Useful for ensuring that
+  // all callbacks defined on an object belong to it.
+  _.bindAll = function(obj) {
+    var funcs = slice.call(arguments, 1);
+    if (funcs.length == 0) funcs = _.functions(obj);
+    each(funcs, function(f) { obj[f] = _.bind(obj[f], obj); });
+    return obj;
+  };
+
+  // Memoize an expensive function by storing its results.
+  _.memoize = function(func, hasher) {
+    var memo = {};
+    hasher || (hasher = _.identity);
+    return function() {
+      var key = hasher.apply(this, arguments);
+      return _.has(memo, key) ? memo[key] : (memo[key] = func.apply(this, arguments));
+    };
+  };
+
+  // Delays a function for the given number of milliseconds, and then calls
+  // it with the arguments supplied.
+  _.delay = function(func, wait) {
+    var args = slice.call(arguments, 2);
+    return setTimeout(function(){ return func.apply(func, args); }, wait);
+  };
+
+  // Defers a function, scheduling it to run after the current call stack has
+  // cleared.
+  _.defer = function(func) {
+    return _.delay.apply(_, [func, 1].concat(slice.call(arguments, 1)));
+  };
+
+  // Returns a function, that, when invoked, will only be triggered at most once
+  // during a given window of time.
+  _.throttle = function(func, wait) {
+    var context, args, timeout, throttling, more;
+    var whenDone = _.debounce(function(){ more = throttling = false; }, wait);
+    return function() {
+      context = this; args = arguments;
+      var later = function() {
+        timeout = null;
+        if (more) func.apply(context, args);
+        whenDone();
+      };
+      if (!timeout) timeout = setTimeout(later, wait);
+      if (throttling) {
+        more = true;
+      } else {
+        func.apply(context, args);
+      }
+      whenDone();
+      throttling = true;
+    };
+  };
+
+  // Returns a function, that, as long as it continues to be invoked, will not
+  // be triggered. The function will be called after it stops being called for
+  // N milliseconds.
+  _.debounce = function(func, wait) {
+    var timeout;
+    return function() {
+      var context = this, args = arguments;
+      var later = function() {
+        timeout = null;
+        func.apply(context, args);
+      };
+      clearTimeout(timeout);
+      timeout = setTimeout(later, wait);
+    };
+  };
+
+  // Returns a function that will be executed at most one time, no matter how
+  // often you call it. Useful for lazy initialization.
+  _.once = function(func) {
+    var ran = false, memo;
+    return function() {
+      if (ran) return memo;
+      ran = true;
+      return memo = func.apply(this, arguments);
+    };
+  };
+
+  // Returns the first function passed as an argument to the second,
+  // allowing you to adjust arguments, run code before and after, and
+  // conditionally execute the original function.
+  _.wrap = function(func, wrapper) {
+    return function() {
+      var args = [func].concat(slice.call(arguments, 0));
+      return wrapper.apply(this, args);
+    };
+  };
+
+  // Returns a function that is the composition of a list of functions, each
+  // consuming the return value of the function that follows.
+  _.compose = function() {
+    var funcs = arguments;
+    return function() {
+      var args = arguments;
+      for (var i = funcs.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+        args = [funcs[i].apply(this, args)];
+      }
+      return args[0];
+    };
+  };
+
+  // Returns a function that will only be executed after being called N times.
+  _.after = function(times, func) {
+    if (times <= 0) return func();
+    return function() {
+      if (--times < 1) { return func.apply(this, arguments); }
+    };
+  };
+
+  // Object Functions
+  // ----------------
+
+  // Retrieve the names of an object's properties.
+  // Delegates to **ECMAScript 5**'s native `Object.keys`
+  _.keys = nativeKeys || function(obj) {
+    if (obj !== Object(obj)) throw new TypeError('Invalid object');
+    var keys = [];
+    for (var key in obj) if (_.has(obj, key)) keys[keys.length] = key;
+    return keys;
+  };
+
+  // Retrieve the values of an object's properties.
+  _.values = function(obj) {
+    return _.map(obj, _.identity);
+  };
+
+  // Return a sorted list of the function names available on the object.
+  // Aliased as `methods`
+  _.functions = _.methods = function(obj) {
+    var names = [];
+    for (var key in obj) {
+      if (_.isFunction(obj[key])) names.push(key);
+    }
+    return names.sort();
+  };
+
+  // Extend a given object with all the properties in passed-in object(s).
+  _.extend = function(obj) {
+    each(slice.call(arguments, 1), function(source) {
+      for (var prop in source) {
+        obj[prop] = source[prop];
+      }
+    });
+    return obj;
+  };
+
+  // Fill in a given object with default properties.
+  _.defaults = function(obj) {
+    each(slice.call(arguments, 1), function(source) {
+      for (var prop in source) {
+        if (obj[prop] == null) obj[prop] = source[prop];
+      }
+    });
+    return obj;
+  };
+
+  // Create a (shallow-cloned) duplicate of an object.
+  _.clone = function(obj) {
+    if (!_.isObject(obj)) return obj;
+    return _.isArray(obj) ? obj.slice() : _.extend({}, obj);
+  };
+
+  // Invokes interceptor with the obj, and then returns obj.
+  // The primary purpose of this method is to "tap into" a method chain, in
+  // order to perform operations on intermediate results within the chain.
+  _.tap = function(obj, interceptor) {
+    interceptor(obj);
+    return obj;
+  };
+
+  // Internal recursive comparison function.
+  function eq(a, b, stack) {
+    // Identical objects are equal. `0 === -0`, but they aren't identical.
+    // See the Harmony `egal` proposal: http://wiki.ecmascript.org/doku.php?id=harmony:egal.
+    if (a === b) return a !== 0 || 1 / a == 1 / b;
+    // A strict comparison is necessary because `null == undefined`.
+    if (a == null || b == null) return a === b;
+    // Unwrap any wrapped objects.
+    if (a._chain) a = a._wrapped;
+    if (b._chain) b = b._wrapped;
+    // Invoke a custom `isEqual` method if one is provided.
+    if (a.isEqual && _.isFunction(a.isEqual)) return a.isEqual(b);
+    if (b.isEqual && _.isFunction(b.isEqual)) return b.isEqual(a);
+    // Compare `[[Class]]` names.
+    var className = toString.call(a);
+    if (className != toString.call(b)) return false;
+    switch (className) {
+      // Strings, numbers, dates, and booleans are compared by value.
+      case '[object String]':
+        // Primitives and their corresponding object wrappers are equivalent; thus, `"5"` is
+        // equivalent to `new String("5")`.
+        return a == String(b);
+      case '[object Number]':
+        // `NaN`s are equivalent, but non-reflexive. An `egal` comparison is performed for
+        // other numeric values.
+        return a != +a ? b != +b : (a == 0 ? 1 / a == 1 / b : a == +b);
+      case '[object Date]':
+      case '[object Boolean]':
+        // Coerce dates and booleans to numeric primitive values. Dates are compared by their
+        // millisecond representations. Note that invalid dates with millisecond representations
+        // of `NaN` are not equivalent.
+        return +a == +b;
+      // RegExps are compared by their source patterns and flags.
+      case '[object RegExp]':
+        return a.source == b.source &&
+               a.global == b.global &&
+               a.multiline == b.multiline &&
+               a.ignoreCase == b.ignoreCase;
+    }
+    if (typeof a != 'object' || typeof b != 'object') return false;
+    // Assume equality for cyclic structures. The algorithm for detecting cyclic
+    // structures is adapted from ES 5.1 section 15.12.3, abstract operation `JO`.
+    var length = stack.length;
+    while (length--) {
+      // Linear search. Performance is inversely proportional to the number of
+      // unique nested structures.
+      if (stack[length] == a) return true;
+    }
+    // Add the first object to the stack of traversed objects.
+    stack.push(a);
+    var size = 0, result = true;
+    // Recursively compare objects and arrays.
+    if (className == '[object Array]') {
+      // Compare array lengths to determine if a deep comparison is necessary.
+      size = a.length;
+      result = size == b.length;
+      if (result) {
+        // Deep compare the contents, ignoring non-numeric properties.
+        while (size--) {
+          // Ensure commutative equality for sparse arrays.
+          if (!(result = size in a == size in b && eq(a[size], b[size], stack))) break;
+        }
+      }
+    } else {
+      // Objects with different constructors are not equivalent.
+      if ('constructor' in a != 'constructor' in b || a.constructor != b.constructor) return false;
+      // Deep compare objects.
+      for (var key in a) {
+        if (_.has(a, key)) {
+          // Count the expected number of properties.
+          size++;
+          // Deep compare each member.
+          if (!(result = _.has(b, key) && eq(a[key], b[key], stack))) break;
+        }
+      }
+      // Ensure that both objects contain the same number of properties.
+      if (result) {
+        for (key in b) {
+          if (_.has(b, key) && !(size--)) break;
+        }
+        result = !size;
+      }
+    }
+    // Remove the first object from the stack of traversed objects.
+    stack.pop();
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  // Perform a deep comparison to check if two objects are equal.
+  _.isEqual = function(a, b) {
+    return eq(a, b, []);
+  };
+
+  // Is a given array, string, or object empty?
+  // An "empty" object has no enumerable own-properties.
+  _.isEmpty = function(obj) {
+    if (_.isArray(obj) || _.isString(obj)) return obj.length === 0;
+    for (var key in obj) if (_.has(obj, key)) return false;
+    return true;
+  };
+
+  // Is a given value a DOM element?
+  _.isElement = function(obj) {
+    return !!(obj && obj.nodeType == 1);
+  };
+
+  // Is a given value an array?
+  // Delegates to ECMA5's native Array.isArray
+  _.isArray = nativeIsArray || function(obj) {
+    return toString.call(obj) == '[object Array]';
+  };
+
+  // Is a given variable an object?
+  _.isObject = function(obj) {
+    return obj === Object(obj);
+  };
+
+  // Is a given variable an arguments object?
+  _.isArguments = function(obj) {
+    return toString.call(obj) == '[object Arguments]';
+  };
+  if (!_.isArguments(arguments)) {
+    _.isArguments = function(obj) {
+      return !!(obj && _.has(obj, 'callee'));
+    };
+  }
+
+  // Is a given value a function?
+  _.isFunction = function(obj) {
+    return toString.call(obj) == '[object Function]';
+  };
+
+  // Is a given value a string?
+  _.isString = function(obj) {
+    return toString.call(obj) == '[object String]';
+  };
+
+  // Is a given value a number?
+  _.isNumber = function(obj) {
+    return toString.call(obj) == '[object Number]';
+  };
+
+  // Is the given value `NaN`?
+  _.isNaN = function(obj) {
+    // `NaN` is the only value for which `===` is not reflexive.
+    return obj !== obj;
+  };
+
+  // Is a given value a boolean?
+  _.isBoolean = function(obj) {
+    return obj === true || obj === false || toString.call(obj) == '[object Boolean]';
+  };
+
+  // Is a given value a date?
+  _.isDate = function(obj) {
+    return toString.call(obj) == '[object Date]';
+  };
+
+  // Is the given value a regular expression?
+  _.isRegExp = function(obj) {
+    return toString.call(obj) == '[object RegExp]';
+  };
+
+  // Is a given value equal to null?
+  _.isNull = function(obj) {
+    return obj === null;
+  };
+
+  // Is a given variable undefined?
+  _.isUndefined = function(obj) {
+    return obj === void 0;
+  };
+
+  // Has own property?
+  _.has = function(obj, key) {
+    return hasOwnProperty.call(obj, key);
+  };
+
+  // Utility Functions
+  // -----------------
+
+  // Run Underscore.js in *noConflict* mode, returning the `_` variable to its
+  // previous owner. Returns a reference to the Underscore object.
+  _.noConflict = function() {
+    root._ = previousUnderscore;
+    return this;
+  };
+
+  // Keep the identity function around for default iterators.
+  _.identity = function(value) {
+    return value;
+  };
+
+  // Run a function **n** times.
+  _.times = function (n, iterator, context) {
+    for (var i = 0; i < n; i++) iterator.call(context, i);
+  };
+
+  // Escape a string for HTML interpolation.
+  _.escape = function(string) {
+    return (''+string).replace(/&/g, '&amp;').replace(/</g, '&lt;').replace(/>/g, '&gt;').replace(/"/g, '&quot;').replace(/'/g, '&#x27;').replace(/\//g,'&#x2F;');
+  };
+
+  // Add your own custom functions to the Underscore object, ensuring that
+  // they're correctly added to the OOP wrapper as well.
+  _.mixin = function(obj) {
+    each(_.functions(obj), function(name){
+      addToWrapper(name, _[name] = obj[name]);
+    });
+  };
+
+  // Generate a unique integer id (unique within the entire client session).
+  // Useful for temporary DOM ids.
+  var idCounter = 0;
+  _.uniqueId = function(prefix) {
+    var id = idCounter++;
+    return prefix ? prefix + id : id;
+  };
+
+  // By default, Underscore uses ERB-style template delimiters, change the
+  // following template settings to use alternative delimiters.
+  _.templateSettings = {
+    evaluate    : /<%([\s\S]+?)%>/g,
+    interpolate : /<%=([\s\S]+?)%>/g,
+    escape      : /<%-([\s\S]+?)%>/g
+  };
+
+  // When customizing `templateSettings`, if you don't want to define an
+  // interpolation, evaluation or escaping regex, we need one that is
+  // guaranteed not to match.
+  var noMatch = /.^/;
+
+  // Within an interpolation, evaluation, or escaping, remove HTML escaping
+  // that had been previously added.
+  var unescape = function(code) {
+    return code.replace(/\\\\/g, '\\').replace(/\\'/g, "'");
+  };
+
+  // JavaScript micro-templating, similar to John Resig's implementation.
+  // Underscore templating handles arbitrary delimiters, preserves whitespace,
+  // and correctly escapes quotes within interpolated code.
+  _.template = function(str, data) {
+    var c  = _.templateSettings;
+    var tmpl = 'var __p=[],print=function(){__p.push.apply(__p,arguments);};' +
+      'with(obj||{}){__p.push(\'' +
+      str.replace(/\\/g, '\\\\')
+         .replace(/'/g, "\\'")
+         .replace(c.escape || noMatch, function(match, code) {
+           return "',_.escape(" + unescape(code) + "),'";
+         })
+         .replace(c.interpolate || noMatch, function(match, code) {
+           return "'," + unescape(code) + ",'";
+         })
+         .replace(c.evaluate || noMatch, function(match, code) {
+           return "');" + unescape(code).replace(/[\r\n\t]/g, ' ') + ";__p.push('";
+         })
+         .replace(/\r/g, '\\r')
+         .replace(/\n/g, '\\n')
+         .replace(/\t/g, '\\t')
+         + "');}return __p.join('');";
+    var func = new Function('obj', '_', tmpl);
+    if (data) return func(data, _);
+    return function(data) {
+      return func.call(this, data, _);
+    };
+  };
+
+  // Add a "chain" function, which will delegate to the wrapper.
+  _.chain = function(obj) {
+    return _(obj).chain();
+  };
+
+  // The OOP Wrapper
+  // ---------------
+
+  // If Underscore is called as a function, it returns a wrapped object that
+  // can be used OO-style. This wrapper holds altered versions of all the
+  // underscore functions. Wrapped objects may be chained.
+  var wrapper = function(obj) { this._wrapped = obj; };
+
+  // Expose `wrapper.prototype` as `_.prototype`
+  _.prototype = wrapper.prototype;
+
+  // Helper function to continue chaining intermediate results.
+  var result = function(obj, chain) {
+    return chain ? _(obj).chain() : obj;
+  };
+
+  // A method to easily add functions to the OOP wrapper.
+  var addToWrapper = function(name, func) {
+    wrapper.prototype[name] = function() {
+      var args = slice.call(arguments);
+      unshift.call(args, this._wrapped);
+      return result(func.apply(_, args), this._chain);
+    };
+  };
+
+  // Add all of the Underscore functions to the wrapper object.
+  _.mixin(_);
+
+  // Add all mutator Array functions to the wrapper.
+  each(['pop', 'push', 'reverse', 'shift', 'sort', 'splice', 'unshift'], function(name) {
+    var method = ArrayProto[name];
+    wrapper.prototype[name] = function() {
+      var wrapped = this._wrapped;
+      method.apply(wrapped, arguments);
+      var length = wrapped.length;
+      if ((name == 'shift' || name == 'splice') && length === 0) delete wrapped[0];
+      return result(wrapped, this._chain);
+    };
+  });
+
+  // Add all accessor Array functions to the wrapper.
+  each(['concat', 'join', 'slice'], function(name) {
+    var method = ArrayProto[name];
+    wrapper.prototype[name] = function() {
+      return result(method.apply(this._wrapped, arguments), this._chain);
+    };
+  });
+
+  // Start chaining a wrapped Underscore object.
+  wrapper.prototype.chain = function() {
+    this._chain = true;
+    return this;
+  };
+
+  // Extracts the result from a wrapped and chained object.
+  wrapper.prototype.value = function() {
+    return this._wrapped;
+  };
+
+}).call(this);
diff --git a/html/_static/underscore.js b/html/_static/underscore.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5b55f32b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/html/_static/underscore.js
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+// Underscore.js 1.3.1
+// (c) 2009-2012 Jeremy Ashkenas, DocumentCloud Inc.
+// Underscore is freely distributable under the MIT license.
+// Portions of Underscore are inspired or borrowed from Prototype,
+// Oliver Steele's Functional, and John Resig's Micro-Templating.
+// For all details and documentation:
+// http://documentcloud.github.com/underscore
+(function(){function q(a,c,d){if(a===c)return a!==0||1/a==1/c;if(a==null||c==null)return a===c;if(a._chain)a=a._wrapped;if(c._chain)c=c._wrapped;if(a.isEqual&&b.isFunction(a.isEqual))return a.isEqual(c);if(c.isEqual&&b.isFunction(c.isEqual))return c.isEqual(a);var e=l.call(a);if(e!=l.call(c))return false;switch(e){case "[object String]":return a==String(c);case "[object Number]":return a!=+a?c!=+c:a==0?1/a==1/c:a==+c;case "[object Date]":case "[object Boolean]":return+a==+c;case "[object RegExp]":return a.source==
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+b.isArguments=function(a){return l.call(a)=="[object Arguments]"};if(!b.isArguments(arguments))b.isArguments=function(a){return!(!a||!b.has(a,"callee"))};b.isFunction=function(a){return l.call(a)=="[object Function]"};b.isString=function(a){return l.call(a)=="[object String]"};b.isNumber=function(a){return l.call(a)=="[object Number]"};b.isNaN=function(a){return a!==a};b.isBoolean=function(a){return a===true||a===false||l.call(a)=="[object Boolean]"};b.isDate=function(a){return l.call(a)=="[object Date]"};
+b.isRegExp=function(a){return l.call(a)=="[object RegExp]"};b.isNull=function(a){return a===null};b.isUndefined=function(a){return a===void 0};b.has=function(a,b){return I.call(a,b)};b.noConflict=function(){r._=G;return this};b.identity=function(a){return a};b.times=function(a,b,d){for(var e=0;e<a;e++)b.call(d,e)};b.escape=function(a){return(""+a).replace(/&/g,"&amp;").replace(/</g,"&lt;").replace(/>/g,"&gt;").replace(/"/g,"&quot;").replace(/'/g,"&#x27;").replace(/\//g,"&#x2F;")};b.mixin=function(a){j(b.functions(a),
+function(c){K(c,b[c]=a[c])})};var L=0;b.uniqueId=function(a){var b=L++;return a?a+b:b};b.templateSettings={evaluate:/<%([\s\S]+?)%>/g,interpolate:/<%=([\s\S]+?)%>/g,escape:/<%-([\s\S]+?)%>/g};var t=/.^/,u=function(a){return a.replace(/\\\\/g,"\\").replace(/\\'/g,"'")};b.template=function(a,c){var d=b.templateSettings,d="var __p=[],print=function(){__p.push.apply(__p,arguments);};with(obj||{}){__p.push('"+a.replace(/\\/g,"\\\\").replace(/'/g,"\\'").replace(d.escape||t,function(a,b){return"',_.escape("+
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diff --git a/html/_static/up-pressed.png b/html/_static/up-pressed.png
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..99e72109
Binary files /dev/null and b/html/_static/up-pressed.png differ
diff --git a/html/_static/up.png b/html/_static/up.png
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..26de002e
Binary files /dev/null and b/html/_static/up.png differ
diff --git a/html/_static/websupport.js b/html/_static/websupport.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..28d65db4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/html/_static/websupport.js
@@ -0,0 +1,808 @@
+/*
+ * websupport.js
+ * ~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+ *
+ * sphinx.websupport utilties for all documentation.
+ *
+ * :copyright: Copyright 2007-2015 by the Sphinx team, see AUTHORS.
+ * :license: BSD, see LICENSE for details.
+ *
+ */
+
+(function($) {
+  $.fn.autogrow = function() {
+    return this.each(function() {
+    var textarea = this;
+
+    $.fn.autogrow.resize(textarea);
+
+    $(textarea)
+      .focus(function() {
+        textarea.interval = setInterval(function() {
+          $.fn.autogrow.resize(textarea);
+        }, 500);
+      })
+      .blur(function() {
+        clearInterval(textarea.interval);
+      });
+    });
+  };
+
+  $.fn.autogrow.resize = function(textarea) {
+    var lineHeight = parseInt($(textarea).css('line-height'), 10);
+    var lines = textarea.value.split('\n');
+    var columns = textarea.cols;
+    var lineCount = 0;
+    $.each(lines, function() {
+      lineCount += Math.ceil(this.length / columns) || 1;
+    });
+    var height = lineHeight * (lineCount + 1);
+    $(textarea).css('height', height);
+  };
+})(jQuery);
+
+(function($) {
+  var comp, by;
+
+  function init() {
+    initEvents();
+    initComparator();
+  }
+
+  function initEvents() {
+    $(document).on("click", 'a.comment-close', function(event) {
+      event.preventDefault();
+      hide($(this).attr('id').substring(2));
+    });
+    $(document).on("click", 'a.vote', function(event) {
+      event.preventDefault();
+      handleVote($(this));
+    });
+    $(document).on("click", 'a.reply', function(event) {
+      event.preventDefault();
+      openReply($(this).attr('id').substring(2));
+    });
+    $(document).on("click", 'a.close-reply', function(event) {
+      event.preventDefault();
+      closeReply($(this).attr('id').substring(2));
+    });
+    $(document).on("click", 'a.sort-option', function(event) {
+      event.preventDefault();
+      handleReSort($(this));
+    });
+    $(document).on("click", 'a.show-proposal', function(event) {
+      event.preventDefault();
+      showProposal($(this).attr('id').substring(2));
+    });
+    $(document).on("click", 'a.hide-proposal', function(event) {
+      event.preventDefault();
+      hideProposal($(this).attr('id').substring(2));
+    });
+    $(document).on("click", 'a.show-propose-change', function(event) {
+      event.preventDefault();
+      showProposeChange($(this).attr('id').substring(2));
+    });
+    $(document).on("click", 'a.hide-propose-change', function(event) {
+      event.preventDefault();
+      hideProposeChange($(this).attr('id').substring(2));
+    });
+    $(document).on("click", 'a.accept-comment', function(event) {
+      event.preventDefault();
+      acceptComment($(this).attr('id').substring(2));
+    });
+    $(document).on("click", 'a.delete-comment', function(event) {
+      event.preventDefault();
+      deleteComment($(this).attr('id').substring(2));
+    });
+    $(document).on("click", 'a.comment-markup', function(event) {
+      event.preventDefault();
+      toggleCommentMarkupBox($(this).attr('id').substring(2));
+    });
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Set comp, which is a comparator function used for sorting and
+   * inserting comments into the list.
+   */
+  function setComparator() {
+    // If the first three letters are "asc", sort in ascending order
+    // and remove the prefix.
+    if (by.substring(0,3) == 'asc') {
+      var i = by.substring(3);
+      comp = function(a, b) { return a[i] - b[i]; };
+    } else {
+      // Otherwise sort in descending order.
+      comp = function(a, b) { return b[by] - a[by]; };
+    }
+
+    // Reset link styles and format the selected sort option.
+    $('a.sel').attr('href', '#').removeClass('sel');
+    $('a.by' + by).removeAttr('href').addClass('sel');
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Create a comp function. If the user has preferences stored in
+   * the sortBy cookie, use those, otherwise use the default.
+   */
+  function initComparator() {
+    by = 'rating'; // Default to sort by rating.
+    // If the sortBy cookie is set, use that instead.
+    if (document.cookie.length > 0) {
+      var start = document.cookie.indexOf('sortBy=');
+      if (start != -1) {
+        start = start + 7;
+        var end = document.cookie.indexOf(";", start);
+        if (end == -1) {
+          end = document.cookie.length;
+          by = unescape(document.cookie.substring(start, end));
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    setComparator();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Show a comment div.
+   */
+  function show(id) {
+    $('#ao' + id).hide();
+    $('#ah' + id).show();
+    var context = $.extend({id: id}, opts);
+    var popup = $(renderTemplate(popupTemplate, context)).hide();
+    popup.find('textarea[name="proposal"]').hide();
+    popup.find('a.by' + by).addClass('sel');
+    var form = popup.find('#cf' + id);
+    form.submit(function(event) {
+      event.preventDefault();
+      addComment(form);
+    });
+    $('#s' + id).after(popup);
+    popup.slideDown('fast', function() {
+      getComments(id);
+    });
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Hide a comment div.
+   */
+  function hide(id) {
+    $('#ah' + id).hide();
+    $('#ao' + id).show();
+    var div = $('#sc' + id);
+    div.slideUp('fast', function() {
+      div.remove();
+    });
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Perform an ajax request to get comments for a node
+   * and insert the comments into the comments tree.
+   */
+  function getComments(id) {
+    $.ajax({
+     type: 'GET',
+     url: opts.getCommentsURL,
+     data: {node: id},
+     success: function(data, textStatus, request) {
+       var ul = $('#cl' + id);
+       var speed = 100;
+       $('#cf' + id)
+         .find('textarea[name="proposal"]')
+         .data('source', data.source);
+
+       if (data.comments.length === 0) {
+         ul.html('<li>No comments yet.</li>');
+         ul.data('empty', true);
+       } else {
+         // If there are comments, sort them and put them in the list.
+         var comments = sortComments(data.comments);
+         speed = data.comments.length * 100;
+         appendComments(comments, ul);
+         ul.data('empty', false);
+       }
+       $('#cn' + id).slideUp(speed + 200);
+       ul.slideDown(speed);
+     },
+     error: function(request, textStatus, error) {
+       showError('Oops, there was a problem retrieving the comments.');
+     },
+     dataType: 'json'
+    });
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Add a comment via ajax and insert the comment into the comment tree.
+   */
+  function addComment(form) {
+    var node_id = form.find('input[name="node"]').val();
+    var parent_id = form.find('input[name="parent"]').val();
+    var text = form.find('textarea[name="comment"]').val();
+    var proposal = form.find('textarea[name="proposal"]').val();
+
+    if (text == '') {
+      showError('Please enter a comment.');
+      return;
+    }
+
+    // Disable the form that is being submitted.
+    form.find('textarea,input').attr('disabled', 'disabled');
+
+    // Send the comment to the server.
+    $.ajax({
+      type: "POST",
+      url: opts.addCommentURL,
+      dataType: 'json',
+      data: {
+        node: node_id,
+        parent: parent_id,
+        text: text,
+        proposal: proposal
+      },
+      success: function(data, textStatus, error) {
+        // Reset the form.
+        if (node_id) {
+          hideProposeChange(node_id);
+        }
+        form.find('textarea')
+          .val('')
+          .add(form.find('input'))
+          .removeAttr('disabled');
+	var ul = $('#cl' + (node_id || parent_id));
+        if (ul.data('empty')) {
+          $(ul).empty();
+          ul.data('empty', false);
+        }
+        insertComment(data.comment);
+        var ao = $('#ao' + node_id);
+        ao.find('img').attr({'src': opts.commentBrightImage});
+        if (node_id) {
+          // if this was a "root" comment, remove the commenting box
+          // (the user can get it back by reopening the comment popup)
+          $('#ca' + node_id).slideUp();
+        }
+      },
+      error: function(request, textStatus, error) {
+        form.find('textarea,input').removeAttr('disabled');
+        showError('Oops, there was a problem adding the comment.');
+      }
+    });
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Recursively append comments to the main comment list and children
+   * lists, creating the comment tree.
+   */
+  function appendComments(comments, ul) {
+    $.each(comments, function() {
+      var div = createCommentDiv(this);
+      ul.append($(document.createElement('li')).html(div));
+      appendComments(this.children, div.find('ul.comment-children'));
+      // To avoid stagnating data, don't store the comments children in data.
+      this.children = null;
+      div.data('comment', this);
+    });
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * After adding a new comment, it must be inserted in the correct
+   * location in the comment tree.
+   */
+  function insertComment(comment) {
+    var div = createCommentDiv(comment);
+
+    // To avoid stagnating data, don't store the comments children in data.
+    comment.children = null;
+    div.data('comment', comment);
+
+    var ul = $('#cl' + (comment.node || comment.parent));
+    var siblings = getChildren(ul);
+
+    var li = $(document.createElement('li'));
+    li.hide();
+
+    // Determine where in the parents children list to insert this comment.
+    for(i=0; i < siblings.length; i++) {
+      if (comp(comment, siblings[i]) <= 0) {
+        $('#cd' + siblings[i].id)
+          .parent()
+          .before(li.html(div));
+        li.slideDown('fast');
+        return;
+      }
+    }
+
+    // If we get here, this comment rates lower than all the others,
+    // or it is the only comment in the list.
+    ul.append(li.html(div));
+    li.slideDown('fast');
+  }
+
+  function acceptComment(id) {
+    $.ajax({
+      type: 'POST',
+      url: opts.acceptCommentURL,
+      data: {id: id},
+      success: function(data, textStatus, request) {
+        $('#cm' + id).fadeOut('fast');
+        $('#cd' + id).removeClass('moderate');
+      },
+      error: function(request, textStatus, error) {
+        showError('Oops, there was a problem accepting the comment.');
+      }
+    });
+  }
+
+  function deleteComment(id) {
+    $.ajax({
+      type: 'POST',
+      url: opts.deleteCommentURL,
+      data: {id: id},
+      success: function(data, textStatus, request) {
+        var div = $('#cd' + id);
+        if (data == 'delete') {
+          // Moderator mode: remove the comment and all children immediately
+          div.slideUp('fast', function() {
+            div.remove();
+          });
+          return;
+        }
+        // User mode: only mark the comment as deleted
+        div
+          .find('span.user-id:first')
+          .text('[deleted]').end()
+          .find('div.comment-text:first')
+          .text('[deleted]').end()
+          .find('#cm' + id + ', #dc' + id + ', #ac' + id + ', #rc' + id +
+                ', #sp' + id + ', #hp' + id + ', #cr' + id + ', #rl' + id)
+          .remove();
+        var comment = div.data('comment');
+        comment.username = '[deleted]';
+        comment.text = '[deleted]';
+        div.data('comment', comment);
+      },
+      error: function(request, textStatus, error) {
+        showError('Oops, there was a problem deleting the comment.');
+      }
+    });
+  }
+
+  function showProposal(id) {
+    $('#sp' + id).hide();
+    $('#hp' + id).show();
+    $('#pr' + id).slideDown('fast');
+  }
+
+  function hideProposal(id) {
+    $('#hp' + id).hide();
+    $('#sp' + id).show();
+    $('#pr' + id).slideUp('fast');
+  }
+
+  function showProposeChange(id) {
+    $('#pc' + id).hide();
+    $('#hc' + id).show();
+    var textarea = $('#pt' + id);
+    textarea.val(textarea.data('source'));
+    $.fn.autogrow.resize(textarea[0]);
+    textarea.slideDown('fast');
+  }
+
+  function hideProposeChange(id) {
+    $('#hc' + id).hide();
+    $('#pc' + id).show();
+    var textarea = $('#pt' + id);
+    textarea.val('').removeAttr('disabled');
+    textarea.slideUp('fast');
+  }
+
+  function toggleCommentMarkupBox(id) {
+    $('#mb' + id).toggle();
+  }
+
+  /** Handle when the user clicks on a sort by link. */
+  function handleReSort(link) {
+    var classes = link.attr('class').split(/\s+/);
+    for (var i=0; i<classes.length; i++) {
+      if (classes[i] != 'sort-option') {
+	by = classes[i].substring(2);
+      }
+    }
+    setComparator();
+    // Save/update the sortBy cookie.
+    var expiration = new Date();
+    expiration.setDate(expiration.getDate() + 365);
+    document.cookie= 'sortBy=' + escape(by) +
+                     ';expires=' + expiration.toUTCString();
+    $('ul.comment-ul').each(function(index, ul) {
+      var comments = getChildren($(ul), true);
+      comments = sortComments(comments);
+      appendComments(comments, $(ul).empty());
+    });
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Function to process a vote when a user clicks an arrow.
+   */
+  function handleVote(link) {
+    if (!opts.voting) {
+      showError("You'll need to login to vote.");
+      return;
+    }
+
+    var id = link.attr('id');
+    if (!id) {
+      // Didn't click on one of the voting arrows.
+      return;
+    }
+    // If it is an unvote, the new vote value is 0,
+    // Otherwise it's 1 for an upvote, or -1 for a downvote.
+    var value = 0;
+    if (id.charAt(1) != 'u') {
+      value = id.charAt(0) == 'u' ? 1 : -1;
+    }
+    // The data to be sent to the server.
+    var d = {
+      comment_id: id.substring(2),
+      value: value
+    };
+
+    // Swap the vote and unvote links.
+    link.hide();
+    $('#' + id.charAt(0) + (id.charAt(1) == 'u' ? 'v' : 'u') + d.comment_id)
+      .show();
+
+    // The div the comment is displayed in.
+    var div = $('div#cd' + d.comment_id);
+    var data = div.data('comment');
+
+    // If this is not an unvote, and the other vote arrow has
+    // already been pressed, unpress it.
+    if ((d.value !== 0) && (data.vote === d.value * -1)) {
+      $('#' + (d.value == 1 ? 'd' : 'u') + 'u' + d.comment_id).hide();
+      $('#' + (d.value == 1 ? 'd' : 'u') + 'v' + d.comment_id).show();
+    }
+
+    // Update the comments rating in the local data.
+    data.rating += (data.vote === 0) ? d.value : (d.value - data.vote);
+    data.vote = d.value;
+    div.data('comment', data);
+
+    // Change the rating text.
+    div.find('.rating:first')
+      .text(data.rating + ' point' + (data.rating == 1 ? '' : 's'));
+
+    // Send the vote information to the server.
+    $.ajax({
+      type: "POST",
+      url: opts.processVoteURL,
+      data: d,
+      error: function(request, textStatus, error) {
+        showError('Oops, there was a problem casting that vote.');
+      }
+    });
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Open a reply form used to reply to an existing comment.
+   */
+  function openReply(id) {
+    // Swap out the reply link for the hide link
+    $('#rl' + id).hide();
+    $('#cr' + id).show();
+
+    // Add the reply li to the children ul.
+    var div = $(renderTemplate(replyTemplate, {id: id})).hide();
+    $('#cl' + id)
+      .prepend(div)
+      // Setup the submit handler for the reply form.
+      .find('#rf' + id)
+      .submit(function(event) {
+        event.preventDefault();
+        addComment($('#rf' + id));
+        closeReply(id);
+      })
+      .find('input[type=button]')
+      .click(function() {
+        closeReply(id);
+      });
+    div.slideDown('fast', function() {
+      $('#rf' + id).find('textarea').focus();
+    });
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Close the reply form opened with openReply.
+   */
+  function closeReply(id) {
+    // Remove the reply div from the DOM.
+    $('#rd' + id).slideUp('fast', function() {
+      $(this).remove();
+    });
+
+    // Swap out the hide link for the reply link
+    $('#cr' + id).hide();
+    $('#rl' + id).show();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Recursively sort a tree of comments using the comp comparator.
+   */
+  function sortComments(comments) {
+    comments.sort(comp);
+    $.each(comments, function() {
+      this.children = sortComments(this.children);
+    });
+    return comments;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Get the children comments from a ul. If recursive is true,
+   * recursively include childrens' children.
+   */
+  function getChildren(ul, recursive) {
+    var children = [];
+    ul.children().children("[id^='cd']")
+      .each(function() {
+        var comment = $(this).data('comment');
+        if (recursive)
+          comment.children = getChildren($(this).find('#cl' + comment.id), true);
+        children.push(comment);
+      });
+    return children;
+  }
+
+  /** Create a div to display a comment in. */
+  function createCommentDiv(comment) {
+    if (!comment.displayed && !opts.moderator) {
+      return $('<div class="moderate">Thank you!  Your comment will show up '
+               + 'once it is has been approved by a moderator.</div>');
+    }
+    // Prettify the comment rating.
+    comment.pretty_rating = comment.rating + ' point' +
+      (comment.rating == 1 ? '' : 's');
+    // Make a class (for displaying not yet moderated comments differently)
+    comment.css_class = comment.displayed ? '' : ' moderate';
+    // Create a div for this comment.
+    var context = $.extend({}, opts, comment);
+    var div = $(renderTemplate(commentTemplate, context));
+
+    // If the user has voted on this comment, highlight the correct arrow.
+    if (comment.vote) {
+      var direction = (comment.vote == 1) ? 'u' : 'd';
+      div.find('#' + direction + 'v' + comment.id).hide();
+      div.find('#' + direction + 'u' + comment.id).show();
+    }
+
+    if (opts.moderator || comment.text != '[deleted]') {
+      div.find('a.reply').show();
+      if (comment.proposal_diff)
+        div.find('#sp' + comment.id).show();
+      if (opts.moderator && !comment.displayed)
+        div.find('#cm' + comment.id).show();
+      if (opts.moderator || (opts.username == comment.username))
+        div.find('#dc' + comment.id).show();
+    }
+    return div;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * A simple template renderer. Placeholders such as <%id%> are replaced
+   * by context['id'] with items being escaped. Placeholders such as <#id#>
+   * are not escaped.
+   */
+  function renderTemplate(template, context) {
+    var esc = $(document.createElement('div'));
+
+    function handle(ph, escape) {
+      var cur = context;
+      $.each(ph.split('.'), function() {
+        cur = cur[this];
+      });
+      return escape ? esc.text(cur || "").html() : cur;
+    }
+
+    return template.replace(/<([%#])([\w\.]*)\1>/g, function() {
+      return handle(arguments[2], arguments[1] == '%' ? true : false);
+    });
+  }
+
+  /** Flash an error message briefly. */
+  function showError(message) {
+    $(document.createElement('div')).attr({'class': 'popup-error'})
+      .append($(document.createElement('div'))
+               .attr({'class': 'error-message'}).text(message))
+      .appendTo('body')
+      .fadeIn("slow")
+      .delay(2000)
+      .fadeOut("slow");
+  }
+
+  /** Add a link the user uses to open the comments popup. */
+  $.fn.comment = function() {
+    return this.each(function() {
+      var id = $(this).attr('id').substring(1);
+      var count = COMMENT_METADATA[id];
+      var title = count + ' comment' + (count == 1 ? '' : 's');
+      var image = count > 0 ? opts.commentBrightImage : opts.commentImage;
+      var addcls = count == 0 ? ' nocomment' : '';
+      $(this)
+        .append(
+          $(document.createElement('a')).attr({
+            href: '#',
+            'class': 'sphinx-comment-open' + addcls,
+            id: 'ao' + id
+          })
+            .append($(document.createElement('img')).attr({
+              src: image,
+              alt: 'comment',
+              title: title
+            }))
+            .click(function(event) {
+              event.preventDefault();
+              show($(this).attr('id').substring(2));
+            })
+        )
+        .append(
+          $(document.createElement('a')).attr({
+            href: '#',
+            'class': 'sphinx-comment-close hidden',
+            id: 'ah' + id
+          })
+            .append($(document.createElement('img')).attr({
+              src: opts.closeCommentImage,
+              alt: 'close',
+              title: 'close'
+            }))
+            .click(function(event) {
+              event.preventDefault();
+              hide($(this).attr('id').substring(2));
+            })
+        );
+    });
+  };
+
+  var opts = {
+    processVoteURL: '/_process_vote',
+    addCommentURL: '/_add_comment',
+    getCommentsURL: '/_get_comments',
+    acceptCommentURL: '/_accept_comment',
+    deleteCommentURL: '/_delete_comment',
+    commentImage: '/static/_static/comment.png',
+    closeCommentImage: '/static/_static/comment-close.png',
+    loadingImage: '/static/_static/ajax-loader.gif',
+    commentBrightImage: '/static/_static/comment-bright.png',
+    upArrow: '/static/_static/up.png',
+    downArrow: '/static/_static/down.png',
+    upArrowPressed: '/static/_static/up-pressed.png',
+    downArrowPressed: '/static/_static/down-pressed.png',
+    voting: false,
+    moderator: false
+  };
+
+  if (typeof COMMENT_OPTIONS != "undefined") {
+    opts = jQuery.extend(opts, COMMENT_OPTIONS);
+  }
+
+  var popupTemplate = '\
+    <div class="sphinx-comments" id="sc<%id%>">\
+      <p class="sort-options">\
+        Sort by:\
+        <a href="#" class="sort-option byrating">best rated</a>\
+        <a href="#" class="sort-option byascage">newest</a>\
+        <a href="#" class="sort-option byage">oldest</a>\
+      </p>\
+      <div class="comment-header">Comments</div>\
+      <div class="comment-loading" id="cn<%id%>">\
+        loading comments... <img src="<%loadingImage%>" alt="" /></div>\
+      <ul id="cl<%id%>" class="comment-ul"></ul>\
+      <div id="ca<%id%>">\
+      <p class="add-a-comment">Add a comment\
+        (<a href="#" class="comment-markup" id="ab<%id%>">markup</a>):</p>\
+      <div class="comment-markup-box" id="mb<%id%>">\
+        reStructured text markup: <i>*emph*</i>, <b>**strong**</b>, \
+        <code>``code``</code>, \
+        code blocks: <code>::</code> and an indented block after blank line</div>\
+      <form method="post" id="cf<%id%>" class="comment-form" action="">\
+        <textarea name="comment" cols="80"></textarea>\
+        <p class="propose-button">\
+          <a href="#" id="pc<%id%>" class="show-propose-change">\
+            Propose a change &#9657;\
+          </a>\
+          <a href="#" id="hc<%id%>" class="hide-propose-change">\
+            Propose a change &#9663;\
+          </a>\
+        </p>\
+        <textarea name="proposal" id="pt<%id%>" cols="80"\
+                  spellcheck="false"></textarea>\
+        <input type="submit" value="Add comment" />\
+        <input type="hidden" name="node" value="<%id%>" />\
+        <input type="hidden" name="parent" value="" />\
+      </form>\
+      </div>\
+    </div>';
+
+  var commentTemplate = '\
+    <div id="cd<%id%>" class="sphinx-comment<%css_class%>">\
+      <div class="vote">\
+        <div class="arrow">\
+          <a href="#" id="uv<%id%>" class="vote" title="vote up">\
+            <img src="<%upArrow%>" />\
+          </a>\
+          <a href="#" id="uu<%id%>" class="un vote" title="vote up">\
+            <img src="<%upArrowPressed%>" />\
+          </a>\
+        </div>\
+        <div class="arrow">\
+          <a href="#" id="dv<%id%>" class="vote" title="vote down">\
+            <img src="<%downArrow%>" id="da<%id%>" />\
+          </a>\
+          <a href="#" id="du<%id%>" class="un vote" title="vote down">\
+            <img src="<%downArrowPressed%>" />\
+          </a>\
+        </div>\
+      </div>\
+      <div class="comment-content">\
+        <p class="tagline comment">\
+          <span class="user-id"><%username%></span>\
+          <span class="rating"><%pretty_rating%></span>\
+          <span class="delta"><%time.delta%></span>\
+        </p>\
+        <div class="comment-text comment"><#text#></div>\
+        <p class="comment-opts comment">\
+          <a href="#" class="reply hidden" id="rl<%id%>">reply &#9657;</a>\
+          <a href="#" class="close-reply" id="cr<%id%>">reply &#9663;</a>\
+          <a href="#" id="sp<%id%>" class="show-proposal">proposal &#9657;</a>\
+          <a href="#" id="hp<%id%>" class="hide-proposal">proposal &#9663;</a>\
+          <a href="#" id="dc<%id%>" class="delete-comment hidden">delete</a>\
+          <span id="cm<%id%>" class="moderation hidden">\
+            <a href="#" id="ac<%id%>" class="accept-comment">accept</a>\
+          </span>\
+        </p>\
+        <pre class="proposal" id="pr<%id%>">\
+<#proposal_diff#>\
+        </pre>\
+          <ul class="comment-children" id="cl<%id%>"></ul>\
+        </div>\
+        <div class="clearleft"></div>\
+      </div>\
+    </div>';
+
+  var replyTemplate = '\
+    <li>\
+      <div class="reply-div" id="rd<%id%>">\
+        <form id="rf<%id%>">\
+          <textarea name="comment" cols="80"></textarea>\
+          <input type="submit" value="Add reply" />\
+          <input type="button" value="Cancel" />\
+          <input type="hidden" name="parent" value="<%id%>" />\
+          <input type="hidden" name="node" value="" />\
+        </form>\
+      </div>\
+    </li>';
+
+  $(document).ready(function() {
+    init();
+  });
+})(jQuery);
+
+$(document).ready(function() {
+  // add comment anchors for all paragraphs that are commentable
+  $('.sphinx-has-comment').comment();
+
+  // highlight search words in search results
+  $("div.context").each(function() {
+    var params = $.getQueryParameters();
+    var terms = (params.q) ? params.q[0].split(/\s+/) : [];
+    var result = $(this);
+    $.each(terms, function() {
+      result.highlightText(this.toLowerCase(), 'highlighted');
+    });
+  });
+
+  // directly open comment window if requested
+  var anchor = document.location.hash;
+  if (anchor.substring(0, 9) == '#comment-') {
+    $('#ao' + anchor.substring(9)).click();
+    document.location.hash = '#s' + anchor.substring(9);
+  }
+});
diff --git a/source/_static/wiki_frontpage.png b/html/_static/wiki_frontpage.png
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rename from source/_static/wiki_frontpage.png
rename to html/_static/wiki_frontpage.png
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diff --git a/html/_static/wsgiref_flow.png b/html/_static/wsgiref_flow.png
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diff --git a/html/additional/flask_walkthrough.html b/html/additional/flask_walkthrough.html
new file mode 100644
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--- /dev/null
+++ b/html/additional/flask_walkthrough.html
@@ -0,0 +1,405 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
+  "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
+
+
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
+  <head>
+    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
+    
+    <title>A Quick Flask Walkthrough &mdash; Internet Programming with Python</title>
+    
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/pyramid.css" type="text/css" />
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/pygments.css" type="text/css" />
+    
+    <script type="text/javascript">
+      var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = {
+        URL_ROOT:    '../',
+        VERSION:     '2.0',
+        COLLAPSE_INDEX: false,
+        FILE_SUFFIX: '.html',
+        HAS_SOURCE:  true
+      };
+    </script>
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script>
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/underscore.js"></script>
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/doctools.js"></script>
+    <link rel="top" title="Internet Programming with Python" href="../index.html" />
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="http://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Neuton&amp;subset=latin" type="text/css" media="screen" charset="utf-8" />
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="http://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Nobile:regular,italic,bold,bolditalic&amp;subset=latin" type="text/css" media="screen" charset="utf-8" />
+<!--[if lte IE 6]>
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/ie6.css" type="text/css" media="screen" charset="utf-8" />
+<![endif]-->
+
+  </head>
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+<div class="header">
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+    <a href="../index.html">
+      <img class="logo" src="../_static/logo_UW.png" alt="Logo"/>
+    </a>
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+
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+      <h3>Navigation</h3>
+      <ul>
+        <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px">
+          <a href="../genindex.html" title="General Index"
+             accesskey="I">index</a></li>
+        <li><a href="../index.html">UWPCE Python 200</a> &raquo;</li> 
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+          <div class="body">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="a-quick-flask-walkthrough">
+<h1>A Quick Flask Walkthrough<a class="headerlink" href="#a-quick-flask-walkthrough" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<span class="admonition-a-quick-flask-walkthrough"></span><p>If you&#8217;ve already set up your virtualenv and installed flask, you can simply
+activate it and skip down to <strong>Kicking the Tires</strong></p>
+<p>If not...</p>
+<div class="section" id="practice-safe-development">
+<h2>Practice Safe Development<a class="headerlink" href="#practice-safe-development" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>We are going to install Flask, and the packages it requires, into a
+virtualenv.</p>
+<dl class="class">
+<dt id="incremental">
+<em class="property">class </em><tt class="descname">incremental</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#incremental" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd></dd></dl>
+
+<p>This will ensure that it is isolated from everything else we do in class (and
+vice versa)</p>
+<div class="incremental container">
+<p>Remember the basic format for creating a virtualenv:</p>
+<dl class="class">
+<dt id="small">
+<em class="property">class </em><tt class="descname">small</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#small" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd></dd></dl>
+
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>$ python virtualenv.py [options] &lt;ENV&gt;
+&lt;or&gt;
+$ virtualenv [options] &lt;ENV&gt;
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="set-up-a-virtualenv">
+<h2>Set Up a VirtualEnv<a class="headerlink" href="#set-up-a-virtualenv" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Start by creating your virtualenv:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>$ python virtualenv.py flaskenv
+&lt;or&gt;
+$ virtualenv flaskenv
+...
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="incremental container">
+<p>Then, activate it:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>$ source flaskenv/bin/activate
+&lt;or&gt;
+C:\&gt; flaskenv\Scripts\activate
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="install-flask">
+<h2>Install Flask<a class="headerlink" href="#install-flask" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Finally, install Flask using <cite>setuptools</cite> or <cite>pip</cite>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>(flaskenv)$ pip install flask
+Downloading/unpacking flask
+  Downloading Flask-0.10.1.tar.gz (544kB): 544kB downloaded
+...
+Installing collected packages: flask, Werkzeug, Jinja2,
+  itsdangerous, markupsafe
+...
+Successfully installed flask Werkzeug Jinja2 itsdangerous
+  markupsafe
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="kicking-the-tires">
+<h2>Kicking the Tires<a class="headerlink" href="#kicking-the-tires" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>We&#8217;ve installed the Flask microframework and all of its dependencies.</p>
+<dl class="class">
+<dt>
+<em class="property">class </em><tt class="descname">incremental</tt></dt>
+<dd></dd></dl>
+
+<p>Now, let&#8217;s see what it can do</p>
+<dl class="class">
+<dt>
+<em class="property">class </em><tt class="descname">incremental</tt></dt>
+<dd></dd></dl>
+
+<p>With your flaskenv activated, create a file called <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">flask_intro.py</span></tt> and
+open it in your text editor.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="flask">
+<h2>Flask<a class="headerlink" href="#flask" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Getting started with Flask is pretty straightforward. Here&#8217;s a complete,
+simple app.  Type it into <cite>flask_intro.py</cite>:</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="running-our-app">
+<h2>Running our App<a class="headerlink" href="#running-our-app" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>As you might expect by now, the last block in our <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">flask_intro.py</span></tt> file
+allows us to run this as a python program. Save your file, and in your
+terminal try this:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>(flaskenv)$ python flask_intro.py
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<dl class="class">
+<dt>
+<em class="property">class </em><tt class="descname">incremental</tt></dt>
+<dd></dd></dl>
+
+<p>Load <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">http://localhost:5000</span></tt> in your browser to see it in action.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="debugging-our-app">
+<h2>Debugging our App<a class="headerlink" href="#debugging-our-app" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Last week, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">cgitb</span></tt> provided us with useful feedback when building an app.
+Flask has similar functionality. Make the following changes to your
+<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">flask_intro.py</span></tt> file:</p>
+<dl class="class">
+<dt>
+<em class="property">class </em><tt class="descname">incremental</tt></dt>
+<dd></dd></dl>
+
+<p>Restart your app and then reload your browser to see what happens.</p>
+<p>Click in the stack trace that appears in your browser.  Notice anything fun?</p>
+<p>(clean up the error when you&#8217;re done playing).</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="your-work-so-far">
+<h2>Your work so far<a class="headerlink" href="#your-work-so-far" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<dl class="class">
+<dt>
+<em class="property">class </em><tt class="descname">incremental</tt></dt>
+<dd></dd></dl>
+
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>You instantiated a <cite>Flask</cite> app with a name that represents the package or
+module containing the app<ul>
+<li>Because our app is a single Python module, this should be <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__name__</span></tt></li>
+<li>This is used to help the <cite>Flask</cite> app figure out where to look for
+<em>resources</em></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li>You defined a function that returned a response body</li>
+<li>You told the app which requests should use that function with a <em>route</em></li>
+</ul>
+<dl class="class">
+<dt>
+<em class="property">class </em><tt class="descname">incremental</tt></dt>
+<dd></dd></dl>
+
+<p>Let&#8217;s take a look at how that last bit works for a moment...</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="url-routing">
+<h2>URL Routing<a class="headerlink" href="#url-routing" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Remember our bookdb exercise? How did you end up solving the problem of
+mapping an HTTP request to the right function?</p>
+<dl class="class">
+<dt>
+<em class="property">class </em><tt class="descname">incremental</tt></dt>
+<dd></dd></dl>
+
+<p>Flask solves this problem by using the <cite>route</cite> decorator from your app.</p>
+<dl class="class">
+<dt>
+<em class="property">class </em><tt class="descname">incremental</tt></dt>
+<dd></dd></dl>
+
+<p>A &#8216;route&#8217; takes a URL rule (more on that in a minute) and maps it to an
+<em>endpoint</em> and a <em>function</em>.</p>
+<dl class="class">
+<dt>
+<em class="property">class </em><tt class="descname">incremental</tt></dt>
+<dd></dd></dl>
+
+<p>When a request arrives at a URL that matches a known rule, the function is
+called.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="url-rules">
+<h2>URL Rules<a class="headerlink" href="#url-rules" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>URL Rules are strings that represent what environ[&#8216;PATH_INFO&#8217;] will look like.</p>
+<dl class="class">
+<dt>
+<em class="property">class </em><tt class="descname">incremental</tt></dt>
+<dd></dd></dl>
+
+<p>They are added to a <em>mapping</em> on the Flask object called the <em>url_map</em></p>
+<dl class="class">
+<dt>
+<em class="property">class </em><tt class="descname">incremental</tt></dt>
+<dd></dd></dl>
+
+<p>You can call <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">app.add_url_rule()</span></tt> to add a new one</p>
+<dl class="class">
+<dt>
+<em class="property">class </em><tt class="descname">incremental</tt></dt>
+<dd></dd></dl>
+
+<p>Or you can use what we&#8217;ve used, the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">app.route()</span></tt> decorator</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="function-or-decorator">
+<h2>Function or Decorator<a class="headerlink" href="#function-or-decorator" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<div class="incremental container">
+is identical to</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="routes-can-be-dynamic">
+<h2>Routes Can Be Dynamic<a class="headerlink" href="#routes-can-be-dynamic" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>A <em>placeholder</em> in a URL rule becomes a named arg to your function (add these
+to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">flask_intro.py</span></tt>):</p>
+<dl class="class">
+<dt>
+<em class="property">class </em><tt class="descname">incremental</tt></dt>
+<dd></dd></dl>
+
+<p>And <em>converters</em> ensure the incoming argument is of the correct type.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="routes-can-be-filtered">
+<h2>Routes Can Be Filtered<a class="headerlink" href="#routes-can-be-filtered" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>You can also determine which HTTP <em>methods</em> a given route will accept:</p>
+<dl class="class">
+<dt>
+<em class="property">class </em><tt class="descname">incremental</tt></dt>
+<dd></dd></dl>
+
+<p>After adding that to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">flask_intro.py</span></tt> and saving, try loading
+<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">http://localhost:5000/blog/entry/23/</span></tt> into your browser. Which was called?</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="routes-can-be-reversed">
+<h2>Routes Can Be Reversed<a class="headerlink" href="#routes-can-be-reversed" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Reversing a URL means the ability to generate the url that would result in a
+given endpoint being called.</p>
+<dl class="class">
+<dt>
+<em class="property">class </em><tt class="descname">incremental</tt></dt>
+<dd></dd></dl>
+
+<p>This means <em>you don&#8217;t have to hard-code your URLs when building links</em></p>
+<dl class="class">
+<dt>
+<em class="property">class </em><tt class="descname">incremental</tt></dt>
+<dd></dd></dl>
+
+<p>That means <em>you can change the URLs for your app without changing code or
+templates</em></p>
+<dl class="class">
+<dt>
+<em class="property">class </em><tt class="descname">incremental</tt></dt>
+<dd></dd></dl>
+
+<p>This is called <strong>decoupling</strong> and it is a good thing</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="reversing-urls-in-flask">
+<h2>Reversing URLs in Flask<a class="headerlink" href="#reversing-urls-in-flask" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>In Flask, you reverse a url with the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">url_for</span></tt> function.</p>
+<dl class="class">
+<dt>
+<em class="property">class </em><tt class="descname">incremental</tt></dt>
+<dd></dd></dl>
+
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">url_for</span></tt> requires an HTTP request context to work</li>
+<li>You can fake an HTTP request when working in a terminal (or testing)</li>
+<li>Use the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">test_request_context</span></tt> method of your app object</li>
+<li>This is a great chance to use the Python <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">with</span></tt> statement</li>
+<li><strong>Don&#8217;t type this</strong></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="reversing-in-action">
+<h2>Reversing in Action<a class="headerlink" href="#reversing-in-action" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Quit your Flask app with <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">^C</span></tt>.  Then start a python interpreter in that same
+terminal and import your <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">flask_intro.py</span></tt> module:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">flask_intro</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">app</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">flask</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">url_for</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">app</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">test_request_context</span><span class="p">():</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="k">print</span> <span class="n">url_for</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;show_profile&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">username</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;cris&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="k">print</span> <span class="n">url_for</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;divide&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">val</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mf">23.7</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="go">&#39;/profile/cris/&#39;</span>
+<span class="go">&#39;/div/23.7/&#39;</span>
+<span class="go">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="enough-for-now">
+<h2>Enough for Now<a class="headerlink" href="#enough-for-now" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>That will give you plenty to think about before class.  We&#8217;ll put this all to
+good use building a real flask app in our next session.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+      <div class="sphinxsidebar">
+        <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper">
+  <h3><a href="../index.html">Table Of Contents</a></h3>
+  <ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">A Quick Flask Walkthrough</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#practice-safe-development">Practice Safe Development</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#set-up-a-virtualenv">Set Up a VirtualEnv</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#install-flask">Install Flask</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#kicking-the-tires">Kicking the Tires</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#flask">Flask</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#running-our-app">Running our App</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#debugging-our-app">Debugging our App</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#your-work-so-far">Your work so far</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#url-routing">URL Routing</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#url-rules">URL Rules</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#function-or-decorator">Function or Decorator</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#routes-can-be-dynamic">Routes Can Be Dynamic</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#routes-can-be-filtered">Routes Can Be Filtered</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#routes-can-be-reversed">Routes Can Be Reversed</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#reversing-urls-in-flask">Reversing URLs in Flask</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#reversing-in-action">Reversing in Action</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#enough-for-now">Enough for Now</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+  <h3>This Page</h3>
+  <ul class="this-page-menu">
+    <li><a href="../_sources/additional/flask_walkthrough.txt"
+           rel="nofollow">Show Source</a></li>
+  </ul>
+  <h3>Slides</h3>
+  <ul class="this-page-menu">
+    <li><a href="../.././slides/additional/flask_walkthrough.html"
+           rel="nofollow">View as slides</a></li>
+  </ul>
+<div id="searchbox" style="display: none">
+  <h3>Quick search</h3>
+    <form class="search" action="../search.html" method="get">
+      <input type="text" name="q" />
+      <input type="submit" value="Go" />
+      <input type="hidden" name="check_keywords" value="yes" />
+      <input type="hidden" name="area" value="default" />
+    </form>
+    <p class="searchtip" style="font-size: 90%">
+    Enter search terms or a module, class or function name.
+    </p>
+</div>
+<script type="text/javascript">$('#searchbox').show(0);</script>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+      <div class="clearer"></div>
+    </div>
+    <div class="related">
+      <h3>Navigation</h3>
+      <ul>
+        <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px">
+          <a href="../genindex.html" title="General Index"
+             >index</a></li>
+        <li><a href="../index.html">UWPCE Python 200</a> &raquo;</li> 
+      </ul>
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+      Created using <a href="http://sphinx-doc.org/">Sphinx</a> 1.2.2.
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+</html>
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new file mode 100644
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+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
+  "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
+
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+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
+  <head>
+    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
+    
+    <title>Steps to get a clean master branch for your git fork &mdash; Internet Programming with Python</title>
+    
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/pyramid.css" type="text/css" />
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/pygments.css" type="text/css" />
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+<!--[if lte IE 6]>
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/ie6.css" type="text/css" media="screen" charset="utf-8" />
+<![endif]-->
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+  <body>
+<div class="header">
+  <div class="logo">
+    <a href="../index.html">
+      <img class="logo" src="../_static/logo_UW.png" alt="Logo"/>
+    </a>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+    <div class="related">
+      <h3>Navigation</h3>
+      <ul>
+        <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px">
+          <a href="../genindex.html" title="General Index"
+             accesskey="I">index</a></li>
+        <li><a href="../index.html">UWPCE Python 200</a> &raquo;</li> 
+      </ul>
+    </div>  
+
+    <div class="document">
+      <div class="documentwrapper">
+        <div class="bodywrapper">
+          <div class="body">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="steps-to-get-a-clean-master-branch-for-your-git-fork">
+<h1>Steps to get a clean master branch for your git fork<a class="headerlink" href="#steps-to-get-a-clean-master-branch-for-your-git-fork" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<span class="admonition-steps-to-get-a-clean-master-branch-for-your-git-fork"></span><p>Command line instructions for getting back to a pristine master branch</p>
+<ol class="arabic">
+<li><p class="first">Make sure that you have the UWPCE repostitory set up as an additional
+remote for your local repository:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>$ git remote add uwpce git@github.com:UWPCE-PythonCert/training.python_web.git
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</li>
+</ol>
+<p>This will give you direct access to the original copy of the repository from
+the command line.</p>
+<ol class="arabic" start="2">
+<li><p class="first">Verify this worked by checking your remotes:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>$ git remote
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>origin
+uwpce</p>
+</li>
+</ol>
+<p>Now you have <em>two</em> remote repositories connected to your local repository.</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><em>Origin</em> represents the copy of your fork of the UW PCE repository <em>on
+github&#8217;s servers</em>.</li>
+<li><em>Uwpce</em> is the original UW PCE repository <em>on github&#8217;s servers</em>.</li>
+</ul>
+<div class="section" id="state-the-problem">
+<h2>State the Problem<a class="headerlink" href="#state-the-problem" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>You have a series of changes <em>you</em> have made to the <em>master</em> branch of your
+repository, both the local and the <em>origin</em> remote.</p>
+<p>Every time you make new changes for a homework and then submit a pull request,
+all these old changes are included in the pull request.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="state-the-goal">
+<h2>State the Goal<a class="headerlink" href="#state-the-goal" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>You would like to get a <em>master</em> branch of your repository that exactly matches
+the <em>master</em> branch of the UW PCE remote (<em>uwpce</em>).</p>
+<p>Once you have this, you can then keep that branch up to date with the UW PCE
+copy</p>
+<p>And you can continue to make clean branches for each homework <em>starting from
+that clean master</em>.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="steps-to-get-there">
+<h2>Steps to get there<a class="headerlink" href="#steps-to-get-there" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<div class="section" id="preserve-your-old-work">
+<h3>Preserve your Old Work<a class="headerlink" href="#preserve-your-old-work" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>First, make a branch on your local machine of your current <em>master</em>, this will
+be a branch you keep that contains all your homework up until today:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>$ git branch -a
+* master
+  remotes/origin/HEAD -&gt; origin/master
+  remotes/origin/gh-pages
+  remotes/origin/instructor
+  remotes/origin/master
+  remotes/origin/week-long-format
+  remotes/uwpce/master
+$ git branch keep-old-work
+$ git branch -a
+keep-old-work
+* master
+  remotes/origin/HEAD -&gt; origin/master
+  remotes/origin/gh-pages
+  remotes/origin/instructor
+  remotes/origin/master
+  remotes/origin/week-long-format
+  remotes/uwpce/master
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Now, you have a copy of all the work you&#8217;ve done to date.  It&#8217;s on the
+<em>keep-old-work</em> branch. You have not yet pushed this branch up to your github
+account, so let&#8217;s do that next, making it safe:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>$ git push -u origin keep-old-work
+Total 0 (delta 0), reused 0 (delta 0)
+To git@github.com:cewing/training.python_web.git
+ * [new branch]      keep-old-work -&gt; keep-old-work
+Branch keep-old-work set up to track remote branch keep-old-work from origin.
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Okay, now there&#8217;s a copy of your old work safe in a branch on <em>your</em> github
+repository.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="revert-your-master">
+<h3>Revert Your Master<a class="headerlink" href="#revert-your-master" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>The next step is to <em>roll back your master</em> to a point <em>before you made any
+changes to it</em>.</p>
+<p>The key here is understanding that every change you commit to a repository in
+git is associated with a <em>hash</em>, which is a big, unique identification number
+you can use to refer to that specific change.  You can see these numbers when
+you look at the list of commits in github.</p>
+<p>You need to find the number of a commit by me that happened before you began
+making changes.</p>
+<p>First, open the &#8216;commits&#8217; page on github of your fork of the class repository.</p>
+<p>Then, scroll down until you find your first commit, which should be part of
+work for session01 homework.</p>
+<p>Then, find the last commit <em>before</em> that commit, and click on the number in the
+far right of that commit listing (it should be something like <cite>b60ea2bb70</cite>)</p>
+<p>This will open up that specific commit, and in the URL for that commit you will
+find the full hash: <cite>b60ea2bb7052a5bd300772d7d9d40b19b27f7a1b</cite>.  Copy that value.</p>
+<p>Now, we are going to reset your local <em>master</em> branch to that commit,
+abandoning all the changes you (and I) have made between then and now:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>$ git branch
+keep-old-work
+* master
+$ git reset --hard b60ea2bb7052a5bd300772d7d9d40b19b27f7a1b
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Now, your <em>local master</em> has been reverted to a state before you did any work.
+All your changes have been deleted, but so have all the changes I&#8217;ve made since
+the start of class.</p>
+<p>Luckily, we can fix that.  Our next step is to fetch the <em>uwpce</em> <em>master</em>
+branch, which contains all those changes I&#8217;ve made, but none of the changes you
+made:</p>
+<blockquote>
+<div><p>$ git fetch uwpce master
+remote: Counting objects: 10, done.
+remote: Compressing objects: 100% (10/10), done.
+remote: Total 10 (delta 3), reused 7 (delta 0)
+Unpacking objects: 100% (10/10), done.
+From github.com:UWPCE-PythonCert/training.python_web</p>
+<blockquote>
+<div><ul class="simple">
+<li>branch            master     -&gt; FETCH_HEAD
+8873ba1..75a8462  master     -&gt; uwpce/master</li>
+</ul>
+</div></blockquote>
+</div></blockquote>
+<p>And finally, we can merge the changes in the <em>uwpce</em> master into our local
+<em>master</em>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>$ git branch
+keep-old-work
+* master
+$ git merge uwpce/master
+Merge made by the &#39;recursive&#39; strategy.
+ source/presentations/session04.rst |    7 +
+ source/presentations/session06.rst | 1624 +-----------------------------------
+ 2 files changed, 40 insertions(+), 1591 deletions(-)
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="forcibly-update">
+<h3>Forcibly Update<a class="headerlink" href="#forcibly-update" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Now, what we have is a situation where your local master has a history that is
+completely different from the <em>origin</em> to which it is attached.  Your
+<em>origin/master</em> still has your work on it, interleaved with the changes I&#8217;ve
+made along the way, but your <em>local</em> master contains only my work.</p>
+<p>If you were to try to push these changes up to <em>origin</em> (your repository) it would
+fail because there&#8217;s no way to reconcile the two histories.</p>
+<p>But we don&#8217;t care about the history on your <em>origin</em>, we only want to keep the
+history that is represented by what is currently in your <em>local</em> master branch.
+To do that, we can push with the <cite>&#8211;force</cite> option:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>$ git push --force origin master
+Counting objects: 25, done.
+Delta compression using up to 8 threads.
+Compressing objects: 100% (11/11), done.
+Writing objects: 100% (11/11), 2.04 KiB | 0 bytes/s, done.
+Total 11 (delta 7), reused 0 (delta 0)
+To git@github.com:cewing/training.python_web.git
+ + 782d17e...5fb97f3 master -&gt; master (forced update)
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Okay.  This means that now <em>master</em> both on your local machine and on the
+<em>origin</em> remote (your github repository) is identical to (and up to date with)
+the master in the <em>uwpce</em> repository.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="going-forward">
+<h2>Going Forward<a class="headerlink" href="#going-forward" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>From now on, when you want to get the very latest copies of the <em>uwpce</em>
+repository, you can issue these commands:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>$ git checkout master
+$ git fetch uwpce master
+$ git merge uwpce/master
+$ git push origin master
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>That will fetch the changes from the <em>uwpce</em> remote <em>master</em> branch, merge them
+into your <em>local</em> repository <em>master</em> branch, and then push those changes up to
+your <em>origin</em> repository <em>master</em> branch.</p>
+<p>And when you are ready to start work on a new homework assignment, you can
+simply start a new branch:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>$ git checkout -b session05-homework
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Once you&#8217;ve completed your homework, and committed all the changes to your
+<em>local</em> homework branch, you can push that branch up to your <em>origin</em>
+repository:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>$ git push origin session05-homework
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>And then, when you open a pull request for me to review your homework, you can
+select your <em>homework branch</em> as the source of the pull request, and my
+<em>master</em> branch as the destination. The request will contain only those changes
+that are germane to your homework.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+      <div class="sphinxsidebar">
+        <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper">
+  <h3><a href="../index.html">Table Of Contents</a></h3>
+  <ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">Steps to get a clean master branch for your git fork</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#state-the-problem">State the Problem</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#state-the-goal">State the Goal</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#steps-to-get-there">Steps to get there</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#preserve-your-old-work">Preserve your Old Work</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#revert-your-master">Revert Your Master</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#forcibly-update">Forcibly Update</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#going-forward">Going Forward</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+  <h3>This Page</h3>
+  <ul class="this-page-menu">
+    <li><a href="../_sources/additional/git_cleanup.txt"
+           rel="nofollow">Show Source</a></li>
+  </ul>
+  <h3>Slides</h3>
+  <ul class="this-page-menu">
+    <li><a href="../.././slides/additional/git_cleanup.html"
+           rel="nofollow">View as slides</a></li>
+  </ul>
+<div id="searchbox" style="display: none">
+  <h3>Quick search</h3>
+    <form class="search" action="../search.html" method="get">
+      <input type="text" name="q" />
+      <input type="submit" value="Go" />
+      <input type="hidden" name="check_keywords" value="yes" />
+      <input type="hidden" name="area" value="default" />
+    </form>
+    <p class="searchtip" style="font-size: 90%">
+    Enter search terms or a module, class or function name.
+    </p>
+</div>
+<script type="text/javascript">$('#searchbox').show(0);</script>
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+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
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+    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
+    
+    <title>SQL Persistence in Python &mdash; Internet Programming with Python</title>
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+          <a href="../genindex.html" title="General Index"
+             accesskey="I">index</a></li>
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+    </div>  
+
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+      <div class="documentwrapper">
+        <div class="bodywrapper">
+          <div class="body">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="sql-persistence-in-python">
+<h1>SQL Persistence in Python<a class="headerlink" href="#sql-persistence-in-python" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<span class="admonition-sql-persistence-in-python"></span><p>In this tutorial, you&#8217;ll walk through some basic concepts of data persistence
+using the Python stdlib implementation of DB API 2, <cite>sqlite3</cite></p>
+<div class="section" id="data-persistence">
+<h2>Data Persistence<a class="headerlink" href="#data-persistence" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>There are many models for persistance of data.</p>
+<dl class="class">
+<dt id="incremental">
+<em class="property">class </em><tt class="descname">incremental</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#incremental" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd></dd></dl>
+
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>Flat files</li>
+<li>Relational Database (SQL RDBMs like PostgreSQL, MySQL, SQLServer, Oracle)</li>
+<li>Object Stores (Pickle, ZODB)</li>
+<li>NoSQL Databases (CouchDB, MongoDB, etc)</li>
+</ul>
+<dl class="class">
+<dt>
+<em class="property">class </em><tt class="descname">incremental</tt></dt>
+<dd></dd></dl>
+
+<p>It&#8217;s also one of the most contentious issues in app design.</p>
+<dl class="class">
+<dt>
+<em class="property">class </em><tt class="descname">incremental</tt></dt>
+<dd></dd></dl>
+
+<p>For this reason, it&#8217;s one of the things that most Small Frameworks leave
+undecided.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="simple-sql">
+<h2>Simple SQL<a class="headerlink" href="#simple-sql" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p><a class="reference external" href="http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0249/">PEP 249</a> describes a
+common API for database connections called DB-API 2.</p>
+<div class="incremental container">
+<p>The goal was to</p>
+<blockquote>
+<div><p>achieve a consistency leading to more easily understood modules, code
+that is generally more portable across databases, and a broader reach
+of database connectivity from Python</p>
+<dl class="class">
+<dt>
+<tt class="descname">image-credit</tt></dt>
+<dd></dd></dl>
+
+<p>source: <a class="reference external" href="http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0248/">http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0248/</a></p>
+</div></blockquote>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="a-note-on-db-api">
+<h2>A Note on DB API<a class="headerlink" href="#a-note-on-db-api" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<dl class="class">
+<dt>
+<tt class="descname">incremental center</tt></dt>
+<dd></dd></dl>
+
+<p>It is important to remember that PEP 249 is <strong>only a specification</strong>.</p>
+<dl class="class">
+<dt>
+<em class="property">class </em><tt class="descname">incremental</tt></dt>
+<dd></dd></dl>
+
+<p>There is no code or package for DB-API 2 on it&#8217;s own.</p>
+<dl class="class">
+<dt>
+<em class="property">class </em><tt class="descname">incremental</tt></dt>
+<dd></dd></dl>
+
+<p>Since 2.5, the Python Standard Library has provided a <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/2/library/sqlite3.html">reference
+implementation of the api</a>
+based on SQLite3</p>
+<dl class="class">
+<dt>
+<em class="property">class </em><tt class="descname">incremental</tt></dt>
+<dd></dd></dl>
+
+<p>Before Python 2.5, this package was available as <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pysqlite</span></tt></p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="using-db-api">
+<h2>Using DB API<a class="headerlink" href="#using-db-api" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>To use the DB API with any database other than SQLite3, you must have an
+underlying API package available.</p>
+<div class="incremental container">
+<p>Implementations are available for:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>PostgreSQL (<strong>psycopg2</strong>, txpostgres, ...)</li>
+<li>MySQL (<strong>mysql-python</strong>, PyMySQL, ...)</li>
+<li>MS SQL Server (<strong>adodbapi</strong>, pymssql, mxODBC, pyodbc, ...)</li>
+<li>Oracle (<strong>cx_Oracle</strong>, mxODBC, pyodbc, ...)</li>
+<li>and many more...</li>
+</ul>
+<dl class="class">
+<dt>
+<tt class="descname">image-credit</tt></dt>
+<dd></dd></dl>
+
+<p>source: <a class="reference external" href="http://wiki.python.org/moin/DatabaseInterfaces">http://wiki.python.org/moin/DatabaseInterfaces</a></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="installing-api-packages">
+<h2>Installing API Packages<a class="headerlink" href="#installing-api-packages" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Most db api packages can be installed using typical Pythonic methods:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>$ easy_install psycopg2
+$ pip install mysql-python
+...
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<dl class="class">
+<dt>
+<em class="property">class </em><tt class="descname">incremental</tt></dt>
+<dd></dd></dl>
+
+<p>Most api packages will require that the development headers for the underlying
+database system be available. Without these, the C symbols required for
+communication with the db are not present and the wrapper cannot work.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="not-today">
+<h2>Not Today<a class="headerlink" href="#not-today" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>We don&#8217;t want to spend the next hour getting a package installed, so let&#8217;s use
+<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">sqlite3</span></tt> instead.</p>
+<dl class="class">
+<dt>
+<em class="property">class </em><tt class="descname">incremental</tt></dt>
+<dd></dd></dl>
+
+<p>I <strong>do not</strong> recommend using sqlite3 for production web applications, there are
+too many ways in which it falls short</p>
+<dl class="class">
+<dt>
+<em class="property">class </em><tt class="descname">incremental</tt></dt>
+<dd></dd></dl>
+
+<p>But it will provide a solid learning tool</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="getting-started">
+<h2>Getting Started<a class="headerlink" href="#getting-started" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>In the class resources folder, you&#8217;ll find an <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">sql</span></tt> directory. Copy that to
+your working directory.</p>
+<dl class="class">
+<dt>
+<em class="property">class </em><tt class="descname">incremental</tt></dt>
+<dd></dd></dl>
+
+<p>Open the file <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">createdb.py</span></tt> in your text editor.  Edit <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">main</span></tt> like so:</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="try-it-out">
+<h2>Try It Out<a class="headerlink" href="#try-it-out" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Run the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">createdb.py</span></tt> script to see it in effect:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>$ python createdb.py
+Need to create database and schema
+$ python createdb.py
+Database exists, assume schema does, too.
+$ ls
+books.db
+...
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<dl class="class">
+<dt>
+<em class="property">class </em><tt class="descname">incremental</tt></dt>
+<dd></dd></dl>
+
+<p>Sqlite3 will automatically create a new database when you connect for the
+first time, if one does not exist.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="set-up-a-schema">
+<h2>Set Up A Schema<a class="headerlink" href="#set-up-a-schema" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Make the following changes to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">createdb.py</span></tt>:</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="verify-your-work">
+<h2>Verify Your Work<a class="headerlink" href="#verify-your-work" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Quit your python interpreter and delete the file <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">books.db</span></tt></p>
+<div class="incremental container">
+<p>Then run the script from the command line again to try it out:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>$ python createdb.py
+Creating schema
+$ python createdb.py
+Database exists, assume schema does, too.
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="introspect-the-database">
+<h2>Introspect the Database<a class="headerlink" href="#introspect-the-database" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Add the following to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">createdb.py</span></tt>:</p>
+<dl class="class">
+<dt>
+<em class="property">class </em><tt class="descname">incremental</tt></dt>
+<dd></dd></dl>
+
+<p>Then try running <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">python</span> <span class="pre">createdb.py</span></tt> again</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="my-results">
+<h2>My Results<a class="headerlink" href="#my-results" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<dl class="class">
+<dt id="small">
+<em class="property">class </em><tt class="descname">small</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#small" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd></dd></dl>
+
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>$ python createdb.py
+Table Metadata for &#39;author&#39;:
+cid        | name       | type       | notnull    | dflt_value | pk         |
+-----------+------------+------------+------------+------------+------------+-
+0          | authorid   | INTEGER    | 1          | None       | 1          |
+-----------+------------+------------+------------+------------+------------+-
+1          | name       | TEXT       | 0          | None       | 0          |
+-----------+------------+------------+------------+------------+------------+-
+
+
+Table Metadata for &#39;book&#39;:
+cid        | name       | type       | notnull    | dflt_value | pk         |
+-----------+------------+------------+------------+------------+------------+-
+0          | bookid     | INTEGER    | 1          | None       | 1          |
+-----------+------------+------------+------------+------------+------------+-
+1          | title      | TEXT       | 0          | None       | 0          |
+-----------+------------+------------+------------+------------+------------+-
+2          | author     | INTEGER    | 1          | None       | 0          |
+-----------+------------+------------+------------+------------+------------+-
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="inserting-data">
+<h2>Inserting Data<a class="headerlink" href="#inserting-data" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Let&#8217;s load up some data. Fire up your interpreter and type:</p>
+<dl class="class">
+<dt>
+<em class="property">class </em><tt class="descname">incremental</tt></dt>
+<dd></dd></dl>
+
+<p>Did that work?</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="querying-data">
+<h2>Querying Data<a class="headerlink" href="#querying-data" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Let&#8217;s query our database to find out:</p>
+<dl class="class">
+<dt>
+<em class="property">class </em><tt class="descname">incremental</tt></dt>
+<dd></dd></dl>
+
+<p>Alright!  We&#8217;ve got data in there.  Let&#8217;s make it more efficient</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="parameterized-statements">
+<h2>Parameterized Statements<a class="headerlink" href="#parameterized-statements" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Try this:</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="check-your-work">
+<h2>Check Your Work<a class="headerlink" href="#check-your-work" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Again, query the database:</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="transactions">
+<h2>Transactions<a class="headerlink" href="#transactions" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Transactions group operations together, allowing you to verify them <em>before</em>
+the results hit the database.</p>
+<dl class="class">
+<dt>
+<em class="property">class </em><tt class="descname">incremental</tt></dt>
+<dd></dd></dl>
+
+<p>In SQLite3, data-altering statements require an explicit <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">commit</span></tt> unless
+auto-commit has been enabled.</p>
+<dl class="class">
+<dt>
+<em class="property">class </em><tt class="descname">incremental</tt></dt>
+<dd></dd></dl>
+
+<p>The <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">with</span></tt> statements we&#8217;ve used take care of committing when the context
+manager closes.</p>
+<dl class="class">
+<dt>
+<em class="property">class </em><tt class="descname">incremental</tt></dt>
+<dd></dd></dl>
+
+<p>Let&#8217;s change that so we can see what happens explicitly</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="populating-the-database">
+<h2>Populating the Database<a class="headerlink" href="#populating-the-database" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Let&#8217;s start by seeing what happens when you try to look for newly added data
+before the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">insert</span></tt> transaction is committed.</p>
+<dl class="class">
+<dt>
+<em class="property">class </em><tt class="descname">incremental</tt></dt>
+<dd></dd></dl>
+
+<p>Begin by quitting your interpreter and deleting <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">books.db</span></tt>.</p>
+<div class="incremental container">
+<p>Then re-create the database, empty:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>$ python createdb.py
+Creating schema
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="setting-up-the-test">
+<h2>Setting Up the Test<a class="headerlink" href="#setting-up-the-test" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<dl class="class">
+<dt>
+<em class="property">class </em><tt class="descname">small</tt></dt>
+<dd></dd></dl>
+
+<p>Open <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">populatedb.py</span></tt> in your editor, replace the final <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">print</span></tt>:</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="running-the-test">
+<h2>Running the Test<a class="headerlink" href="#running-the-test" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<dl class="class">
+<dt>
+<em class="property">class </em><tt class="descname">small</tt></dt>
+<dd></dd></dl>
+
+<p>Quit your python interpreter and run the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">populatedb.py</span></tt> script:</p>
+<dl class="class">
+<dt>
+<tt class="descname">small incremental</tt></dt>
+<dd></dd></dl>
+
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>On conn1, before insert:
+no rows returned
+On conn1, after insert:
+(1, u&#39;China Mieville&#39;)
+(2, u&#39;Frank Herbert&#39;)
+(3, u&#39;Susan Cooper&#39;)
+(4, u&#39;J.R.R. Tolkien&#39;)
+(5, u&quot;Madeline L&#39;Engle&quot;)
+
+On conn2, before commit:
+no rows returned
+On conn2, after commit:
+(1, u&#39;China Mieville&#39;)
+(2, u&#39;Frank Herbert&#39;)
+(3, u&#39;Susan Cooper&#39;)
+(4, u&#39;J.R.R. Tolkien&#39;)
+(5, u&quot;Madeline L&#39;Engle&quot;)
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="rollback">
+<h2>Rollback<a class="headerlink" href="#rollback" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>That&#8217;s all well and good, but what happens if an error occurs?</p>
+<dl class="class">
+<dt>
+<em class="property">class </em><tt class="descname">incremental</tt></dt>
+<dd></dd></dl>
+
+<p>Transactions can be rolled back in order to wipe out partially completed work.</p>
+<dl class="class">
+<dt>
+<em class="property">class </em><tt class="descname">incremental</tt></dt>
+<dd></dd></dl>
+
+<p>Like with commit, using <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">connect</span></tt> as a context manager in a <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">with</span></tt>
+statement will automatically rollback for exceptions.</p>
+<dl class="class">
+<dt>
+<em class="property">class </em><tt class="descname">incremental</tt></dt>
+<dd></dd></dl>
+
+<p>Let&#8217;s rewrite our populatedb script so it explicitly commits or rolls back a
+transaction depending on exceptions occurring</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="edit-populatedb-py-slide-1">
+<h2>Edit populatedb.py (slide 1)<a class="headerlink" href="#edit-populatedb-py-slide-1" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<dl class="class">
+<dt>
+<em class="property">class </em><tt class="descname">small</tt></dt>
+<dd></dd></dl>
+
+<p>First, add the following function above the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">if</span> <span class="pre">__name__</span> <span class="pre">==</span> <span class="pre">'__main__'</span></tt>
+block:</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="edit-populatedb-py-slide-2">
+<h2>Edit populatedb.py (slide 2)<a class="headerlink" href="#edit-populatedb-py-slide-2" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<dl class="class">
+<dt>
+<em class="property">class </em><tt class="descname">small</tt></dt>
+<dd></dd></dl>
+
+<p>Then, in the runner:</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="id1">
+<h2>Try it Out<a class="headerlink" href="#id1" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Remove <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">books.db</span></tt> and recrete the database, then run our script:</p>
+<dl class="class">
+<dt>
+<em class="property">class </em><tt class="descname">small</tt></dt>
+<dd></dd></dl>
+
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>$ rm books.db
+$ python createdb.py
+Creating schema
+$ python populatedb.py
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<dl class="class">
+<dt>
+<tt class="descname">small incremental</tt></dt>
+<dd></dd></dl>
+
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>authors and books on conn2 after rollback:
+no rows returned
+no rows returned
+Traceback (most recent call last):
+  File &quot;populatedb.py&quot;, line 57, in &lt;module&gt;
+    populate_db(conn1)
+  File &quot;populatedb.py&quot;, line 46, in populate_db
+    cur.executemany(book_insert, params)
+sqlite3.InterfaceError: Error binding parameter 0 - probably unsupported type.
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="oooops-fix-it">
+<h2>Oooops, Fix It<a class="headerlink" href="#oooops-fix-it" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<dl class="class">
+<dt>
+<em class="property">class </em><tt class="descname">small</tt></dt>
+<dd></dd></dl>
+
+<p>Okay, we got an error, and the transaction was rolled back correctly.</p>
+<div class="incremental small container">
+<p>Open <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">utils.py</span></tt> and find this:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="s">&#39;Susan Cooper&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="s">&quot;The Dark is Rising&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="s">&quot;The Greenwitch&quot;</span><span class="p">]],</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="incremental small container">
+<p>Fix it like so:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="s">&#39;Susan Cooper&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="s">&quot;The Dark is Rising&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&quot;The Greenwitch&quot;</span><span class="p">],</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<dl class="class">
+<dt>
+<tt class="descname">small incremental</tt></dt>
+<dd></dd></dl>
+
+<p>It appears that we were attempting to bind a list as a parameter.  Ooops.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="try-it-again">
+<h2>Try It Again<a class="headerlink" href="#try-it-again" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<div class="small container">
+<p>Now that the error in our data is repaired, let&#8217;s try again:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>$ python populatedb.py
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<dl class="class">
+<dt>
+<tt class="descname">small incremental</tt></dt>
+<dd></dd></dl>
+
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>Reporting authors and books on conn2 before commit:
+no rows returned
+no rows returned
+Reporting authors and books on conn2 after commit:
+(1, u&#39;China Mieville&#39;)
+(2, u&#39;Frank Herbert&#39;)
+(3, u&#39;Susan Cooper&#39;)
+(4, u&#39;J.R.R. Tolkien&#39;)
+(5, u&quot;Madeline L&#39;Engle&quot;)
+(1, u&#39;Perdido Street Station&#39;, 1)
+(2, u&#39;The Scar&#39;, 1)
+(3, u&#39;King Rat&#39;, 1)
+(4, u&#39;Dune&#39;, 2)
+(5, u&quot;Hellstrom&#39;s Hive&quot;, 2)
+(6, u&#39;The Dark is Rising&#39;, 3)
+(7, u&#39;The Greenwitch&#39;, 3)
+(8, u&#39;The Hobbit&#39;, 4)
+(9, u&#39;The Silmarillion&#39;, 4)
+(10, u&#39;A Wrinkle in Time&#39;, 5)
+(11, u&#39;A Swiftly Tilting Planet&#39;, 5)
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="congratulations">
+<h2>Congratulations<a class="headerlink" href="#congratulations" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>You&#8217;ve just created a small database of books and authors. The transactional
+protections you&#8217;ve used let you rest comfortable, knowing that so long as the
+process completed, you&#8217;ve got the data you sent.</p>
+<p>We&#8217;ll see more of this when we build our flask app.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+      <div class="sphinxsidebar">
+        <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper">
+  <h3><a href="../index.html">Table Of Contents</a></h3>
+  <ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">SQL Persistence in Python</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#data-persistence">Data Persistence</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#simple-sql">Simple SQL</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#a-note-on-db-api">A Note on DB API</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#using-db-api">Using DB API</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#installing-api-packages">Installing API Packages</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#not-today">Not Today</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#getting-started">Getting Started</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#try-it-out">Try It Out</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#set-up-a-schema">Set Up A Schema</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#verify-your-work">Verify Your Work</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#introspect-the-database">Introspect the Database</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#my-results">My Results</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#inserting-data">Inserting Data</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#querying-data">Querying Data</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#parameterized-statements">Parameterized Statements</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#check-your-work">Check Your Work</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#transactions">Transactions</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#populating-the-database">Populating the Database</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#setting-up-the-test">Setting Up the Test</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#running-the-test">Running the Test</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#rollback">Rollback</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#edit-populatedb-py-slide-1">Edit populatedb.py (slide 1)</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#edit-populatedb-py-slide-2">Edit populatedb.py (slide 2)</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#id1">Try it Out</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#oooops-fix-it">Oooops, Fix It</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#try-it-again">Try It Again</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#congratulations">Congratulations</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+  <h3>This Page</h3>
+  <ul class="this-page-menu">
+    <li><a href="../_sources/additional/sql_persistence_tutorial.txt"
+           rel="nofollow">Show Source</a></li>
+  </ul>
+  <h3>Slides</h3>
+  <ul class="this-page-menu">
+    <li><a href="../.././slides/additional/sql_persistence_tutorial.html"
+           rel="nofollow">View as slides</a></li>
+  </ul>
+<div id="searchbox" style="display: none">
+  <h3>Quick search</h3>
+    <form class="search" action="../search.html" method="get">
+      <input type="text" name="q" />
+      <input type="submit" value="Go" />
+      <input type="hidden" name="check_keywords" value="yes" />
+      <input type="hidden" name="area" value="default" />
+    </form>
+    <p class="searchtip" style="font-size: 90%">
+    Enter search terms or a module, class or function name.
+    </p>
+</div>
+<script type="text/javascript">$('#searchbox').show(0);</script>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+      <div class="clearer"></div>
+    </div>
+    <div class="related">
+      <h3>Navigation</h3>
+      <ul>
+        <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px">
+          <a href="../genindex.html" title="General Index"
+             >index</a></li>
+        <li><a href="../index.html">UWPCE Python 200</a> &raquo;</li> 
+      </ul>
+    </div>
+    <div class="footer">
+        &copy; Copyright 2012-2015, Cris Ewing.
+      Created using <a href="http://sphinx-doc.org/">Sphinx</a> 1.2.2.
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+</html>
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new file mode 100644
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@@ -0,0 +1,254 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
+  "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
+
+
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
+  <head>
+    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
+    
+    <title>Jinja2 Template Introduction &mdash; Internet Programming with Python</title>
+    
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/pyramid.css" type="text/css" />
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/pygments.css" type="text/css" />
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+<![endif]-->
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+<div class="header">
+  <div class="logo">
+    <a href="../index.html">
+      <img class="logo" src="../_static/logo_UW.png" alt="Logo"/>
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+  </div>
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+      <h3>Navigation</h3>
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+        <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px">
+          <a href="../genindex.html" title="General Index"
+             accesskey="I">index</a></li>
+        <li><a href="../index.html">UWPCE Python 200</a> &raquo;</li> 
+      </ul>
+    </div>  
+
+    <div class="document">
+      <div class="documentwrapper">
+        <div class="bodywrapper">
+          <div class="body">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="jinja2-template-introduction">
+<h1>Jinja2 Template Introduction<a class="headerlink" href="#jinja2-template-introduction" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<span class="admonition-jinja2-template-introduction"></span><p>When you installed <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">flask</span></tt> into your virtualenv, along with it came a
+Python-based templating engine called <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Jinja2</span></tt>.</p>
+<p>In this walkthrough, you&#8217;ll see some basics about how templates work, and get
+to know what sorts of options they provide you for creating HTML from a Python
+process.</p>
+<div class="section" id="generating-html">
+<h2>Generating HTML<a class="headerlink" href="#generating-html" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<dl class="class">
+<dt>
+<tt class="descname">big-centered</tt></dt>
+<dd></dd></dl>
+
+<p>&#8220;I enjoy writing HTML in Python&#8221;</p>
+<dl class="class">
+<dt>
+<tt class="descname">incremental right</tt></dt>
+<dd></dd></dl>
+
+<p>&#8211; nobody, ever</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="templating">
+<h2>Templating<a class="headerlink" href="#templating" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>A good framework will provide some way of generating HTML with a templating
+system.</p>
+<dl class="class">
+<dt id="incremental">
+<em class="property">class </em><tt class="descname">incremental</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#incremental" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd></dd></dl>
+
+<p>There are nearly as many templating systems as there are frameworks</p>
+<dl class="class">
+<dt>
+<em class="property">class </em><tt class="descname">incremental</tt></dt>
+<dd></dd></dl>
+
+<p>Each has advantages and disadvantages</p>
+<dl class="class">
+<dt>
+<em class="property">class </em><tt class="descname">incremental</tt></dt>
+<dd></dd></dl>
+
+<p>Flask includes the <em>Jinja2</em> templating system (perhaps because it&#8217;s built by
+the same folks)</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="jinja2-template-basics">
+<h2>Jinja2 Template Basics<a class="headerlink" href="#jinja2-template-basics" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Let&#8217;s start with the absolute basics.</p>
+<div class="incremental container">
+Fire up a Python interpreter, using your flask virtualenv:</div>
+<div class="incremental container">
+A template is built of a simple string:</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="rendering-a-template">
+<h2>Rendering a Template<a class="headerlink" href="#rendering-a-template" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Call the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">render</span></tt> method, providing some <em>context</em>:</p>
+<dl class="class">
+<dt>
+<em class="property">class </em><tt class="descname">incremental</tt></dt>
+<dd></dd></dl>
+
+<p><em>Context</em> can either be keyword arguments, or a dictionary</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="dictionaries-in-context">
+<h2>Dictionaries in Context<a class="headerlink" href="#dictionaries-in-context" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Dictionaries passed in as part of the <em>context</em> can be addressed with <em>either</em>
+subscript or dotted notation:</p>
+<dl class="class">
+<dt>
+<em class="property">class </em><tt class="descname">incremental</tt></dt>
+<dd></dd></dl>
+
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>Jinja2 will try the <em>correct</em> way first (attr for dotted, item for
+subscript).</li>
+<li>If nothing is found, it will try the opposite.</li>
+<li>If nothing is found, it will return an <em>undefined</em> object.</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="objects-in-context">
+<h2>Objects in Context<a class="headerlink" href="#objects-in-context" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>The exact same is true of objects passed in as part of <em>context</em>:</p>
+<dl class="class">
+<dt>
+<em class="property">class </em><tt class="descname">incremental</tt></dt>
+<dd></dd></dl>
+
+<p>This means your templates can be a bit agnostic as to the nature of the things
+in <em>context</em></p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="filtering-values-in-templates">
+<h2>Filtering values in Templates<a class="headerlink" href="#filtering-values-in-templates" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>You can apply <em>filters</em> to the data passed in <em>context</em> with the pipe (&#8216;|&#8217;)
+operator:</p>
+<div class="incremental container">
+You can also chain filters together:</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="control-flow">
+<h2>Control Flow<a class="headerlink" href="#control-flow" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Logical control structures are also available:</p>
+<dl class="class">
+<dt>
+<em class="property">class </em><tt class="descname">incremental</tt></dt>
+<dd></dd></dl>
+
+<p>Any control structure introduced in a template <strong>must</strong> be paired with an
+explicit closing tag ({% for %}...{% endfor %})</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="template-tests">
+<h2>Template Tests<a class="headerlink" href="#template-tests" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>There are a number of specialized <em>tests</em> available for use with the
+<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">if...elif...else</span></tt> control structure:</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="basic-python-expressions">
+<h2>Basic Python Expressions<a class="headerlink" href="#basic-python-expressions" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Basic Python expressions are also supported:</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="much-much-more">
+<h2>Much, Much More<a class="headerlink" href="#much-much-more" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>There&#8217;s more that Jinja2 templates can do, and you&#8217;ll see more in class
+when we write templates for our Flask app.</p>
+<div class="incremental container">
+<p>Make sure that you bookmark the Jinja2 documentation for later use:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>http://jinja.pocoo.org/docs/templates/
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+      <div class="sphinxsidebar">
+        <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper">
+  <h3><a href="../index.html">Table Of Contents</a></h3>
+  <ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">Jinja2 Template Introduction</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#generating-html">Generating HTML</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#templating">Templating</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#jinja2-template-basics">Jinja2 Template Basics</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#rendering-a-template">Rendering a Template</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#dictionaries-in-context">Dictionaries in Context</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#objects-in-context">Objects in Context</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#filtering-values-in-templates">Filtering values in Templates</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#control-flow">Control Flow</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#template-tests">Template Tests</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#basic-python-expressions">Basic Python Expressions</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#much-much-more">Much, Much More</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+  <h3>This Page</h3>
+  <ul class="this-page-menu">
+    <li><a href="../_sources/additional/template_tutorial.txt"
+           rel="nofollow">Show Source</a></li>
+  </ul>
+  <h3>Slides</h3>
+  <ul class="this-page-menu">
+    <li><a href="../.././slides/additional/template_tutorial.html"
+           rel="nofollow">View as slides</a></li>
+  </ul>
+<div id="searchbox" style="display: none">
+  <h3>Quick search</h3>
+    <form class="search" action="../search.html" method="get">
+      <input type="text" name="q" />
+      <input type="submit" value="Go" />
+      <input type="hidden" name="check_keywords" value="yes" />
+      <input type="hidden" name="area" value="default" />
+    </form>
+    <p class="searchtip" style="font-size: 90%">
+    Enter search terms or a module, class or function name.
+    </p>
+</div>
+<script type="text/javascript">$('#searchbox').show(0);</script>
+        </div>
+      </div>
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+    </div>
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+      <h3>Navigation</h3>
+      <ul>
+        <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px">
+          <a href="../genindex.html" title="General Index"
+             >index</a></li>
+        <li><a href="../index.html">UWPCE Python 200</a> &raquo;</li> 
+      </ul>
+    </div>
+    <div class="footer">
+        &copy; Copyright 2012-2015, Cris Ewing.
+      Created using <a href="http://sphinx-doc.org/">Sphinx</a> 1.2.2.
+    </div>
+  </body>
+</html>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/html/genindex.html b/html/genindex.html
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3594a2e2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/html/genindex.html
@@ -0,0 +1,119 @@
+
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
+  "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
+
+
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
+  <head>
+    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
+    
+    <title>Index &mdash; Internet Programming with Python</title>
+    
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="_static/pyramid.css" type="text/css" />
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="_static/pygments.css" type="text/css" />
+    
+    <script type="text/javascript">
+      var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = {
+        URL_ROOT:    './',
+        VERSION:     '3.0',
+        COLLAPSE_INDEX: false,
+        FILE_SUFFIX: '.html',
+        HAS_SOURCE:  true
+      };
+    </script>
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="_static/jquery.js"></script>
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="_static/underscore.js"></script>
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="_static/doctools.js"></script>
+    <link rel="top" title="Internet Programming with Python" href="index.html" />
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="http://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Neuton&amp;subset=latin" type="text/css" media="screen" charset="utf-8" />
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="http://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Nobile:regular,italic,bold,bolditalic&amp;subset=latin" type="text/css" media="screen" charset="utf-8" />
+<!--[if lte IE 6]>
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="_static/ie6.css" type="text/css" media="screen" charset="utf-8" />
+<![endif]-->
+
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+<div class="header">
+  <div class="logo">
+    <a href="index.html">
+      <img class="logo" src="_static/logo_UW.png" alt="Logo"/>
+    </a>
+  </div>
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+      <h3>Navigation</h3>
+      <ul>
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+          <a href="#" title="General Index"
+             accesskey="I">index</a></li>
+        <li class="nav-item nav-item-0"><a href="index.html">UWPCE Python 200</a> &raquo;</li> 
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+    </div>  
+
+    <div class="document">
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+        <div class="bodywrapper">
+          <div class="body" role="main">
+            
+
+<h1 id="index">Index</h1>
+
+<div class="genindex-jumpbox">
+ <a href="#S"><strong>S</strong></a>
+ 
+</div>
+<h2 id="S">S</h2>
+<table style="width: 100%" class="indextable genindextable"><tr>
+  <td style="width: 33%" valign="top"><dl>
+      
+  <dt><a href="presentations/django_intro.html#small">small (built-in class)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+  </dl></td>
+</tr></table>
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+        </div>
+      </div>
+      <div class="sphinxsidebar" role="navigation" aria-label="main navigation">
+        <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper">
+  <h3>Slides</h3>
+  <ul class="this-page-menu">
+    <li><a href="./slides/genindex.html"
+           rel="nofollow">View as slides</a></li>
+  </ul>
+<div id="searchbox" style="display: none" role="search">
+  <h3>Quick search</h3>
+    <form class="search" action="search.html" method="get">
+      <input type="text" name="q" />
+      <input type="submit" value="Go" />
+      <input type="hidden" name="check_keywords" value="yes" />
+      <input type="hidden" name="area" value="default" />
+    </form>
+    <p class="searchtip" style="font-size: 90%">
+    Enter search terms or a module, class or function name.
+    </p>
+</div>
+<script type="text/javascript">$('#searchbox').show(0);</script>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+      <div class="clearer"></div>
+    </div>
+    <div class="related" role="navigation" aria-label="related navigation">
+      <h3>Navigation</h3>
+      <ul>
+        <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px">
+          <a href="#" title="General Index"
+             >index</a></li>
+        <li class="nav-item nav-item-0"><a href="index.html">UWPCE Python 200</a> &raquo;</li> 
+      </ul>
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+    <div class="footer" role="contentinfo">
+        &copy; Copyright 2012-2016, Cris Ewing.
+      Created using <a href="http://sphinx-doc.org/">Sphinx</a> 1.3.1.
+    </div>
+  </body>
+</html>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/html/index.html b/html/index.html
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..757dde41
--- /dev/null
+++ b/html/index.html
@@ -0,0 +1,252 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
+  "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
+
+
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
+  <head>
+    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
+    
+    <title>Internet Programming with Python &mdash; Internet Programming with Python</title>
+    
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="_static/pyramid.css" type="text/css" />
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="_static/pygments.css" type="text/css" />
+    
+    <script type="text/javascript">
+      var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = {
+        URL_ROOT:    './',
+        VERSION:     '3.0',
+        COLLAPSE_INDEX: false,
+        FILE_SUFFIX: '.html',
+        HAS_SOURCE:  true
+      };
+    </script>
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="_static/jquery.js"></script>
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="_static/underscore.js"></script>
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="_static/doctools.js"></script>
+    <link rel="top" title="Internet Programming with Python" href="#" />
+    <link rel="next" title="Course Outline" href="outline.html" />
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+<link rel="stylesheet" href="http://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Nobile:regular,italic,bold,bolditalic&amp;subset=latin" type="text/css" media="screen" charset="utf-8" />
+<!--[if lte IE 6]>
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="_static/ie6.css" type="text/css" media="screen" charset="utf-8" />
+<![endif]-->
+
+  </head>
+  <body role="document">
+<div class="header">
+  <div class="logo">
+    <a href="#">
+      <img class="logo" src="_static/logo_UW.png" alt="Logo"/>
+    </a>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+    <div class="related" role="navigation" aria-label="related navigation">
+      <h3>Navigation</h3>
+      <ul>
+        <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px">
+          <a href="genindex.html" title="General Index"
+             accesskey="I">index</a></li>
+        <li class="right" >
+          <a href="outline.html" title="Course Outline"
+             accesskey="N">next</a> |</li>
+        <li class="nav-item nav-item-0"><a href="#">UWPCE Python 200</a> &raquo;</li> 
+      </ul>
+    </div>  
+
+    <div class="document">
+      <div class="documentwrapper">
+        <div class="bodywrapper">
+          <div class="body" role="main">
+            
+  <p><a class="reference external" href="http://www.pce.uw.edu/certificates/python-programming.html">UW PCE Certificate Program in Python Programming</a></p>
+<div class="section" id="internet-programming-with-python">
+<h1>Internet Programming with Python<a class="headerlink" href="#internet-programming-with-python" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<span class="admonition-internet-programming-with-python"></span><div class="sidebar">
+<p class="first sidebar-title">In This Class</p>
+<div class="toctree-wrapper last compound">
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="outline.html">Course Outline</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="outline.html#session-1-tcp-ip-and-sockets">Session 1 - TCP/IP and Sockets</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="outline.html#session-2-web-protocols">Session 2 - Web Protocols</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="outline.html#session-3-cgi-and-wsgi">Session 3 - CGI and WSGI</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="outline.html#session-4-apis-and-mashups">Session 4 - APIs and Mashups</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="outline.html#session-5-mvc-applications-and-data-persistence">Session 5 - MVC Applications and Data Persistence</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="outline.html#session-6-pyramid-views-renderers-and-forms">Session 6 - Pyramid Views, Renderers and Forms</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="outline.html#sesstion-7-pyramid-authentication-and-deployment">Sesstion 7 - Pyramid Authentication and Deployment</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="outline.html#session-8-basic-django">Session 8 - Basic Django</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="outline.html#session-9-extending-django">Session 9 - Extending Django</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="outline.html#session-10-deploying-django">Session 10 - Deploying Django</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="presentations/index.html">Course Presentations</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="presentations/session01.html">Session 01</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="presentations/session02.html">Session 02</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="presentations/session03.html">Session 03</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="presentations/session04.html">Session 04</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="presentations/session05.html">Session 05</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="presentations/session06.html">Session 06</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="presentations/session07.html">Session 07</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="presentations/session08.html">Session 08</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="presentations/session09.html">Session 09</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="presentations/session10.html">Session 10</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="readings.html">Supplementary Course Readings</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="readings.html#session-1-tcp-ip-and-sockets">Session 1 - TCP/IP and Sockets</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="readings.html#session-2-web-protocols">Session 2 - Web Protocols</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="readings.html#session-3-cgi-and-wsgi">Session 3 - CGI and WSGI</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="readings.html#session-4-apis-and-mashups">Session 4 - APIs and Mashups</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="readings.html#session-5-mvc-applications-and-data-persistence">Session 5 - MVC Applications and Data Persistence</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="readings.html#session-6-pyramid-views-renderers-and-forms">Session 6 - Pyramid Views, Renderers and Forms</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="readings.html#sesstion-7-pyramid-authentication-and-deployment">Sesstion 7 - Pyramid Authentication and Deployment</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="readings.html#sessions-8-9-10-django">Sessions 8, 9, &amp; 10 - Django</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>Winter Term, 2016 (10 sessions)</p>
+<p>Tuesdays, 6-9 pm, January 5 - March 8</p>
+<div class="section" id="overview">
+<h2>Overview<a class="headerlink" href="#overview" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>This course emphasizes network-based programming and Web applications, how they
+work and how to program them in Python. Explore the underlying principles and
+their expression in the Python libraries. Learn contrasting approaches in
+creating applications: programming with the low-level libraries versus using
+highly integrated frameworks</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="prerequisites">
+<h2>Prerequisites<a class="headerlink" href="#prerequisites" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>To attend this course you should have a working knowledge of the basic syntax
+and structures of the Python programming language. You will also need to be
+comfortable working at the command line to navigate a file system, create and
+delete files, and execute commands. Finally, you should have some basic
+knowledge of HTML.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="requirements">
+<h2>Requirements<a class="headerlink" href="#requirements" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>This workshop does not provide a computer laboratory. You will have to have a
+portable computer in order to participate. Network access is provided, but you
+will need to know how to operate the network settings for your computer.</p>
+<p>Your computer must have Python version 3.4 or later installed. No additional
+libraries will be required, but we will be installing some as the workshop
+progresses.</p>
+<p>To keep clean and isolated development environments, we will make use in class
+of the <a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/venv.html">venv</a> module, a standard library module used to create and maintain
+lightweight sandbox environments.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="what-to-expect">
+<h2>What to Expect<a class="headerlink" href="#what-to-expect" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>This course will cover the fundamental concepts of networked programming in
+Python. You&#8217;ll learn everything, starting from the sockets that enable
+communications between processes and machines and the basic protocols that
+govern this communication, right up to the full-stack frameworks that enable
+developers to build rich applications efficiently.</p>
+<p>Along the way, you&#8217;ll learn through a combination of lecture and activity.
+Historical information will be combined with exercises designed to help you
+learn the Pythonic way to create programs that interact with each-other across
+networks. Each module will include reading lists for more information.
+Homework assignments will allow you to dive more deeply into the concepts
+introduced in class.</p>
+<p><strong>This class is</strong> intended to give students a solid grounding in the
+fundamentals of network programming. You will gain a basic understanding of a
+broad range of Pythonic tools and learn to choose the right tool for a given
+task.</p>
+<p><strong>This class is not</strong> an in-depth course in any single Python web framework.
+The intention is to give you the information needed to select the right
+framework for your task. To that end, you will learn the basics of the
+frameworks covered as well as the choices and compromises that shape them.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="references">
+<h2>References<a class="headerlink" href="#references" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p><a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/">Python 3 Documentation</a>: Complete
+documentation of the language.</p>
+<p><a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/reference/">Python 3 Language Reference</a>: Terse
+and complete reference to the language structures of Python 3.</p>
+<p>Python Standard Library -
+<a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/internet.html">Internet Protocols and Support</a>:
+All the supported internet protocols as implemented in Python.</p>
+<p>Python Module of the Week (<a class="reference external" href="https://pymotw.com/2/contents.html">py2</a>, <a class="reference external" href="https://pymotw.com/3/">py3</a>): A fantastic reference for many
+modules in Python 2 and 3. Examples and usage are provided throughout. Don&#8217;t be
+shy about trying the Python 2 docs in Python 3, often they will work still.</p>
+<p><a class="reference external" href="presentations/index.html">Lecture Presentations</a>: Slides from the course
+presentations.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="search">
+<h2>Search<a class="headerlink" href="#search" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="search.html"><span>Search Page</span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+      <div class="sphinxsidebar" role="navigation" aria-label="main navigation">
+        <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper">
+  <h3><a href="#">Table Of Contents</a></h3>
+  <ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">Internet Programming with Python</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#overview">Overview</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#prerequisites">Prerequisites</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#requirements">Requirements</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#what-to-expect">What to Expect</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#references">References</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#search">Search</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+  <h4>Next topic</h4>
+  <p class="topless"><a href="outline.html"
+                        title="next chapter">Course Outline</a></p>
+  <div role="note" aria-label="source link">
+    <h3>This Page</h3>
+    <ul class="this-page-menu">
+      <li><a href="_sources/index.txt"
+            rel="nofollow">Show Source</a></li>
+    </ul>
+   </div>
+  <h3>Slides</h3>
+  <ul class="this-page-menu">
+    <li><a href="./slides/index.html"
+           rel="nofollow">View as slides</a></li>
+  </ul>
+<div id="searchbox" style="display: none" role="search">
+  <h3>Quick search</h3>
+    <form class="search" action="search.html" method="get">
+      <input type="text" name="q" />
+      <input type="submit" value="Go" />
+      <input type="hidden" name="check_keywords" value="yes" />
+      <input type="hidden" name="area" value="default" />
+    </form>
+    <p class="searchtip" style="font-size: 90%">
+    Enter search terms or a module, class or function name.
+    </p>
+</div>
+<script type="text/javascript">$('#searchbox').show(0);</script>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+      <div class="clearer"></div>
+    </div>
+    <div class="related" role="navigation" aria-label="related navigation">
+      <h3>Navigation</h3>
+      <ul>
+        <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px">
+          <a href="genindex.html" title="General Index"
+             >index</a></li>
+        <li class="right" >
+          <a href="outline.html" title="Course Outline"
+             >next</a> |</li>
+        <li class="nav-item nav-item-0"><a href="#">UWPCE Python 200</a> &raquo;</li> 
+      </ul>
+    </div>
+    <div class="footer" role="contentinfo">
+        &copy; Copyright 2012-2016, Cris Ewing.
+      Created using <a href="http://sphinx-doc.org/">Sphinx</a> 1.3.1.
+    </div>
+  </body>
+</html>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/html/objects.inv b/html/objects.inv
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..175e0821
--- /dev/null
+++ b/html/objects.inv
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+# Sphinx inventory version 2
+# Project: Internet Programming with Python
+# Version: 3.0
+# The remainder of this file is compressed using zlib.
+xÚmËA
+Â0Ð}N1`·Qºí
\‚�±ÒÈd2)ØÛ‹$]Ý}þ_#2CÞ¦™QFÈ…”¤b
IôâÞ(>=ƒÔ’ÎK�|ÀOÄÑ´º‰ñEv„½m®¿lbr4ovº¾%·2õ“–yù¿´®ëGwôd¾}ÞD9
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/html/outline.html b/html/outline.html
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..94fdb661
--- /dev/null
+++ b/html/outline.html
@@ -0,0 +1,359 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
+  "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
+
+
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
+  <head>
+    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
+    
+    <title>Course Outline &mdash; Internet Programming with Python</title>
+    
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="_static/pyramid.css" type="text/css" />
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="_static/pygments.css" type="text/css" />
+    
+    <script type="text/javascript">
+      var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = {
+        URL_ROOT:    './',
+        VERSION:     '3.0',
+        COLLAPSE_INDEX: false,
+        FILE_SUFFIX: '.html',
+        HAS_SOURCE:  true
+      };
+    </script>
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="_static/jquery.js"></script>
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="_static/underscore.js"></script>
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="_static/doctools.js"></script>
+    <link rel="top" title="Internet Programming with Python" href="index.html" />
+    <link rel="next" title="Course Presentations" href="presentations/index.html" />
+    <link rel="prev" title="Internet Programming with Python" href="index.html" />
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="http://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Neuton&amp;subset=latin" type="text/css" media="screen" charset="utf-8" />
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="http://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Nobile:regular,italic,bold,bolditalic&amp;subset=latin" type="text/css" media="screen" charset="utf-8" />
+<!--[if lte IE 6]>
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="_static/ie6.css" type="text/css" media="screen" charset="utf-8" />
+<![endif]-->
+
+  </head>
+  <body role="document">
+<div class="header">
+  <div class="logo">
+    <a href="index.html">
+      <img class="logo" src="_static/logo_UW.png" alt="Logo"/>
+    </a>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+    <div class="related" role="navigation" aria-label="related navigation">
+      <h3>Navigation</h3>
+      <ul>
+        <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px">
+          <a href="genindex.html" title="General Index"
+             accesskey="I">index</a></li>
+        <li class="right" >
+          <a href="presentations/index.html" title="Course Presentations"
+             accesskey="N">next</a> |</li>
+        <li class="right" >
+          <a href="index.html" title="Internet Programming with Python"
+             accesskey="P">previous</a> |</li>
+        <li class="nav-item nav-item-0"><a href="index.html">UWPCE Python 200</a> &raquo;</li> 
+      </ul>
+    </div>  
+
+    <div class="document">
+      <div class="documentwrapper">
+        <div class="bodywrapper">
+          <div class="body" role="main">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="course-outline">
+<h1>Course Outline<a class="headerlink" href="#course-outline" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<span class="admonition-course-outline"></span><p>This course takes place over 10 sessions. Each session is three hours long.
+Each session contains lecture material and exercises you will type at a python
+prompt. Each session has associated assignments which you will complete
+between sessions.</p>
+<div class="section" id="session-1-tcp-ip-and-sockets">
+<h2>Session 1 - TCP/IP and Sockets<a class="headerlink" href="#session-1-tcp-ip-and-sockets" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>We will begin with a disucssion of the fundamental concepts and structures
+that underly the internet and networked computing. We&#8217;ll learn about the
+TCP/IP stack (Internet Protocol Suite) and gain some insights into how that
+model manifests in real life. We will then dive into sockets and learn how to
+use them to communicate between processes on a single machine, or across a
+network.</p>
+<p>Along the way, we&#8217;ll build a basic Echo server and client to demonstrate the
+processes we&#8217;ve learned. By the end of the session, we&#8217;ll be sending messages
+and receiving replies.</p>
+<div class="section" id="references">
+<h3>References<a class="headerlink" href="#references" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/2/library/socket.html">Python Library - socket</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/2/howto/sockets.html">Socket Programming How-to</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://pymotw.com/2/socket/">Python Module of the Week - socket</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="session-2-web-protocols">
+<h2>Session 2 - Web Protocols<a class="headerlink" href="#session-2-web-protocols" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Protocols are the languages of the Internet. They govern how machines speak to
+one another. We will focus on finding both the similarities and differences
+between protocols. Can you use the inherent qualities of each to determine
+which is appropriate for a given purpose?</p>
+<p>Along the way, we&#8217;ll build a simple web server. Using the HTTP protocol and
+extending what we learned in the previous session we&#8217;ll create an HTTP server
+that allows us to serve files and directories from our own computers. By the
+end of the day, you&#8217;ll be browsing your filesystem with your own web browser.</p>
+<div class="section" id="id1">
+<h3>References<a class="headerlink" href="#id1" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/2/library/smtplib.html">smtplib</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/2/library/imaplib.html">imaplib</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/2/library/httplib.html">httplib</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/2/library/urllib.html">urllib</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/2/library/urllib2.html">urllib2</a></li>
+</ul>
+<p>If you have more curiosity about other Python Standard Library implementations
+of internet protocols, you should read Doug Hellmann&#8217;s Python Module Of The
+Week on <a class="reference external" href="http://pymotw.com/2/internet_protocols.html">Internet Protocols and Support</a>. His entries on these libraries are
+clear and concise and have some great code examples.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="session-3-cgi-and-wsgi">
+<h2>Session 3 - CGI and WSGI<a class="headerlink" href="#session-3-cgi-and-wsgi" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>In this class we will explore ways of moving data from HTTP requests into the
+dynamic scripts that process data. We will begin by looking at the original
+specification for passing data, CGI (Common Gateway Interface). We&#8217;ll look at
+the benefits and drawbacks of the specification, and use it to create some
+simple interactions.</p>
+<p>Then we will investigate a more modern take on the same problem, WSGI (Web
+Services Gateway Interface). We&#8217;ll see the ways in which WSGI is similar to
+CGI, and look at the ways in which it differs. We&#8217;ll create a simple interaction
+using WSGI and see what benefits and drawbacks it confers.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="session-4-apis-and-mashups">
+<h2>Session 4 - APIs and Mashups<a class="headerlink" href="#session-4-apis-and-mashups" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>The internet is a treasure trove of information. But meaning can be hard to
+find among all that data. Mashups offer a way to combine data from disparate
+sources in order to derive meaning. Data online can be offered in forms ripe
+for consumption. APIs built in XMLRPC, SOAP or REST offer rich tools for
+extraction, but even simple websites can be scraped using tools like
+BeautifulSoup.</p>
+<p>We&#8217;ll explore the differences between various &#8216;Web Services&#8217; formats, learning
+how to serve information and consume it. We&#8217;ll also explore using BeautifulSoup
+to help extract information from the sea of HTML in the wild.</p>
+<p>Along the way, we&#8217;ll create a mashup of our own, using the tools we learn to
+build a script that can produce derived meaning out of data we find online.</p>
+<div class="section" id="id2">
+<h3>References<a class="headerlink" href="#id2" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://www.crummy.com/software/BeautifulSoup/bs4/doc/">BeautifulSoup</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://requests.readthedocs.org/en/latest/">requests</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/2/library/json.html">json</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://geocoder.readthedocs.org/en/latest/">geocoder</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/2/library/httplib.html">httplib</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/2/library/htmlparser.html">htmlparser</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/2/library/xmlrpclib.html">xmlrpclib</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/2/library/docxmlrpcserver.html">DocXMLRPCServer</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="session-5-mvc-applications-and-data-persistence">
+<h2>Session 5 - MVC Applications and Data Persistence<a class="headerlink" href="#session-5-mvc-applications-and-data-persistence" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>In this session we will begin by introducing the idea of an MVC (<em>Model View
+Controller</em>) application.  We&#8217;ll discuss this popular application design
+pattern and talk about the ways in which it does and does not apply to the
+world of web applications.</p>
+<p>We&#8217;ll get started with our first application, a learning journal written in the
+lignt but powerful <em>Pyramid</em> web framework. We&#8217;ll set up a development
+environment and install the framework and dependencies. We&#8217;ll create our first
+<em>models</em> and experiment with persisting data to a database.</p>
+<div class="section" id="id4">
+<h3>References<a class="headerlink" href="#id4" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="preparation-for-session-6">
+<h3>Preparation for Session 6<a class="headerlink" href="#preparation-for-session-6" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>In preparation for session 6, please read the following materials:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference external" href="presentations/template_tutorial-plain.html">Jinja2 Template Tutorial</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://www.smashingmagazine.com/2009/08/04/designing-a-html-5-layout-from-scratch/">HTML5 Site Layout Tutorial</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="session-6-pyramid-views-renderers-and-forms">
+<h2>Session 6 - Pyramid Views, Renderers and Forms<a class="headerlink" href="#session-6-pyramid-views-renderers-and-forms" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>In this session we extend our understanding of the MVC design pattern by
+learning how Pyramid implements the <em>view</em> and <em>controller</em> aspects.</p>
+<p>Pyramid <em>views</em> represent the <em>controller</em> part of the MVC pattern, and we&#8217;ll
+create a number of them. We&#8217;ll also learn how Pyramid uses <em>routes</em> to properly
+connect the <em>path</em> requested by a client to the <em>views</em> run by a server.</p>
+<p>We&#8217;ll meet with Pyramid&#8217;s <em>renderers</em>, the <em>view</em> in MVC.  We&#8217;ll start by using
+a built-in renderer that simply turns view data into strings sent back to the
+client as plain text responses.  We&#8217;ll then install a template-based renderer
+and use the <em>jinja2</em> template language to create visible HTML pages the brower
+can load to show our learning journal entries.</p>
+<div class="section" id="prepraration-for-session-7">
+<h3>Prepraration for Session 7<a class="headerlink" href="#prepraration-for-session-7" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>In preparation for session 7, please read up on getting started with <a class="reference external" href="https://devcenter.heroku.com/articles/getting-started-with-python#introduction">Heroku
+and Python</a>.  We&#8217;ll be deploying our learning journal to Heroku by the end of
+that session.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="sesstion-7-pyramid-authentication-and-deployment">
+<h2>Sesstion 7 - Pyramid Authentication and Deployment<a class="headerlink" href="#sesstion-7-pyramid-authentication-and-deployment" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>In this session we will learn the basic elements of access control:
+authentication and authorization. We&#8217;ll learn how Pyramid implements these two
+aspects of security, and will implement a basic security policy for our
+learning journal.</p>
+<p>Once complete, we will deploy our application to Heroku.  We&#8217;ll make a few
+changes to how our app is configured to fit with the Heroku model and will be
+able to see our application in action by the end of the session.</p>
+<p>Time permitting, we will enhance our application with a few special features
+such as Markdown formatting, and code highlighting. A list of potential future
+enhancements will give you plenty to think about for the rest of the week.</p>
+<div class="section" id="preparation-for-session-8">
+<h3>Preparation for Session 8<a class="headerlink" href="#preparation-for-session-8" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Please walk through this tutorial before session 8 begins.</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference external" href="presentations/django_intro.html">An Introduction to Django</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="session-8-basic-django">
+<h2>Session 8 - Basic Django<a class="headerlink" href="#session-8-basic-django" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>In this class we&#8217;ll get introduced to arguably the most popular full-stack
+Python web framework, Django. We&#8217;ll install the framework, learn about how to
+get it running and how to get started creating your very own app.</p>
+<p>We&#8217;ll be learning about the Django ORM and how Django Models can help shield
+developers from much of the complexity of SQL.</p>
+<p>During the week leading up to this session, we&#8217;ll <a class="reference external" href="presentations/django_intro.html">get started building</a> a
+blog app in Django. We&#8217;ll learn how to use the tools Django provides to explore
+and interact with your models while designing them. We&#8217;ll also get a brief
+introduction to the Django admin, Django&#8217;s <em>killer feature</em>.</p>
+<p>Along the way, we&#8217;ll build a nicely functional blog application.  We&#8217;ll learn
+about model relationships, customizing the Django admin, and adding front-end
+views so users can see our work. We&#8217;ll even learn how we can update our
+database code and keep it in sync with our progressing development work.</p>
+<p>Along the way we&#8217;ll learn that the Django template language is quite similar
+to the Jinja2 language (in fact, Jinja2 was modelled on the Django version).
+We&#8217;ll also get a chance to learn a bit more about the features that the Django
+test framework provides over and above the standard Python <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">unittest</span></code>
+library.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="session-9-extending-django">
+<h2>Session 9 - Extending Django<a class="headerlink" href="#session-9-extending-django" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>During this session, we will continue our exploration of Django, and of pair
+programming. Students will pair up and work together to implement one or more
+feature extending the basic Django app we created previously.</p>
+<p>Finally, we&#8217;ll discuss some of the strengths and weaknesses of Django.  What
+makes it a good choice for some projects but not for others.</p>
+<div class="section" id="preparation-for-session-10">
+<h3>Preparation for Session 10<a class="headerlink" href="#preparation-for-session-10" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>In preparation for session 10, you&#8217;ll need to sign up for an account with
+Amazon Web Services.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="session-10-deploying-django">
+<h2>Session 10 - Deploying Django<a class="headerlink" href="#session-10-deploying-django" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>During this session, we will deploy our Django application to Amazon Web
+Services. To do so, we&#8217;ll use a popular Python-based configuration management
+tool, Ansible.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+      <div class="sphinxsidebar" role="navigation" aria-label="main navigation">
+        <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper">
+  <h3><a href="index.html">Table Of Contents</a></h3>
+  <ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">Course Outline</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#session-1-tcp-ip-and-sockets">Session 1 - TCP/IP and Sockets</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#references">References</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#session-2-web-protocols">Session 2 - Web Protocols</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#id1">References</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#session-3-cgi-and-wsgi">Session 3 - CGI and WSGI</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#session-4-apis-and-mashups">Session 4 - APIs and Mashups</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#id2">References</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#session-5-mvc-applications-and-data-persistence">Session 5 - MVC Applications and Data Persistence</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#id4">References</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#preparation-for-session-6">Preparation for Session 6</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#session-6-pyramid-views-renderers-and-forms">Session 6 - Pyramid Views, Renderers and Forms</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#prepraration-for-session-7">Prepraration for Session 7</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#sesstion-7-pyramid-authentication-and-deployment">Sesstion 7 - Pyramid Authentication and Deployment</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#preparation-for-session-8">Preparation for Session 8</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#session-8-basic-django">Session 8 - Basic Django</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#session-9-extending-django">Session 9 - Extending Django</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#preparation-for-session-10">Preparation for Session 10</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#session-10-deploying-django">Session 10 - Deploying Django</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+  <h4>Previous topic</h4>
+  <p class="topless"><a href="index.html"
+                        title="previous chapter">Internet Programming with Python</a></p>
+  <h4>Next topic</h4>
+  <p class="topless"><a href="presentations/index.html"
+                        title="next chapter">Course Presentations</a></p>
+  <div role="note" aria-label="source link">
+    <h3>This Page</h3>
+    <ul class="this-page-menu">
+      <li><a href="_sources/outline.txt"
+            rel="nofollow">Show Source</a></li>
+    </ul>
+   </div>
+  <h3>Slides</h3>
+  <ul class="this-page-menu">
+    <li><a href="./slides/outline.html"
+           rel="nofollow">View as slides</a></li>
+  </ul>
+<div id="searchbox" style="display: none" role="search">
+  <h3>Quick search</h3>
+    <form class="search" action="search.html" method="get">
+      <input type="text" name="q" />
+      <input type="submit" value="Go" />
+      <input type="hidden" name="check_keywords" value="yes" />
+      <input type="hidden" name="area" value="default" />
+    </form>
+    <p class="searchtip" style="font-size: 90%">
+    Enter search terms or a module, class or function name.
+    </p>
+</div>
+<script type="text/javascript">$('#searchbox').show(0);</script>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+      <div class="clearer"></div>
+    </div>
+    <div class="related" role="navigation" aria-label="related navigation">
+      <h3>Navigation</h3>
+      <ul>
+        <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px">
+          <a href="genindex.html" title="General Index"
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+            
+  <div class="section" id="an-introduction-to-django">
+<h1>An Introduction To Django<a class="headerlink" href="#an-introduction-to-django" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<span class="admonition-internet-programming-with-python"></span><p>In this tutorial, you&#8217;ll walk through creating a very simple microblog
+application using Django.</p>
+<div class="section" id="practice-safe-development">
+<h2>Practice Safe Development<a class="headerlink" href="#practice-safe-development" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>We&#8217;ll install Django and any other packages we use with it in a virtualenv.</p>
+<p>This will ensure that it is isolated from everything else we do in class
+(and vice versa)</p>
+<p>Remember the basic format for creating a virtualenv:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>$ python -m venv [options] &lt;ENV&gt;
+&lt;or&gt;
+$ pyvenv [options] &lt;ENV&gt;
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="set-up-a-virtualenv">
+<h3>Set Up a VirtualEnv<a class="headerlink" href="#set-up-a-virtualenv" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Start by creating your virtualenv:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>$ python -m venv djangoenv
+&lt;or&gt;
+$ pyvenv djangoenv
+...
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Then, activate it:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>$ source djangoenv/bin/activate
+&lt;or&gt;
+C:\&gt; djangoenv\Scripts\activate.bat
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="install-django">
+<h3>Install Django<a class="headerlink" href="#install-django" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Finally, install Django 1.7.4 using <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pip</span></code>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>(djangoenv)$ pip install Django==1.9
+Collecting Django==1.9
+  Downloading Django-1.9-py2.py3-none-any.whl (6.6MB)
+    100% |████████████████████████████████| 6.6MB 47kB/s
+Installing collected packages: Django
+Successfully installed Django-1.9
+(djangoenv)$
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="our-project">
+<h2>Our Project<a class="headerlink" href="#our-project" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Everything in Django stems from the <em>project</em>. To get started learning, we&#8217;ll
+create one. We&#8217;ll use a script installed by Django, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">django-admin.py</span></code>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">(</span>djangoenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>django-admin startproject mysite
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>If you&#8217;re on windows, that command is slightly different:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre>django-admin.exe startproject mysite
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">If you run into trouble at this stage, please consult the
+<a class="reference external" href="https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.9/intro/install/">installation documentation</a>. For windows users, see also
+<a class="reference external" href="https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.9/howto/windows/">this guide to installation on Windows</a></p>
+</div>
+<p>This will create a folder called &#8216;mysite&#8217;. The folder contains the following
+structure:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>mysite
+├── manage.py
+└── mysite
+    ├── __init__.py
+    ├── settings.py
+    ├── urls.py
+    └── wsgi.py
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>If what you see doesn&#8217;t match that, you&#8217;re using an older version of Django.
+Make sure you&#8217;ve installed 1.7.4</p>
+<div class="section" id="what-got-created">
+<h3>What Got Created<a class="headerlink" href="#what-got-created" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><strong>outer *mysite* folder</strong>: this is just a container and can be renamed or
+moved at will</li>
+<li><strong>inner *mysite* folder</strong>: this is your project directory. It should not be
+renamed.</li>
+<li><strong>__init__.py</strong>: magic file that makes <em>mysite</em> a python package.</li>
+<li><strong>settings.py</strong>: file which holds configuration for your project, more soon.</li>
+<li><strong>urls.py</strong>: file which holds top-level URL configuration for your project,
+more soon.</li>
+<li><strong>wsgi.py</strong>: binds a wsgi application created from your project to the
+symbol <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">application</span></code></li>
+<li><strong>manage.py</strong>: a management control script.</li>
+</ul>
+<p><em>django-admin</em> provides a hook for administrative tasks and abilities:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>creating a new project or app</li>
+<li>running the development server</li>
+<li>executing tests</li>
+<li>entering a python interpreter</li>
+<li>entering a database shell session with your database</li>
+<li>much much more (run <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">django-admin</span></code> without an argument)</li>
+</ul>
+<p><em>manage.py</em> wraps this functionality, adding the full environment of your
+project.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="how-manage-py-works">
+<h3>How <em>manage.py</em> Works<a class="headerlink" href="#how-manage-py-works" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Look in the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">manage.py</span></code> script Django created for you. You&#8217;ll see this:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c">#!/usr/bin/env python</span>
+<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">os</span>
+<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">sys</span>
+
+<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">__name__</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s">&quot;__main__&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span>
+    <span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">environ</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">setdefault</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&quot;mysite.settings&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+
+    <span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">django.core.management</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">execute_from_command_line</span>
+
+    <span class="n">execute_from_command_line</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">sys</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">argv</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The environmental var <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE</span></code> is how the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">manage.py</span></code>
+script is made aware of your project&#8217;s environment. This is why you shouldn&#8217;t
+rename the project package.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="development-server">
+<h3>Development Server<a class="headerlink" href="#development-server" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>At this point, you should be ready to use the development server:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>(djangoenv)$ cd mysite
+(djangoenv)$ ./manage.py runserver
+...
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>You&#8217;ll see a scary warning about unapplied migrations.  Ignore it for a moment.
+Instead, load <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">http://localhost:8000</span></code> in your browser. You should see this:</p>
+<div class="figure align-center">
+<a class="reference internal image-reference" href="../_images/django-start.png"><img alt="../_images/django-start.png" src="../_images/django-start.png" style="width: 98%;" /></a>
+</div>
+<p class="build center"><strong>Do you?</strong></p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="connecting-a-database">
+<h3>Connecting A Database<a class="headerlink" href="#connecting-a-database" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Django supplies its own ORM (Object-Relational Mapper). This ORM sits on top of
+the DB-API implementation you choose. You must provide connection information
+through Django configuration.</p>
+<p>All Django configuration takes place in <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">settings.py</span></code> in your project
+folder.</p>
+<p>Edit your <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">settings.py</span></code> to match:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">DATABASES</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+    <span class="s">&#39;default&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+        <span class="s">&#39;ENGINE&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">&#39;django.db.backends.sqlite3&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s">&#39;NAME&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">&#39;mysite.db&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+    <span class="p">}</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>There are other database settings, but they are not used with sqlite3, we&#8217;ll
+ignore them for now.</p>
+<p>Django&#8217;s ORM provides a layer of <em>abstraction</em> between you and SQL. You write
+Python classes called <em>models</em> describing the objects that make up your system.
+The ORM handles converting data from these objects into SQL statements (and
+back). We&#8217;ll learn much more about this in a bit.</p>
+<p>The final step in preparing to work is to set up the database. You do this by
+running <em>migrations</em>.  These migrations create the tables needed to support the
+models that are required by Django out of the box.</p>
+<p>Run the following command:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">(</span>djangoenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>./manage.py migrate
+Operations to perform:
+  Apply all migrations: admin, contenttypes, auth, sessions
+Running migrations:
+  Applying contenttypes.0001_initial... OK
+  Applying auth.0001_initial... OK
+  Applying admin.0001_initial... OK
+  Applying sessions.0001_initial... OK
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Great!  Now we can set up an initial user who&#8217;ll be able to do anything, a
+<em>superuser</em>.  Again, we&#8217;ll use <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">manage.py</span></code>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">(</span>djangoenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>./manage.py createsuperuser
+Username <span class="o">(</span>leave blank to use <span class="s1">&#39;cewing&#39;</span><span class="o">)</span>:
+Email address: cris@crisewing.com
+Password:
+Password <span class="o">(</span>again<span class="o">)</span>:
+Superuser created successfully.
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Notice that as you type your password, it will not appear on the screen.  Don&#8217;t
+worry, it&#8217;s actually being recorded.  You just can&#8217;t see it (and neither can
+that snoopy git looking over your shoulder).</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="projects-and-apps">
+<h2>Projects and Apps<a class="headerlink" href="#projects-and-apps" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>We&#8217;ve created a Django <em>project</em>. In Django a project represents a whole
+website:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>global configuration settings</li>
+<li>inclusion points for additional functionality</li>
+<li>master list of URL endpoints</li>
+</ul>
+<p>A Django <em>app</em> encapsulates a unit of functionality:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>A blog section</li>
+<li>A discussion forum</li>
+<li>A content tagging system</li>
+</ul>
+<div class="admonition important">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Important</p>
+<p class="last">One <em>project</em> can (and likely will) consist of many <em>apps</em></p>
+</div>
+<p>Django already includes some <em>apps</em> for you.</p>
+<div class="incremental container">
+<p>They&#8217;re in <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">settings.py</span></code> in the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">INSTALLED_APPS</span></code> setting:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">INSTALLED_APPS</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">(</span>
+    <span class="s">&#39;django.contrib.admin&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+    <span class="s">&#39;django.contrib.auth&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+    <span class="s">&#39;django.contrib.contenttypes&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+    <span class="s">&#39;django.contrib.sessions&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+    <span class="s">&#39;django.contrib.messages&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+    <span class="s">&#39;django.contrib.staticfiles&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+<span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="our-class-app">
+<h3>Our Class App<a class="headerlink" href="#our-class-app" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>We are going to build an <em>app</em> to add to our <em>project</em>. To start with our app
+will be a simple blog. As stated above, an <em>app</em> represents a unit within a
+system, the <em>project</em>. We have a project, we need to create an <em>app</em></p>
+<p>This is accomplished using <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">manage.py</span></code>. In your terminal, make sure you are
+in the <em>outer</em> mysite directory, where the file <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">manage.py</span></code> is located.
+Then:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">(</span>djangoenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>./manage.py startapp myblog
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>This should leave you with the following structure:</p>
+<dl class="class">
+<dt id="small">
+<em class="property">class </em><code class="descname">small</code><a class="headerlink" href="#small" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd></dd></dl>
+
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>mysite
+├── db.sqlite3
+├── manage.py
+├── myblog
+│   ├── __init__.py
+│   ├── admin.py
+│   ├── migrations
+│   │   └── __init__.py
+│   ├── models.py
+│   ├── tests.py
+│   └── views.py
+└── mysite
+    ├── __init__.py
+    ├── settings.py
+    ├── urls.py
+    └── wsgi.py
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Like our Pyramid site, Django divides up functionality by module. You&#8217;ll create
+ORM model classes in the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">models.py</span></code> file, view code in the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">views.py</span></code>
+file, and so on.</p>
+<p>We&#8217;ll start by defining the main Python class for our blog system, a <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Post</span></code>.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="django-models">
+<h3>Django Models<a class="headerlink" href="#django-models" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Any Python class in Django that is meant to be persisted <em>must</em> inherit from
+the Django <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Model</span></code> class. This base class hooks in to the ORM functionality
+converting Python code to SQL. You can override methods from the base <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Model</span></code>
+class to alter how this works or write new methods to add functionality.</p>
+<p>Learn more about <a class="reference external" href="https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.9/topics/db/models/">models</a></p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="our-post-model">
+<h3>Our Post Model<a class="headerlink" href="#our-post-model" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Open the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">models.py</span></code> file created in our <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">myblog</span></code> package. Add the
+following:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">django.db</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">models</span> <span class="c">#&lt;-- This is already in the file</span>
+<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">django.contrib.auth.models</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">User</span>
+
+<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Post</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">models</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Model</span><span class="p">):</span>
+    <span class="n">title</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">models</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">CharField</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">max_length</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">128</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="n">text</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">models</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">TextField</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">blank</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">True</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="n">author</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">models</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ForeignKey</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">User</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="n">created_date</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">models</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">DateTimeField</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">auto_now_add</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">True</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="n">modified_date</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">models</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">DateTimeField</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">auto_now</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">True</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="n">published_date</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">models</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">DateTimeField</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">blank</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">True</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">null</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">True</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>This code defines a subclass of the Django <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Model</span></code> class and added a bunch of
+attributes.</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>These attributes are all instances of <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Field</span></code> classes defined in Django</li>
+<li>Field attributes on a model map to columns in a database table</li>
+<li>The arguments you provide to each Field customize how it works<ul>
+<li>This means <em>both</em> how it operates in Django <em>and</em> how it is defined in SQL</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li>There are arguments shared by all Field types</li>
+<li>There are also arguments specific to individual types</li>
+</ul>
+<p>You can read much more about
+<a class="reference external" href="https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.9/ref/models/fields/">Model Fields and options</a></p>
+<p>There are some features of our fields worth mentioning in specific. Notice we
+have no field that is designated as the <em>primary key</em></p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>You <em>can</em> make a field the primary key by adding <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">primary_key=True</span></code> in the
+arguments</li>
+<li>If you do not, Django will <strong>automatically</strong> create one. This field is always
+called <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">id</span></code></li>
+<li>No matter what the primary key field is called, its <em>value</em> is always
+available on a model instance as the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pk</span></code> attribute: <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">instance.pk</span></code></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="field-details">
+<h3>Field Details<a class="headerlink" href="#field-details" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">title</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">models</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">CharField</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">max_length</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">128</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>The required <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">max_length</span></code> argument is specific to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">CharField</span></code> fields.</li>
+<li>It affects <em>both</em> the Python and SQL behavior of a field.</li>
+<li>In python, it is used to <em>validate</em> supplied values during <em>model validation</em></li>
+<li>In SQL it is used in the column definition: <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">VARCHAR(128)</span></code></li>
+</ul>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">author</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">models</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ForeignKey</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">User</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>Django also models SQL <em>relationships</em> as specific field types.</li>
+<li>The required positional argument is the class of the related Model.</li>
+<li>By default, the reverse relation is implemented as the attribute
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">&lt;fieldname&gt;_set</span></code>.</li>
+<li>You can override this by providing the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">related_name</span></code> argument.</li>
+</ul>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">created_date</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">models</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">DateTimeField</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">auto_now_add</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">True</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="n">modified_date</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">models</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">DateTimeField</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">auto_now</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">True</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">auto_now_add</span></code> is available on all date and time fields. It sets the value
+of the field to <em>now</em> when an instance is first saved.</li>
+<li><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">auto_now</span></code> is similar, but sets the value anew each time an instance is
+saved.</li>
+<li>Setting either of these will cause the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">editable</span></code> attribute of a field to
+be set to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">False</span></code>.</li>
+<li>This does not mean you can&#8217;t update these values, only that they will not
+show in forms by default.</li>
+</ul>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">text</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">models</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">TextField</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">blank</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">True</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="c"># ...</span>
+<span class="n">published_date</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">models</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">DateTimeField</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">blank</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">True</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">null</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">True</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>The argument <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">blank</span></code> is shared across all field types. The default is
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">False</span></code></li>
+<li>This argument affects only the Python behavior of a field, determining if the
+field is <em>required</em></li>
+<li>The related <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">null</span></code> argument affects the SQL definition of a field: is the
+column NULL or NOT NULL</li>
+<li>Django recommends that you <strong>not</strong> use the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">null</span></code> option for text fields.
+It will automatically insert an empty string into the database if the field
+is left blank.</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="installing-apps">
+<h3>Installing Apps<a class="headerlink" href="#installing-apps" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>In order to use our new model, we need Django to know about our <em>app</em>. This is
+accomplished by configuration in the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">settings.py</span></code> file. Open that file now,
+in your editor, and find the INSTALLED_APPS setting.</p>
+<p>You extend Django functionality by <em>installing apps</em>. This is pretty simple:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">INSTALLED_APPS</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">(</span>
+    <span class="s">&#39;django.contrib.admin&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+    <span class="s">&#39;django.contrib.auth&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+    <span class="s">&#39;django.contrib.contenttypes&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+    <span class="s">&#39;django.contrib.sessions&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+    <span class="s">&#39;django.contrib.messages&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+    <span class="s">&#39;django.contrib.staticfiles&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+    <span class="s">&#39;myblog&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="c"># &lt;- YOU ADD THIS PART</span>
+<span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Once Django is made aware of the existence of this new app, it can  make a new
+<em>migration</em> that will set up the tables for this new class automatically.</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">(</span>djangoenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>./manage.py makemigrations myblog
+Migrations <span class="k">for</span> <span class="s1">&#39;myblog&#39;</span>:
+  0001_initial.py:
+    - Create model Post
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>And now you can run that migration to make the changes to your database:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">(</span>djangoenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>./manage.py migrate
+Operations to perform:
+  Apply all migrations: sessions, myblog, contenttypes, auth, admin
+Running migrations:
+  Rendering model states... DONE
+  Applying myblog.0001_initial... OK
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="the-django-shell">
+<h2>The Django Shell<a class="headerlink" href="#the-django-shell" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Django provides a management command <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">shell</span></code>:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>Shares the same <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">sys.path</span></code> as your project, so all installed python
+packages are present.</li>
+<li>Imports the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">settings.py</span></code> file from your project, and so shares all
+installed apps and other settings.</li>
+<li>Handles connections to your database, so you can interact with live data
+directly.</li>
+</ul>
+<p>The Django <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">shell</span></code> will use more advanced Python interpreters such as
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">iPython</span></code> if they are available. Let&#8217;s go ahead and install iPython in our
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">djangoenv</span></code> to get this advantage:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">(</span>djangoenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>pip install ipython
+...
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Let&#8217;s explore the Model Instance API directly using this shell:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>(djangoenv)$ ./manage.py shell
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Instances of our model can be created by simple instantiation:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [1]: </span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">myblog.models</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">Post</span>
+<span class="gp">In [2]: </span><span class="n">p1</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Post</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">title</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;My First Post&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+<span class="gp">   ...: </span>          <span class="n">text</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;This is the first post I</span><span class="se">\&#39;</span><span class="s">ve written&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">In [3]: </span><span class="n">p1</span>
+<span class="gh">Out[3]: </span><span class="go">&lt;Post: Post object&gt;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>We can also validate that our new object is okay before we try to save it:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [4]: </span><span class="n">p1</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">full_clean</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="go">...</span>
+
+<span class="go">ValidationError: {&#39;author&#39;: [&#39;This field cannot be null.&#39;]}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="django-model-managers">
+<h3>Django Model Managers<a class="headerlink" href="#django-model-managers" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>We have to hook our <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Post</span></code> to an author, which must be a <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">User</span></code>. To do
+this, we need to have an instance of the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">User</span></code> class. We can use the
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">User</span></code> <em>model manager</em> to run table-level operations like <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">SELECT</span></code>.</p>
+<p>All Django models have a <em>manager</em>. By default it is accessed through the
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">objects</span></code> class attribute.</p>
+<p>Let&#8217;s use the <em>manager</em> to get an instance of the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">User</span></code> class:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [5]: </span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">django.contrib.auth.models</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">User</span>
+<span class="gp">In [6]: </span><span class="n">all_users</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">User</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">objects</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">all</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">In [7]: </span><span class="n">all_users</span>
+<span class="gh">Out[7]: </span><span class="go">[&lt;User: cewing&gt;]</span>
+<span class="gp">In [8]: </span><span class="n">p1</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">author</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">all_users</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">]</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>And now our instance should validate properly:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [9]: </span><span class="n">p1</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">full_clean</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">In [10]:</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="saving-new-objects">
+<h3>Saving New Objects<a class="headerlink" href="#saving-new-objects" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Our model has three date fields, two of which are supposed to be
+auto-populated:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [11]: </span><span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">p1</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">created_date</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="go">None</span>
+<span class="gp">In [12]: </span><span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">p1</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">modified_date</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="go">None</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Although we&#8217;ve instantiated a Post object, it doesn&#8217;t have these values yet.
+That&#8217;s because a model is not <em>created</em> until it&#8217;s saved into the database.
+When we save our post, these fields will get values assigned:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [13]: </span><span class="n">p1</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">save</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">In [14]: </span><span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">p1</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">created_date</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="go">2015-12-31 19:24:29.019293+00:00</span>
+<span class="gp">In [15]: </span><span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">p1</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">modified_date</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="go">2015-12-31 19:24:29.019532+00:00</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="updating-an-instance">
+<h3>Updating An Instance<a class="headerlink" href="#updating-an-instance" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Models operate much like &#8216;normal&#8217; python objects. To change the value of a
+field, simply set the instance attribute to a new value. Call <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">save()</span></code> to
+persist the change:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [16]: </span><span class="n">p1</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">title</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">p1</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">title</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="s">&quot; (updated)&quot;</span>
+<span class="gp">In [17]: </span><span class="n">p1</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">save</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">In [18]: </span><span class="n">p1</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">title</span>
+<span class="gh">Out[18]: </span><span class="go">&#39;My First Post (updated)&#39;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="create-a-few-posts">
+<h3>Create a Few Posts<a class="headerlink" href="#create-a-few-posts" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Let&#8217;s create a few more posts so we can explore the Django model manager query
+API:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [20]: </span><span class="n">p2</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Post</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">title</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;Another post&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+<span class="gp">   ....: </span>          <span class="n">text</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;The second one created&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+<span class="gp">   ....: </span>          <span class="n">author</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">all_users</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">])</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">save</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">In [21]: </span><span class="n">p3</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Post</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">title</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;The third one&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+<span class="gp">   ....: </span>          <span class="n">text</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;With the word &#39;heffalump&#39;&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+<span class="gp">   ....: </span>          <span class="n">author</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">all_users</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">])</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">save</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">In [22]: </span><span class="n">p4</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Post</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">title</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;Posters are a great decoration&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+<span class="gp">   ....: </span>          <span class="n">text</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;When you are a poor college student&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+<span class="gp">   ....: </span>          <span class="n">author</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">all_users</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">])</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">save</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">   ....: </span><span class="n">Post</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">objects</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">count</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gh">Out[22]: </span><span class="go">4</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="the-django-query-api">
+<h3>The Django Query API<a class="headerlink" href="#the-django-query-api" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>The <em>manager</em> on each model class supports a full-featured query API. API
+methods take keyword arguments, where the keywords are special constructions
+combining field names with field <em>lookups</em>.  The double-underscore character
+separates the name of a field from the <em>lookup</em> value.</p>
+<ul class="build small simple">
+<li>title__exact=&#8221;The exact title&#8221;</li>
+<li>text__contains=&#8221;decoration&#8221;</li>
+<li>id__in=range(1,4)</li>
+<li>published_date__lte=datetime.datetime.now()</li>
+</ul>
+<p>Each keyword argument adds to the query that will be used to find matching
+objects.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="querysets">
+<h3>QuerySets<a class="headerlink" href="#querysets" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>A <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">QuerySet</span></code> is a special type of object that maintains a relationship to the
+database. Query API methods can be divided into two basic groups: methods that
+return <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">QuerySets</span></code> and those that do not.</p>
+<p>The former may be chained without hitting the database:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [24]: </span><span class="n">a</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Post</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">objects</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">all</span><span class="p">()</span>  <span class="c">#&lt;-- no query yet</span>
+<span class="gp">In [25]: </span><span class="n">b</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">a</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">filter</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">title__icontains</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;post&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c">#&lt;- not yet</span>
+<span class="gp">In [26]: </span><span class="n">c</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">b</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">exclude</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">text__contains</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;created&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c">#&lt;-- nope</span>
+<span class="gp">In [27]: </span><span class="p">[(</span><span class="n">p</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">title</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">p</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">text</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">p</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">c</span><span class="p">]</span>  <span class="c">#&lt;-- This will issue the query</span>
+<span class="gh">Out[27]:</span>
+<span class="go">[(&#39;My First Post (updated)&#39;, &quot;This is the first post I&#39;ve written&quot;),</span>
+<span class="go"> (&#39;Posters are a great decoration&#39;, &#39;When you are a poor college student&#39;)]</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Conversely, the latter will issue an SQL query when executed.</p>
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [28]: </span><span class="n">a</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">count</span><span class="p">()</span>  <span class="c">#&lt;-- immediately executes an SQL query</span>
+<span class="gh">Out[28]: </span><span class="go">4</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="querysets-and-sql">
+<h3>QuerySets and SQL<a class="headerlink" href="#querysets-and-sql" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>If you are curious, you can see the SQL that a given QuerySet will use:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [29]: </span><span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">c</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">query</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="go">SELECT &quot;myblog_post&quot;.&quot;id&quot;, &quot;myblog_post&quot;.&quot;title&quot;, &quot;myblog_post&quot;.&quot;text&quot;,</span>
+<span class="go">       &quot;myblog_post&quot;.&quot;author_id&quot;, &quot;myblog_post&quot;.&quot;created_date&quot;,</span>
+<span class="go">       &quot;myblog_post&quot;.&quot;modified_date&quot;, &quot;myblog_post&quot;.&quot;published_date&quot;</span>
+<span class="go">FROM &quot;myblog_post&quot;</span>
+<span class="go">WHERE (</span>
+<span class="go">    &quot;myblog_post&quot;.&quot;title&quot; LIKE %post% ESCAPE &#39;\&#39;</span>
+<span class="go">    AND NOT (&quot;myblog_post&quot;.&quot;text&quot; LIKE %created% ESCAPE &#39;\&#39;)</span>
+<span class="go">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The SQL will vary depending on which DBAPI backend you use (yay ORM!!!)</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">Incidentally, using this as a way to learn SQL is not a bad idea.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="exploring-the-queryset-api">
+<h3>Exploring the QuerySet API<a class="headerlink" href="#exploring-the-queryset-api" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>See <a class="reference external" href="https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.9/ref/models/querysets">https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.9/ref/models/querysets</a></p>
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [3]: </span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">p</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pk</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">p</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">Post</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">objects</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">all</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">order_by</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;created_date&#39;</span><span class="p">)]</span>
+<span class="gh">Out[3]: </span><span class="go">[1, 2, 3, 4]</span>
+<span class="gp">In [4]: </span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">p</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pk</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">p</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">Post</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">objects</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">all</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">order_by</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;-created_date&#39;</span><span class="p">)]</span>
+<span class="gh">Out[4]: </span><span class="go">[4, 3, 2, 1]</span>
+<span class="gp">In [5]: </span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">p</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pk</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">p</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">Post</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">objects</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">filter</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">title__contains</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;post&#39;</span><span class="p">)]</span>
+<span class="gh">Out[5]: </span><span class="go">[1, 2, 4]</span>
+<span class="gp">In [6]: </span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">p</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pk</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">p</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">Post</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">objects</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">exclude</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">title__contains</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;post&#39;</span><span class="p">)]</span>
+<span class="gh">Out[6]: </span><span class="go">[3]</span>
+<span class="gp">In [7]: </span><span class="n">qs</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Post</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">objects</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">exclude</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">title__contains</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;post&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">In [8]: </span><span class="n">qs</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">qs</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">exclude</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">id__exact</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">In [9]: </span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">p</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pk</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">p</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">qs</span><span class="p">]</span>
+<span class="gh">Out[9]: </span><span class="go">[]</span>
+<span class="gp">In [10]: </span><span class="n">qs</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Post</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">objects</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">exclude</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">title__contains</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;post&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">id__exact</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">In [11]: </span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">p</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pk</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">p</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">qs</span><span class="p">]</span>
+<span class="gh">Out[11]: </span><span class="go">[1, 2, 3, 4]</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Do all of those make sense to you?  Especially consider the difference between
+those last two results? Can you explain that?</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="updating-via-querysets">
+<h3>Updating via QuerySets<a class="headerlink" href="#updating-via-querysets" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>You can update all the objects in a QuerySet at the same time. Changes are persisted
+without calling the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">save</span></code> instance method:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [12]: </span><span class="n">qs</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Post</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">objects</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">all</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">In [13]: </span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">p</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">published_date</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">p</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">qs</span><span class="p">]</span>
+<span class="gh">Out[13]: </span><span class="go">[None, None, None, None]</span>
+<span class="gp">In [14]: </span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">datetime</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">datetime</span>
+<span class="gp">In [15]: </span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">django.utils.timezone</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">UTC</span>
+<span class="gp">In [16]: </span><span class="n">utc</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">UTC</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">In [17]: </span><span class="n">now</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">datetime</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">now</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">utc</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">In [18]: </span><span class="n">qs</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">update</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">published_date</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">now</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gh">Out[18]: </span><span class="go">4</span>
+<span class="gp">In [19]: </span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">p</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">published_date</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">p</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">qs</span><span class="p">]</span>
+<span class="gh">Out[19]:</span>
+<span class="go">[datetime.datetime(2015, 12, 31, 19, 50, 4, 99980, tzinfo=&lt;UTC&gt;),</span>
+<span class="go"> datetime.datetime(2015, 12, 31, 19, 50, 4, 99980, tzinfo=&lt;UTC&gt;),</span>
+<span class="go"> datetime.datetime(2015, 12, 31, 19, 50, 4, 99980, tzinfo=&lt;UTC&gt;),</span>
+<span class="go"> datetime.datetime(2015, 12, 31, 19, 50, 4, 99980, tzinfo=&lt;UTC&gt;)]</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="testing-our-model">
+<h2>Testing Our Model<a class="headerlink" href="#testing-our-model" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>As with any project, we want to test our work. Django provides a testing
+framework to allow this. Django supports both <em>unit tests</em> and <em>doctests</em>. I
+strongly suggest using <em>unit tests</em>. You add tests for your <em>app</em> to the file
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">tests.py</span></code>, which should be at the same package level as <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">models.py</span></code>.</p>
+<p>Locate and open this file in your editor.</p>
+<div class="section" id="django-testcase-classes">
+<h3>Django TestCase Classes<a class="headerlink" href="#django-testcase-classes" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p><strong>SimpleTestCase</strong> is for basic unit testing with no ORM requirements</p>
+<p><strong>TransactionTestCase</strong> is useful if you need to test transactional
+actions (commit and rollback) in the ORM</p>
+<p><strong>TestCase</strong> is used when you require ORM access and a test client</p>
+<p><strong>LiveServerTestCase</strong> launches the django server during test runs for
+front-end acceptance tests.</p>
+<p>Sometimes testing requires base data to be present. We need a User for ours.
+Django provides <em>fixtures</em> to handle this need. Create a directory called
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">fixtures</span></code> inside your <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">myblog</span></code> app directory. This new folder should be
+adjacent to the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">tests.py</span></code> file.</p>
+<p class="build">Copy the file <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">myblog_test_fixture.json</span></code> from the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">resources/session08</span></code>
+into this directory, it contains users for our tests.</p>
+<p>Now that we have a fixture, we need to instruct our tests to use it.</p>
+<p>Edit <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">tests.py</span></code> to look like this:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">django.test</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">TestCase</span>
+<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">django.contrib.auth.models</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">User</span>
+
+<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">PostTestCase</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">TestCase</span><span class="p">):</span>
+    <span class="n">fixtures</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="s">&#39;myblog_test_fixture.json&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">]</span>
+
+    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">setUp</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span>
+        <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">user</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">User</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">objects</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pk</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="our-first-enhancement">
+<h3>Our First Enhancement<a class="headerlink" href="#our-first-enhancement" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Look at the way our Post represents itself in the Django shell:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">In</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">]:</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="n">p</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">p</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">Post</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">objects</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">all</span><span class="p">()]</span>
+<span class="n">Out</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">]:</span>
+<span class="p">[</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">Post</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Post</span> <span class="nb">object</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+ <span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">Post</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Post</span> <span class="nb">object</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+ <span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">Post</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Post</span> <span class="nb">object</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+ <span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">Post</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Post</span> <span class="nb">object</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">]</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Wouldn&#8217;t it be nice if the posts showed their titles instead? In Django, the
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__str__</span></code> method is used to determine how a Model instance represents
+itself. Then, calling <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">str(instance)</span></code> gives the desired result.</p>
+<p>Let&#8217;s write a test that demonstrates our desired outcome:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c"># add this import at the top</span>
+<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">myblog.models</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">Post</span>
+
+<span class="c"># and this test method to the PostTestCase</span>
+<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">test_string_representation</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span>
+    <span class="n">expected</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&quot;This is a title&quot;</span>
+    <span class="n">p1</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Post</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">title</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">expected</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="n">actual</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">str</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">p1</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assertEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">expected</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">actual</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>To run tests, use the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">test</span></code> management command. Without arguments, it will
+run all TestCases it finds in all installed <em>apps</em>. You can pass the name of a
+single app to focus on those tests.</p>
+<p>Quit your Django shell and in your terminal run the test we wrote:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">(</span>djangoenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>./manage.py <span class="nb">test </span>myblog
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>We have yet to implement this enhancement, so our test should fail:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>Creating test database for alias &#39;default&#39;...
+F
+======================================================================
+FAIL: test_string_representation (myblog.tests.PostTestCase)
+----------------------------------------------------------------------
+Traceback (most recent call last):
+  File &quot;/Users/cewing/projects/training/uw_pce/training.python_web/scripts/session07/mysite/myblog/tests.py&quot;, line 15, in test_string_representation
+    self.assertEqual(expected, actual)
+AssertionError: &#39;This is a title&#39; != u&#39;Post object&#39;
+
+----------------------------------------------------------------------
+Ran 1 test in 0.007s
+
+FAILED (failures=1)
+Destroying test database for alias &#39;default&#39;...
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Let&#8217;s add an appropriate <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__str__</span></code> method to our Post class.</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>It will take <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">self</span></code> as its only argument</li>
+<li>And it should return its own title as the result</li>
+<li>Go ahead and take a stab at this in <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">models.py</span></code></li>
+</ul>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Post</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">models</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Model</span><span class="p">):</span>
+    <span class="c">#...</span>
+
+    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">__str__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span>
+        <span class="k">return</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">title</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Re-run the tests to see if that worked:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>(djangoenv)$ ./manage.py test myblog
+Creating test database for alias &#39;default&#39;...
+.
+----------------------------------------------------------------------
+Ran 1 test in 0.007s
+
+OK
+Destroying test database for alias &#39;default&#39;...
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p class="centered"><strong>YIPEEEE!</strong></p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="what-to-test">
+<h3>What to Test<a class="headerlink" href="#what-to-test" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>In any framework, the question arises of what to test. Much of your app&#8217;s
+functionality is provided by framework tools. Does that need testing? I
+<em>usually</em> don&#8217;t write tests covering features provided directly by the
+framework. I <em>do</em> write tests for functionality I add, and for places where I
+make changes to how the default functionality works. This is largely a matter
+of style and taste (and of budget).</p>
+<p>We&#8217;ve only begun to test our blog app. We&#8217;ll be adding many more tests later.
+In between, you might want to take a look at the <a class="reference external" href="https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.9/topics/testing/">Django testing documentation</a>:</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="the-django-admin">
+<h2>The Django Admin<a class="headerlink" href="#the-django-admin" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>There are some who believe that Django has been Python&#8217;s <em>killer app</em>. And
+without doubt the Django Admin is a <em>killer feature</em> for Django. To demonstrate
+this, we are going to set up the admin for our blog</p>
+<p>The Django Admin is, itself, an <em>app</em>, installed by default (as of 1.6). Open
+the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">settings.py</span></code> file from our <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">mysite</span></code> project package and verify that
+you see it in the list:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">INSTALLED_APPS</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">(</span>
+    <span class="s">&#39;django.contrib.admin&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="c"># &lt;- already present</span>
+    <span class="c"># ...</span>
+<span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>What we need now is to allow the admin to be seen through a web browser. To do
+that, we&#8217;ll have to add some URLs to our project.</p>
+<div class="section" id="django-url-resolution">
+<h3>Django URL Resolution<a class="headerlink" href="#django-url-resolution" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Like Pyramid, Django has a system for dispatching requests to code: the <em>urlconf</em>.</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>A urlconf is an iterable of calls to the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">django.conf.urls.url</span></code> function</li>
+<li>This function takes:<ul>
+<li>a regexp <em>rule</em>, representing the URL</li>
+<li>a <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">callable</span></code> to be invoked (or a name identifying one)</li>
+<li>an optional <em>name</em> kwarg, used to <em>reverse</em> the URL</li>
+<li>other optional arguments we will skip for now</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li>The function returns a <em>resolver</em> that matches the request path to the
+callable</li>
+</ul>
+<p>I said above that a urlconf is an iterable. That iterable is generally built by
+calling the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">django.conf.urls.patterns</span></code> function. It&#8217;s best to build it that
+way, but in reality, any iterable will do.</p>
+<p>However, the name you give this iterable is <strong>not flexible</strong>. Django will load
+the urlconf named <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">urlpatterns</span></code> that it finds in the file named in
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">settings.ROOT_URLCONF</span></code>.</p>
+<p>Many Django add-on <em>apps</em>, like the Django Admin, come with their own urlconf.
+It is standard to include these urlconfs by rooting them at some path in your
+site.</p>
+<p>You can do this by using the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">django.conf.urls.include</span></code> function as the
+callable in a <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">url</span></code> call:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">url</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">r&#39;^forum/&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">include</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;random.forum.app.urls&#39;</span><span class="p">))</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="including-the-admin">
+<h3>Including the Admin<a class="headerlink" href="#including-the-admin" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>We can use this to add <em>all</em> the URLs provided by the Django admin in one
+stroke.</p>
+<blockquote>
+<div><p>verify the following lines in <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">urls.py</span></code>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">django.contrib</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">admin</span> <span class="c"># &lt;- should be present already</span>
+
+<span class="n">urlpatterns</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span>
+    <span class="o">...</span>
+    <span class="n">url</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">r&#39;^admin/&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">include</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">admin</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">site</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">urls</span><span class="p">)),</span> <span class="c">#&lt;- this should be too</span>
+<span class="p">]</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div></blockquote>
+<p>We can now view the admin.  We&#8217;ll use the Django development server.</p>
+<p class="build">In your terminal, use the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">runserver</span></code> management command to start the
+development server:</p>
+<div class="build highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>(djangoenv)$ ./manage.py runserver
+Validating models...
+
+0 errors found
+Django version 1.4.3, using settings &#39;mysite.settings&#39;
+Development server is running at http://127.0.0.1:8000/
+Quit the server with CONTROL-C.
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="viewing-the-admin">
+<h3>Viewing the Admin<a class="headerlink" href="#viewing-the-admin" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Load <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">http://localhost:8000/admin/</span></code>.  You should see this:</p>
+<div class="figure align-center">
+<a class="reference internal image-reference" href="../_images/django-admin-login.png"><img alt="../_images/django-admin-login.png" src="../_images/django-admin-login.png" style="width: 50%;" /></a>
+</div>
+<p class="build">Login with the name and password you created before.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="the-admin-index">
+<h3>The Admin Index<a class="headerlink" href="#the-admin-index" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>The index will provide a list of all the installed <em>apps</em> and each model
+registered.  You should see this:</p>
+<a class="reference internal image-reference" href="../_images/admin_index.png"><img alt="../_images/admin_index.png" class="align-center" src="../_images/admin_index.png" style="width: 90%;" /></a>
+<p class="build">Click on <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Users</span></code>. Find yourself? Edit yourself, but <strong>don&#8217;t</strong> uncheck
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">superuser</span></code>.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="add-posts-to-the-admin">
+<h3>Add Posts to the Admin<a class="headerlink" href="#add-posts-to-the-admin" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Okay, let&#8217;s add our app model to the admin. Find the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">admin.py</span></code> file in the
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">myblog</span></code> package. Open it, add the following and save the file:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">django.contrib</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">admin</span> <span class="c"># &lt;- this is already there.</span>
+<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">myblog.models</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">Post</span>
+
+<span class="n">admin</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">site</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">register</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Post</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Reload the admin index page in your browser. You should now see a listing for
+the Myblog app, and an entry for Posts.</p>
+<p>Visit the admin page for Posts. You should see the posts we created earlier in
+the Django shell. Look at the listing of Posts. Because of our <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__str__</span></code>
+method we see a nice title.</p>
+<p>Are there other fields you&#8217;d like to see listed? Click on a Post, note what is
+and is not shown.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="next-steps">
+<h3>Next Steps<a class="headerlink" href="#next-steps" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>We&#8217;ve learned a great deal about Django&#8217;s ORM and Models. We&#8217;ve also spent some
+time getting to know the Query API provided by model managers and QuerySets.</p>
+<p>We&#8217;ve also hooked up the Django Admin and noted some shortcomings.</p>
+<p>In class we&#8217;ll learn how to put a front end on this, add new models, and
+customize the admin experience.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+      <div class="sphinxsidebar" role="navigation" aria-label="main navigation">
+        <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper">
+  <h3><a href="../index.html">Table Of Contents</a></h3>
+  <ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">An Introduction To Django</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#practice-safe-development">Practice Safe Development</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#set-up-a-virtualenv">Set Up a VirtualEnv</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#install-django">Install Django</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#our-project">Our Project</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#what-got-created">What Got Created</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#how-manage-py-works">How <em>manage.py</em> Works</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#development-server">Development Server</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#connecting-a-database">Connecting A Database</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#projects-and-apps">Projects and Apps</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#our-class-app">Our Class App</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#django-models">Django Models</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#our-post-model">Our Post Model</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#field-details">Field Details</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#installing-apps">Installing Apps</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#the-django-shell">The Django Shell</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#django-model-managers">Django Model Managers</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#saving-new-objects">Saving New Objects</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#updating-an-instance">Updating An Instance</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#create-a-few-posts">Create a Few Posts</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#the-django-query-api">The Django Query API</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#querysets">QuerySets</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#querysets-and-sql">QuerySets and SQL</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#exploring-the-queryset-api">Exploring the QuerySet API</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#updating-via-querysets">Updating via QuerySets</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#testing-our-model">Testing Our Model</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#django-testcase-classes">Django TestCase Classes</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#our-first-enhancement">Our First Enhancement</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#what-to-test">What to Test</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#the-django-admin">The Django Admin</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#django-url-resolution">Django URL Resolution</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#including-the-admin">Including the Admin</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#viewing-the-admin">Viewing the Admin</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#the-admin-index">The Admin Index</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#add-posts-to-the-admin">Add Posts to the Admin</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#next-steps">Next Steps</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+  <div role="note" aria-label="source link">
+    <h3>This Page</h3>
+    <ul class="this-page-menu">
+      <li><a href="../_sources/presentations/django_intro.txt"
+            rel="nofollow">Show Source</a></li>
+    </ul>
+   </div>
+  <h3>Slides</h3>
+  <ul class="this-page-menu">
+    <li><a href="../.././slides/presentations/django_intro.html"
+           rel="nofollow">View as slides</a></li>
+  </ul>
+<div id="searchbox" style="display: none" role="search">
+  <h3>Quick search</h3>
+    <form class="search" action="../search.html" method="get">
+      <input type="text" name="q" />
+      <input type="submit" value="Go" />
+      <input type="hidden" name="check_keywords" value="yes" />
+      <input type="hidden" name="area" value="default" />
+    </form>
+    <p class="searchtip" style="font-size: 90%">
+    Enter search terms or a module, class or function name.
+    </p>
+</div>
+<script type="text/javascript">$('#searchbox').show(0);</script>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+      <div class="clearer"></div>
+    </div>
+    <div class="related" role="navigation" aria-label="related navigation">
+      <h3>Navigation</h3>
+      <ul>
+        <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px">
+          <a href="../genindex.html" title="General Index"
+             >index</a></li>
+        <li class="nav-item nav-item-0"><a href="../index.html">UWPCE Python 200</a> &raquo;</li> 
+      </ul>
+    </div>
+    <div class="footer" role="contentinfo">
+        &copy; Copyright 2012-2016, Cris Ewing.
+      Created using <a href="http://sphinx-doc.org/">Sphinx</a> 1.3.1.
+    </div>
+  </body>
+</html>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/html/presentations/index.html b/html/presentations/index.html
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e8c0516e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/html/presentations/index.html
@@ -0,0 +1,203 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
+  "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
+
+
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
+  <head>
+    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
+    
+    <title>Course Presentations &mdash; Internet Programming with Python</title>
+    
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/pyramid.css" type="text/css" />
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/pygments.css" type="text/css" />
+    
+    <script type="text/javascript">
+      var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = {
+        URL_ROOT:    '../',
+        VERSION:     '3.0',
+        COLLAPSE_INDEX: false,
+        FILE_SUFFIX: '.html',
+        HAS_SOURCE:  true
+      };
+    </script>
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script>
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/underscore.js"></script>
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/doctools.js"></script>
+    <link rel="top" title="Internet Programming with Python" href="../index.html" />
+    <link rel="next" title="Session 01" href="session01.html" />
+    <link rel="prev" title="Course Outline" href="../outline.html" />
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="http://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Neuton&amp;subset=latin" type="text/css" media="screen" charset="utf-8" />
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="http://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Nobile:regular,italic,bold,bolditalic&amp;subset=latin" type="text/css" media="screen" charset="utf-8" />
+<!--[if lte IE 6]>
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/ie6.css" type="text/css" media="screen" charset="utf-8" />
+<![endif]-->
+
+  </head>
+  <body role="document">
+<div class="header">
+  <div class="logo">
+    <a href="../index.html">
+      <img class="logo" src="../_static/logo_UW.png" alt="Logo"/>
+    </a>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+    <div class="related" role="navigation" aria-label="related navigation">
+      <h3>Navigation</h3>
+      <ul>
+        <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px">
+          <a href="../genindex.html" title="General Index"
+             accesskey="I">index</a></li>
+        <li class="right" >
+          <a href="session01.html" title="Session 01"
+             accesskey="N">next</a> |</li>
+        <li class="right" >
+          <a href="../outline.html" title="Course Outline"
+             accesskey="P">previous</a> |</li>
+        <li class="nav-item nav-item-0"><a href="../index.html">UWPCE Python 200</a> &raquo;</li> 
+      </ul>
+    </div>  
+
+    <div class="document">
+      <div class="documentwrapper">
+        <div class="bodywrapper">
+          <div class="body" role="main">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="course-presentations">
+<h1>Course Presentations<a class="headerlink" href="#course-presentations" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<span class="admonition-course-presentations"></span><p>Each presentation is the material presented in class for a session of this
+course.</p>
+<div class="toctree-wrapper compound">
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="session01.html">Session 01</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="session01.html#computer-communications">Computer Communications</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="session01.html#client-side">Client Side</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="session01.html#server-side">Server Side</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="session01.html#getting-the-flow">Getting the Flow</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="session01.html#homework">Homework</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="session02.html">Session 02</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="session02.html#the-languages-computers-speak">The Languages Computers Speak</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="session02.html#http">HTTP</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="session02.html#homework">Homework</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="session03.html">Session 03</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="session03.html#cgi-wsgi-and-living-online">CGI, WSGI and Living Online</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="session03.html#cgi-the-web-environment">CGI - The Web Environment</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="session03.html#wsgi">WSGI</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="session03.html#homework">Homework</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="session04.html">Session 04</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="session04.html#scraping-apis-and-mashups">Scraping, APIs and Mashups</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="session04.html#web-scraping">Web Scraping</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="session04.html#another-approach">Another Approach</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="session04.html#homework">Homework</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="session05.html">Session 05</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="session05.html#mvc-applications">MVC Applications</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="session05.html#our-first-application">Our First Application</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="session05.html#models-in-pyramid">Models in Pyramid</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="session05.html#homework">Homework</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="session06.html">Session 06</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="session06.html#interacting-with-data">Interacting with Data</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="session06.html#the-mvc-controller">The MVC Controller</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="session06.html#the-mvc-view">The MVC View</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="session06.html#getting-interactive">Getting Interactive</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="session06.html#homework">Homework</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="session07.html">Session 07</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="session07.html#security-and-deployment">Security And Deployment</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="session07.html#securing-an-application">Securing An Application</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="session07.html#deploying-an-application">Deploying An Application</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="session07.html#adding-polish">Adding Polish</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="session07.html#homework">Homework</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="session08.html">Session 08</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="session08.html#building-a-django-application">Building a Django Application</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="session08.html#a-public-face">A Public Face</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="session08.html#homework">Homework</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="session09.html">Session 09</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="session09.html#extending-django">Extending Django</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="session09.html#homework">Homework</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="session10.html">Session 10</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="session10.html#deploying-django">Deploying Django</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+      <div class="sphinxsidebar" role="navigation" aria-label="main navigation">
+        <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper">
+  <h4>Previous topic</h4>
+  <p class="topless"><a href="../outline.html"
+                        title="previous chapter">Course Outline</a></p>
+  <h4>Next topic</h4>
+  <p class="topless"><a href="session01.html"
+                        title="next chapter">Session 01</a></p>
+  <div role="note" aria-label="source link">
+    <h3>This Page</h3>
+    <ul class="this-page-menu">
+      <li><a href="../_sources/presentations/index.txt"
+            rel="nofollow">Show Source</a></li>
+    </ul>
+   </div>
+  <h3>Slides</h3>
+  <ul class="this-page-menu">
+    <li><a href="../.././slides/presentations/index.html"
+           rel="nofollow">View as slides</a></li>
+  </ul>
+<div id="searchbox" style="display: none" role="search">
+  <h3>Quick search</h3>
+    <form class="search" action="../search.html" method="get">
+      <input type="text" name="q" />
+      <input type="submit" value="Go" />
+      <input type="hidden" name="check_keywords" value="yes" />
+      <input type="hidden" name="area" value="default" />
+    </form>
+    <p class="searchtip" style="font-size: 90%">
+    Enter search terms or a module, class or function name.
+    </p>
+</div>
+<script type="text/javascript">$('#searchbox').show(0);</script>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+      <div class="clearer"></div>
+    </div>
+    <div class="related" role="navigation" aria-label="related navigation">
+      <h3>Navigation</h3>
+      <ul>
+        <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px">
+          <a href="../genindex.html" title="General Index"
+             >index</a></li>
+        <li class="right" >
+          <a href="session01.html" title="Session 01"
+             >next</a> |</li>
+        <li class="right" >
+          <a href="../outline.html" title="Course Outline"
+             >previous</a> |</li>
+        <li class="nav-item nav-item-0"><a href="../index.html">UWPCE Python 200</a> &raquo;</li> 
+      </ul>
+    </div>
+    <div class="footer" role="contentinfo">
+        &copy; Copyright 2012-2016, Cris Ewing.
+      Created using <a href="http://sphinx-doc.org/">Sphinx</a> 1.3.1.
+    </div>
+  </body>
+</html>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/html/presentations/session01.html b/html/presentations/session01.html
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..20c4f1e7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/html/presentations/session01.html
@@ -0,0 +1,1082 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
+  "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
+
+
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
+  <head>
+    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
+    
+    <title>Session 01 &mdash; Internet Programming with Python</title>
+    
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/pyramid.css" type="text/css" />
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/pygments.css" type="text/css" />
+    
+    <script type="text/javascript">
+      var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = {
+        URL_ROOT:    '../',
+        VERSION:     '3.0',
+        COLLAPSE_INDEX: false,
+        FILE_SUFFIX: '.html',
+        HAS_SOURCE:  true
+      };
+    </script>
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script>
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/underscore.js"></script>
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/doctools.js"></script>
+    <link rel="top" title="Internet Programming with Python" href="../index.html" />
+    <link rel="up" title="Course Presentations" href="index.html" />
+    <link rel="next" title="Session 02" href="session02.html" />
+    <link rel="prev" title="Course Presentations" href="index.html" />
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="http://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Neuton&amp;subset=latin" type="text/css" media="screen" charset="utf-8" />
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="http://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Nobile:regular,italic,bold,bolditalic&amp;subset=latin" type="text/css" media="screen" charset="utf-8" />
+<!--[if lte IE 6]>
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/ie6.css" type="text/css" media="screen" charset="utf-8" />
+<![endif]-->
+
+  </head>
+  <body role="document">
+<div class="header">
+  <div class="logo">
+    <a href="../index.html">
+      <img class="logo" src="../_static/logo_UW.png" alt="Logo"/>
+    </a>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
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+      <h3>Navigation</h3>
+      <ul>
+        <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px">
+          <a href="../genindex.html" title="General Index"
+             accesskey="I">index</a></li>
+        <li class="right" >
+          <a href="session02.html" title="Session 02"
+             accesskey="N">next</a> |</li>
+        <li class="right" >
+          <a href="index.html" title="Course Presentations"
+             accesskey="P">previous</a> |</li>
+        <li class="nav-item nav-item-0"><a href="../index.html">UWPCE Python 200</a> &raquo;</li>
+          <li class="nav-item nav-item-1"><a href="index.html" accesskey="U">Course Presentations</a> &raquo;</li> 
+      </ul>
+    </div>  
+
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+      <div class="documentwrapper">
+        <div class="bodywrapper">
+          <div class="body" role="main">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="session-01">
+<h1>Session 01<a class="headerlink" href="#session-01" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<div class="figure align-center" id="id2">
+<a class="reference internal image-reference" href="../_images/python.png"><img alt="../_images/python.png" src="../_images/python.png" style="width: 50%;" /></a>
+<p class="caption"><span class="caption-text"><strong>Networking and Sockets</strong></span></p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="computer-communications">
+<h2>Computer Communications<a class="headerlink" href="#computer-communications" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p class="large centered">Wherein we learn about how computers speak to each-other over a network.</p>
+<div class="section" id="but-first">
+<h3>But First<a class="headerlink" href="#but-first" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<div class="left container">
+<p>Class presentations are available online for your use</p>
+<p class="small"><a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/UWPCE-PythonCert/training.python_web">https://github.com/UWPCE-PythonCert/training.python_web</a></p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Licensed with Creative Commons BY-NC-SA</p>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>You must attribute the work</li>
+<li>You may not use the work for commercial purposes</li>
+<li>You have to share your versions just like this one</li>
+</ul>
+<p>Find mistakes? See improvements? Make a pull request.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>The rendered documentation is available as well:</p>
+<p><a class="reference external" href="http://uwpce-pythoncert.github.io">http://uwpce-pythoncert.github.io</a></p>
+<p>Please check frequently. I will update with great regularity</p>
+<p><strong>Classroom Protocol</strong></p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Questions to ask:</p>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>What did you just say?</li>
+<li>Please explain what we just did again?</li>
+<li>How did that work?</li>
+<li>Why didn&#8217;t that work for me?</li>
+<li>Is that a typo?</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<p><strong>Classroom Protocol</strong></p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Questions <strong>not</strong> to ask:</p>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li><strong>Hypotheticals</strong>: What happens if I do X?</li>
+<li><strong>Research</strong>: Can Python do Y?</li>
+<li><strong>Syllabus</strong>: Are we going to cover Z in class?</li>
+<li><strong>Marketing questions</strong>: please just don&#8217;t.</li>
+<li><strong>Performance questions</strong>: Is Python fast enough?</li>
+<li><strong>Unpythonic</strong>: Why doesn&#8217;t Python do it some other way?</li>
+<li><strong>Show off</strong>: Look what I just did!</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<p class="large center">Introductions</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="tcp-ip">
+<h3>TCP/IP<a class="headerlink" href="#tcp-ip" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<div class="figure align-left" id="id3">
+<img alt="../_images/network_topology.png" src="../_images/network_topology.png" />
+<p class="caption"><span class="caption-text"><a class="reference external" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocol_Suite">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocol_Suite</a></span></p>
+</div>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>processes can communicate</li>
+<li>inside one machine</li>
+<li>between two machines</li>
+<li>among many machines</li>
+</ul>
+<div class="figure align-left" id="id4">
+<a class="reference internal image-reference" href="../_images/data_in_tcpip_stack.png"><img alt="../_images/data_in_tcpip_stack.png" src="../_images/data_in_tcpip_stack.png" style="width: 100%;" /></a>
+<p class="caption"><span class="caption-text"><a class="reference external" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocol_Suite">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocol_Suite</a></span></p>
+</div>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>Process divided into &#8216;layers&#8217;</li>
+<li>&#8216;Layers&#8217; are mostly arbitrary</li>
+<li>Different descriptions have different layers</li>
+<li>Most common is the &#8216;TCP/IP Stack&#8217;</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="the-tcp-ip-stack-link">
+<h3>The TCP/IP Stack - Link<a class="headerlink" href="#the-tcp-ip-stack-link" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>The bottom layer is the &#8216;Link Layer&#8217;</p>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>Deals with the physical connections between machines, &#8216;the wire&#8217;</li>
+<li>Packages data for physical transport</li>
+<li>Executes transmission over a physical medium<ul class="build">
+<li>what that medium is is arbitrary</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li>Implemented in the Network Interface Card(s) (NIC) in your computer</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="the-tcp-ip-stack-internet">
+<h3>The TCP/IP Stack - Internet<a class="headerlink" href="#the-tcp-ip-stack-internet" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Moving up, we have the &#8216;Internet Layer&#8217;</p>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>Deals with addressing and routing<ul class="build">
+<li>Where are we going and how do we get there?</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li>Agnostic as to physical medium (IP over Avian Carrier - IPoAC)</li>
+<li>Makes no promises of reliability</li>
+<li>Two addressing systems<ul class="build">
+<li>IPv4 (current, limited &#8216;192.168.1.100&#8217;)</li>
+<li>IPv6 (future, 3.4 x 10^38 addresses, &#8216;2001:0db8:85a3:0042:0000:8a2e:0370:7334&#8217;)</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<p class="large center">That&#8217;s 4.3 x 10^28 addresses <em>per person alive today</em></p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="the-tcp-ip-stack-transport">
+<h3>The TCP/IP Stack - Transport<a class="headerlink" href="#the-tcp-ip-stack-transport" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Next up is the &#8216;Transport Layer&#8217;</p>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>Deals with transmission and reception of data<ul>
+<li>error correction, flow control, congestion management</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li>Common protocols include TCP &amp; UDP<ul>
+<li>TCP: Tranmission Control Protocol</li>
+<li>UDP: User Datagram Protocol</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li>Not all Transport Protocols are &#8216;reliable&#8217;<ul class="build">
+<li>TCP ensures that dropped packets are resent</li>
+<li>UDP makes no such assurance</li>
+<li>Reliability is slow and expensive</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<p>The &#8216;Transport Layer&#8217; also establishes the concept of a <strong>port</strong></p>
+<div class="build container">
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>IP Addresses designate a specific <em>machine</em> on the network</li>
+<li>A <strong>port</strong> provides addressing for individual <em>applications</em> in a single
+host</li>
+<li>192.168.1.100:80  (the <em>:80</em> part is the <strong>port</strong>)</li>
+<li>[2001:db8:85a3:8d3:1319:8a2e:370:7348]:443 (<em>:443</em> is the <strong>port</strong>)</li>
+</ul>
+<p>This means that you don&#8217;t have to worry about information intended for your
+web browser being accidentally read by your email client.</p>
+</div>
+<p>There are certain <strong>ports</strong> which are commonly understood to belong to given
+applications or protocols:</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>80/443 - HTTP/HTTPS</li>
+<li>20 - FTP</li>
+<li>22 - SSH</li>
+<li>23 - Telnet</li>
+<li>25 - SMTP</li>
+<li>...</li>
+</ul>
+<p>These ports are often referred to as <strong>well-known ports</strong></p>
+<p class="small">(see <a class="reference external" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_TCP_and_UDP_port_numbers">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_TCP_and_UDP_port_numbers</a>)</p>
+</div>
+<p>Ports are grouped into a few different classes</p>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>Ports numbered 0 - 1023 are <em>reserved</em></li>
+<li>Ports numbered 1024 - 65535 are <em>open</em></li>
+<li>Ports numbered 1024 - 49151 may be <em>registered</em></li>
+<li>Ports numbered 49152 - 65535 are called <em>ephemeral</em></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="the-tcp-ip-stack-application">
+<h3>The TCP/IP Stack - Application<a class="headerlink" href="#the-tcp-ip-stack-application" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>The topmost layer is the &#8216;Application Layer&#8217;</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>Deals directly with data produced or consumed by an application</li>
+<li>Reads or writes data using a set of understood, well-defined <strong>protocols</strong><ul>
+<li>HTTP, SMTP, FTP etc.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li>Does not know (or need to know) about lower layer functionality<ul>
+<li>The exception to this rule is <strong>endpoint</strong> data (or IP:Port)</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<p class="centered"><strong>this is where we live and work</strong></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="sockets">
+<h3>Sockets<a class="headerlink" href="#sockets" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Think back for a second to what we just finished discussing, the TCP/IP stack.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>The <em>Internet</em> layer gives us an <strong>IP Address</strong></li>
+<li>The <em>Transport</em> layer establishes the idea of a <strong>port</strong>.</li>
+<li>The <em>Application</em> layer doesn&#8217;t care about what happens below...</li>
+<li><em>Except for</em> <strong>endpoint data</strong> (IP:Port)</li>
+</ul>
+<p>A <strong>Socket</strong> is the software representation of that endpoint.</p>
+<p>Opening a <strong>socket</strong> creates a kind of transceiver that can send and/or
+receive <em>bytes</em> at a given IP address and Port.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="sockets-in-python">
+<h3>Sockets in Python<a class="headerlink" href="#sockets-in-python" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Python provides a standard library module which provides socket functionality.
+It is called <strong>socket</strong>.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>The library is really just a very thin wrapper around the system
+implementation of <em>BSD Sockets</em></p>
+<p>Let&#8217;s spend a few minutes getting to know this module.</p>
+<p>We&#8217;re going to do this next part together, so open up a terminal and start
+an iPython interpreter</p>
+</div>
+<p>The Python sockets library allows us to find out what port a <em>service</em> uses:</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [1]: </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">socket</span>
+
+<span class="gp">In [2]: </span><span class="n">socket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">getservbyname</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;ssh&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gh">Out[2]: </span><span class="go">22</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>You can also do a <em>reverse lookup</em>, finding what service uses a given <em>port</em>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [3]: </span><span class="n">socket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">getservbyport</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">80</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gh">Out[3]: </span><span class="go">&#39;http&#39;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>The sockets library also provides tools for finding out information about
+<em>hosts</em>. For example, you can find out about the hostname and IP address of
+the machine you are currently using:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [4]: </span><span class="n">socket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">gethostname</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gh">Out[4]: </span><span class="go">&#39;Banks&#39;</span>
+
+<span class="gp">In [5]: </span><span class="n">socket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">gethostbyname</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">socket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">gethostname</span><span class="p">())</span>
+<span class="gh">Out[5]: </span><span class="go">&#39;127.0.0.1&#39;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>You can also find out about machines that are located elsewhere, assuming you
+know their hostname. For example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [6]: </span><span class="n">socket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">gethostbyname</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;google.com&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gh">Out[6]: </span><span class="go">&#39;173.194.33.100&#39;</span>
+
+<span class="gp">In [7]: </span><span class="n">socket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">gethostbyname</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;uw.edu&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gh">Out[7]: </span><span class="go">&#39;128.95.155.134&#39;</span>
+
+<span class="gp">In [8]: </span><span class="n">socket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">gethostbyname</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;crisewing.com&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gh">Out[8]: </span><span class="go">&#39;108.168.213.86&#39;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">gethostbyname_ex</span></code> method of the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">socket</span></code> library provides more
+information about the machines we are exploring:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [9]: </span><span class="n">socket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">gethostbyname_ex</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;crisewing.com&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gh">Out[9]: </span><span class="go">(&#39;crisewing.com&#39;, [], [&#39;108.168.213.86&#39;])</span>
+
+<span class="gp">In [10]: </span><span class="n">socket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">gethostbyname_ex</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;google.com&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gh">Out[10]:</span>
+<span class="go">(&#39;google.com&#39;,</span>
+<span class="go"> [],</span>
+<span class="go"> [&#39;173.194.33.100&#39;, &#39;173.194.33.103&#39;,</span>
+<span class="go">  ...</span>
+<span class="go">  &#39;173.194.33.97&#39;, &#39;173.194.33.104&#39;])</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>To create a socket, you use the <strong>socket</strong> method of the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">socket</span></code> library.
+It takes up to three optional positional arguments (here we use none to get
+the default behavior):</p>
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [11]: </span><span class="n">foo</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">socket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">socket</span><span class="p">()</span>
+
+<span class="gp">In [12]: </span><span class="n">foo</span>
+<span class="gh">Out[12]: </span><span class="go">&lt;socket.socket fd=10, family=AddressFamily.AF_INET,</span>
+<span class="go">          type=SocketKind.SOCK_STREAM, proto=0, laddr=(&#39;0.0.0.0&#39;, 0)&gt;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>A socket has some properties that are immediately important to us. These
+include the <em>family</em>, <em>type</em> and <em>protocol</em> of the socket:</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [13]: </span><span class="n">foo</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">family</span>
+<span class="gh">Out[13]: </span><span class="go">&lt;AddressFamily.AF_INET: 2&gt;</span>
+
+<span class="gp">In [14]: </span><span class="n">foo</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">type</span>
+<span class="gh">Out[14]: </span><span class="go">&lt;SocketKind.SOCK_STREAM: 1&gt;</span>
+
+<span class="gp">In [15]: </span><span class="n">foo</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">proto</span>
+<span class="gh">Out[15]: </span><span class="go">0</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>You might notice that the values for these properties are integers.  In
+fact, these integers are <strong>constants</strong> defined in the socket library.</p>
+</div>
+<p>Let&#8217;s define a method in place to help us see these constants. It will take a
+single argument, the shared prefix for a defined set of constants:</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>(you can also find this in <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">resources/session01/socket_tools.py</span></code>)</p>
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [37]: </span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">get_constants</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">prefix</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">   ....: </span>    <span class="sd">&quot;&quot;&quot;mapping of socket module constants to their names&quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
+<span class="gp">   ....: </span>    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="nb">getattr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">socket</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">n</span><span class="p">):</span> <span class="n">n</span>
+<span class="gp">   ....: </span>            <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">n</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="nb">dir</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">socket</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">   ....: </span>            <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">n</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">startswith</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">prefix</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">   ....: </span>    <span class="p">}</span>
+<span class="gp">   ....:</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="socket-families">
+<h3>Socket Families<a class="headerlink" href="#socket-families" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Think back a moment to our discussion of the <em>Internet</em> layer of the TCP/IP
+stack.  There were a couple of different types of IP addresses:</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>IPv4 (&#8216;192.168.1.100&#8217;)</li>
+<li>IPv6 (&#8216;2001:0db8:85a3:0042:0000:8a2e:0370:7334&#8217;)</li>
+</ul>
+<p>The <strong>family</strong> of a socket corresponds to the <em>addressing system</em> it uses
+for connecting.</p>
+</div>
+<p>Families defined in the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">socket</span></code> library are prefixed by <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">AF_</span></code>:</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [39]: </span><span class="n">families</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">get_constants</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;AF_&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+
+<span class="gp">In [40]: </span><span class="n">families</span>
+<span class="gh">Out[40]:</span>
+<span class="go">{&lt;AddressFamily.AF_UNSPEC: 0&gt;: &#39;AF_UNSPEC&#39;,</span>
+<span class="go"> &lt;AddressFamily.AF_UNIX: 1&gt;: &#39;AF_UNIX&#39;,</span>
+<span class="go"> &lt;AddressFamily.AF_INET: 2&gt;: &#39;AF_INET&#39;,</span>
+<span class="go"> ...</span>
+<span class="go"> &lt;AddressFamily.AF_INET6: 30&gt;: &#39;AF_INET6&#39;,</span>
+<span class="go"> &lt;AddressFamily.AF_SYSTEM: 32&gt;: &#39;AF_SYSTEM&#39;}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p><em>Your results may vary</em></p>
+<p>Of all of these, the ones we care most about are <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">2</span></code> (IPv4) and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">30</span></code>
+(IPv6).</p>
+</div>
+<p>When you are on a machine with an operating system that is Unix-like, you will
+find another generally useful socket family: <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">AF_UNIX</span></code>, or Unix Domain
+Sockets. Sockets in this family:</p>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>connect processes <strong>on the same machine</strong></li>
+<li>are generally a bit slower than IPC connnections</li>
+<li>have the benefit of allowing the same API for programs that might run on one
+machine __or__ across the network</li>
+<li>use an &#8216;address&#8217; that looks like a pathname (&#8216;/tmp/foo.sock&#8217;)</li>
+</ul>
+<p>What is the <em>default</em> family for the socket we created just a moment ago?</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>(remember we bound the socket to the symbol <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">foo</span></code>)</p>
+<p>How did you figure this out?</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="socket-types">
+<h3>Socket Types<a class="headerlink" href="#socket-types" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>The socket <em>type</em> determines the semantics of socket communications.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Look up socket type constants with the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">SOCK_</span></code> prefix:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [42]: </span><span class="n">types</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">get_constants</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;SOCK_&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+
+<span class="gp">In [43]: </span><span class="n">types</span>
+<span class="gh">Out[43]:</span>
+<span class="go">{&lt;SocketKind.SOCK_STREAM: 1&gt;: &#39;SOCK_STREAM&#39;,</span>
+<span class="go"> &lt;SocketKind.SOCK_DGRAM: 2&gt;: &#39;SOCK_DGRAM&#39;,</span>
+<span class="go"> &lt;SocketKind.SOCK_RAW: 3&gt;: &#39;SOCK_RAW&#39;,</span>
+<span class="go"> &lt;SocketKind.SOCK_RDM: 4&gt;: &#39;SOCK_RDM&#39;,</span>
+<span class="go"> &lt;SocketKind.SOCK_SEQPACKET: 5&gt;: &#39;SOCK_SEQPACKET&#39;}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The most common are <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">1</span></code> (Stream communication (TCP)) and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">2</span></code> (Datagram
+communication (UDP)).</p>
+</div>
+<p>What is the <em>default</em> type for our generic socket, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">foo</span></code>?</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="socket-protocols">
+<h3>Socket Protocols<a class="headerlink" href="#socket-protocols" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>A socket also has a designated <em>protocol</em>. The constants for these are
+prefixed by <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">IPPROTO_</span></code>:</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [45]: </span><span class="n">protocols</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">get_constants</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;IPPROTO_&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+
+<span class="gp">In [46]: </span><span class="n">protocols</span>
+<span class="gh">Out[46]:</span>
+<span class="go">{0: &#39;IPPROTO_IP&#39;,</span>
+<span class="go"> ...</span>
+<span class="go"> 6: &#39;IPPROTO_TCP&#39;,</span>
+<span class="go"> ...</span>
+<span class="go"> 17: &#39;IPPROTO_UDP&#39;,</span>
+<span class="go"> ...}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The choice of which protocol to use for a socket is determined by the
+<em>internet layer</em> protocol you intend to use. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TCP</span></code>? <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">UDP</span></code>? <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ICMP</span></code>?
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">IGMP</span></code>?</p>
+</div>
+<p>What is the <em>default</em> protocol used by our generic socket, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">foo</span></code>?</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="customizing-sockets">
+<h3>Customizing Sockets<a class="headerlink" href="#customizing-sockets" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>These three properties of a socket correspond to the three positional
+arguments you may pass to the socket constructor.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Using them allows you to create sockets with specific communications
+profiles:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [3]: </span><span class="n">socket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">socket</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">socket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">AF_INET</span><span class="p">,</span>
+<span class="gp">   ...: </span>              <span class="n">socket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">SOCK_DGRAM</span><span class="p">,</span>
+<span class="gp">   ...: </span>              <span class="n">socket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">IPPROTO_UDP</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gh">Out[3]: </span><span class="go">&lt;socket.socket fd=7,</span>
+<span class="go">            family=AddressFamily.AF_INET,</span>
+<span class="go">            type=SocketKind.SOCK_DGRAM,</span>
+<span class="go">            proto=17,</span>
+<span class="go">            laddr=(&#39;0.0.0.0&#39;, 0)&gt;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="break-time">
+<h3>Break Time<a class="headerlink" href="#break-time" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>So far we have:</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>learned about the &#8220;layers&#8221; of the TCP/IP Stack</li>
+<li>discussed <em>families</em>, <em>types</em> and <em>protocols</em> in sockets</li>
+<li>learned how to create sockets with a specific communications profile.</li>
+</ul>
+<p>When we return we&#8217;ll learn how to find the communcations profiles of remote
+sockets, how to connect to them, and how to send and receive messages.</p>
+<p>Take a few minutes now to clear your head (do not quit your python
+interpreter).</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="address-information">
+<h3>Address Information<a class="headerlink" href="#address-information" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>When you are creating a socket to communicate with a remote service, the
+remote socket will have a specific communications profile.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>The local socket you create must match that communications profile.</p>
+<p>How can you determine the <em>correct</em> values to use?</p>
+<p class="centered"><strong>You ask.</strong></p>
+</div>
+<p>The function <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">socket.getaddrinfo</span></code> provides information about available
+connections on a given host.</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">socket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">getaddrinfo</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;127.0.0.1&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">80</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>This provides all you need to make a proper connection to a socket on a
+remote host. The value returned is a tuple of:</p>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>socket family</li>
+<li>socket type</li>
+<li>socket protocol</li>
+<li>canonical name (usually empty, unless requested by flag)</li>
+<li>socket address (tuple of IP and Port)</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<p>Again, let&#8217;s create a utility method in-place so we can see this in action:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [10]: </span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">get_address_info</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">host</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">port</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">   ....: </span>    <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">response</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">socket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">getaddrinfo</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">host</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">port</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">   ....: </span>        <span class="n">fam</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">typ</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">pro</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">nam</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">add</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">response</span>
+<span class="gp">   ....: </span>        <span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;family: {}&#39;</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">format</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">families</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">fam</span><span class="p">]))</span>
+<span class="gp">   ....: </span>        <span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;type: {}&#39;</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">format</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">types</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">typ</span><span class="p">]))</span>
+<span class="gp">   ....: </span>        <span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;protocol: {}&#39;</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">format</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">protocols</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">pro</span><span class="p">]))</span>
+<span class="gp">   ....: </span>        <span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;canonical name: {}&#39;</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">format</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">nam</span><span class="p">))</span>
+<span class="gp">   ....: </span>        <span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;socket address: {}&#39;</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">format</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">add</span><span class="p">))</span>
+<span class="gp">   ....: </span>        <span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">   ....:</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>(you can also find this in <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">resources/session01/socket_tools.py</span></code>)</p>
+<p>Now, ask your own machine what possible connections are available for &#8216;http&#8217;:</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [11]: </span><span class="n">get_address_info</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">socket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">gethostname</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="s">&#39;http&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="go">family: AF_INET</span>
+<span class="go">type: SOCK_DGRAM</span>
+<span class="go">protocol: IPPROTO_UDP</span>
+<span class="go">canonical name:</span>
+<span class="go">socket address: (&#39;127.0.0.1&#39;, 80)</span>
+
+<span class="go">family: AF_INET</span>
+<span class="go">type: SOCK_STREAM</span>
+<span class="go">protocol: IPPROTO_TCP</span>
+<span class="go">canonical name:</span>
+<span class="go">socket address: (&#39;127.0.0.1&#39;, 80)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>What answers do you get?</p>
+</div>
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [12]: </span><span class="n">get_address_info</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;crisewing.com&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;http&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="go">family: AF_INET</span>
+<span class="go">type: SOCK_DGRAM</span>
+<span class="go">protocol: IPPROTO_UDP</span>
+<span class="go">canonical name:</span>
+<span class="go">socket address: (&#39;108.168.213.86&#39;, 80)</span>
+
+<span class="go">family: AF_INET</span>
+<span class="go">type: SOCK_STREAM</span>
+<span class="go">protocol: IPPROTO_TCP</span>
+<span class="go">canonical name:</span>
+<span class="go">socket address: (&#39;108.168.213.86&#39;, 80)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="build container">
+Try a few other servers you know about.</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="client-side">
+<h2>Client Side<a class="headerlink" href="#client-side" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<div class="build container">
+<p class="large">Let&#8217;s put this to use</p>
+<p>We&#8217;ll communicate with a remote server as a <em>client</em></p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="construct-a-socket">
+<h3>Construct a Socket<a class="headerlink" href="#construct-a-socket" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>We&#8217;ve already made a socket <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">foo</span></code> using the generic constructor without any
+arguments.  We can make a better one now by using real address information from
+a real server online [<strong>do not type this yet</strong>]:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [13]: </span><span class="n">streams</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="n">info</span>
+<span class="gp">   ....: </span>    <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">info</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">socket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">getaddrinfo</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;crisewing.com&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;http&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">   ....: </span>    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">info</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="n">socket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">SOCK_STREAM</span><span class="p">]</span>
+<span class="gp">   ....:</span>
+<span class="gp">In [14]: </span><span class="n">streams</span>
+<span class="gh">Out[14]:</span>
+<span class="go">[(&lt;AddressFamily.AF_INET: 2&gt;,</span>
+<span class="go">  &lt;SocketKind.SOCK_STREAM: 1&gt;,</span>
+<span class="go">  6,</span>
+<span class="go">  &#39;&#39;,</span>
+<span class="go">  (&#39;108.168.213.86&#39;, 80))]</span>
+<span class="gp">In [15]: </span><span class="n">info</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">streams</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">]</span>
+<span class="gp">In [16]: </span><span class="n">cewing_socket</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">socket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">socket</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">info</span><span class="p">[:</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">])</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="connecting-a-socket">
+<h3>Connecting a Socket<a class="headerlink" href="#connecting-a-socket" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Once the socket is constructed with the appropriate <em>family</em>, <em>type</em> and
+<em>protocol</em>, we can connect it to the address of our remote server:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [18]: </span><span class="n">cewing_socket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">connect</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">info</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">])</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>a successful connection returns <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">None</span></code></li>
+<li>a failed connection raises an error</li>
+<li>you can use the <em>type</em> of error returned to tell why the connection failed.</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="sending-a-message">
+<h3>Sending a Message<a class="headerlink" href="#sending-a-message" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Send a message to the server on the other end of our connection (we&#8217;ll
+learn in session 2 about the message we are sending):</p>
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [19]: </span><span class="n">msg</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&quot;GET / HTTP/1.1</span><span class="se">\r\n</span><span class="s">&quot;</span>
+<span class="gp">In [20]: </span><span class="n">msg</span> <span class="o">+=</span> <span class="s">&quot;Host: crisewing.com</span><span class="se">\r\n\r\n</span><span class="s">&quot;</span>
+<span class="gp">In [21]: </span><span class="n">msg</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">msg</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">encode</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;utf8&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">In [22]: </span><span class="n">msg</span>
+<span class="gh">Out[22]: </span><span class="go">b&#39;GET / HTTP/1.1\r\nHost: crisewing.com\r\n\r\n&#39;</span>
+<span class="gp">In [23]: </span><span class="n">cewing_socket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sendall</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">msg</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<ul class="build small simple">
+<li>the transmission continues until all data is sent or an error occurs</li>
+<li>success returns <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">None</span></code></li>
+<li>failure to send raises an error</li>
+<li>the type of error can tell you why the transmission failed</li>
+<li>but you <strong>cannot</strong> know how much, if any, of your data was sent</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="messages-are-bytes">
+<h3>Messages Are Bytes<a class="headerlink" href="#messages-are-bytes" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>One detail from the previous code should stand out:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [21]: </span><span class="n">msg</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">msg</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">encode</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;utf8&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">In [22]: </span><span class="n">msg</span>
+<span class="gh">Out[22]: </span><span class="go">b&#39;GET / HTTP/1.1\r\nHost: crisewing.com\r\n\r\n&#39;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>You can <strong>only</strong> send bytes through a socket, <strong>never</strong> unicode</p>
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [35]: </span><span class="n">cewing_socket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sendall</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">msg</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">decode</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;utf8&#39;</span><span class="p">))</span>
+<span class="gt">---------------------------------------------------------------------------</span>
+<span class="ne">TypeError</span><span class="g-Whitespace">                                 </span>Traceback (most recent call last)
+<span class="nn">&lt;ipython-input-35-8178ec7f234d&gt;</span> in <span class="ni">&lt;module&gt;</span><span class="nt">()</span>
+<span class="ne">----&gt; </span><span class="mi">1</span> <span class="n">cewing_socket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sendall</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">msg</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">decode</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;utf8&#39;</span><span class="p">))</span>
+
+<span class="ne">TypeError</span>: &#39;str&#39; does not support the buffer interface
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="receiving-a-reply">
+<h3>Receiving a Reply<a class="headerlink" href="#receiving-a-reply" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Whatever reply we get is received by the socket we created. We can read it
+back out (again, <strong>do not type this yet</strong>):</p>
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [24]: </span><span class="n">response</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">cewing_socket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">recv</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">4096</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">In [25]: </span><span class="n">response</span><span class="p">[:</span><span class="mi">60</span><span class="p">]</span>
+<span class="gh">Out[25]: </span><span class="go">b&#39;HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\nServer: nginx\r\nDate: Sun, 20 Sep 2015 03:38&#39;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>The sole required argument is <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">buffer_size</span></code> (an integer). It should be a
+power of 2 and smallish (~4096)</li>
+<li>It returns a byte string of <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">buffer_size</span></code> (or smaller if less data was
+received)</li>
+<li>If the response is longer than <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">buffer</span> <span class="pre">size</span></code>, you can call the method
+repeatedly. The last bunch will be less than <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">buffer</span> <span class="pre">size</span></code>.</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="cleaning-up">
+<h3>Cleaning Up<a class="headerlink" href="#cleaning-up" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>When you are finished with a connection, you should always close it:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">cewing_socket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">close</span><span class="p">()</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="putting-it-all-together">
+<h3>Putting it all together<a class="headerlink" href="#putting-it-all-together" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>First, connect and send a message:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [55]: </span><span class="n">info</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">socket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">getaddrinfo</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;crisewing.com&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;http&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">In [56]: </span><span class="n">streams</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="n">i</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">info</span> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">i</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="n">socket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">SOCK_STREAM</span><span class="p">]</span>
+<span class="gp">In [57]: </span><span class="n">sock_info</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">streams</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">]</span>
+<span class="gp">In [58]: </span><span class="n">msg</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&quot;GET / HTTP/1.1</span><span class="se">\r\n</span><span class="s">&quot;</span>
+<span class="gp">In [59]: </span><span class="n">msg</span> <span class="o">+=</span> <span class="s">&quot;Host: crisewing.com</span><span class="se">\r\n\r\n</span><span class="s">&quot;</span>
+<span class="gp">In [60]: </span><span class="n">msg</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">msg</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">encode</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;utf8&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">In [61]: </span><span class="n">cewing_socket</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">socket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">socket</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">sock_info</span><span class="p">[:</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">])</span>
+<span class="gp">In [62]: </span><span class="n">cewing_socket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">connect</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">sock_info</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">])</span>
+<span class="gp">In [63]: </span><span class="n">cewing_socket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sendall</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">msg</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Then, receive a reply, iterating until it is complete:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [65]: </span><span class="n">buffsize</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">4096</span>
+<span class="gp">In [66]: </span><span class="n">response</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">b</span><span class="s">&#39;&#39;</span>
+<span class="gp">In [67]: </span><span class="n">done</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="bp">False</span>
+<span class="gp">In [68]: </span><span class="k">while</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="n">done</span><span class="p">:</span>
+<span class="gp">   ....: </span>    <span class="n">msg_part</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">cewing_socket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">recv</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">buffsize</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">   ....: </span>    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">msg_part</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">&lt;</span> <span class="n">buffsize</span><span class="p">:</span>
+<span class="gp">   ....: </span>        <span class="n">done</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="bp">True</span>
+<span class="gp">   ....: </span>        <span class="n">cewing_socket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">close</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">   ....: </span>    <span class="n">response</span> <span class="o">+=</span> <span class="n">msg_part</span>
+<span class="gp">   ....:</span>
+<span class="gp">In [69]: </span><span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">response</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gh">Out[69]: </span><span class="go">19464</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="server-side">
+<h2>Server Side<a class="headerlink" href="#server-side" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<div class="build container">
+<p class="large">What about the other half of the equation?</p>
+<p>Let&#8217;s build a server and see how that part works.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="id1">
+<h3>Construct a Socket<a class="headerlink" href="#id1" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p><strong>For the moment, stop typing this into your interpreter.</strong></p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Again, we begin by constructing a socket. Since we are actually the server
+this time, we get to choose family, type and protocol:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [70]: </span><span class="n">server_socket</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">socket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">socket</span><span class="p">(</span>
+<span class="gp">   ....: </span>    <span class="n">socket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">AF_INET</span><span class="p">,</span>
+<span class="gp">   ....: </span>    <span class="n">socket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">SOCK_STREAM</span><span class="p">,</span>
+<span class="gp">   ....: </span>    <span class="n">socket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">IPPROTO_TCP</span><span class="p">)</span>
+
+<span class="gp">In [71]: </span><span class="n">server_socket</span>
+<span class="gh">Out[71]: </span><span class="go">&lt;socket.socket fd=12, family=AddressFamily.AF_INET,</span>
+<span class="go">            type=SocketKind.SOCK_STREAM, proto=6, laddr=(&#39;0.0.0.0&#39;, 0)&gt;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="bind-the-socket">
+<h3>Bind the Socket<a class="headerlink" href="#bind-the-socket" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Our server socket needs to be <strong>bound</strong> to an address. This is the IP Address
+and Port to which clients must connect:</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [72]: </span><span class="n">address</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;127.0.0.1&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">50000</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">In [73]: </span><span class="n">server_socket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">bind</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">address</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p><strong>Terminology Note</strong>: In a server/client relationship, the server <em>binds</em>
+to an address and port. The client <em>connects</em></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="listen-for-connections">
+<h3>Listen for Connections<a class="headerlink" href="#listen-for-connections" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Once our socket is bound to an address, we can listen for attempted
+connections:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [74]: </span><span class="n">server_socket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">listen</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>The argument to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">listen</span></code> is the <em>backlog</em></li>
+<li>The <em>backlog</em> is the <strong>maximum</strong> number of connection requests that the
+socket will queue</li>
+<li>Once the limit is reached, the socket refuses new connections.</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="accept-a-connection">
+<h3>Accept A Connection<a class="headerlink" href="#accept-a-connection" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>When a socket is listening, it can receive incoming connection requests:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [75]: </span><span class="n">connection</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">client_address</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">server_socket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">accept</span><span class="p">()</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>The call to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">socket.accept()</span></code> is a <em>blocking</em> call.  It will not return
+values until a client <em>connects</em></li>
+<li>The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">connection</span></code> returned by a call to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">accept</span></code> is a <strong>new socket</strong>.
+This new socket is used to communicate with the client</li>
+<li>The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">client_address</span></code> is a two-tuple of IP Address and Port for the client
+socket</li>
+<li>When a connection request is &#8216;accepted&#8217;, it is removed from the backlog
+queue.</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="communicate">
+<h3>Communicate<a class="headerlink" href="#communicate" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">connection</span></code> socket can now be used to receive messages from the client
+which made the connection:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [76]: </span><span class="n">connection</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">recv</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">buffsize</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>It may also be used to return a reply:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [77]: </span><span class="n">connection</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sendall</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;message received&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="clean-up">
+<h3>Clean Up<a class="headerlink" href="#clean-up" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Once a transaction between the client and server is complete, the
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">connection</span></code> socket should be closed:</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [78]: </span><span class="n">connection</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">close</span><span class="p">()</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>At this point, the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">server_socket</span></code> can again accept a new client
+connection.</p>
+<p>Note that the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">server_socket</span></code> is <em>never</em> closed as long as the server
+continues to run.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="getting-the-flow">
+<h2>Getting the Flow<a class="headerlink" href="#getting-the-flow" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<div class="left container">
+<p>The flow of this interaction can be a bit confusing.  Let&#8217;s see it in
+action step-by-step.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<div class="container">
+Open a second iPython interpreter and place it next to your first so
+you can see both of them at the same time.</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="create-a-server">
+<h3>Create a Server<a class="headerlink" href="#create-a-server" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>In your first python interpreter, create a server socket and prepare it for
+connections:</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [81]: </span><span class="n">server_socket</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">socket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">socket</span><span class="p">(</span>
+<span class="gp">   ....: </span>    <span class="n">socket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">AF_INET</span><span class="p">,</span>
+<span class="gp">   ....: </span>    <span class="n">socket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">SOCK_STREAM</span><span class="p">,</span>
+<span class="gp">   ....: </span>    <span class="n">socket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">IPPROTO_IP</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">In [82]: </span><span class="n">server_socket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">bind</span><span class="p">((</span><span class="s">&#39;127.0.0.1&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">50000</span><span class="p">))</span>
+<span class="gp">In [83]: </span><span class="n">server_socket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">listen</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">In [84]: </span><span class="n">conn</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">addr</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">server_socket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">accept</span><span class="p">()</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>At this point, you should <strong>not</strong> get back a prompt. The server socket is
+waiting for a connection to be made.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="create-a-client">
+<h3>Create a Client<a class="headerlink" href="#create-a-client" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>In your second interpreter, create a client socket and prepare to send a
+message:</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [1]: </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">socket</span>
+<span class="gp">In [2]: </span><span class="n">client_socket</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">socket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">socket</span><span class="p">(</span>
+<span class="gp">   ...: </span>    <span class="n">socket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">AF_INET</span><span class="p">,</span>
+<span class="gp">   ...: </span>    <span class="n">socket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">SOCK_STREAM</span><span class="p">,</span>
+<span class="gp">   ...: </span>    <span class="n">socket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">IPPROTO_IP</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Before connecting, keep your eye on the server interpreter:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [3]: </span><span class="n">client_socket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">connect</span><span class="p">((</span><span class="s">&#39;127.0.0.1&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">50000</span><span class="p">))</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="send-a-message-client-server">
+<h3>Send a Message Client-&gt;Server<a class="headerlink" href="#send-a-message-client-server" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>As soon as you made the connection above, you should have seen the prompt
+return in your server interpreter. The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">accept</span></code> method finally returned a
+new connection socket.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>When you&#8217;re ready, type the following in the <em>client</em> interpreter:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [4]: </span><span class="n">client_socket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sendall</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;Hey, can you hear me?&#39;</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">encode</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;utf8&#39;</span><span class="p">))</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="receive-and-respond">
+<h3>Receive and Respond<a class="headerlink" href="#receive-and-respond" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Back in your server interpreter, go ahead and receive the message from your
+client:</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [87]: </span><span class="n">msg</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">conn</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">recv</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">4096</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">In [88]: </span><span class="n">msg</span>
+<span class="gh">Out[88]: </span><span class="go">b&#39;Hey, can you hear me?&#39;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Send a message back, and then close up your connection:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [89]: </span><span class="n">conn</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sendall</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;Yes, I can hear you.&#39;</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">encode</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;utf8&#39;</span><span class="p">))</span>
+<span class="gp">In [90]: </span><span class="n">conn</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">close</span><span class="p">()</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="finish-up">
+<h3>Finish Up<a class="headerlink" href="#finish-up" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Back in your client interpreter, take a look at the response to your message,
+then be sure to close your client socket too:</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [5]: </span><span class="n">from_server</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">client_socket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">recv</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">4096</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">In [6]: </span><span class="n">from_server</span>
+<span class="gh">Out[6]: </span><span class="go">b&#39;Yes, I can hear you.&#39;</span>
+<span class="gp">In [7]: </span><span class="n">client_socket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">close</span><span class="p">()</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>And now that we&#8217;re done, we can close up the server socket too (back in the
+server interpreter):</p>
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [91]: </span><span class="n">server_socket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">close</span><span class="p">()</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p class="large center">You&#8217;ve run your first client-server interaction</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="homework">
+<h2>Homework<a class="headerlink" href="#homework" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<div class="left container">
+<p>Your homework assignment for this week is to take what you&#8217;ve learned here
+and build a simple &#8220;echo&#8221; server.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>The server should automatically return to any client that connects <em>exactly</em>
+what it receives (it should <strong>echo</strong> all messages).</p>
+<p>You will also write a python script that, when run, will send a message to the
+server and receive the reply, printing it to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">stdout</span></code>.</p>
+<p>Finally, you&#8217;ll do all of this so that it can be tested.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="your-task">
+<h3>Your Task<a class="headerlink" href="#your-task" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>In our class repository, there is a folder <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">resources/session01</span></code>.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Inside that folder, you should find:</p>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>A file <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">tasks.txt</span></code> that contains these instructions</li>
+<li>A skeleton for your server in <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">echo_server.py</span></code></li>
+<li>A skeleton for your client script in <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">echo_client.py</span></code></li>
+<li>Some simple tests in <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">tests.py</span></code></li>
+</ul>
+<p>Your task is to make the tests pass.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="running-the-tests">
+<h3>Running the Tests<a class="headerlink" href="#running-the-tests" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>To run the tests, you&#8217;ll have to set the server running in one terminal:</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="nv">$ </span>python echo_server.py
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Then, in a second terminal, you will execute the tests:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="nv">$ </span>python tests.py
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>You should see output like this:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">[</span>...<span class="o">]</span>
+FAILED <span class="o">(</span><span class="nv">failures</span><span class="o">=</span>2<span class="o">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="submitting-your-homework">
+<h3>Submitting Your Homework<a class="headerlink" href="#submitting-your-homework" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>To submit your homework:</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>Create a new repository in GitHub.  Call it <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">echo_sockets</span></code>.</li>
+<li>Put the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">echo_server.py</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">echo_client.py</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">tests.py</span></code> files in
+this repository.</li>
+<li>Send us an email with a link to your repository when you are
+done.</li>
+</ul>
+<p>We will clone your repository and run the tests as described above.</p>
+<p>And we&#8217;ll make comments inline on your repository.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="going-further">
+<h3>Going Further<a class="headerlink" href="#going-further" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>In <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">resources/session01/tasks.txt</span></code> you&#8217;ll find a few extra problems to try.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>If you finish the first part of the homework in less than 3-4 hours give
+one or more of these a whirl.</p>
+<p>They are not required, but if you include solutions in your repository,
+we&#8217;ll review your work.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+      <div class="sphinxsidebar" role="navigation" aria-label="main navigation">
+        <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper">
+  <h3><a href="../index.html">Table Of Contents</a></h3>
+  <ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">Session 01</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#computer-communications">Computer Communications</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#but-first">But First</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#tcp-ip">TCP/IP</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#the-tcp-ip-stack-link">The TCP/IP Stack - Link</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#the-tcp-ip-stack-internet">The TCP/IP Stack - Internet</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#the-tcp-ip-stack-transport">The TCP/IP Stack - Transport</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#the-tcp-ip-stack-application">The TCP/IP Stack - Application</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#sockets">Sockets</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#sockets-in-python">Sockets in Python</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#socket-families">Socket Families</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#socket-types">Socket Types</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#socket-protocols">Socket Protocols</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#customizing-sockets">Customizing Sockets</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#break-time">Break Time</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#address-information">Address Information</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#client-side">Client Side</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#construct-a-socket">Construct a Socket</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#connecting-a-socket">Connecting a Socket</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#sending-a-message">Sending a Message</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#messages-are-bytes">Messages Are Bytes</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#receiving-a-reply">Receiving a Reply</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#cleaning-up">Cleaning Up</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#putting-it-all-together">Putting it all together</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#server-side">Server Side</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#id1">Construct a Socket</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#bind-the-socket">Bind the Socket</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#listen-for-connections">Listen for Connections</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#accept-a-connection">Accept A Connection</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#communicate">Communicate</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#clean-up">Clean Up</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#getting-the-flow">Getting the Flow</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#create-a-server">Create a Server</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#create-a-client">Create a Client</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#send-a-message-client-server">Send a Message Client-&gt;Server</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#receive-and-respond">Receive and Respond</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#finish-up">Finish Up</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#homework">Homework</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#your-task">Your Task</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#running-the-tests">Running the Tests</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#submitting-your-homework">Submitting Your Homework</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#going-further">Going Further</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
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+  <div class="section" id="session-02">
+<h1>Session 02<a class="headerlink" href="#session-02" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<div class="figure align-center" id="id2">
+<a class="reference internal image-reference" href="../_images/protocol.png"><img alt="../_images/protocol.png" src="../_images/protocol.png" style="width: 40%;" /></a>
+<p class="caption"><span class="caption-text">Web Protocols</span></p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="the-languages-computers-speak">
+<h2>The Languages Computers Speak<a class="headerlink" href="#the-languages-computers-speak" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<div class="build left container">
+<p>Programming languages like Python are the languages we speak to computers.</p>
+<p><em>Protocols</em> are the languages that computers speak to each-other.</p>
+<p>This sesson we&#8217;ll look at a few of them and</p>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>Learn what makes them similar</li>
+<li>Learn what makes them different</li>
+<li>Learn about Python&#8217;s tools for speaking them</li>
+<li>Learn how to speak one (HTTP) ourselves</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="but-first">
+<h3>But First<a class="headerlink" href="#but-first" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p class="large centered">Questions from the Homework?</p>
+<p class="large centered">Examples of an echo server using <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">select</span></code></p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="what-is-a-protocol">
+<h3>What is a Protocol?<a class="headerlink" href="#what-is-a-protocol" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<div class="build large centered container">
+<p><strong>a set of rules or conventions</strong></p>
+<p><strong>governing communications</strong></p>
+</div>
+<p>Life has lots of sets of rules for how to do things.</p>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>What do you say when you get on the elevator?</li>
+<li>What do you do on a first date?</li>
+<li>What do you wear to a job interview?</li>
+<li>What do (and don&#8217;t) you talk about at a dinner party?</li>
+<li>...?</li>
+</ul>
+<div class="figure align-center" id="id3">
+<a class="reference internal image-reference" href="../_images/icup.png"><img alt="../_images/icup.png" src="../_images/icup.png" style="width: 65%;" /></a>
+<p class="caption"><span class="caption-text"><a class="reference external" href="http://blog.xkcd.com/2009/09/02/urinal-protocol-vulnerability/">http://blog.xkcd.com/2009/09/02/urinal-protocol-vulnerability/</a></span></p>
+</div>
+<p>Digital life has lots of rules too:</p>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>how to say hello</li>
+<li>how to identify yourself</li>
+<li>how to ask for information</li>
+<li>how to provide answers</li>
+<li>how to say goodbye</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="real-protocol-examples">
+<h3>Real Protocol Examples<a class="headerlink" href="#real-protocol-examples" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>What does this look like in practice?</p>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>SMTP (Simple Message Transfer Protocol) <br />
+<a class="reference external" href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5321#appendix-D">http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5321#appendix-D</a></li>
+<li>POP3 (Post Office Protocol) <br />
+<a class="reference external" href="http://www.faqs.org/docs/artu/ch05s03.html">http://www.faqs.org/docs/artu/ch05s03.html</a></li>
+<li>IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol) <br />
+<a class="reference external" href="http://www.faqs.org/docs/artu/ch05s03.html">http://www.faqs.org/docs/artu/ch05s03.html</a></li>
+<li>HTTP (Hyper-Text Transfer Protocol) <br />
+<a class="reference external" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol</a></li>
+</ul>
+<p>Over the next few slides we&#8217;ll be looking at server/client interactions.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Each interaction is line-based, each line represents one message.</p>
+<p>Messages from the Server to the Client are prefaced with <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">S</span> <span class="pre">(&lt;--)</span></code></p>
+<p>Messages from the Client to the Server are prefaced with <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">C</span> <span class="pre">(--&gt;)</span></code></p>
+<p><strong>All</strong> lines end with the character sequence <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">&lt;CRLF&gt;</span></code> (<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">\r\n</span></code>)</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="smtp">
+<h3>SMTP<a class="headerlink" href="#smtp" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>What does SMTP look like?</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>SMTP (Say hello and identify yourself):</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>S (&lt;--): 220 foo.com Simple Mail Transfer Service Ready
+C (--&gt;): EHLO bar.com
+S (&lt;--): 250-foo.com greets bar.com
+S (&lt;--): 250-8BITMIME
+S (&lt;--): 250-SIZE
+S (&lt;--): 250-DSN
+S (&lt;--): 250 HELP
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>SMTP (Ask for information, provide answers):</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>C (--&gt;): MAIL FROM:&lt;Smith@bar.com&gt;
+S (&lt;--): 250 OK
+C (--&gt;): RCPT TO:&lt;Jones@foo.com&gt;
+S (&lt;--): 250 OK
+C (--&gt;): RCPT TO:&lt;Green@foo.com&gt;
+S (&lt;--): 550 No such user here
+C (--&gt;): DATA
+S (&lt;--): 354 Start mail input; end with &lt;CRLF&gt;.&lt;CRLF&gt;
+C (--&gt;): Blah blah blah...
+C (--&gt;): ...etc. etc. etc.
+C (--&gt;): .
+S (&lt;--): 250 OK
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>SMTP (Say goodbye):</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>C (--&gt;): QUIT
+S (&lt;--): 221 foo.com Service closing transmission channel
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>Interaction consists of commands and replies</li>
+<li>Each command or reply is <em>one line</em> terminated by &lt;CRLF&gt; <br />
+(there are exceptions, see the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">250</span></code> reply to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">EHLO</span></code> above)</li>
+<li>The exception is message payload, terminated by &lt;CRLF&gt;.&lt;CRLF&gt;</li>
+<li>Each command has a <em>verb</em> and one or more <em>arguments</em></li>
+<li>Each reply has a formal <em>code</em> and an informal <em>explanation</em></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="pop3">
+<h3>POP3<a class="headerlink" href="#pop3" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>What does POP3 look like?</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>POP3 (Say hello and identify yourself):</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>C (--&gt;): &lt;client connects to service port 110&gt;
+S (&lt;--): +OK POP3 server ready &lt;1896.6971@mailgate.dobbs.org&gt;
+C (--&gt;): USER bob
+S (&lt;--): +OK bob
+C (--&gt;): PASS redqueen
+S (&lt;--): +OK bob&#39;s maildrop has 2 messages (320 octets)
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>POP3 (Ask for information, provide answers):</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>C (--&gt;): STAT
+S (&lt;--): +OK 2 320
+C (--&gt;): LIST
+S (&lt;--): +OK 1 messages (120 octets)
+S (&lt;--): 1 120
+S (&lt;--): .
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>POP3 (Ask for information, provide answers):</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>C (--&gt;): RETR 1
+S (&lt;--): +OK 120 octets
+S (&lt;--): &lt;server sends the text of message 1&gt;
+S (&lt;--): .
+C (--&gt;): DELE 1
+S (&lt;--): +OK message 1 deleted
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>POP3 (Say goodbye):</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>C (--&gt;): QUIT
+S (&lt;--): +OK dewey POP3 server signing off (maildrop empty)
+C (--&gt;): &lt;client hangs up&gt;
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="build container">
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>Interaction consists of commands and replies</li>
+<li>Each command or reply is <em>one line</em> terminated by &lt;CRLF&gt;</li>
+<li>The exception is message payload, terminated by &lt;CRLF&gt;.&lt;CRLF&gt;</li>
+<li>Each command has a <em>verb</em> and one or more <em>arguments</em></li>
+<li>Each reply has a formal <em>code</em> and an informal <em>explanation</em></li>
+</ul>
+<p>The codes don&#8217;t really look the same, though, do they?</p>
+</div>
+<p>The exception to the one-line-per-message rule is <em>payload</em></p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>In both SMTP and POP3 this is terminated by &lt;CRLF&gt;.&lt;CRLF&gt;</p>
+<p>In SMTP, the <em>client</em> has this ability</p>
+<p>But in POP3, it belongs to the <em>server</em>.</p>
+<p class="large centered">Why?</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="imap">
+<h3>IMAP<a class="headerlink" href="#imap" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>What does IMAP look like?</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>IMAP (Say hello and identify yourself):</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>C (--&gt;): &lt;client connects to service port 143&gt;
+S (&lt;--): * OK example.com IMAP4rev1 v12.264 server ready
+C (--&gt;): A0001 USER &quot;frobozz&quot; &quot;xyzzy&quot;
+S (&lt;--): * OK User frobozz authenticated
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>IMAP (Ask for information, provide answers [connect to an inbox]):</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>C (--&gt;): A0002 SELECT INBOX
+S (&lt;--): * 1 EXISTS
+S (&lt;--): * 1 RECENT
+S (&lt;--): * FLAGS (\Answered \Flagged \Deleted \Draft \Seen)
+S (&lt;--): * OK [UNSEEN 1] first unseen message in /var/spool/mail/esr
+S (&lt;--): A0002 OK [READ-WRITE] SELECT completed
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>IMAP (Ask for information, provide answers [Get message sizes]):</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>C (--&gt;): A0003 FETCH 1 RFC822.SIZE
+S (&lt;--): * 1 FETCH (RFC822.SIZE 2545)
+S (&lt;--): A0003 OK FETCH completed
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>IMAP (Ask for information, provide answers [Get first message header]):</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>C (--&gt;): A0004 FETCH 1 BODY[HEADER]
+S (&lt;--): * 1 FETCH (RFC822.HEADER {1425}
+&lt;server sends 1425 octets of message payload&gt;
+S (&lt;--): )
+S (&lt;--): A0004 OK FETCH completed
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>IMAP (Ask for information, provide answers [Get first message body]):</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>C (--&gt;): A0005 FETCH 1 BODY[TEXT]
+S (&lt;--): * 1 FETCH (BODY[TEXT] {1120}
+&lt;server sends 1120 octets of message payload&gt;
+S (&lt;--): )
+S (&lt;--): * 1 FETCH (FLAGS (\Recent \Seen))
+S (&lt;--): A0005 OK FETCH completed
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>IMAP (Say goodbye):</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>C (--&gt;): A0006 LOGOUT
+S (&lt;--): * BYE example.com IMAP4rev1 server terminating connection
+S (&lt;--): A0006 OK LOGOUT completed
+C (--&gt;): &lt;client hangs up&gt;
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>Interaction consists of commands and replies</li>
+<li>Each command or reply is <em>one line</em> terminated by &lt;CRLF&gt;</li>
+<li>Each command has a <em>verb</em> and one or more <em>arguments</em></li>
+<li>Each reply has a formal <em>code</em> and an informal <em>explanation</em></li>
+</ul>
+<div class="build container">
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>Commands and replies are prefixed by &#8216;sequence identifier&#8217;</li>
+<li>Payloads are prefixed by message size, rather than terminated by reserved
+sequence</li>
+</ul>
+<p>Compared with POP3, what do these differences suggest?</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="using-imap-in-python">
+<h3>Using IMAP in Python<a class="headerlink" href="#using-imap-in-python" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Let&#8217;s try this out for ourselves!</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<div class="container">
+Fire up your python interpreters and prepare to type.</div>
+</div>
+<p>Begin by importing the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">imaplib</span></code> module from the Python Standard Library:</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [1]: </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">imaplib</span>
+<span class="gp">In [2]: </span><span class="nb">dir</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">imaplib</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gh">Out[2]:</span>
+<span class="go">[&#39;AllowedVersions&#39;,</span>
+<span class="go"> &#39;CRLF&#39;,</span>
+<span class="go"> &#39;Commands&#39;,</span>
+<span class="go">...</span>
+<span class="go"> &#39;timedelta&#39;,</span>
+<span class="go"> &#39;timezone&#39;]</span>
+<span class="gp">In [3]: </span><span class="n">imaplib</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Debug</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">4</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Setting <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">imap.Debug</span></code> shows us what is sent and received</p>
+</div>
+<p>I&#8217;ve prepared a server for us to use, but we&#8217;ll need to set up a client to
+speak to it.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Our server requires SSL (Secure Socket Layer) for connecting to IMAP
+servers, so let&#8217;s initialize an IMAP4_SSL client and authenticate:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [4]: </span><span class="n">conn</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">imaplib</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">IMAP4_SSL</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;mail.webfaction.com&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="go">  22:40.32 imaplib version 2.58</span>
+<span class="go">  22:40.32 new IMAP4 connection, tag=b&#39;IMKC&#39;</span>
+<span class="go">  22:40.38 &lt; b&#39;* OK [CAPABILITY IMAP4rev1 LITERAL+ SASL-IR LOGIN-REFERRALS ID ENABLE IDLE AUTH=PLAIN] Dovecot ready.&#39;</span>
+<span class="go">  22:40.38 &gt; b&#39;IMKC0 CAPABILITY&#39;</span>
+<span class="go">  22:40.45 &lt; b&#39;* CAPABILITY IMAP4rev1 LITERAL+ SASL-IR LOGIN-REFERRALS ID ENABLE IDLE AUTH=PLAIN&#39;</span>
+<span class="go">  22:40.45 &lt; b&#39;IMKC0 OK Capability completed.&#39;</span>
+<span class="go">  22:40.45 CAPABILITIES: (&#39;IMAP4REV1&#39;, &#39;LITERAL+&#39;, &#39;SASL-IR&#39;, &#39;LOGIN-REFERRALS&#39;, &#39;ID&#39;, &#39;ENABLE&#39;, &#39;IDLE&#39;, &#39;AUTH=PLAIN&#39;)</span>
+<span class="gp">In [5]: </span><span class="n">conn</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">login</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;crisewing_demobox&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;s00p3rs3cr3t&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="go">  22:59.92 &gt; b&#39;IMKC1 LOGIN crisewing_demobox &quot;s00p3rs3cr3t&quot;&#39;</span>
+<span class="go">  23:01.79 &lt; b&#39;* CAPABILITY IMAP4rev1 SASL-IR SORT THREAD=REFERENCES MULTIAPPEND UNSELECT LITERAL+ IDLE CHILDREN NAMESPACE LOGIN-REFERRALS STARTTLS AUTH=PLAIN&#39;</span>
+<span class="go">  23:01.79 &lt; b&#39;IMKC1 OK Logged in.&#39;</span>
+<span class="gh">Out[5]: </span><span class="go">(&#39;OK&#39;, [b&#39;Logged in.&#39;])</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>We can start by listing the mailboxes we have on the server:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [6]: </span><span class="n">conn</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">list</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="go">  26:30.64 &gt; b&#39;IMKC2 LIST &quot;&quot; *&#39;</span>
+<span class="go">  26:30.72 &lt; b&#39;* LIST (\\HasNoChildren) &quot;.&quot; &quot;Trash&quot;&#39;</span>
+<span class="go">  26:30.72 &lt; b&#39;* LIST (\\HasNoChildren) &quot;.&quot; &quot;Drafts&quot;&#39;</span>
+<span class="go">  26:30.72 &lt; b&#39;* LIST (\\HasNoChildren) &quot;.&quot; &quot;Sent&quot;&#39;</span>
+<span class="go">  26:30.72 &lt; b&#39;* LIST (\\HasNoChildren) &quot;.&quot; &quot;Junk&quot;&#39;</span>
+<span class="go">  26:30.72 &lt; b&#39;* LIST (\\HasNoChildren) &quot;.&quot; &quot;INBOX&quot;&#39;</span>
+<span class="go">  26:30.72 &lt; b&#39;IMKC2 OK List completed.&#39;</span>
+<span class="gh">Out[6]:</span>
+<span class="go">(&#39;OK&#39;,</span>
+<span class="go"> [b&#39;(\\HasNoChildren) &quot;.&quot; &quot;Trash&quot;&#39;,</span>
+<span class="go">  b&#39;(\\HasNoChildren) &quot;.&quot; &quot;Drafts&quot;&#39;,</span>
+<span class="go">  b&#39;(\\HasNoChildren) &quot;.&quot; &quot;Sent&quot;&#39;,</span>
+<span class="go">  b&#39;(\\HasNoChildren) &quot;.&quot; &quot;Junk&quot;&#39;,</span>
+<span class="go">  b&#39;(\\HasNoChildren) &quot;.&quot; &quot;INBOX&quot;&#39;])</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>To interact with our email, we must select a mailbox from the list we received
+earlier:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [7]: </span><span class="n">conn</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">select</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;INBOX&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="go">  27:20.96 &gt; b&#39;IMKC3 SELECT INBOX&#39;</span>
+<span class="go">  27:21.04 &lt; b&#39;* FLAGS (\\Answered \\Flagged \\Deleted \\Seen \\Draft)&#39;</span>
+<span class="go">  27:21.04 &lt; b&#39;* OK [PERMANENTFLAGS (\\Answered \\Flagged \\Deleted \\Seen \\Draft \\*)] Flags permitted.&#39;</span>
+<span class="go">  27:21.04 &lt; b&#39;* 1 EXISTS&#39;</span>
+<span class="go">  27:21.04 &lt; b&#39;* 0 RECENT&#39;</span>
+<span class="go">  27:21.04 &lt; b&#39;* OK [UNSEEN 1] First unseen.&#39;</span>
+<span class="go">  27:21.04 &lt; b&#39;* OK [UIDVALIDITY 1357449499] UIDs valid&#39;</span>
+<span class="go">  27:21.04 &lt; b&#39;* OK [UIDNEXT 24] Predicted next UID&#39;</span>
+<span class="go">  27:21.04 &lt; b&#39;IMKC3 OK [READ-WRITE] Select completed.&#39;</span>
+<span class="gh">Out[7]: </span><span class="go">(&#39;OK&#39;, [b&#39;1&#39;])</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>We can search our selected mailbox for messages matching one or more criteria.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>The return value is a list of bytestrings containing the UIDs of messages
+that match our search:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [8]: </span><span class="n">conn</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">search</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;(FROM &quot;cris&quot;)&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="go">  28:43.02 &gt; b&#39;IMKC4 SEARCH (FROM &quot;cris&quot;)&#39;</span>
+<span class="go">  28:43.09 &lt; b&#39;* SEARCH 1&#39;</span>
+<span class="go">  28:43.09 &lt; b&#39;IMKC4 OK Search completed.&#39;</span>
+<span class="gh">Out[8]: </span><span class="go">(&#39;OK&#39;, [b&#39;1&#39;])</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>Once we&#8217;ve found a message we want to look at, we can use the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">fetch</span></code>
+command to read it from the server.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>IMAP allows fetching each part of a message independently:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [9]: </span><span class="n">conn</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">fetch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;1&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;BODY[HEADER]&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="go">  ...</span>
+<span class="gh">Out[9]: </span><span class="go">(&#39;OK&#39;, ...)</span>
+
+<span class="gp">In [10]: </span><span class="n">conn</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">fetch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;1&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;FLAGS&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="go">  ...</span>
+<span class="gh">Out[10]: </span><span class="go">(&#39;OK&#39;, [b&#39;1 (FLAGS (\\Seen))&#39;])</span>
+
+<span class="gp">In [11]: </span><span class="n">conn</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">fetch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;1&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;BODY[TEXT]&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="go">  ...</span>
+<span class="gh">Out[11]: </span><span class="go">(&#39;OK&#39;, ...)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>What does the message say?</p>
+</div>
+<p>Python even includes an <em>email</em> library that would allow us to interact with
+this message in an <em>OO</em> style.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<em>Neat, Huh?</em></div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="what-have-we-learned">
+<h3>What Have We Learned?<a class="headerlink" href="#what-have-we-learned" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<div class="build container">
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>Protocols are just a set of rules for how to communicate</li>
+<li>Protocols tell us how to parse and delimit messages</li>
+<li>Protocols tell us what messages are valid</li>
+<li>If we properly format request messages to a server, we can get response
+messages</li>
+<li>Python supports a number of these protocols</li>
+<li>So we don&#8217;t have to remember how to format the commands ourselves</li>
+</ul>
+<p>But in every case we&#8217;ve seen, we could do the same thing with a socket and
+some strings</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="break-time">
+<h3>Break Time<a class="headerlink" href="#break-time" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Let&#8217;s take a few minutes here to clear our heads.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>When we return, we&#8217;ll learn about the king of protocols,</p>
+<p class="large centered">HTTP</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="http">
+<h2>HTTP<a class="headerlink" href="#http" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<div class="left container">
+<p>HTTP is no different</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>HTTP is also message-centered, with two-way communications:</p>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>Requests (Asking for information)</li>
+<li>Responses (Providing answers)</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="what-does-http-look-like">
+<h3>What does HTTP look like?<a class="headerlink" href="#what-does-http-look-like" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>HTTP (Ask for information):</p>
+<div class="highlight-http"><div class="highlight"><pre>GET /index.html HTTP/1.1&lt;CRLF&gt;
+Host: www.example.com&lt;CRLF&gt;
+&lt;CRLF&gt;
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">&lt;CRLF&gt;</span></code> you see here is a visualization of the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">\r\n</span></code>
+character sequence.</p>
+</div>
+<p>HTTP (Provide answers):</p>
+<div class="highlight-http"><div class="highlight"><pre>HTTP/1.1 200 OK
+Date: Mon, 23 May 2005 22:38:34 GMT
+Server: Apache/1.3.3.7 (Unix) (Red-Hat/Linux)
+Last-Modified: Wed, 08 Jan 2003 23:11:55 GMT
+Etag: &quot;3f80f-1b6-3e1cb03b&quot;
+Accept-Ranges:  none
+Content-Length: 438
+Connection: close
+Content-Type: text/html; charset=UTF-8
+&lt;CRLF&gt;
+&lt;!DOCTYPE html&gt;\n&lt;html&gt;\n  &lt;head&gt;\n    &lt;title&gt;This is a .... &lt;/html&gt;
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Pay particular attention to the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">&lt;CRLF&gt;</span></code> on a line by itself.</p>
+<p>In HTTP, both <em>request</em> and <em>response</em> share a common basic format:</p>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>Line separators are &lt;CRLF&gt; (familiar, no?)</li>
+<li>A required initial line (a command or a response code)</li>
+<li>A (mostly) optional set of headers, one per line</li>
+<li>A blank line</li>
+<li>An optional body</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="implementing-http">
+<h3>Implementing HTTP<a class="headerlink" href="#implementing-http" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Let&#8217;s investigate the HTTP protocol a bit in real life.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>We&#8217;ll do so by building a simplified HTTP server, one step at a time.</p>
+<p>There is a copy of the echo server from last time in
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">resources/session02</span></code>. It&#8217;s called <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">http_server.py</span></code>.</p>
+<p>In a terminal, move into that directory. We&#8217;ll be doing our work here for
+the rest of the session</p>
+</div>
+<p>Test Driven Development (TDD) is all the rage these days.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>It means that before you write code, you first write tests demonstrating
+what you want your code to do.</p>
+<p>When all your tests pass, you are finished. You did this for your last
+assignment.</p>
+<p>We&#8217;ll be doing it again today.</p>
+</div>
+<p>From inside <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">resources/session02</span></code> start a second python interpreter and run
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$</span> <span class="pre">python</span> <span class="pre">http_server.py</span></code></p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>In your first interpreter run the tests. You should see similar output:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="nv">$ </span>python tests.py
+<span class="o">[</span>...<span class="o">]</span>
+Ran <span class="m">10</span> tests in 0.054s
+
+FAILED <span class="o">(</span><span class="nv">failures</span><span class="o">=</span>3, <span class="nv">errors</span><span class="o">=</span>7<span class="o">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Let&#8217;s take a few minutes here to look at these tests and understand them.</p>
+</div>
+<p>Our job is to make all those tests pass.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>First, though, let&#8217;s pretend this server really is a functional HTTP
+server.</p>
+<p>This time, instead of using the echo client to make a connection to the
+server, let&#8217;s use a web browser!</p>
+<p>Point your favorite browser at <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">http://localhost:10000</span></code></p>
+</div>
+<p>First, look at the printed output from your echo server.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Second, note that your browser is still waiting to finish loading the page</p>
+<p>Moreover, your server should also be hung, waiting for more from the
+&#8216;client&#8217;</p>
+<p>This is because the server is waiting for the browser to respond</p>
+<p>And at the same time, the browser is waiting for the server to indicate it
+is done.</p>
+<p>Our server does not yet speak the HTTP protocol, but the browser is
+expecting it.</p>
+</div>
+<p>Kill your server with <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ctrl-c</span></code> (the keyboard interrupt) and you should see
+some printed content in your browser:</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<div class="highlight-http"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="nf">GET</span> <span class="nn">/</span> <span class="kr">HTTP</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="m">1.1</span>
+<span class="na">Host</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="l">localhost:10000</span>
+<span class="na">User-Agent</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="l">Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10.6; rv:22.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/22.0</span>
+<span class="na">Accept</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="l">text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8</span>
+<span class="na">Accept-Language</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="l">en-US,en;q=0.5</span>
+<span class="na">Accept-Encoding</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="l">gzip, deflate</span>
+<span class="na">DNT</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="l">1</span>
+<span class="na">Cookie</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="l">__utma=111872281.383966302.1364503233.1364503233.1364503233.1; __utmz=111872281.1364503233.1.1.utmcsr=(direct)|utmccn=(direct)|utmcmd=(none); csrftoken=uiqj579iGRbReBHmJQNTH8PFfAz2qRJS</span>
+<span class="na">Connection</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="l">keep-alive</span>
+<span class="na">Cache-Control</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="l">max-age=0</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Your server is simply echoing what it receives, so this is an <em>HTTP
+Request</em> as sent by your browser.</p>
+</div>
+<p>When working on HTTP applications, it&#8217;s nice to be able to see all this going back
+and forth.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Good browsers support this with a set of developer tools built-in.</p>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>firefox -&gt; ctrl-shift-K or cmd-opt-K (os X)</li>
+<li>safari -&gt; enable in preferences:advanced then cmd-opt-i</li>
+<li>chrome -&gt; ctrl-shift-i or cmd-opt-i (os X)</li>
+<li>IE (7.0+) -&gt; F12 or tools menu -&gt; developer tools</li>
+</ul>
+<p>The &#8216;Net(work)&#8217; pane of these tools can show you both request and response,
+headers and all. Very useful.</p>
+</div>
+<p class="centered"><strong>Let&#8217;s take a quick look</strong></p>
+<p>Sometimes you need or want to debug http requests that are not going through
+your browser.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Or perhaps you need functionality that is not supported by in-browser tools
+(request munging, header mangling, decryption of https request/responses)</p>
+<p>Then it might be time for an HTTP debugging proxy:</p>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>windows: <a class="reference external" href="http://www.fiddler2.com/fiddler2/">http://www.fiddler2.com/fiddler2/</a></li>
+<li>win/osx/linux: <a class="reference external" href="http://www.charlesproxy.com/">http://www.charlesproxy.com/</a></li>
+</ul>
+<p>We won&#8217;t cover any of these tools here today.  But you can check them out
+when you have the time.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="step-1-basic-http-protocol">
+<h3>Step 1: Basic HTTP Protocol<a class="headerlink" href="#step-1-basic-http-protocol" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>In HTTP 1.0, the only required line in an HTTP request is this:</p>
+<div class="highlight-http"><div class="highlight"><pre>GET /path/to/index.html HTTP/1.0&lt;CRLF&gt;
+&lt;CRLF&gt;
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>As virtual hosting grew more common, that was not enough, so HTTP 1.1 adds
+a single required <em>header</em>, <strong>Host</strong>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-http"><div class="highlight"><pre>GET /path/to/index.html HTTP/1.1&lt;CRLF&gt;
+Host: www.mysite1.com:80&lt;CRLF&gt;
+&lt;CRLF&gt;
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>In both HTTP 1.0 and 1.1, a proper response consists of an intial line,
+followed by optional headers, a single blank line, and then optionally a
+response body:</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<div class="highlight-http"><div class="highlight"><pre>HTTP/1.1 200 OK&lt;CRLF&gt;
+Content-Type: text/plain&lt;CRLF&gt;
+&lt;CRLF&gt;
+this is a pretty minimal response
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Let&#8217;s update our server to return such a response.</p>
+</div>
+<p>Begin by implementing a new function in your <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">http_server.py</span></code> script called
+<cite>response_ok</cite>.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>It can be super-simple for now.  We&#8217;ll improve it later.</p>
+<div class="container">
+<p>It needs to return our minimal response from above:</p>
+<div class="highlight-http"><div class="highlight"><pre>HTTP/1.1 200 OK&lt;CRLF&gt;
+Content-Type: text/plain&lt;CRLF&gt;
+&lt;CRLF&gt;
+this is a pretty minimal response
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p><strong>Remember, &lt;CRLF&gt; is a placeholder for the</strong> <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">\r\n</span></code> <strong>character sequence</strong></p>
+</div>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">response_ok</span><span class="p">():</span>
+    <span class="sd">&quot;&quot;&quot;returns a basic HTTP response&quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
+    <span class="n">resp</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[]</span>
+    <span class="n">resp</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">append</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">b</span><span class="s">&quot;HTTP/1.1 200 OK&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="n">resp</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">append</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">b</span><span class="s">&quot;Content-Type: text/plain&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="n">resp</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">append</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">b</span><span class="s">&quot;&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="n">resp</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">append</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">b</span><span class="s">&quot;this is a pretty minimal response&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">b</span><span class="s">&quot;</span><span class="se">\r\n</span><span class="s">&quot;</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">join</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">resp</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Did you remember that sockets only accept bytes?</p>
+<p>We&#8217;ve now implemented a function that is tested by our tests. Let&#8217;s run them
+again:</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="nv">$ </span>python tests.py
+<span class="o">[</span>...<span class="o">]</span>
+----------------------------------------------------------------------
+Ran <span class="m">10</span> tests in 0.002s
+
+FAILED <span class="o">(</span><span class="nv">failures</span><span class="o">=</span>3, <span class="nv">errors</span><span class="o">=</span>3<span class="o">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Great!  We&#8217;ve now got 4 tests that pass.  Good work.</p>
+</div>
+<p>Next, we need to rebuild the server loop from our echo server for it&#8217;s new
+purpose:</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>It should now wait for an incoming request to be <em>finished</em>, <em>then</em> send a
+response back to the client.</p>
+<p>The response it sends can be the result of calling our new <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">response_ok</span></code>
+function for now.</p>
+<p>We could also bump up the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">recv</span></code> buffer size to something more reasonable
+for HTTP traffic, say 1024.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c"># ...</span>
+<span class="k">try</span><span class="p">:</span>
+    <span class="k">while</span> <span class="bp">True</span><span class="p">:</span>
+        <span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;waiting for a connection&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">file</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">log_buffer</span><span class="p">)</span>
+        <span class="n">conn</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">addr</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">sock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">accept</span><span class="p">()</span>  <span class="c"># blocking</span>
+        <span class="k">try</span><span class="p">:</span>
+            <span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;connection - {0}:{1}&#39;</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">format</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">addr</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="nb">file</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">log_buffer</span><span class="p">)</span>
+            <span class="k">while</span> <span class="bp">True</span><span class="p">:</span>
+                <span class="n">data</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">conn</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">recv</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1024</span><span class="p">)</span>
+                <span class="k">if</span> <span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">data</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">&lt;</span> <span class="mi">1024</span><span class="p">:</span>
+                    <span class="k">break</span>
+            <span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;sending response&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">file</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">log_buffer</span><span class="p">)</span>
+            <span class="n">response</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">response_ok</span><span class="p">()</span>
+            <span class="n">conn</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sendall</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">response</span><span class="p">)</span>
+        <span class="k">finally</span><span class="p">:</span>
+            <span class="n">conn</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">close</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="c"># ...</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Once you&#8217;ve got that set, restart your server:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>$ python http_server.py
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Then you can re-run your tests:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="nv">$ </span>python tests.py
+<span class="o">[</span>...<span class="o">]</span>
+----------------------------------------------------------------------
+Ran <span class="m">10</span> tests in 0.003s
+
+FAILED <span class="o">(</span><span class="nv">failures</span><span class="o">=</span>2, <span class="nv">errors</span><span class="o">=</span>3<span class="o">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Five tests now pass!</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="step-2-handling-http-methods">
+<h3>Step 2: Handling HTTP Methods<a class="headerlink" href="#step-2-handling-http-methods" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Every HTTP request <strong>must</strong> begin with a single line, broken by whitespace into
+three parts:</p>
+<div class="highlight-http"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="nf">GET</span> <span class="nn">/path/to/index.html</span> <span class="kr">HTTP</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="m">1.1</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>The three parts are the <em>method</em>, the <em>URI</em>, and the <em>protocol</em></p>
+<p>Let&#8217;s look at each in turn.</p>
+</div>
+<p><strong>GET</strong> <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">/path/to/index.html</span> <span class="pre">HTTP/1.1</span></code></p>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>Every HTTP request must start with a <em>method</em></li>
+<li>There are four main HTTP methods:<ul class="build">
+<li>GET</li>
+<li>POST</li>
+<li>PUT</li>
+<li>DELETE</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li>There are others, notably HEAD, but you won&#8217;t see them too much</li>
+</ul>
+<p>These four methods are mapped to the four basic steps (<em>CRUD</em>) of persistent
+storage:</p>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>POST = Create</li>
+<li>GET = Read</li>
+<li>PUT = Update</li>
+<li>DELETE = Delete</li>
+</ul>
+<p>HTTP methods can be categorized as <strong>safe</strong> or <strong>unsafe</strong>, based on whether
+they might change something on the server:</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>Safe HTTP Methods<ul>
+<li>GET</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li>Unsafe HTTP Methods<ul>
+<li>POST</li>
+<li>PUT</li>
+<li>DELETE</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<p>This is a <em>normative</em> distinction, which is to say <strong>be careful</strong></p>
+</div>
+<p>HTTP methods can be categorized as <strong>idempotent</strong>.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>This means that a given request will always have the same result:</p>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>Idempotent HTTP Methods<ul>
+<li>GET</li>
+<li>PUT</li>
+<li>DELETE</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li>Non-Idempotent HTTP Methods<ul>
+<li>POST</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<p>Again, <em>normative</em>. The developer is responsible for ensuring that it is true.</p>
+</div>
+<p>Let&#8217;s keep things simple, our server will only respond to <em>GET</em> requests.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>We need to create a function that parses a request and determines if we can
+respond to it: <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">parse_request</span></code>.</p>
+<p>If the request method is not <em>GET</em>, our method should raise an error</p>
+<p>Remember, although a request is more than one line long, all we care about
+here is the first line</p>
+</div>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">parse_request</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">request</span><span class="p">):</span>
+    <span class="n">first_line</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">request</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">split</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;</span><span class="se">\r\n</span><span class="s">&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">]</span>
+    <span class="n">method</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">uri</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">protocol</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">first_line</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">split</span><span class="p">()</span>
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">method</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="s">&quot;GET&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span>
+        <span class="k">raise</span> <span class="ne">NotImplementedError</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;We only accept GET&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;request is okay&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">file</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">sys</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">stderr</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>We&#8217;ll also need to update the server code. It should</p>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>save the request as it comes in</li>
+<li>check the request using our new function</li>
+<li>send an OK response if things go well</li>
+</ul>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c"># ...</span>
+<span class="n">conn</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">addr</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">sock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">accept</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="c"># blocking</span>
+<span class="k">try</span><span class="p">:</span>
+    <span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;connection - {0}:{1}&#39;</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">format</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">addr</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="nb">file</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">log_buffer</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="n">request</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&quot;&quot;</span>
+    <span class="k">while</span> <span class="bp">True</span><span class="p">:</span>
+        <span class="n">data</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">conn</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">recv</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1024</span><span class="p">)</span>
+        <span class="n">request</span> <span class="o">+=</span> <span class="n">data</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">decode</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;utf8&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+        <span class="k">if</span> <span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">data</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">&lt;</span> <span class="mi">1024</span> <span class="ow">or</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="n">data</span><span class="p">:</span>
+            <span class="k">break</span>
+
+    <span class="n">parse_request</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">request</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;sending response&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">file</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">log_buffer</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="n">response</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">response_ok</span><span class="p">()</span>
+    <span class="n">conn</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sendall</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">response</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="k">finally</span><span class="p">:</span>
+    <span class="n">conn</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">close</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="c"># ...</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Quit and restart your server now that you&#8217;ve updated the code:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>$ python http_server.py
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>At this point, we should have seven tests passing:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="nv">$ </span>python tests.py
+Ran <span class="m">10</span> tests in 0.002s
+
+FAILED <span class="o">(</span><span class="nv">failures</span><span class="o">=</span>1, <span class="nv">errors</span><span class="o">=</span>2<span class="o">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>The server quit during the tests, but an HTTP request from the browser should
+work fine now.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Restart the server and reload your browser.  You should see your OK
+response.</p>
+<p>We can use the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">simple_client.py</span></code> script in our resources to test our
+error condition.  In a second terminal window run the script like so:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>$ python simple_client.py &quot;POST / HTTP/1.0\r\n\r\n&quot;
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>This should cause the server to crash.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="step-3-error-responses">
+<h3>Step 3: Error Responses<a class="headerlink" href="#step-3-error-responses" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Okay, so the outcome there was pretty ugly. The client went off the rails, and
+our server has terminated as well.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p class="centered"><strong>why?</strong></p>
+<p>The HTTP protocol allows us to handle errors like this more gracefully.</p>
+<p class="centered"><strong>Enter the Response Code</strong></p>
+</div>
+<p><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">HTTP/1.1</span></code> <strong>200 OK</strong></p>
+<p>All HTTP responses must include a <strong>response code</strong> indicating the outcome of
+the request.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>1xx (HTTP 1.1 only) - Informational message</li>
+<li>2xx - Success of some kind</li>
+<li>3xx - Redirection of some kind</li>
+<li>4xx - Client Error of some kind</li>
+<li>5xx - Server Error of some kind</li>
+</ul>
+<p>The text bit makes the code more human-readable</p>
+</div>
+<p>There are certain HTTP response codes you are likely to see (and use) most
+often:</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">200</span> <span class="pre">OK</span></code> - Everything is good</li>
+<li><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">301</span> <span class="pre">Moved</span> <span class="pre">Permanently</span></code> - You should update your link</li>
+<li><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">304</span> <span class="pre">Not</span> <span class="pre">Modified</span></code> - You should load this from cache</li>
+<li><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">404</span> <span class="pre">Not</span> <span class="pre">Found</span></code> - You&#8217;ve asked for something that doesn&#8217;t exist</li>
+<li><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">500</span> <span class="pre">Internal</span> <span class="pre">Server</span> <span class="pre">Error</span></code> - Something bad happened</li>
+</ul>
+<p>Do not be afraid to use other, less common codes in building good apps.
+There are a lot of them for a reason.</p>
+<p>See <a class="reference external" href="http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec10.html">http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec10.html</a></p>
+</div>
+<p>Luckily, there&#8217;s an error code that is tailor-made for this situation.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>The client has made a request using a method we do not support</p>
+<p><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">405</span> <span class="pre">Method</span> <span class="pre">Not</span> <span class="pre">Allowed</span></code></p>
+<p>Let&#8217;s add a new function that returns this error code. It should be called
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">response_method_not_allowed</span></code></p>
+<p>Remember, it must be a complete HTTP Response with the correct <em>code</em></p>
+</div>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">response_method_not_allowed</span><span class="p">():</span>
+    <span class="sd">&quot;&quot;&quot;returns a 405 Method Not Allowed response&quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
+    <span class="n">resp</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[]</span>
+    <span class="n">resp</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">append</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">b</span><span class="s">&quot;HTTP/1.1 405 Method Not Allowed&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="n">resp</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">append</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">b</span><span class="s">&quot;&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">b</span><span class="s">&quot;</span><span class="se">\r\n</span><span class="s">&quot;</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">join</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">resp</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Again, we&#8217;ll need to update the server to handle this error condition
+correctly.  It should</p>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>catch the exception raised by the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">parse_request</span></code> function</li>
+<li>create our new error response as a result</li>
+<li>if no exception is raised, then create the OK response</li>
+<li>return the generated response to the user</li>
+</ul>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c"># ...</span>
+<span class="k">while</span> <span class="bp">True</span><span class="p">:</span>
+    <span class="n">data</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">conn</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">recv</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1024</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="n">request</span> <span class="o">+=</span> <span class="n">data</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">decode</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;utf8&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">data</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">&lt;</span> <span class="mi">1024</span><span class="p">:</span>
+        <span class="k">break</span>
+
+<span class="k">try</span><span class="p">:</span>
+    <span class="n">parse_request</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">request</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="k">except</span> <span class="ne">NotImplementedError</span><span class="p">:</span>
+    <span class="n">response</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">response_method_not_allowed</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="k">else</span><span class="p">:</span>
+    <span class="n">response</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">response_ok</span><span class="p">()</span>
+
+<span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;sending response&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">file</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">log_buffer</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="n">conn</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sendall</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">response</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="c"># ...</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Start your server (or restart it if by some miracle it&#8217;s still going).</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Then run the tests again:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>$ python tests.py
+[...]
+Ran 10 tests in 0.002s
+
+OK
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Wahoo! All our tests are passing. That means we are done writing code for
+now.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="step-4-serving-resources">
+<h3>Step 4: Serving Resources<a class="headerlink" href="#step-4-serving-resources" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>We&#8217;ve got a very simple server that accepts a request and sends a response.
+But what happens if we make a different request?</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<div class="container">
+<p>In your web browser, enter the following URL:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>http://localhost:10000/page
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="container">
+<p>What happened? What happens if you use this URL:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>http://localhost:10000/section/page?
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>We expect different urls to result in different responses.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Each separate <em>path</em> provided should map to a <em>resource</em></p>
+<p>But this isn&#8217;t happening with our server, for obvious reasons.</p>
+<p>It brings us back to the second element of that first line of an HTTP
+request.</p>
+<p class="centered"><strong>The Return of the URI</strong></p>
+</div>
+<p><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">GET</span></code> <strong>/path/to/index.html</strong> <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">HTTP/1.1</span></code></p>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>Every HTTP request must include a <strong>URI</strong> used to determine the <strong>resource</strong> to
+be returned</li>
+<li>URI??
+<a class="reference external" href="http://stackoverflow.com/questions/176264/whats-the-difference-between-a-uri-and-a-url/1984225#1984225">http://stackoverflow.com/questions/176264/whats-the-difference-between-a-uri-and-a-url/1984225#1984225</a></li>
+<li>Resource?  Files (html, img, .js, .css), but also:<ul class="build">
+<li>Dynamic scripts</li>
+<li>Raw data</li>
+<li>API endpoints</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<p>Our <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">parse_request</span></code> method actually already finds the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">uri</span></code> in the first
+line of a request</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>All we need to do is update the method so that it <em>returns</em> that uri</p>
+<p>Then we can use it.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">parse_request</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">request</span><span class="p">):</span>
+    <span class="n">first_line</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">request</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">split</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;</span><span class="se">\r\n</span><span class="s">&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">]</span>
+    <span class="n">method</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">uri</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">protocol</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">first_line</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">split</span><span class="p">()</span>
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">method</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="s">&quot;GET&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span>
+        <span class="k">raise</span> <span class="ne">NotImplementedError</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;We only accept GET&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">print</span> <span class="o">&gt;&gt;</span><span class="n">sys</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">stderr</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;request is okay&#39;</span>
+    <span class="c"># add the following line:</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">uri</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Now we can update our server code so that it uses the return value of
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">parse_request</span></code>.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>That&#8217;s a pretty simple change:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">try</span><span class="p">:</span>
+    <span class="n">uri</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">parse_request</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">request</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c"># update this line</span>
+<span class="k">except</span> <span class="ne">NotImplementedError</span><span class="p">:</span>
+    <span class="n">response</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">response_method_not_allowed</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="k">else</span><span class="p">:</span>
+    <span class="c"># and modify this block</span>
+    <span class="k">try</span><span class="p">:</span>
+        <span class="n">content</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">mime_type</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">resolve_uri</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">url</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">except</span> <span class="ne">NameError</span><span class="p">:</span>
+        <span class="n">response</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">response_not_found</span><span class="p">()</span>
+    <span class="k">else</span><span class="p">:</span>
+        <span class="n">response</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">response_ok</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">content</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">mime_type</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="homework">
+<h2>Homework<a class="headerlink" href="#homework" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<div class="left container">
+<p>You may have noticed that we just added calls to functions that don&#8217;t yet
+exist</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>It&#8217;s a program that shows you what you want to do, but won&#8217;t actually
+run.</p>
+<p>For your homework this week you will create these functions, completing
+the HTTP server.</p>
+<p>Your starting point will be what we&#8217;ve made here in class.</p>
+<p>I&#8217;ve added a directory to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">resources/session02</span></code> called <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">homework</span></code>.</p>
+<p>In it, you&#8217;ll find this <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">http_server.py</span></code> file we&#8217;ve just written in
+class.</p>
+<p>That file also contains enough stub code for the missing functions to
+let the server run.</p>
+<p>And there are more tests for you to make pass!</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="one-step-at-a-time">
+<h3>One Step At A Time<a class="headerlink" href="#one-step-at-a-time" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Take the following steps one at a time. Run the tests in
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">assignments/session02/homework</span></code> between to ensure that you are getting it
+right.</p>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>Complete the stub <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">resolve_uri</span></code> function so that it handles looking up
+resources on disk using the URI returned by <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">parse_request</span></code>.</li>
+<li>Make sure that if the URI does not map to a file that exists, it raises an
+appropriate error for our server to handle.</li>
+<li>Complete the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">response_not_found</span></code> function stub so that it returns a 404
+response.</li>
+<li>Update <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">response_ok</span></code> so that it uses the values returned by <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">resolve_uri</span></code>
+by the URI. (these have already been added to the function signature)</li>
+<li>You&#8217;ll plug those values into the response you generate in the way required
+by the protocol</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="http-headers">
+<h3>HTTP Headers<a class="headerlink" href="#http-headers" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Along the way, you&#8217;ll discover that simply returning the content of a file as
+an HTTP response body is insufficient. Different <em>types</em> of content need to
+be identified to your browser</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>We can fix this by passing information about exactly what we are returning
+as part of the response.</p>
+<p>HTTP provides for this type of thing with the generic idea of <em>Headers</em></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="id1">
+<h3>HTTP Headers<a class="headerlink" href="#id1" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Both requests and responses can contain <strong>headers</strong> of the form <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Name:</span> <span class="pre">Value</span></code></p>
+<div class="build container">
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>HTTP 1.0 has 16 valid headers, 1.1 has 46</li>
+<li>Any number of spaces or tabs may separate the <em>name</em> from the <em>value</em></li>
+<li>If a header line starts with spaces or tabs, it is considered part of the
+value for the previous header</li>
+<li>Header <em>names</em> are <strong>not</strong> case-sensitive, but <em>values</em> may be</li>
+</ul>
+<p>read more about HTTP headers: <a class="reference external" href="http://www.cs.tut.fi/~jkorpela/http.html">http://www.cs.tut.fi/~jkorpela/http.html</a></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="content-type-header">
+<h3>Content-Type Header<a class="headerlink" href="#content-type-header" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>A very common header used in HTTP responses is <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Content-Type</span></code>. It tells the
+client what to expect.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>uses <strong>mime-type</strong> (Multi-purpose Internet Mail Extensions)</li>
+<li>foo.jpeg - <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Content-Type:</span> <span class="pre">image/jpeg</span></code></li>
+<li>foo.png - <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Content-Type:</span> <span class="pre">image/png</span></code></li>
+<li>bar.txt - <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Content-Type:</span> <span class="pre">text/plain</span></code></li>
+<li>baz.html - <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Content-Type:</span> <span class="pre">text/html</span></code></li>
+</ul>
+<p>There are <em>many</em> mime-type identifiers:
+<a class="reference external" href="http://www.freeformatter.com/mime-types-list.html">http://www.freeformatter.com/mime-types-list.html</a></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="mapping-mime-types">
+<h3>Mapping Mime-types<a class="headerlink" href="#mapping-mime-types" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>By mapping a given file to a mime-type, we can write a header.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>The standard lib module <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">mimetypes</span></code> does just this.</p>
+<p>We can guess the mime-type of a file based on the filename or map a file
+extension to a type:</p>
+<div class="highlight-pycon"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">mimetypes</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mimetypes</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">guess_type</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;file.txt&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="go">(&#39;text/plain&#39;, None)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mimetypes</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">types_map</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s">&#39;.txt&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span>
+<span class="go">&#39;text/plain&#39;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="resolving-a-uri">
+<h3>Resolving a URI<a class="headerlink" href="#resolving-a-uri" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Your <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">resolve_uri</span></code> function will need to accomplish the following tasks:</p>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>It should take a URI as the sole argument</li>
+<li>It should map the pathname represented by the URI to a filesystem location.</li>
+<li>It should have a &#8216;home directory&#8217;, and look only in that location.</li>
+<li>If the URI is a directory, it should return a plain-text listing of the
+directory contents and the mimetype <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">text/plain</span></code>.</li>
+<li>If the URI is a file, it should return the contents of that file and its
+correct mimetype.</li>
+<li>If the URI does not map to a real location, it should raise an exception
+that the server can catch to return a 404 response.</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="use-your-tests">
+<h3>Use Your Tests<a class="headerlink" href="#use-your-tests" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>One of the benefits of test-driven development is that the tests that are
+failing should tell you what code you need to write.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>As you work your way through the steps outlined above, look at your tests.
+Write code that makes them pass.</p>
+<p>If all the tests in <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">assignments/session02/tests.py</span></code> are passing, you&#8217;ve
+completed the assignment.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="submitting-your-homework">
+<h3>Submitting Your Homework<a class="headerlink" href="#submitting-your-homework" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>To submit your homework:</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>Do your work in the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">assignments/session02</span></code> directory of <strong>your fork</strong> of
+the class respository</li>
+<li>When you have all tests passing, push your work to <strong>your fork</strong> in github.</li>
+<li>Using the github web interface, send me a pull request.</li>
+</ul>
+<p>I will review your work when I receive your pull requests, make comments on
+it there, and then close the pull request.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="a-few-steps-further">
+<h3>A Few Steps Further<a class="headerlink" href="#a-few-steps-further" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>If you are able to finish the above in less than 4-6 hours, consider taking on
+one or more of the following challenges:</p>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>Format directory listings as HTML, so you can link to files.</li>
+<li>Add a GMT <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Date:</span></code> header in the proper format (RFC-1123) to responses.
+<em>hint: see email.utils.formatdate in the python standard library</em></li>
+<li>Add a <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Content-Length:</span></code> header for <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">OK</span></code> responses that provides a
+correct value.</li>
+<li>Protect your server against errors by providing, and using, a function that
+returns a <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">500</span> <span class="pre">Internal</span> <span class="pre">Server</span> <span class="pre">Error</span></code> response.</li>
+<li>Instead of returning the python script in <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">webroot</span></code> as plain text, execute
+the file and return the results as HTML.</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+      <div class="sphinxsidebar" role="navigation" aria-label="main navigation">
+        <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper">
+  <h3><a href="../index.html">Table Of Contents</a></h3>
+  <ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">Session 02</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#the-languages-computers-speak">The Languages Computers Speak</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#but-first">But First</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#what-is-a-protocol">What is a Protocol?</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#real-protocol-examples">Real Protocol Examples</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#smtp">SMTP</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#pop3">POP3</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#imap">IMAP</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#using-imap-in-python">Using IMAP in Python</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#what-have-we-learned">What Have We Learned?</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#break-time">Break Time</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#http">HTTP</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#what-does-http-look-like">What does HTTP look like?</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#implementing-http">Implementing HTTP</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#step-1-basic-http-protocol">Step 1: Basic HTTP Protocol</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#step-2-handling-http-methods">Step 2: Handling HTTP Methods</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#step-3-error-responses">Step 3: Error Responses</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#step-4-serving-resources">Step 4: Serving Resources</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#homework">Homework</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#one-step-at-a-time">One Step At A Time</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#http-headers">HTTP Headers</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#id1">HTTP Headers</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#content-type-header">Content-Type Header</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#mapping-mime-types">Mapping Mime-types</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#resolving-a-uri">Resolving a URI</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#use-your-tests">Use Your Tests</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#submitting-your-homework">Submitting Your Homework</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#a-few-steps-further">A Few Steps Further</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+  <h4>Previous topic</h4>
+  <p class="topless"><a href="session01.html"
+                        title="previous chapter">Session 01</a></p>
+  <h4>Next topic</h4>
+  <p class="topless"><a href="session03.html"
+                        title="next chapter">Session 03</a></p>
+  <div role="note" aria-label="source link">
+    <h3>This Page</h3>
+    <ul class="this-page-menu">
+      <li><a href="../_sources/presentations/session02.txt"
+            rel="nofollow">Show Source</a></li>
+    </ul>
+   </div>
+  <h3>Slides</h3>
+  <ul class="this-page-menu">
+    <li><a href="../.././slides/presentations/session02.html"
+           rel="nofollow">View as slides</a></li>
+  </ul>
+<div id="searchbox" style="display: none" role="search">
+  <h3>Quick search</h3>
+    <form class="search" action="../search.html" method="get">
+      <input type="text" name="q" />
+      <input type="submit" value="Go" />
+      <input type="hidden" name="check_keywords" value="yes" />
+      <input type="hidden" name="area" value="default" />
+    </form>
+    <p class="searchtip" style="font-size: 90%">
+    Enter search terms or a module, class or function name.
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+<script type="text/javascript">$('#searchbox').show(0);</script>
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diff --git a/html/presentations/session03.html b/html/presentations/session03.html
new file mode 100644
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--- /dev/null
+++ b/html/presentations/session03.html
@@ -0,0 +1,1123 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
+  "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
+
+
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
+  <head>
+    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
+    
+    <title>Session 03 &mdash; Internet Programming with Python</title>
+    
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+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/pygments.css" type="text/css" />
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+<link rel="stylesheet" href="http://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Nobile:regular,italic,bold,bolditalic&amp;subset=latin" type="text/css" media="screen" charset="utf-8" />
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+      <img class="logo" src="../_static/logo_UW.png" alt="Logo"/>
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+             accesskey="I">index</a></li>
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+    </div>  
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+    <div class="document">
+      <div class="documentwrapper">
+        <div class="bodywrapper">
+          <div class="body" role="main">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="session-03">
+<h1>Session 03<a class="headerlink" href="#session-03" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<div class="figure align-center" id="id2">
+<a class="reference internal image-reference" href="../_images/gateway.jpg"><img alt="../_images/gateway.jpg" src="../_images/gateway.jpg" style="width: 50%;" /></a>
+<p class="caption"><span class="caption-text">The Wandering Angel <a class="reference external" href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/wandering_angel/1467802750/">http://www.flickr.com/photos/wandering_angel/1467802750/</a> - CC-BY</span></p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="cgi-wsgi-and-living-online">
+<h2>CGI, WSGI and Living Online<a class="headerlink" href="#cgi-wsgi-and-living-online" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Wherein we discover the gateways to dynamic processes on a server.</p>
+<div class="section" id="but-first">
+<h3>But First<a class="headerlink" href="#but-first" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p class="large centered">Homework Review and Questions</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="previously">
+<h3>Previously<a class="headerlink" href="#previously" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>You&#8217;ve learned about passing messages back and forth with sockets</li>
+<li>You&#8217;ve created a simple HTTP server using sockets</li>
+<li>You may even have made your server <em>dynamic</em> by returning the output of a
+python script.</li>
+</ul>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>What if you want to pass information to that script?</p>
+<p>How can you give the script access to information about the HTTP request
+itself?</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="stepping-away-the-environment">
+<h3>Stepping Away: The Environment<a class="headerlink" href="#stepping-away-the-environment" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>A computer has an <em>environment</em>:</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>in *nix, you can see this in a shell:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="nv">$ </span>printenv
+<span class="nv">TERM_PROGRAM</span><span class="o">=</span>iTerm.app
+...
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>or in Windows at the command prompt:</p>
+<div class="highlight-posh"><div class="highlight"><pre>C:\&gt; set
+ALLUSERSPROFILE=C:\ProgramData
+...
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>or in PowerShell:</p>
+<div class="highlight-posh"><div class="highlight"><pre>PS C:\&gt; Get-ChildItem Env:
+ALLUSERSPROFILE             C:\ProgramData
+...
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>In a <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">bash</span></code> shell we can do this:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="nv">$ </span><span class="nb">export </span><span class="nv">VARIABLE</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">&#39;some value&#39;</span>
+<span class="nv">$ </span><span class="nb">echo</span> <span class="nv">$VARIABLE</span>
+some value
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>or at a Windows command prompt:</p>
+<div class="highlight-posh"><div class="highlight"><pre>C:\Users\Administrator\&gt; set VARIABLE=&#39;some value&#39;
+C:\Users\Administrator\&gt; echo %VARIABLE%
+&#39;some value&#39;
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>or in PowerShell:</p>
+<div class="highlight-posh"><div class="highlight"><pre>PS C:\&gt; $env:VARIABLE = &quot;some value&quot;
+PS C:\&gt; Get-ChildItem Env:VARIABLE
+&#39;some value&#39;
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>These new values are now part of the <em>environment</em></p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>*nix:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="nv">$ </span>printenv
+...
+<span class="nv">VARIABLE</span><span class="o">=</span>some value
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Windows:</p>
+<div class="highlight-posh"><div class="highlight"><pre>C:\&gt; set
+...
+VARIABLE=&#39;some value&#39;
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>PowerShell:</p>
+<div class="highlight-posh"><div class="highlight"><pre>PS C:\&gt; Get-ChildItem Env:
+...
+VARIABLE                    &#39;some value&#39;
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>We can see this <em>environment</em> in Python, too:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>$ python
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="highlight-pycon"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">os</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">environ</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s">&#39;VARIABLE&#39;</span><span class="p">])</span>
+<span class="go">some_value</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">environ</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">keys</span><span class="p">())</span>
+<span class="go">[&#39;VERSIONER_PYTHON_PREFER_32_BIT&#39;, &#39;VARIABLE&#39;,</span>
+<span class="go"> &#39;LOGNAME&#39;, &#39;USER&#39;, &#39;PATH&#39;, ...]</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>You can alter os environment values while in Python:</p>
+<div class="highlight-pycon"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">environ</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s">&#39;VARIABLE&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&#39;new_value&#39;</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">environ</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s">&#39;VARIABLE&#39;</span><span class="p">])</span>
+<span class="go">new_value</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>But that doesn&#8217;t change the original value, <em>outside</em> Python:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; ^D
+
+<span class="nv">$ </span><span class="nb">echo </span>this is the value: <span class="nv">$VARIABLE</span>
+this is the value: some_value
+&lt;OR&gt;
+C:<span class="se">\&gt;</span> <span class="se">\U</span>sers<span class="se">\A</span>dministrator<span class="se">\&gt;</span> <span class="nb">echo</span> %VARIABLE%
+<span class="s1">&#39;some value&#39;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="build container">
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>Subprocesses inherit their environment from their Parent</li>
+<li>Parents do not see changes to environment in subprocesses</li>
+<li>In Python, you can actually set the environment for a subprocess explicitly</li>
+</ul>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">subprocess</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Popen</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">bufsize</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">executable</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">,</span>
+                 <span class="n">stdin</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">stdout</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">stderr</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">,</span>
+                 <span class="n">preexec_fn</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">close_fds</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">False</span><span class="p">,</span>
+                 <span class="n">shell</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">False</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">cwd</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">env</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="c"># &lt;-------</span>
+                 <span class="n">universal_newlines</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">False</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">startupinfo</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">,</span>
+                 <span class="n">creationflags</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="cgi-the-web-environment">
+<h2>CGI - The Web Environment<a class="headerlink" href="#cgi-the-web-environment" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p class="large centered">CGI is little more than a set of standard environmental variables</p>
+<div class="section" id="what-is-cgi">
+<h3>What is CGI<a class="headerlink" href="#what-is-cgi" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>First discussed in 1993, formalized in 1997, the current version (1.1) has
+been in place since 2004.</p>
+<p>From the preamble:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>This memo provides information for the Internet community. It does not
+specify an Internet standard of any kind.
+
+-- RFC 3875 - CGI Version 1.1: http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3875
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>4.  The CGI Request . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
+    4.1. Request Meta-Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
+         4.1.1.  AUTH_TYPE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
+         4.1.2.  CONTENT_LENGTH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
+         4.1.3.  CONTENT_TYPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
+         4.1.4.  GATEWAY_INTERFACE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13
+         4.1.5.  PATH_INFO. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13
+         4.1.6.  PATH_TRANSLATED. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
+         4.1.7.  QUERY_STRING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  15
+         4.1.8.  REMOTE_ADDR. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  15
+         4.1.9.  REMOTE_HOST. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  16
+         4.1.10. REMOTE_IDENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  16
+         4.1.11. REMOTE_USER. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  16
+         4.1.12. REQUEST_METHOD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  17
+         4.1.13. SCRIPT_NAME. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  17
+         4.1.14. SERVER_NAME. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  17
+         4.1.15. SERVER_PORT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  18
+         4.1.16. SERVER_PROTOCOL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  18
+         4.1.17. SERVER_SOFTWARE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  19
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="running-cgi">
+<h3>Running CGI<a class="headerlink" href="#running-cgi" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>You have a couple of options:</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>Python Standard Library CGIHTTPServer</li>
+<li>Apache</li>
+<li>IIS (on Windows)</li>
+<li>Some other HTTP server that implements CGI (lighttpd, ...?)</li>
+</ul>
+<p>Let&#8217;s keep it simple by using the Python module</p>
+</div>
+<p>In the class resources for this session, you&#8217;ll find a directory named <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">cgi</span></code>.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Make a copy of that folder in your class working directory.</p>
+<p>Windows Users, you may have to edit the first line of
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">cgi/cgi-bin/cgi_1.py</span></code> to point to your python executable.</p>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>Open <em>two</em> terminal windows in this <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">cgi</span></code> directory</li>
+<li>In the first terminal, run <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">python</span> <span class="pre">-m</span> <span class="pre">http.server</span> <span class="pre">--cgi</span></code></li>
+<li>Open a web browser and load <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">http://localhost:8000/</span></code></li>
+<li>Click on <em>CGI Test 1</em></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>Your browser might show a 404 or 403 error</li>
+<li>If you see something like that, check the permissions for <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">cgi-bin</span></code> <em>and</em>
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">cgi_1.py</span></code></li>
+<li>The file must be executable, the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">cgi-bin</span></code> directory needs to be readable
+<em>and</em> executable.</li>
+</ul>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Remember that you can use the bash <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">chmod</span></code> command to change permissions
+in *nix: <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">chmod</span> <span class="pre">a+x</span> <span class="pre">cgi-bin/cgi_1.py</span></code></p>
+<p>Windows users, use the &#8216;properties&#8217; context menu to get to permissions,
+just grant &#8216;full&#8217;</p>
+</div>
+<p>Problems with permissions can lead to failure. So can scripting errors</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>Open <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">cgi/cgi-bin/cgi_1.py</span></code> in an editor</li>
+<li>Before where it says <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">cgi.test()</span></code>, add a single line:</li>
+</ul>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="mi">1</span> <span class="o">/</span> <span class="mi">0</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Reload your browser, what happens now?</p>
+</div>
+<p>CGI is famously difficult to debug.  There are reasons for this:</p>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>CGI is designed to provide access to runnable processes to <em>the internet</em></li>
+<li>The internet is a wretched hive of scum and villainy</li>
+<li>Revealing error conditions can expose data that could be exploited</li>
+</ul>
+<p>Back in your editor, add the following lines, just below <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">import</span> <span class="pre">cgi</span></code>:</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">cgitb</span>
+<span class="n">cgitb</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">enable</span><span class="p">()</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Now, reload again.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="figure align-center">
+<a class="reference internal image-reference" href="../_images/cgitb_output.png"><img alt="../_images/cgitb_output.png" src="../_images/cgitb_output.png" style="width: 100%;" /></a>
+</div>
+<p>Let&#8217;s fix the error from our traceback.  Edit your <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">cgi_1.py</span></code> file to match:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c">#!/usr/bin/env python</span>
+<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">cgi</span>
+<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">cgitb</span>
+
+<span class="n">cgitb</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">enable</span><span class="p">()</span>
+
+<span class="n">cgi</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">test</span><span class="p">()</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Notice the first line of that script: <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">#!/usr/bin/env</span> <span class="pre">python</span></code>.</p>
+<p>This is called a <em>shebang</em> (short for hash-bang)</p>
+<p>It tells the system what executable program to use when running the script.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="cgi-process-execution">
+<h3>CGI Process Execution<a class="headerlink" href="#cgi-process-execution" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Servers like <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">http.server</span> <span class="pre">--cgi</span></code> run CGI scripts as a system user called
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">nobody</span></code>.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>This is just like you calling:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>$ ./cgi_bin/cgi_1.py
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>In fact try that now in your second terminal (use the real path), what do
+you get?</p>
+<p>Windows folks, you may need <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">C:\&gt;python</span> <span class="pre">cgi-bin/cgi_1.py</span></code></p>
+<p>Notice what is missing?</p>
+</div>
+<p>There are a couple of important facts about CGI that derive from this:</p>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>The script <strong>must</strong> include a <em>shebang</em> so that the system knows how to run
+it.</li>
+<li>The script <strong>must</strong> be executable.</li>
+<li>The <em>executable</em> named in the <em>shebang</em> will be called as the <em>nobody</em> user.</li>
+<li>This is a security feature to prevent CGI scripts from running as a user
+with any privileges.</li>
+<li>This means that the <em>executable</em> from the script <em>shebang</em> must be one that
+<em>anyone</em> can run.</li>
+</ul>
+<p>CGI is largely a set of agreed-upon environmental variables.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>We&#8217;ve seen how environmental variables are found in python in
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">os.environ</span></code></p>
+<p>We&#8217;ve also seen that at least some of the variables in CGI are <strong>not</strong> part
+of the system environment.</p>
+<p>Where do they come from?</p>
+</div>
+<p>Let&#8217;s find &#8216;em.  In a terminal fire up python:</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [1]: </span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">http</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">server</span>
+<span class="gp">In [2]: </span><span class="n">server</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__file__</span>
+<span class="gh">Out[2]: </span><span class="go">&#39;/Users/cewing/pythons/parts/opt/lib/python3.5/http/server.py&#39;</span>
+<span class="gp">In [3]: </span><span class="o">!</span>subl <span class="s1">&#39;/Users/cewing/pythons/parts/opt/lib/python3.5/http/server.py&#39;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>If you don&#8217;t have the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">subl</span></code> command, or another one that starts your
+editor, copy this path and open it in your text editor.</p>
+</div>
+<p>From <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">http/server.py</span></code>, in the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">CGIHTTPRequestHandler</span></code> class, in the
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">run_cgi</span></code> method:</p>
+<div class="tiny highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">env</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">copy</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">deepcopy</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">environ</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="n">env</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s">&#39;SERVER_SOFTWARE&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">version_string</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="n">env</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s">&#39;SERVER_NAME&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">server</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">server_name</span>
+<span class="n">env</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s">&#39;GATEWAY_INTERFACE&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&#39;CGI/1.1&#39;</span>
+<span class="o">...</span>
+<span class="k">if</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">have_fork</span><span class="p">:</span>
+    <span class="c"># Unix -- fork as we should</span>
+    <span class="o">...</span>
+    <span class="n">pid</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">fork</span><span class="p">()</span>
+    <span class="o">...</span>
+    <span class="k">try</span><span class="p">:</span>
+        <span class="o">...</span>
+        <span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">execve</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">scriptfile</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">args</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">env</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="o">...</span>
+<span class="k">else</span><span class="p">:</span>
+    <span class="c"># Non-Unix -- use subprocess</span>
+    <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">subprocess</span>
+    <span class="o">...</span>
+    <span class="n">p</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">subprocess</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Popen</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">cmdline</span><span class="p">,</span>
+                         <span class="o">...</span>
+                         <span class="n">env</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">env</span>
+                         <span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="o">...</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>And that&#8217;s it, the big secret. The server takes care of setting up the
+environment so it has what is needed.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Now, in reverse. How does the information that a script creates end up in
+your browser?</p>
+<p>A CGI Script must print its results to stdout.</p>
+<p>Use the same method as above to import and open the source file for the
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">cgi</span></code> module. Note what <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">test</span></code> does for an example of this.</p>
+<div class="tiny highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">test</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">environ</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">environ</span><span class="p">):</span>
+    <span class="o">...</span>
+    <span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;Content-type: text/html&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">print</span><span class="p">()</span>
+    <span class="k">try</span><span class="p">:</span>
+        <span class="n">form</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">FieldStorage</span><span class="p">()</span>   <span class="c"># Replace with other classes to test those</span>
+        <span class="n">print_directory</span><span class="p">()</span>
+        <span class="n">print_arguments</span><span class="p">()</span>
+        <span class="n">print_form</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">form</span><span class="p">)</span>
+        <span class="o">...</span>
+    <span class="k">except</span><span class="p">:</span>
+        <span class="n">print_exception</span><span class="p">()</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>What the Server Does:</p>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>parses the request</li>
+<li>sets up the environment, including HTTP and SERVER variables</li>
+<li>sends a <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">HTTP/1.1</span> <span class="pre">200</span> <span class="pre">OK\r\n</span></code> first line to the client</li>
+<li>figures out if the URI points to a CGI script and runs it</li>
+<li>appends what comes from the script on stdout and sends that back</li>
+</ul>
+<p>What the Script Does:</p>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>names appropriate <em>executable</em> in the <em>shebang</em> line</li>
+<li>uses os.environ to read information from the HTTP request</li>
+<li>builds <em>any and all</em> extra <strong>HTTP Headers</strong> <br />
+(Content-type:, Content-length:, ...)</li>
+<li>prints the headers, empty line and script output (body) to stdout</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="in-class-exercise-i">
+<h3>In-Class Exercise I<a class="headerlink" href="#in-class-exercise-i" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>You&#8217;ve seen the output from the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">cgi.test()</span></code> method from the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">cgi</span></code> module.
+Let&#8217;s make our own version of this.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>In the directory <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">cgi-bin</span></code> you will find the file <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">cgi_2.py</span></code>.</li>
+<li>Open that file in your editor.</li>
+<li>The script contains some html with text containing placeholders.</li>
+<li>You should use Python and the CGI environment to fill the the blanks.</li>
+<li>You can view the results of your work by loading
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">http://localhost:8000/</span></code> and clicking on <em>Exercise One</em></li>
+</ul>
+<p><strong>GO</strong></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="getting-data-from-users">
+<h3>Getting Data from Users<a class="headerlink" href="#getting-data-from-users" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>All this is well and good, but where&#8217;s the <em>dynamic</em> stuff?</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>It&#8217;d be nice if a user could pass form data to our script for it to use.</p>
+<p>In HTTP, data is often passed to the server as a part of a URL called the
+<em>query string</em></p>
+<p>The URL query string is formatted as <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">name=value</span></code> pairs, separated by the
+ampersand (<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">&amp;</span></code>) character</p>
+<p>The entire query string is separated from other parts of the URL by a
+question mark:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>http://localhost:8000/cgi_bin/somescript.py?a=23&amp;b=46&amp;b=92
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>In the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">cgi</span></code> module, we get access to the query string with the
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">FieldStorage</span></code> class:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">cgi</span>
+
+<span class="n">form</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">cgi</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">FieldStorage</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="n">stringval</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">form</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">getvalue</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;a&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="n">listval</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">form</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">getlist</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;b&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>The values in the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">FieldStorage</span></code> are <em>always</em> strings</li>
+<li><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">getvalue</span></code> allows you to return a default, in case the field isn&#8217;t present</li>
+<li><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">getlist</span></code> always returns a list: empty, one-valued, or as many values as
+are present</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="in-class-exercise-ii">
+<h3>In-Class Exercise II<a class="headerlink" href="#in-class-exercise-ii" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Let&#8217;s create a dynamic adding machine.</p>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>In the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">cgi-bin</span></code> directory you&#8217;ll find <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">cgi_sums.py</span></code>.</li>
+<li>In the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">index.html</span></code> file in the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">cgi</span></code> directory, the third link leads to
+this file.</li>
+<li>You will use the structure of that link, and what you learned just now about
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">cgi.FieldStorage</span></code>.</li>
+<li>Complete the cgi script in <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">cgi_sums.py</span></code> so that the result of adding all
+operands sent via the url query is returned.</li>
+<li>Return the results as plain text, with the appropriate <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Content-Type</span></code>
+header.</li>
+</ul>
+<div class="build highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">form</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">cgi</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">FieldStorage</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="n">operands</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">form</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">getlist</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;operand&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="n">msg</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&quot;your total is {total}&quot;</span>
+<span class="k">try</span><span class="p">:</span>
+    <span class="n">total</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">sum</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">map</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">operands</span><span class="p">))</span>
+    <span class="n">msg</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">msg</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">format</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">total</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">total</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="k">except</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="ne">ValueError</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="ne">TypeError</span><span class="p">):</span>
+    <span class="n">msg</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&quot;Unable to calculate a sum, please provide integer operands&quot;</span>
+
+<span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;Content-Type: text/plain&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;Content-Length: </span><span class="si">%s</span><span class="s">&quot;</span> <span class="o">%</span> <span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">msg</span><span class="p">))</span>
+<span class="k">print</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">msg</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p class="centered">Let&#8217;s take a break here, before continuing</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="wsgi">
+<h2>WSGI<a class="headerlink" href="#wsgi" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p class="center large">The Web Server Gateway Interface</p>
+<div class="section" id="cgi-problems">
+<h3>CGI Problems<a class="headerlink" href="#cgi-problems" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>CGI is great, but there are problems:</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>Code is executed <em>in a new process</em></li>
+<li><strong>Every</strong> call to a CGI script starts a new process on the server</li>
+<li>Starting a new process is expensive in terms of server resources</li>
+<li><em>Especially for interpreted languages like Python</em></li>
+</ul>
+<p>How do we overcome this problem?</p>
+</div>
+<p>The most popular approach is to have a long-running process <em>inside</em> the
+server that handles CGI scripts.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>FastCGI and SCGI are existing implementations of CGI in this fashion.</p>
+<p>The PHP scripting language works in much the same way.</p>
+<p>The Apache module <strong>mod_python</strong> offers a similar capability for Python
+code.</p>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>Each of these options has a specific API</li>
+<li>None are compatible with each-other</li>
+<li>Code written for one is <strong>not portable</strong> to another</li>
+</ul>
+<p>This makes it much more difficult to <em>share resources</em></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="a-solution">
+<h3>A Solution<a class="headerlink" href="#a-solution" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Enter WSGI, the Web Server Gateway Interface.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Other alternatives are specific implementations of the CGI standard.</p>
+<p>WSGI is itself a new standard, not an implementation.</p>
+<p>WSGI is generalized to describe a set of interactions.</p>
+<p>Developers can write WSGI-capable apps and deploy them on any WSGI server.</p>
+<p>Read the original WSGI spec: <a class="reference external" href="http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0333">http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0333</a></p>
+<p>There is also an update for Python 3: <br /> <a class="reference external" href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-3333">https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-3333</a></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="apps-and-servers">
+<h3>Apps and Servers<a class="headerlink" href="#apps-and-servers" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>WSGI consists of two parts, a <em>server</em> and an <em>application</em>.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<div class="container">
+<p>A WSGI Server must:</p>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>set up an environment, much like the one in CGI</li>
+<li>provide a method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">start_response(status,</span> <span class="pre">headers,</span> <span class="pre">exc_info=None)</span></code></li>
+<li>build a response body by calling an <em>application</em>, passing
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">environment</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">start_response</span></code> as args</li>
+<li>return a response with the status, headers and body</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="container">
+<p>A WSGI Appliction must:</p>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>Be a callable (function, method, class)</li>
+<li>Take an environment and a <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">start_response</span></code> callable as arguments</li>
+<li>Call the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">start_response</span></code> method.</li>
+<li>Return an <em>iterable</em> of 0 or more strings, which are treated as the
+body of the response.</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">some_application</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">simple_app</span>
+
+<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">build_env</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">request</span><span class="p">):</span>
+    <span class="c"># put together some environment info from the reqeuest</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">env</span>
+
+<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">handle_request</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">request</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">app</span><span class="p">):</span>
+    <span class="n">environ</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">build_env</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">request</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="n">iterable</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">app</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">environ</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">start_response</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">data</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">iterable</span><span class="p">:</span>
+        <span class="c"># send data to client here</span>
+
+<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">start_response</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">status</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">headers</span><span class="p">):</span>
+    <span class="c"># start an HTTP response, sending status and headers</span>
+
+<span class="c"># listen for HTTP requests and pass on to handle_request()</span>
+<span class="n">serve</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">simple_app</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Where the simplified server above is <strong>not</strong> functional, this <em>is</em> a complete
+app:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">application</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">environ</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">start_response</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="n">status</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&quot;200 OK&quot;</span>
+    <span class="n">body</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&quot;Hello World</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s">&quot;</span>
+    <span class="n">response_headers</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[(</span><span class="s">&#39;Content-type&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;text/plain&#39;</span><span class="p">),</span>
+                        <span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;Content-length&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">body</span><span class="p">))]</span>
+    <span class="n">start_response</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">status</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">response_headers</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="n">body</span><span class="p">]</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>A third part of the puzzle is something called WSGI <em>middleware</em></p>
+<div class="build container">
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>Middleware implements both the <em>server</em> and <em>application</em> interfaces</li>
+<li>Middleware acts as a server when viewed from an application</li>
+<li>Middleware acts as an application when viewed from a server</li>
+</ul>
+<div class="figure align-center">
+<a class="reference internal image-reference" href="../_images/wsgi_middleware_onion.png"><img alt="../_images/wsgi_middleware_onion.png" src="../_images/wsgi_middleware_onion.png" style="width: 38%;" /></a>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="build container">
+<div class="container">
+<p>WSGI Servers:</p>
+<p class="large centered"><strong>HTTP &lt;&#8212;&gt; WSGI</strong></p>
+</div>
+<div class="container">
+<p>WSGI Applications:</p>
+<p class="large centered"><strong>WSGI &lt;&#8212;&gt; app code</strong></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>The WSGI <em>Stack</em> can thus be expressed like so:</p>
+<p class="build large centered"><strong>HTTP &lt;&#8212;&gt; WSGI &lt;&#8212;&gt; app code</strong></p>
+<p>The Python standard lib provides a reference implementation of WSGI:</p>
+<div class="figure align-center">
+<a class="reference internal image-reference" href="../_images/wsgiref_flow.png"><img alt="../_images/wsgiref_flow.png" src="../_images/wsgiref_flow.png" style="width: 80%;" /></a>
+</div>
+<p>You can also deploy with Apache as your HTTP server, using <strong>mod_wsgi</strong>:</p>
+<div class="figure align-center">
+<a class="reference internal image-reference" href="../_images/mod_wsgi_flow.png"><img alt="../_images/mod_wsgi_flow.png" src="../_images/mod_wsgi_flow.png" style="width: 80%;" /></a>
+</div>
+<p>Finally, it is also common to see WSGI apps deployed via a proxied WSGI
+server:</p>
+<div class="figure align-center">
+<a class="reference internal image-reference" href="../_images/proxy_wsgi.png"><img alt="../_images/proxy_wsgi.png" src="../_images/proxy_wsgi.png" style="width: 80%;" /></a>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="the-wsgi-environment">
+<h3>The WSGI Environment<a class="headerlink" href="#the-wsgi-environment" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<dl class="docutils">
+<dt>REQUEST_METHOD:</dt>
+<dd>The HTTP request method, such as &#8220;GET&#8221; or &#8220;POST&#8221;. This cannot ever be an
+empty string, and so is always required.</dd>
+<dt>SCRIPT_NAME:</dt>
+<dd>The initial portion of the request URL&#8217;s &#8220;path&#8221; that corresponds to the
+application object, so that the application knows its virtual &#8220;location&#8221;.
+This may be an empty string, if the application corresponds to the &#8220;root&#8221; of
+the server.</dd>
+<dt>PATH_INFO:</dt>
+<dd>The remainder of the request URL&#8217;s &#8220;path&#8221;, designating the virtual
+&#8220;location&#8221; of the request&#8217;s target within the application. This may be an
+empty string, if the request URL targets the application root and does not
+have a trailing slash.</dd>
+<dt>QUERY_STRING:</dt>
+<dd>The portion of the request URL that follows the &#8221;?&#8221;, if any. May be empty or
+absent.</dd>
+<dt>CONTENT_TYPE:</dt>
+<dd>The contents of any Content-Type fields in the HTTP request. May be empty or
+absent.</dd>
+</dl>
+<dl class="docutils">
+<dt>CONTENT_LENGTH:</dt>
+<dd>The contents of any Content-Length fields in the HTTP request. May be empty
+or absent.</dd>
+<dt>SERVER_NAME, SERVER_PORT:</dt>
+<dd>When combined with SCRIPT_NAME and PATH_INFO, these variables can be used to
+complete the URL. Note, however, that HTTP_HOST, if present, should be used
+in preference to SERVER_NAME for reconstructing the request URL. See the URL
+Reconstruction section below for more detail. SERVER_NAME and SERVER_PORT
+can never be empty strings, and so are always required.</dd>
+<dt>SERVER_PROTOCOL:</dt>
+<dd>The version of the protocol the client used to send the request. Typically
+this will be something like &#8220;HTTP/1.0&#8221; or &#8220;HTTP/1.1&#8221; and may be used by the
+application to determine how to treat any HTTP request headers. (This
+variable should probably be called REQUEST_PROTOCOL, since it denotes the
+protocol used in the request, and is not necessarily the protocol that will
+be used in the server&#8217;s response. However, for compatibility with CGI we
+have to keep the existing name.)</dd>
+</dl>
+<dl class="docutils">
+<dt>HTTP_ Variables:</dt>
+<dd>Variables corresponding to the client-supplied HTTP request headers (i.e.,
+variables whose names begin with &#8220;HTTP_&#8221;). The presence or absence of these
+variables should correspond with the presence or absence of the appropriate
+HTTP header in the request.</dd>
+</dl>
+<p class="build large centered"><strong>Seem Familiar?</strong></p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="in-class-exercise-iii">
+<h3>In-Class Exercise III<a class="headerlink" href="#in-class-exercise-iii" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Let&#8217;s start simply.  We&#8217;ll begin by repeating our first CGI exercise in WSGI</p>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>Find the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">wsgi</span></code> directory in the class resources. Copy it to your working
+directory.</li>
+<li>Open the file <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">wsgi_1.py</span></code> in your text editor.</li>
+<li>We will fill in the missing values using Python and the wsgi <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">environ</span></code>,
+just as we use <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">os.environ</span></code> in cgi</li>
+</ul>
+<p class="build centered"><strong>But First</strong></p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">__name__</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s">&#39;__main__&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span>
+    <span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">wsgiref.simple_server</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">make_server</span>
+    <span class="n">srv</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">make_server</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;localhost&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">8080</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">application</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="n">srv</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">serve_forever</span><span class="p">()</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Note that we pass our <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">application</span></code> function to the server factory</p>
+<p>We don&#8217;t have to write a server, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">wsgiref</span></code> does that for us.</p>
+<p>In fact, you should <em>never</em> have to write a WSGI server.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">application</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">environ</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">start_response</span><span class="p">):</span>
+    <span class="n">response_body</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">body</span> <span class="o">%</span> <span class="p">(</span>
+         <span class="n">environ</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;SERVER_NAME&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;Unset&#39;</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="c"># server name</span>
+            <span class="o">...</span>
+         <span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="n">status</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&#39;200 OK&#39;</span>
+    <span class="n">response_headers</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[(</span><span class="s">&#39;Content-Type&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;text/html&#39;</span><span class="p">),</span>
+                        <span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;Content-Length&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">str</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">response_body</span><span class="p">)))]</span>
+    <span class="n">start_response</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">status</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">response_headers</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="n">response_body</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">encode</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;utf8&#39;</span><span class="p">)]</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>We do not define <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">start_response</span></code>, the application does that.</p>
+<p>We <em>are</em> responsible for determining the HTTP status.</p>
+<p>And the content we hand back <em>must</em> be <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">bytes</span></code>, not unicode.</p>
+</div>
+<p>You can run this script with python:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>$ python wsgi_1.py
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>This will start a wsgi server. What host and port will it use?</p>
+<p>Point your browser at <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">http://localhost:8080/</span></code>. Did it work?</p>
+<p>Go ahead and fill in the missing bits. Use the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">environ</span></code> passed into
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">application</span></code></p>
+</div>
+<p>WSGI is a long-running process.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>The file you are editing is <em>not</em> reloaded after you edit it.</p>
+<p>You&#8217;ll need to quit and re-run the script between edits.</p>
+<p>Notice the use of <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pprint.pprint</span></code>, check your terminal for useful output.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="a-wsgi-application">
+<h3>A WSGI Application<a class="headerlink" href="#a-wsgi-application" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>So now we&#8217;ve learned a bit about the WSGI specification and how a WSGI
+application can get data that comes in via an HTTP request.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Let&#8217;s create a multi-page wsgi application.</p>
+<p>It will serve a small database of python books.</p>
+<p>The database (with a very simple api) can be found in <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">wsgi/bookdb.py</span></code></p>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>We&#8217;ll need a listing page that shows the titles of all the books</li>
+<li>Each title will link to a details page for that book</li>
+<li>The details page for each book will display all the information and have
+a link back to the list</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<p>When viewing our first wsgi app, do we see the name of the wsgi application
+script anywhere in the URL?</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>In our wsgi application script, how many applications did we actually have?</p>
+<p>How are we going to serve different types of information out of a single
+application?</p>
+</div>
+<p>We have to write an app that will map our incoming request path to some code
+that can handle that request.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>This process is called <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">dispatch</span></code>. There are many possible approaches.</p>
+<p>Let&#8217;s begin by designing this piece of our app.</p>
+<p>Open <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">bookapp.py</span></code> from the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">wsgi</span></code> folder.  We&#8217;ll do our work here.</p>
+</div>
+<p>The wsgi environment gives us access to <em>PATH_INFO</em>.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>This value is the URI from the client&#8217;s HTTP request.</p>
+<p>We can design the URLs that our app will use to assist us in routing.</p>
+<p>Let&#8217;s declare that any request for <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">/</span></code> will map to the list page.</p>
+<div class="container">
+<p>We can also say that the URL for a book will look like this:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>http://localhost:8080/book/&lt;identifier&gt;
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="writing-resolve-path">
+<h3>Writing <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">resolve_path</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#writing-resolve-path" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Let&#8217;s write a function, called <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">resolve_path</span></code> in our application file.</p>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>It should take the <em>PATH_INFO</em> value from environ as an argument.</li>
+<li>It should return the function that will be called.</li>
+<li>It should also return any arguments needed to call that function.</li>
+<li>This implies of course that the arguments should be part of the PATH</li>
+</ul>
+<div class="build highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">resolve_path</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="p">):</span>
+    <span class="n">urls</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[(</span><span class="s">r&#39;^$&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">books</span><span class="p">),</span>
+            <span class="p">(</span><span class="s">r&#39;^book/(id[\d]+)$&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">book</span><span class="p">)]</span>
+    <span class="n">matchpath</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">path</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">lstrip</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;/&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">regexp</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">func</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">urls</span><span class="p">:</span>
+        <span class="n">match</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">re</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">match</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">regexp</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">matchpath</span><span class="p">)</span>
+        <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">match</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">:</span>
+            <span class="k">continue</span>
+        <span class="n">args</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">match</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">groups</span><span class="p">([])</span>
+        <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">func</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">args</span>
+    <span class="c"># we get here if no url matches</span>
+    <span class="k">raise</span> <span class="ne">NameError</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>We need to hook our new dispatch function into the application.</p>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>The path should be extracted from <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">environ</span></code>.</li>
+<li>The dispatch function should be used to get a function and arguments</li>
+<li>The body to return should come from calling that function with those
+arguments</li>
+<li>If an error is raised by calling the function, an appropriate response
+should be returned</li>
+<li>If the router raises a NameError, the application should return a 404
+response</li>
+</ul>
+<div class="build highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">application</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">environ</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">start_response</span><span class="p">):</span>
+    <span class="n">headers</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[(</span><span class="s">&quot;Content-type&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&quot;text/html&quot;</span><span class="p">)]</span>
+    <span class="k">try</span><span class="p">:</span>
+        <span class="n">path</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">environ</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;PATH_INFO&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">)</span>
+        <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">path</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">:</span>
+            <span class="k">raise</span> <span class="ne">NameError</span>
+        <span class="n">func</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">args</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">resolve_path</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="p">)</span>
+        <span class="n">body</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">func</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">)</span>
+        <span class="n">status</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&quot;200 OK&quot;</span>
+    <span class="k">except</span> <span class="ne">NameError</span><span class="p">:</span>
+        <span class="n">status</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&quot;404 Not Found&quot;</span>
+        <span class="n">body</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&quot;&lt;h1&gt;Not Found&lt;/h1&gt;&quot;</span>
+    <span class="k">except</span> <span class="ne">Exception</span><span class="p">:</span>
+        <span class="n">status</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&quot;500 Internal Server Error&quot;</span>
+        <span class="n">body</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&quot;&lt;h1&gt;Internal Server Error&lt;/h1&gt;&quot;</span>
+    <span class="k">finally</span><span class="p">:</span>
+        <span class="n">headers</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">append</span><span class="p">((</span><span class="s">&#39;Content-length&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">str</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">body</span><span class="p">))))</span>
+        <span class="n">start_response</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">status</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">headers</span><span class="p">)</span>
+        <span class="k">return</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="n">body</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">encode</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;utf8&#39;</span><span class="p">)]</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="test-your-work">
+<h3>Test Your Work<a class="headerlink" href="#test-your-work" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Once you&#8217;ve got your script settled, run it:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>$ python bookapp.py
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Then point your browser at <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">http://localhost:8080/</span></code></p>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">http://localhost/book/id3</span></code></li>
+<li><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">http://localhost/book/id73/</span></code></li>
+<li><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">http://localhost/sponge/damp</span></code></li>
+</ul>
+<p>Did that all work as you would have expected?</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="building-the-book-list">
+<h3>Building the Book List<a class="headerlink" href="#building-the-book-list" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>The function <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">books</span></code> should return an html list of book titles where each
+title is a link to the detail page for that book</p>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>You&#8217;ll need all the ids and titles from the book database.</li>
+<li>You&#8217;ll need to build a list in HTML using this information</li>
+<li>Each list item should have the book title as a link</li>
+<li>The href for the link should be of the form <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">/book/&lt;id&gt;</span></code></li>
+</ul>
+<div class="build highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">books</span><span class="p">():</span>
+    <span class="n">all_books</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">DB</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">titles</span><span class="p">()</span>
+    <span class="n">body</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="s">&#39;&lt;h1&gt;My Bookshelf&lt;/h1&gt;&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;&lt;ul&gt;&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span>
+    <span class="n">item_template</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&#39;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/book/{id}&quot;&gt;{title}&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#39;</span>
+    <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">book</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">all_books</span><span class="p">:</span>
+        <span class="n">body</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">append</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">item_template</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">format</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">**</span><span class="n">book</span><span class="p">))</span>
+    <span class="n">body</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">append</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;&lt;/ul&gt;&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="s">&#39;</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s">&#39;</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">join</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">body</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="id1">
+<h3>Test Your Work<a class="headerlink" href="#id1" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Quit and then restart your application script:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>$ python bookapp.py
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="build container">
+<div class="container">
+<p>Then reload the root of your application:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>http://localhost:8080/
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>You should see a nice list of the books in the database. Do you?</p>
+<p>Click on a link to view the detail page. Does it load without error?</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="showing-details">
+<h3>Showing Details<a class="headerlink" href="#showing-details" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>The next step of course is to polish up those detail pages.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>You&#8217;ll need to retrieve a single book from the database</li>
+<li>You&#8217;ll need to format the details about that book and return them as HTML</li>
+<li>You&#8217;ll need to guard against ids that do not map to books</li>
+</ul>
+<p>In this last case, what&#8217;s the right HTTP response code to send?</p>
+</div>
+<div class="build highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">book</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">book_id</span><span class="p">):</span>
+    <span class="n">page</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
+<span class="s">&lt;h1&gt;{title}&lt;/h1&gt;</span>
+<span class="s">&lt;table&gt;</span>
+<span class="s">    &lt;tr&gt;&lt;th&gt;Author&lt;/th&gt;&lt;td&gt;{author}&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;</span>
+<span class="s">    &lt;tr&gt;&lt;th&gt;Publisher&lt;/th&gt;&lt;td&gt;{publisher}&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;</span>
+<span class="s">    &lt;tr&gt;&lt;th&gt;ISBN&lt;/th&gt;&lt;td&gt;{isbn}&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;</span>
+<span class="s">&lt;/table&gt;</span>
+<span class="s">&lt;a href=&quot;/&quot;&gt;Back to the list&lt;/a&gt;</span>
+<span class="s">&quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
+    <span class="n">book</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">DB</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">title_info</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">book_id</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">book</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">:</span>
+        <span class="k">raise</span> <span class="ne">NameError</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">page</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">format</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">**</span><span class="n">book</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Quit and restart your script one more time</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Then poke around at your application and see the good you&#8217;ve made</p>
+<p>And your application is portable and sharable</p>
+<p>It should run equally well under any <a class="reference external" href="http://wsgi.readthedocs.org/en/latest/servers.html">wsgi server</a></p>
+</div>
+<p>Next steps for an app like this might be:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>Create a shared full page template and incorporate it into your app</li>
+<li>Improve the error handling by emitting error codes other than 404 and 500</li>
+<li>Swap out the basic backend here with a different one, maybe a Web Service?</li>
+<li>Think about ways to make the application less tightly coupled to the pages
+it serves</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="homework">
+<h2>Homework<a class="headerlink" href="#homework" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<div class="left container">
+<p>For your homework this week, you&#8217;ll be creating a wsgi application of your
+own.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>You&#8217;ll create an online calculator that can perform several operations</p>
+<p>You&#8217;ll need to support:</p>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>Addition</li>
+<li>Subtraction</li>
+<li>Multiplication</li>
+<li>Division</li>
+</ul>
+<div class="container">
+<p>Your users should be able to send appropriate requests and get back
+proper responses:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>http://localhost:8080/multiply/3/5  =&gt; 15
+http://localhost:8080/add/23/42     =&gt; 65
+http://localhost:8080/divide/6/0    =&gt; HTTP &quot;400 Bad Request&quot;
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="left container">
+<p>To submit your homework:</p>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>Create a new github repository.  Call it <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">wsgi-calc</span></code>.</li>
+<li>Add a python script to it called <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">calculator.py</span></code>.</li>
+<li>Your script should be runnable using <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$</span> <span class="pre">python</span> <span class="pre">calculator.py</span></code></li>
+<li>When the script is running, I should be able to view your application in
+my browser.</li>
+<li>I should be able to see a home page that explains how to perform
+calculations.</li>
+</ul>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Your repository should include a README.md file.</p>
+<p>Include all instructions I need to successfully run and view your
+script.</p>
+<p>When you are done, send Maria and I an email with a link to your
+repository.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="one-last-task">
+<h3>One Last Task<a class="headerlink" href="#one-last-task" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Next week we will be installing Python packages that are not part of the
+standard library.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>This is a common occurence in web development.  But it can be hazardous.</p>
+<p>In order to practice safe development I am going to ask you to read and
+follow through a <a class="reference external" href="../../html/presentations/venv_intro.html">brief tutorial</a> I&#8217;ve created on the subject.</p>
+<p>If you have any trouble, or if things do not work the way they are supposed
+to, please reach out.  We will need this to be working next week.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="wrap-up">
+<h3>Wrap-Up<a class="headerlink" href="#wrap-up" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>For educational purposes, you might wish to take a look at the source code for
+the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">wsgiref</span></code> module. It&#8217;s the canonical example of a simple wsgi server</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">wsgiref</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">wsgiref</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__file__</span>
+<span class="go">&#39;/full/path/to/your/copy/of/wsgiref.py&#39;</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p class="build centered"><strong>See you Next Time</strong></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+      <div class="sphinxsidebar" role="navigation" aria-label="main navigation">
+        <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper">
+  <h3><a href="../index.html">Table Of Contents</a></h3>
+  <ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">Session 03</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#cgi-wsgi-and-living-online">CGI, WSGI and Living Online</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#but-first">But First</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#previously">Previously</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#stepping-away-the-environment">Stepping Away: The Environment</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#cgi-the-web-environment">CGI - The Web Environment</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#what-is-cgi">What is CGI</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#running-cgi">Running CGI</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#cgi-process-execution">CGI Process Execution</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#in-class-exercise-i">In-Class Exercise I</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#getting-data-from-users">Getting Data from Users</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#in-class-exercise-ii">In-Class Exercise II</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#wsgi">WSGI</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#cgi-problems">CGI Problems</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#a-solution">A Solution</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#apps-and-servers">Apps and Servers</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#the-wsgi-environment">The WSGI Environment</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#in-class-exercise-iii">In-Class Exercise III</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#a-wsgi-application">A WSGI Application</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#writing-resolve-path">Writing <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">resolve_path</span></code></a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#test-your-work">Test Your Work</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#building-the-book-list">Building the Book List</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#id1">Test Your Work</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#showing-details">Showing Details</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#homework">Homework</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#one-last-task">One Last Task</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#wrap-up">Wrap-Up</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+  <h4>Previous topic</h4>
+  <p class="topless"><a href="session02.html"
+                        title="previous chapter">Session 02</a></p>
+  <h4>Next topic</h4>
+  <p class="topless"><a href="session04.html"
+                        title="next chapter">Session 04</a></p>
+  <div role="note" aria-label="source link">
+    <h3>This Page</h3>
+    <ul class="this-page-menu">
+      <li><a href="../_sources/presentations/session03.txt"
+            rel="nofollow">Show Source</a></li>
+    </ul>
+   </div>
+  <h3>Slides</h3>
+  <ul class="this-page-menu">
+    <li><a href="../.././slides/presentations/session03.html"
+           rel="nofollow">View as slides</a></li>
+  </ul>
+<div id="searchbox" style="display: none" role="search">
+  <h3>Quick search</h3>
+    <form class="search" action="../search.html" method="get">
+      <input type="text" name="q" />
+      <input type="submit" value="Go" />
+      <input type="hidden" name="check_keywords" value="yes" />
+      <input type="hidden" name="area" value="default" />
+    </form>
+    <p class="searchtip" style="font-size: 90%">
+    Enter search terms or a module, class or function name.
+    </p>
+</div>
+<script type="text/javascript">$('#searchbox').show(0);</script>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+      <div class="clearer"></div>
+    </div>
+    <div class="related" role="navigation" aria-label="related navigation">
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+            
+  <div class="section" id="session-04">
+<h1>Session 04<a class="headerlink" href="#session-04" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<div class="figure align-center" id="id3">
+<a class="reference internal image-reference" href="../_images/granny_mashup.png"><img alt="../_images/granny_mashup.png" src="../_images/granny_mashup.png" style="width: 70%;" /></a>
+<p class="caption"><span class="caption-text">Paul Downey <a class="reference external" href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/psd/492139935/">http://www.flickr.com/photos/psd/492139935/</a> - CC-BY</span></p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="scraping-apis-and-mashups">
+<h2>Scraping, APIs and Mashups<a class="headerlink" href="#scraping-apis-and-mashups" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Wherein we learn how to make order from the chaos of the wild internet.</p>
+<div class="section" id="a-dilemma">
+<h3>A Dilemma<a class="headerlink" href="#a-dilemma" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>The internet makes a vast quantity of data available.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>But not always in the form or combination you want.</p>
+<p>It would be nice to be able to combine data from different sources to
+create <em>meaning</em>.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="the-big-question">
+<h3>The Big Question<a class="headerlink" href="#the-big-question" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p class="large centered">But How?</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="the-big-answer">
+<h3>The Big Answer<a class="headerlink" href="#the-big-answer" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p class="large centered">Mashups</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="mashups">
+<h3>Mashups<a class="headerlink" href="#mashups" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>A mashup is:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>a web page, or web application, that uses and combines data, presentation
+or functionality from two or more sources to create new services.
+
+-- wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mashup_(web_application_hybrid))
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="data-sources">
+<h3>Data Sources<a class="headerlink" href="#data-sources" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>The key to mashups is the idea of data sources.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>These come in many flavors:</p>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>Simple websites with data in HTML</li>
+<li>Web services providing structured data</li>
+<li>Web services providing tranformative service (geocoding)</li>
+<li>Web services providing presentation (mapping)</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="web-scraping">
+<h2>Web Scraping<a class="headerlink" href="#web-scraping" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<div class="left container">
+<p>It would be nice if all online data were available in well-structured formats.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>The reality is that much data is available only in HTML.</p>
+<p>Still we can get at it, with some effort.</p>
+<p>By scraping the data from the web pages.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="html">
+<h3>HTML<a class="headerlink" href="#html" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Ideally, it looks like this:</p>
+<div class="highlight-html"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="cp">&lt;!DOCTYPE html&gt;</span>
+<span class="nt">&lt;html&gt;</span>
+  <span class="nt">&lt;head&gt;</span>
+  <span class="nt">&lt;/head&gt;</span>
+  <span class="nt">&lt;body&gt;</span>
+    <span class="nt">&lt;p&gt;</span>A nice clean paragraph<span class="nt">&lt;/p&gt;</span>
+    <span class="nt">&lt;p&gt;</span>And another nice clean paragraph<span class="nt">&lt;/p&gt;</span>
+  <span class="nt">&lt;/body&gt;</span>
+<span class="nt">&lt;/html&gt;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>But in real life, it&#8217;s more often like this:</p>
+<div class="highlight-html"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="nt">&lt;html&gt;</span>
+ <span class="nt">&lt;form&gt;</span>
+  <span class="nt">&lt;table&gt;</span>
+   <span class="nt">&lt;td&gt;&lt;input</span> <span class="na">name=</span><span class="s">&quot;input1&quot;</span><span class="nt">&gt;</span>Row 1 cell 1
+   <span class="nt">&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;</span>Row 2 cell 1
+  <span class="nt">&lt;/form&gt;</span>
+  <span class="nt">&lt;td&gt;</span>Row 2 cell 2<span class="nt">&lt;br&gt;</span>This<span class="nt">&lt;/br&gt;</span> sure is a long cell
+ <span class="nt">&lt;/body&gt;</span>
+<span class="nt">&lt;/html&gt;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="figure align-center" id="id4">
+<a class="reference internal image-reference" href="../_images/scream.jpg"><img alt="../_images/scream.jpg" src="../_images/scream.jpg" style="width: 32%;" /></a>
+<p class="caption"><span class="caption-text">Photo by Matthew via Flickr (<a class="reference external" href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/purplemattfish/3918004964/">http://www.flickr.com/photos/purplemattfish/3918004964/</a>) - CC-BY-NC-ND</span></p>
+</div>
+<p class="large centered">&#8220;Be strict in what you send and tolerant in what you receive&#8221;</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="taming-the-mess">
+<h3>Taming the Mess<a class="headerlink" href="#taming-the-mess" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Luckily, there are tools to help with this.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>In python there are several candidates, but I like <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">BeautifulSoup</span></code>.</p>
+<p>BeautifulSoup is a great tool, but it&#8217;s not in the Standard Library.</p>
+<p>We&#8217;ll need to install it.</p>
+<p>Create a virtualenv to do so:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="nv">$ </span>pyvenv soupenv
+...
+<span class="nv">$ </span><span class="nb">source </span>soupenv/bin/activate
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>(remember, for Windows users that should be <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">soupenv/Scripts/activate.bat</span></code>)</p>
+</div>
+<p>Once the virtualenv is activated, you can simply use pip or easy_install to
+install the libraries you want:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">(</span>soupenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>pip install beautifulsoup4
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>BeautifulSoup is built to use the Python HTMLParser.</p>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>Batteries Included.  It&#8217;s already there</li>
+<li>It&#8217;s not great, especially before Python 2.7.3</li>
+</ul>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>BeautifulSoup also supports using other parsers.</p>
+<p>There are two good choices: <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">lxml</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">html5lib</span></code>.</p>
+<p><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">lxml</span></code> is better, but much harder to install.  Let&#8217;s use <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">html5lib</span></code>.</p>
+</div>
+<p>Again, this is pretty simple:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>(soupenv)$ pip install html5lib
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Once installed, BeautifulSoup will choose it automatically.</p>
+<p>BeautifulSoup will choose the &#8220;best&#8221; available.</p>
+<p>You can specify the parser if you need to for some reason.</p>
+<p>In fact, in recent versions of BeautifulSoup, you&#8217;ll be warned if you don&#8217;t
+(though you can ignore the warning).</p>
+</div>
+<p>Python provides tools for opening urls and communicating with servers. It&#8217;s
+spread across the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">urllib</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">urllib2</span></code> packages.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>These packages have pretty unintuitive APIs.</p>
+<p>The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">requests</span></code> library is becoming the de-facto standard for this type of
+work.  Let&#8217;s install it too.</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">(</span>soupenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>pip install requests
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="our-class-mashup">
+<h3>Our Class Mashup<a class="headerlink" href="#our-class-mashup" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>We&#8217;re going to explore some tools for making a mashup today</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>We&#8217;ll be starting by scraping restaurant health code data for
+a given ZIP code</p>
+<p>Then, we&#8217;ll look up the geographic location of those zipcodes using Google</p>
+<p>Finally, we&#8217;ll display the results of our work on a map</p>
+<p>Start by opening a new file in your editor: <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">mashup.py</span></code>.</p>
+</div>
+<p>The source for the data we&#8217;ll be displaying is a search tool provided by King
+County.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>It&#8217;s supposed to have a web service, but the service is broken.</p>
+<p>Luckily, the HTML search works just fine.</p>
+<p>Open <a class="reference external" href="http://info.kingcounty.gov/health/ehs/foodsafety/inspections/search.aspx">the search form</a> in your browser.</p>
+<p>Fill in a ZIP code (perhaps 98101).</p>
+<p>Add a start and end date (perhaps about 1 or 2 years apart).</p>
+<p>Submit the form, and take a look at what you get.</p>
+</div>
+<p>Next we want to automate the process.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Copy the domain and path of the url into your new <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">mashup.py</span></code> file like
+so:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">INSPECTION_DOMAIN</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&quot;http://info.kingcounty.gov&quot;</span>
+<span class="n">INSPECTION_PATH</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&quot;/health/ehs/foodsafety/inspections/Results.aspx&quot;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>Next, copy the query parameters from the URL and convert them to a dictionary:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">INSPECTION_PARAMS</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+    <span class="s">&#39;Output&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">&#39;W&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+    <span class="s">&#39;Business_Name&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">&#39;&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+    <span class="s">&#39;Business_Address&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">&#39;&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+    <span class="s">&#39;Longitude&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">&#39;&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+    <span class="s">&#39;Latitude&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">&#39;&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+    <span class="s">&#39;City&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">&#39;&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+    <span class="s">&#39;Zip_Code&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">&#39;&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+    <span class="s">&#39;Inspection_Type&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">&#39;All&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+    <span class="s">&#39;Inspection_Start&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">&#39;&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+    <span class="s">&#39;Inspection_End&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">&#39;&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+    <span class="s">&#39;Inspection_Closed_Business&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">&#39;A&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+    <span class="s">&#39;Violation_Points&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">&#39;&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+    <span class="s">&#39;Violation_Red_Points&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">&#39;&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+    <span class="s">&#39;Violation_Descr&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">&#39;&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+    <span class="s">&#39;Fuzzy_Search&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">&#39;N&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+    <span class="s">&#39;Sort&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">&#39;H&#39;</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="fetching-search-results">
+<h3>Fetching Search Results<a class="headerlink" href="#fetching-search-results" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Next we&#8217;ll use the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">requests</span></code> library to write a function to fetch these
+results on demand.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>In <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">requests</span></code>, each HTTP method has a module-level function:</p>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">GET</span></code> == <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">requests.get(url,</span> <span class="pre">**kwargs)</span></code></li>
+<li><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">POST</span></code> == <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">requests.post(url,</span> <span class="pre">**kwargs)</span></code></li>
+<li>...</li>
+</ul>
+<p><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">kwargs</span></code> represent other parts of an HTTP request:</p>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">params</span></code>: a dict of url parameters (?foo=bar&amp;baz=bim)</li>
+<li><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">headers</span></code>: a dict of headers to send with the request</li>
+<li><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">data</span></code>: the body of the request, if any (form data for POST goes here)</li>
+<li>...</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<p>The return value from one of these functions is a <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">response</span></code> object which
+provides:</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">response.status_code</span></code>: see the HTTP Status Code returned</li>
+<li><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">response.ok</span></code>: True if <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">response.status_code</span></code> is not an error</li>
+<li><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">response.raise_for_status()</span></code>: call to raise a python error if it is</li>
+<li><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">response.headers</span></code>: The headers sent from the server</li>
+<li><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">response.text</span></code>: Body of the response, decoded to unicode</li>
+<li><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">response.encoding</span></code>: The encoding used to decode</li>
+<li><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">response.content</span></code>: The original encoded response body as bytes</li>
+</ul>
+<p><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">requests</span> <span class="pre">documentation</span></code>: <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python-requests.org/en/latest/">http://docs.python-requests.org/en/latest/</a></p>
+</div>
+<p>We&#8217;ll start by writing a function <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">get_inspection_page</span></code></p>
+<div class="build container">
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>It will accept keyword arguments for each of the possible query values</li>
+<li>It will build a dictionary of request query parameters from incoming
+keywords, using INSPECTION_PARAMS as a template</li>
+<li>It will make a request to the inspection service search page using this
+query</li>
+<li>It will return the encoded content and the encoding used as a tuple</li>
+</ul>
+<p>Try writing this function. Put it in <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">mashup.py</span></code></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="my-solution">
+<h3>My Solution<a class="headerlink" href="#my-solution" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Here&#8217;s the one I created:</p>
+<div class="build highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">requests</span>
+
+<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">get_inspection_page</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">**</span><span class="n">kwargs</span><span class="p">):</span>
+    <span class="n">url</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">INSPECTION_DOMAIN</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">INSPECTION_PATH</span>
+    <span class="n">params</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">INSPECTION_PARAMS</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">copy</span><span class="p">()</span>
+    <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">key</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">val</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">kwargs</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">items</span><span class="p">():</span>
+        <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">key</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">INSPECTION_PARAMS</span><span class="p">:</span>
+            <span class="n">params</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">key</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">val</span>
+    <span class="n">resp</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">requests</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">url</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">params</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">params</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="n">resp</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">raise_for_status</span><span class="p">()</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">resp</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">text</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="parse-the-results">
+<h3>Parse the Results<a class="headerlink" href="#parse-the-results" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Next, we&#8217;ll need to parse the results we get when we call that function</p>
+<p>But before we start, a word about parsing HTML with BeautifulSoup</p>
+<p>The BeautifulSoup object can be instantiated with a string or a file-like
+object as the sole argument:</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">bs4</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">BeautifulSoup</span>
+<span class="n">parsed</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">BeautifulSoup</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;&lt;h1&gt;Some HTML&lt;/h1&gt;&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+
+<span class="n">fh</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">open</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;a_page.html&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;r&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="n">parsed</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">BeautifulSoup</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fh</span><span class="p">)</span>
+
+<span class="n">page</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">urllib2</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">urlopen</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;http://site.com/page.html&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="n">parsed</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">BeautifulSoup</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">page</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>You might want to open the documentation as reference
+(<a class="reference external" href="http://www.crummy.com/software/BeautifulSoup/bs4/doc">http://www.crummy.com/software/BeautifulSoup/bs4/doc</a>)</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="id1">
+<h3>My Solution<a class="headerlink" href="#id1" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Take a shot at writing this new function in <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">mashup.py</span></code></p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c"># add this import at the top</span>
+<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">bs4</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">BeautifulSoup</span>
+
+<span class="c"># then add this function lower down</span>
+<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">parse_source</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">html</span><span class="p">):</span>
+    <span class="n">parsed</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">BeautifulSoup</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">html</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">parsed</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="put-it-together">
+<h3>Put It Together<a class="headerlink" href="#put-it-together" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>We&#8217;ll need to make our script do something when run.</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">__name__</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s">&#39;__main__&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span>
+    <span class="c"># do something</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="build container">
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>Fetch a search results page</li>
+<li>Parse the resulting HTML</li>
+<li>For now, print out the results so we can see what we get</li>
+</ul>
+<div class="container">
+<p>Use the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">prettify</span></code> method on a BeautifulSoup object:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">parsed</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">prettify</span><span class="p">())</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="id2">
+<h3>My Solution<a class="headerlink" href="#id2" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Try to come up with the proper code on your own.  Add it to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">mashup.py</span></code></p>
+<div class="build highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">__name__</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s">&#39;__main__&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span>
+    <span class="n">use_params</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+        <span class="s">&#39;Inspection_Start&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">&#39;2/1/2013&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s">&#39;Inspection_End&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">&#39;2/1/2015&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s">&#39;Zip_Code&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">&#39;98101&#39;</span>
+    <span class="p">}</span>
+    <span class="n">html</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">get_inspection_page</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">**</span><span class="n">use_params</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="n">parsed</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">parse_source</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">html</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">parsed</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">prettify</span><span class="p">())</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Assuming your virtualenv is still active, you should be able to execute the
+script.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">(</span>soupenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>python mashup.py
+...
+   &lt;script <span class="nv">src</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;http://www.kingcounty.gov/kcscripts/kcPageAnalytics.js&quot;</span> <span class="nb">type</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;text/javascript&quot;</span>&gt;
+   &lt;/script&gt;
+   &lt;script <span class="nb">type</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;text/javascript&quot;</span>&gt;
+     //&lt;!<span class="o">[</span>CDATA<span class="o">[</span>
+     var <span class="nv">usasearch_config</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="o">{</span> siteHandle:<span class="s2">&quot;kingcounty&quot;</span> <span class="o">}</span><span class="p">;</span>
+     var <span class="nv">script</span> <span class="o">=</span> document.createElement<span class="o">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;script&quot;</span><span class="o">)</span><span class="p">;</span>
+     script.type <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;text/javascript&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+     script.src <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;http://search.usa.gov/javascripts/remote.loader.js&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+     document.getElementsByTagName<span class="o">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;head&quot;</span><span class="o">)[</span>0<span class="o">]</span>.appendChild<span class="o">(</span>script<span class="o">)</span><span class="p">;</span>
+     //<span class="o">]]</span>&gt;
+   &lt;/script&gt;
+  &lt;/form&gt;
+ &lt;/body&gt;
+&lt;/html&gt;
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>This script is available as <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">resources/session04/mashup_1.py</span></code></p>
+</div>
+<p>Now, let&#8217;s re-run the script, saving the output to a file so we can use it
+later:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>$ python mashup.py &gt; inspection_page.html
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Then add a quick function to our script that will use these saved results:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">load_inspection_page</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">):</span>
+    <span class="n">file_path</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">pathlib</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Path</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">file_path</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">read_text</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">encoding</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;utf8&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Finally, bolt that in to your script to use it:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c"># COMMENT OUT THIS LINE AND REPLACE IT</span>
+<span class="c"># html = get_inspection_page(**use_params)</span>
+<span class="n">html</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">load_inspection_page</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;inspection_page.html&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="extracting-data">
+<h3>Extracting Data<a class="headerlink" href="#extracting-data" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Next we find the bits of this pile of HTML that matter to us.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Open the page you just wrote to disk in your web browser and open the
+developer tools to inspect the page source.</p>
+<p>You&#8217;ll want to start by finding the element in the page that contains all
+our search results.</p>
+<p>Look at the source and identify the single element we are looking for.</p>
+</div>
+<p>Having found it visually, we can now search for it automatically. In
+BeautifulSoup:</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>All HTML elements (including the parsed document itself) are <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">tags</span></code></li>
+<li>A <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">tag</span></code> can be searched using its <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">find</span></code> or <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">find_all</span></code> methods</li>
+<li>This searches the descendents of the tag on which it is called.</li>
+<li>It takes arguments which act as <em>filters</em> on the search results</li>
+</ul>
+<div class="container">
+<p>like so:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">tag</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">find</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">attrs</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">recursive</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">text</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">kwargs</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="n">tag</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">find_all</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">attrs</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">recursive</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">text</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">limit</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">kwargs</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">find</span></code> method allows us to pass <em>kwargs</em>.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Keywords that are not among the named parameters will be considered an HTML
+attribute.</p>
+<p>We can use this to find the column that holds our search results:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">content_col</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">parsed</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">find</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;td&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">id</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;contentcol&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Add that line to our mashup script and try it out:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c">#...</span>
+<span class="n">parsed</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">parse_source</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">html</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="n">content_col</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">parsed</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">find</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;td&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">id</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;contentcol&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="k">print</span> <span class="n">content_col</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">prettify</span><span class="p">()</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">(</span>soupenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>python mashup.py
+&lt;td <span class="nv">id</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;contentcol&quot;</span>&gt;
+    ...
+&lt;/td&gt;
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>The next job is to find the inspection data we can see when we click on the
+restaurant names in our page.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Do you notice a pattern in how that data is structured?</p>
+<p>For each restaurant in our results, there are <em>two</em> <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">&lt;div&gt;</span></code> tags.</p>
+<p>The first contains the content you see at first, the second the content
+that displays when we click.</p>
+<p>What can you see that identifies these items?</p>
+<p><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">&lt;div</span> <span class="pre">id=&quot;PR0084952&quot;...&gt;</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">&lt;div</span> <span class="pre">id=&quot;PR0084952~&quot;...&gt;</span></code></p>
+<p>Each pair shares an ID, and the stuff we want is in the second one</p>
+<p>Each number is different for each restaurant</p>
+<p>We can use a regular expression to help us here.</p>
+</div>
+<p>Let&#8217;s write a function in <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">mashup.py</span></code> that will find all the divs in our
+column with the right kind of id:</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>It should match <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">&lt;div&gt;</span></code> tags only</li>
+<li>It should match ids that start with <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">PR</span></code></li>
+<li>It should match ids that contain some number of <em>digits</em> after that</li>
+<li>It should match ids that end with a <em>tilde</em> (<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">~</span></code>) character</li>
+</ul>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c"># add an import up top</span>
+<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">re</span>
+
+<span class="c"># and add this function</span>
+<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">restaurant_data_generator</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">html</span><span class="p">):</span>
+    <span class="n">id_finder</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">re</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">compile</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">r&#39;PR[\d]+~&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">html</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">find_all</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;div&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">id</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">id_finder</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>Let&#8217;s add that step to the <em>main</em> block at the bottom of <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">mashup.py</span></code> (only
+print the first of the many divs that match):</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">html</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">encoding</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">load_inspection_page</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;inspection_page.html&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="n">parsed</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">parse_source</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">html</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">encoding</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="n">content_col</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">parsed</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">find</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;td&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">id</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;contentcol&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="n">data_list</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">restaurant_data_generator</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">content_col</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="k">print</span> <span class="n">data_list</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">prettify</span><span class="p">()</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Finally, test it out:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">(</span>soupenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>python mashup.py
+&lt;div <span class="nv">id</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;PR0001203~&quot;</span> <span class="nv">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;PR0001203~&quot;</span> <span class="nv">onclick</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;toggleShow(this.id);&quot;</span>...&gt;
+ &lt;table <span class="nv">style</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;width: 635px;&quot;</span>&gt;
+ ...
+ &lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>This code is available as <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">/resources/session04/mashup_2.py</span></code></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="parsing-restaurant-data">
+<h3>Parsing Restaurant Data<a class="headerlink" href="#parsing-restaurant-data" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Now that we have the records we want, we need to parse them.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>We&#8217;ll start by extracting information about the restaurants:</p>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>Name</li>
+<li>Address</li>
+<li>Location</li>
+</ul>
+<p>How is this information contained in our records?</p>
+</div>
+<p>Each record consists of a table with a series of <em>rows</em> (<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">&lt;tr&gt;</span></code>).</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>The rows we want at this time all have two <em>cells</em> inside them.</p>
+<p>The first contains the <em>label</em> of the data, the second contains the <em>value</em></p>
+<p>We&#8217;ll need a function in <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">mashup.py</span></code> that:</p>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>takes an HTML element as an argument</li>
+<li>verifies that it is a <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">&lt;tr&gt;</span></code> element</li>
+<li>verifies that it has two immediate children that are <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">&lt;td&gt;</span></code> elements</li>
+</ul>
+<p>My solution:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">has_two_tds</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">elem</span><span class="p">):</span>
+    <span class="n">is_tr</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">elem</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">name</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s">&#39;tr&#39;</span>
+    <span class="n">td_children</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">elem</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">find_all</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;td&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">recursive</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">False</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="n">has_two</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">td_children</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">2</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">is_tr</span> <span class="ow">and</span> <span class="n">has_two</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>Let&#8217;s try this out in an interpreter:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [1]: </span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">mashup_3</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">load_inspection_page</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">parse_source</span><span class="p">,</span>
+<span class="go">        restaurant_data_generator, has_two_tds</span>
+<span class="gp">In [2]: </span><span class="n">html</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">load_inspection_page</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;inspection_page.html&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">In [3]: </span><span class="n">parsed</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">parse_source</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">html</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="go">...</span>
+<span class="gp">In [4]: </span><span class="n">content_col</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">parsed</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">find</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;td&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">id</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;contentcol&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">In [5]: </span><span class="n">records</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">restaurant_data_generator</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">content_col</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">In [6]: </span><span class="n">rec</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">records</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">]</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>We&#8217;d like to find all table rows in that div that contain <em>two</em> cells</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>The table rows are all contained in a <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">&lt;tbody&gt;</span></code> tag.</p>
+<p>We only want the ones at the top of that tag (ones nested more deeply
+contain other data)</p>
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [13]: </span><span class="n">data_rows</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">rec</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">find</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;tbody&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">find_all</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">has_two_tds</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">recursive</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">False</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">In [14]: </span><span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">data_rows</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gh">Out[14]: </span><span class="go">7</span>
+<span class="gp">In [15]: </span><span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">data_rows</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">prettify</span><span class="p">())</span>
+<span class="go">&lt;tr&gt;</span>
+<span class="go"> &lt;td class=&quot;promptTextBox&quot; style=&quot;width: 125px; font-weight: bold&quot;&gt;</span>
+<span class="go">  - Business Name</span>
+<span class="go"> &lt;/td&gt;</span>
+<span class="go"> &lt;td class=&quot;promptTextBox&quot; style=&quot;width: 520px; font-weight: bold&quot;&gt;</span>
+<span class="go">  SPICE ORIENT</span>
+<span class="go"> &lt;/td&gt;</span>
+<span class="go">&lt;/tr&gt;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>Now we have a list of the rows that contain our data.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Next we have to collect the data they contain</p>
+<p>The <em>label/value</em> structure of this data should suggest the right container
+to store the information.</p>
+<p>Let&#8217;s start by trying to get at the first label</p>
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [18]: </span><span class="n">row1</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">data_rows</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">]</span>
+<span class="gp">In [19]: </span><span class="n">cells</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">row1</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">find_all</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;td&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">In [20]: </span><span class="n">cell1</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">cells</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">]</span>
+<span class="gp">In [21]: </span><span class="n">cell1</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">text</span>
+<span class="gh">Out[21]: </span><span class="go">&#39;\n            - Business Name\n           &#39;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>That works well enough, but all that extra stuff is nasty</p>
+<p>We need a method to clean up the text we get from these cells</p>
+<p>It should strip extra whitespace, and characters like <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">-</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">:</span></code> we
+don&#8217;t want.</p>
+</div>
+<p>Try writing such a function for yourself now in <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">mashup.py</span></code></p>
+<div class="build container">
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">clean_data</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">td</span><span class="p">):</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">td</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">text</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">strip</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot; </span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s">:-&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Add it to your interpreter and test it out:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [25]: </span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">clean_data</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">td</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">   ....: </span>    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">td</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">text</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">strip</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot; </span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s">:-&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">   ....:</span>
+<span class="gp">In [26]: </span><span class="n">clean_data</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">cell1</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gh">Out[26]: </span><span class="go">&#39;Business Name&#39;</span>
+<span class="gp">In [27]:</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Ahhh, much better</p>
+</div>
+<p>So we can get a list of the rows that contain label/value pairs.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>And we can extract clean values from the cells in these rows</p>
+<p>Now we need a function in <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">mashup.py</span></code> that will iterate through the rows
+we find and build a dictionary of the pairs.</p>
+<p>We have to be cautious because some rows don&#8217;t have a label.</p>
+<p>The values in these rows should go with the label from the previous row.</p>
+</div>
+<p>Here&#8217;s the version I came up with:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">extract_restaurant_metadata</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">elem</span><span class="p">):</span>
+    <span class="n">restaurant_data_rows</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">elem</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">find</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;tbody&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">find_all</span><span class="p">(</span>
+        <span class="n">has_two_tds</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">recursive</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">False</span>
+    <span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="n">rdata</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{}</span>
+    <span class="n">current_label</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&#39;&#39;</span>
+    <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">data_row</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">restaurant_data_rows</span><span class="p">:</span>
+        <span class="n">key_cell</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">val_cell</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">data_row</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">find_all</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;td&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">recursive</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">False</span><span class="p">)</span>
+        <span class="n">new_label</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">clean_data</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">key_cell</span><span class="p">)</span>
+        <span class="n">current_label</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">new_label</span> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">new_label</span> <span class="k">else</span> <span class="n">current_label</span>
+        <span class="n">rdata</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">setdefault</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">current_label</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">[])</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">append</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">clean_data</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">val_cell</span><span class="p">))</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">rdata</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Add it to our script:</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c"># ...</span>
+<span class="n">data_list</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">restaurant_data_generator</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">content_col</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">data_div</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">data_list</span><span class="p">:</span>
+    <span class="n">metadata</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">extract_restaurant_metadata</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">data_div</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">print</span> <span class="n">metadata</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>And then try it out:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">(</span>soupenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>python mashup.py
+...
+<span class="o">{</span>u<span class="s1">&#39;Business Category&#39;</span>: <span class="o">[</span>u<span class="s1">&#39;Seating 0-12 - Risk Category III&#39;</span><span class="o">]</span>,
+ u<span class="s1">&#39;Longitude&#39;</span>: <span class="o">[</span>u<span class="s1">&#39;122.3401786000&#39;</span><span class="o">]</span>, u<span class="s1">&#39;Phone&#39;</span>: <span class="o">[</span>u<span class="s1">&#39;(206) 501-9554&#39;</span><span class="o">]</span>,
+ u<span class="s1">&#39;Business Name&#39;</span>: <span class="o">[</span>u<span class="s2">&quot;ZACCAGNI&#39;S&quot;</span><span class="o">]</span>, u<span class="s1">&#39;Address&#39;</span>: <span class="o">[</span>u<span class="s1">&#39;97B PIKE ST&#39;</span>, u<span class="s1">&#39;SEATTLE, WA 98101&#39;</span><span class="o">]</span>,
+ u<span class="s1">&#39;Latitude&#39;</span>: <span class="o">[</span>u<span class="s1">&#39;47.6086651300&#39;</span><span class="o">]}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>This script is available as <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">resources/session04/mashup_3.py</span></code></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="extracting-inspection-data">
+<h3>Extracting Inspection Data<a class="headerlink" href="#extracting-inspection-data" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>The final step is to extract the inspection data for each restaurant.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>We want to capture only the score from each inspection, details we can
+leave behind.</p>
+<p>We&#8217;d like to calculate the average score for all known inspections.</p>
+<p>We&#8217;d also like to know how many inspections there were in total.</p>
+<p>Finally, we&#8217;d like to preserve the highest score of all inspections for a
+restaurant.</p>
+<p>We&#8217;ll add this information to our metadata about the restaurant.</p>
+</div>
+<p>Let&#8217;s start by getting our bearings. Return to viewing the
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">inspection_page.html</span></code> you saved in a browser.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Find a restaurant that has had an inspection or two.</p>
+<p>What can you say about the HTML that contains the scores for these
+inspections?</p>
+<p>I notice four characteristics that let us isolate the information we want:</p>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>Inspection data is containd in <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">&lt;tr&gt;</span></code> elements</li>
+<li>Rows with inspection data in them have four <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">&lt;td&gt;</span></code> children</li>
+<li>The text in the first cell contains the word &#8220;inspection&#8221;</li>
+<li>But the text does not <em>start</em> with the word &#8220;inspection&#8221;</li>
+</ul>
+<p>Let&#8217;s try to write a filter function like the one above that will catch
+these rows for us.</p>
+</div>
+<p>Add this new function <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">is_inspection_data_row</span></code> to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">mashup.py</span></code></p>
+<div class="build highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">is_inspection_data_row</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">elem</span><span class="p">):</span>
+    <span class="n">is_tr</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">elem</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">name</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s">&#39;tr&#39;</span>
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="n">is_tr</span><span class="p">:</span>
+        <span class="k">return</span> <span class="bp">False</span>
+    <span class="n">td_children</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">elem</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">find_all</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;td&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">recursive</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">False</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="n">has_four</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">td_children</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">4</span>
+    <span class="n">this_text</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">clean_data</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">td_children</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">])</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">lower</span><span class="p">()</span>
+    <span class="n">contains_word</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&#39;inspection&#39;</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">this_text</span>
+    <span class="n">does_not_start</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="n">this_text</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">startswith</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;inspection&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">is_tr</span> <span class="ow">and</span> <span class="n">has_four</span> <span class="ow">and</span> <span class="n">contains_word</span> <span class="ow">and</span> <span class="n">does_not_start</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>We can test this function by adding it into our script:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">data_div</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">data_list</span><span class="p">:</span>
+    <span class="n">metadata</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">extract_restaurant_metadata</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">data_div</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="c"># UPDATE THIS BELOW HERE</span>
+    <span class="n">inspection_rows</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">data_div</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">find_all</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">is_inspection_data_row</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">metadata</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">inspection_rows</span><span class="p">))</span>
+    <span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;*&#39;</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>And try running the script in your terminal:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">(</span>soupenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>python mashup.py
+<span class="o">{</span>u<span class="s1">&#39;Business Category&#39;</span>: <span class="o">[</span>u<span class="s1">&#39;Seating 0-12 - Risk Category III&#39;</span><span class="o">]</span>,
+ u<span class="s1">&#39;Longitude&#39;</span>: <span class="o">[</span>u<span class="s1">&#39;122.3401786000&#39;</span><span class="o">]</span>, u<span class="s1">&#39;Phone&#39;</span>: <span class="o">[</span>u<span class="s1">&#39;(206) 501-9554&#39;</span><span class="o">]</span>,
+ u<span class="s1">&#39;Business Name&#39;</span>: <span class="o">[</span>u<span class="s2">&quot;ZACCAGNI&#39;S&quot;</span><span class="o">]</span>, u<span class="s1">&#39;Address&#39;</span>: <span class="o">[</span>u<span class="s1">&#39;97B PIKE ST&#39;</span>, u<span class="s1">&#39;SEATTLE, WA 98101&#39;</span><span class="o">]</span>,
+ u<span class="s1">&#39;Latitude&#39;</span>: <span class="o">[</span>u<span class="s1">&#39;47.6086651300&#39;</span><span class="o">]}</span>
+0
+**********
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>Now we can isolate a list of the rows that contain inspection data.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Next we need to calculate the average score, total number and highest score
+for each restaurant.</p>
+<p>Let&#8217;s add a function to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">mashup.py</span></code> that will:</p>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>Take a div containing a restaurant record</li>
+<li>Extract the rows containing inspection data</li>
+<li>Keep track of the highest score recorded</li>
+<li>Sum the total of all inspections</li>
+<li>Count the number of inspections made</li>
+<li>Calculate the average score for inspections</li>
+<li>Return the three calculated values in a dictionary</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<p>Try writing this routine yourself.</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">get_score_data</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">elem</span><span class="p">):</span>
+    <span class="n">inspection_rows</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">elem</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">find_all</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">is_inspection_data_row</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="n">samples</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">inspection_rows</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="n">total</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">high_score</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">average</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">0</span>
+    <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">row</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">inspection_rows</span><span class="p">:</span>
+        <span class="n">strval</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">clean_data</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">row</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">find_all</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;td&#39;</span><span class="p">)[</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">])</span>
+        <span class="k">try</span><span class="p">:</span>
+            <span class="n">intval</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">strval</span><span class="p">)</span>
+        <span class="k">except</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="ne">ValueError</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="ne">TypeError</span><span class="p">):</span>
+            <span class="n">samples</span> <span class="o">-=</span> <span class="mi">1</span>
+        <span class="k">else</span><span class="p">:</span>
+            <span class="n">total</span> <span class="o">+=</span> <span class="n">intval</span>
+            <span class="n">high_score</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">intval</span> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">intval</span> <span class="o">&gt;</span> <span class="n">high_score</span> <span class="k">else</span> <span class="n">high_score</span>
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">samples</span><span class="p">:</span>
+        <span class="n">average</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">total</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nb">float</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">samples</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="s">&#39;Average Score&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">average</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;High Score&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">high_score</span><span class="p">,</span>
+            <span class="s">&#39;Total Inspections&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">samples</span><span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>We can now incorporate this new routine into our <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">mashup</span></code> script.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>We&#8217;ll want to add the data it produces to the metadata we&#8217;ve already
+extracted.</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">data_div</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">data_list</span><span class="p">:</span>
+    <span class="n">metadata</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">extract_restaurant_metadata</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">data_div</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="n">inspection_data</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">get_score_data</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">data_div</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="n">metadata</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">update</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">inspection_data</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">print</span> <span class="n">metadata</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>And test it out at the command line:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">(</span>soupenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>python mashup.py
+...
+<span class="o">{</span>u<span class="s1">&#39;Business Category&#39;</span>: <span class="o">[</span>u<span class="s1">&#39;Seating 0-12 - Risk Category III&#39;</span><span class="o">]</span>,
+ u<span class="s1">&#39;Longitude&#39;</span>: <span class="o">[</span>u<span class="s1">&#39;122.3401786000&#39;</span><span class="o">]</span>, u<span class="s1">&#39;High Score&#39;</span>: 0,
+ u<span class="s1">&#39;Phone&#39;</span>: <span class="o">[</span>u<span class="s1">&#39;(206) 501-9554&#39;</span><span class="o">]</span>, u<span class="s1">&#39;Business Name&#39;</span>: <span class="o">[</span>u<span class="s2">&quot;ZACCAGNI&#39;S&quot;</span><span class="o">]</span>,
+ u<span class="s1">&#39;Total Inspections&#39;</span>: 0, u<span class="s1">&#39;Address&#39;</span>: <span class="o">[</span>u<span class="s1">&#39;97B PIKE ST&#39;</span>, u<span class="s1">&#39;SEATTLE, WA 98101&#39;</span><span class="o">]</span>,
+ u<span class="s1">&#39;Latitude&#39;</span>: <span class="o">[</span>u<span class="s1">&#39;47.6086651300&#39;</span><span class="o">]</span>, u<span class="s1">&#39;Average Score&#39;</span>: 0<span class="o">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="break-time">
+<h3>Break Time<a class="headerlink" href="#break-time" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Once you have this working, take a break.</p>
+<p>When we return, we&#8217;ll try a saner approach to getting data from online</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="another-approach">
+<h2>Another Approach<a class="headerlink" href="#another-approach" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<div class="left container">
+<p>Scraping web pages is tedious and inherently brittle</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>The owner of the website updates their layout, your code breaks</p>
+<p>But there is another way to get information from the web in a more normalized
+fashion</p>
+<p class="centered"><strong>Web Services</strong></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="web-services">
+<h3>Web Services<a class="headerlink" href="#web-services" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>&#8220;a software system designed to support interoperable machine-to-machine
+interaction over a network&#8221; - W3C</p>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>provides a defined set of calls</li>
+<li>returns structured data</li>
+</ul>
+<p><strong>RSS</strong> is one of the earliest forms of Web Services</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>A single web-based <em>endpoint</em> provides a dynamically updated listing of
+content</p>
+<p>Implemented in pure HTTP.  Returns XML</p>
+<p><strong>Atom</strong> is a competing, but similar standard</p>
+<p>There&#8217;s a solid Python library for consuming RSS: <a class="reference external" href="https://pythonhosted.org/feedparser/">feedparser</a>.</p>
+</div>
+<p>XML-RPC extended the essentially static nature of RSS by allowing users to call
+procedures and pass arguments.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>Calls are made via HTTP GET, by passing an XML document</li>
+<li>Returns from a call are sent to the client in XML</li>
+</ul>
+<p>In python, you can access XML-RPC services using <a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3.5/library/xmlrpc.html">xmlrpc</a> from the
+standard library. It has two libraries, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">xmlrpc.client</span></code> and
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">xmlrpc.server</span></code></p>
+</div>
+<p>SOAP extends XML-RPC in a couple of useful ways:</p>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>It uses Web Services Description Language (WSDL) to provide meta-data about
+an entire service in a machine-readable format (Automatic introspection)</li>
+<li>It establishes a method for extending available data types using XML
+namespaces</li>
+</ul>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>There is no standard library module that supports SOAP directly.</p>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>The best-known and best-supported module available is <strong>Suds</strong></li>
+<li>The homepage is <a class="reference external" href="https://fedorahosted.org/suds/">https://fedorahosted.org/suds/</a></li>
+<li>It can be installed using <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">easy_install</span></code> or <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pip</span> <span class="pre">install</span></code></li>
+<li>A <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/cackharot/suds-py3">fork of the library</a> compatible with Python 3 does exist</li>
+</ul>
+<p><strong>I HATE SOAP</strong></p>
+</div>
+<p>SOAP was invented in part to provide completely machine-readable
+interoperability.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p><em>Does that really work in real life?</em></p>
+<p class="centered"><strong>Hardly ever</strong></p>
+<p>Another reason was to provide extensibility via custom types</p>
+<p><em>Does that really work in real life?</em></p>
+<p class="centered"><strong>Hardly ever</strong></p>
+</div>
+<p>In addition, XML is a pretty inefficient medium for transmitting data.  There&#8217;s
+a lot of extra characters transmitted that lack any meaning.</p>
+<div class="highlight-xml"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="cp">&lt;?xml version=&quot;1.0&quot;?&gt;</span>
+<span class="nt">&lt;soap:Envelope</span> <span class="na">xmlns:soap=</span><span class="s">&quot;http://www.w3.org/2003/05/soap-envelope&quot;</span><span class="nt">&gt;</span>
+  <span class="nt">&lt;soap:Header&gt;</span>
+  <span class="nt">&lt;/soap:Header&gt;</span>
+  <span class="nt">&lt;soap:Body&gt;</span>
+    <span class="nt">&lt;m:GetStockPrice</span> <span class="na">xmlns:m=</span><span class="s">&quot;http://www.example.org/stock/Surya&quot;</span><span class="nt">&gt;</span>
+      <span class="nt">&lt;m:StockName&gt;</span>IBM<span class="nt">&lt;/m:StockName&gt;</span>
+    <span class="nt">&lt;/m:GetStockPrice&gt;</span>
+  <span class="nt">&lt;/soap:Body&gt;</span>
+<span class="nt">&lt;/soap:Envelope&gt;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>So, if neither of the original goals is really achieved by using SOAP</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>And if the transmission medium is too bloated to use</p>
+<p>why pay all the overhead required to use the protocol?</p>
+<p>Is there another way we could consider approaching the problem?</p>
+<p class="centered"><strong>Enter REST</strong></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="rest">
+<h3>REST<a class="headerlink" href="#rest" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p class="centered"><strong>Representational State Transfer</strong></p>
+<div class="build container">
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>Originally described by Roy T. Fielding (worth reading)</li>
+<li>Use HTTP for what it can do</li>
+<li>Read more in <a class="reference external" href="http://www.crummy.com/writing/RESTful-Web-Services/">RESTful Web Services</a>*</li>
+</ul>
+<p>* Seriously. Buy it and read it</p>
+</div>
+<p>The XML-RCP/SOAP way:</p>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>POST /getComment HTTP/1.1</li>
+<li>POST /getComments HTTP/1.1</li>
+<li>POST /addComment HTTP/1.1</li>
+<li>POST /editComment HTTP/1.1</li>
+<li>POST /deleteComment HTTP/1.1</li>
+</ul>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>The RESTful way:</p>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>GET /comment/&lt;id&gt; HTTP/1.1</li>
+<li>GET /comment HTTP/1.1</li>
+<li>POST /comment HTTP/1.1</li>
+<li>PUT /comment/&lt;id&gt; HTTP/1.1</li>
+<li>DELETE /comment/&lt;id&gt; HTTP/1.1</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<p>REST is a <strong>Resource Oriented Architecture</strong></p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>The URL represents the <em>resource</em> we are working with</p>
+<p>The HTTP Method indicates the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">action</span></code> to be taken</p>
+<p>The HTTP Code returned tells us the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">result</span></code> (whether success or failure)</p>
+</div>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>POST /comment HTTP/1.1  (creating a new comment):</p>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>Success: <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">HTTP/1.1</span> <span class="pre">201</span> <span class="pre">Created</span></code></li>
+<li>Failure (unauthorized): <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">HTTP/1.1</span> <span class="pre">401</span> <span class="pre">Unauthorized</span></code></li>
+<li>Failure (NotImplemented): <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">HTTP/1.1</span> <span class="pre">405</span> <span class="pre">Not</span> <span class="pre">Allowed</span></code></li>
+<li>Failure (ValueError): <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">HTTP/1.1</span> <span class="pre">406</span> <span class="pre">Not</span> <span class="pre">Acceptable</span></code></li>
+</ul>
+<p>PUT /comment/&lt;id&gt; HTTP/1.1 (edit comment):</p>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>Success: <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">HTTP/1.1</span> <span class="pre">200</span> <span class="pre">OK</span></code></li>
+<li>Failure: <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">HTTP/1.1</span> <span class="pre">409</span> <span class="pre">Conflict</span></code></li>
+</ul>
+<p>DELETE /comment/&lt;id&gt; HTTP/1.1 (delete comment):</p>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>Success: <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">HTTP/1.1</span> <span class="pre">204</span> <span class="pre">No</span> <span class="pre">Content</span></code></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="rest-uses-json">
+<h3>REST uses JSON<a class="headerlink" href="#rest-uses-json" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>JavaScript Object Notation:</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>a lightweight data-interchange format</li>
+<li>easy for humans to read and write</li>
+<li>easy for machines to parse and generate</li>
+</ul>
+<p>Based on Two Structures:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>object: <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">{</span> <span class="pre">string:</span> <span class="pre">value,</span> <span class="pre">...}</span></code></li>
+<li>array: <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">[value,</span> <span class="pre">value,</span> <span class="pre">]</span></code></li>
+</ul>
+<p class="centered">pythonic, no?</p>
+</div>
+<p>JSON provides a few basic data types (see <a class="reference external" href="http://json.org/">http://json.org/</a>):</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>string: unicode, anything but &#8221;, \ and control characters</li>
+<li>number: any number, but json does not use octal or hexadecimal</li>
+<li>object, array (we&#8217;ve seen these above)</li>
+<li>true</li>
+<li>false</li>
+<li>null</li>
+</ul>
+<p class="centered"><strong>No date type? OMGWTF??!!1!1</strong></p>
+</div>
+<p>You have two options:</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<div class="container">
+<p>Option 1 - Unix Epoch Time (number):</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">time</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">time</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">time</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="go">1358212616.7691269</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="container">
+<p>Option 2 - ISO 8661 (string):</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">datetime</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">datetime</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">datetime</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">now</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">isoformat</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="go">&#39;2013-01-14T17:18:10.727240&#39;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="json-in-python">
+<h3>JSON in Python<a class="headerlink" href="#json-in-python" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>You can encode python to json, and decode json back to python:</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">In</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">]:</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">json</span>
+<span class="n">In</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">]:</span> <span class="n">array</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">]</span>
+<span class="n">In</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">]:</span> <span class="n">json</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">dumps</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">array</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="n">Out</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">]:</span> <span class="s">&#39;[1, 2, 3]&#39;</span>
+<span class="n">In</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">]:</span> <span class="n">orig</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="s">&#39;foo&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="s">&#39;bar&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">&#39;my resumé&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;baz&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="bp">True</span><span class="p">}</span>
+<span class="n">In</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">]:</span> <span class="n">encoded</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">json</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">dumps</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">orig</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="n">In</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">6</span><span class="p">]:</span> <span class="n">encoded</span>
+<span class="n">Out</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">6</span><span class="p">]:</span> <span class="s">&#39;{&quot;foo&quot;: [1, 2, 3], &quot;bar&quot;: &quot;my resum</span><span class="se">\\</span><span class="s">u00e9&quot;, &quot;baz&quot;: true}&#39;</span>
+<span class="n">In</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">7</span><span class="p">]:</span> <span class="n">decoded</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">json</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">loads</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">encoded</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="n">In</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">8</span><span class="p">]:</span> <span class="n">decoded</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="n">orig</span>
+<span class="n">Out</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">8</span><span class="p">]:</span> <span class="bp">True</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Customizing the encoder or decoder class allows for specialized serializations</p>
+</div>
+<p>the json module also supports reading and writing to <em>file-like objects</em> via
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">json.dump(fp)</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">json.load(fp)</span></code> (note the missing &#8216;s&#8217;)</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Remember duck-typing. Anything with a <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">.write</span></code> and a <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">.read</span></code> method is
+<em>file-like</em></p>
+<p>This usage can be much more memory-friendly with large files/sources</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="playing-with-rest">
+<h3>Playing With REST<a class="headerlink" href="#playing-with-rest" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Let&#8217;s take a moment to play with REST.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>We&#8217;ll use a common, public API provided by Google.</p>
+<p class="centered"><strong>Geocoding</strong></p>
+</div>
+<p><a class="reference external" href="https://developers.google.com/maps/documentation/geocoding">https://developers.google.com/maps/documentation/geocoding</a></p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Open a python interpreter using our virtualenv:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>(soupenv)$ python
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [1]: </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">requests</span>
+<span class="gp">In [2]: </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">json</span>
+<span class="gp">In [3]: </span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">pprint</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">pprint</span>
+<span class="gp">In [4]: </span><span class="n">url</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&#39;http://maps.googleapis.com/maps/api/geocode/json&#39;</span>
+<span class="gp">In [5]: </span><span class="n">addr</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&#39;1325 4th Ave, Seattle, 98101&#39;</span>
+<span class="gp">In [6]: </span><span class="n">parameters</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="s">&#39;address&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">addr</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;sensor&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">&#39;false&#39;</span><span class="p">}</span>
+<span class="gp">In [7]: </span><span class="n">resp</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">requests</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">url</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">params</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">parameters</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">In [8]: </span><span class="n">data</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">resp</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">json</span><span class="p">()</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>You can do the same thing in reverse, supply latitude and longitude and get
+back address information:</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [15]: </span><span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">data</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s">&#39;status&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s">&#39;OK&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span>
+<span class="gp">   ....: </span>    <span class="n">pprint</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">data</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s">&#39;results&#39;</span><span class="p">])</span>
+<span class="gp">   ....:</span>
+<span class="go">[{&#39;address_components&#39;: [{&#39;long_name&#39;: &#39;1325&#39;,</span>
+<span class="go">                          &#39;short_name&#39;: &#39;1325&#39;,</span>
+<span class="go">  ...</span>
+<span class="go">  &#39;types&#39;: [&#39;street_address&#39;]}]</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Notice that there may be a number of results returned, ordered from most
+specific to least.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="mashing-it-up">
+<h3>Mashing It Up<a class="headerlink" href="#mashing-it-up" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Google&#8217;s geocoding data is quite nice.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>But it&#8217;s not in a format we can use directly to create a map</p>
+<p>For that we need <cite>geojson</cite></p>
+<p>Moreover, formatting the data for all those requests is going to get
+tedious.</p>
+<p>Luckily, people create <em>wrappers</em> for popular REST apis like google&#8217;s
+geocoding service.</p>
+<p>Once such wrapper is <a class="reference external" href="http://geocoder.readthedocs.org/en/latest/">geocoder</a>, which provides not only google&#8217;s service,
+but many others under a single umbrella.</p>
+</div>
+<p>Install geocoder into your <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">soupenv</span></code> so that it&#8217;s available to use:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">(</span>soupenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>pip install geocoder
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Our final step for tonight will be to geocode the results we have scraped
+from the inspection site.</p>
+<p>We&#8217;ll then convert that to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">geojson</span></code>, insert our own properties and map
+the results.</p>
+<p>Let&#8217;s begin by converting our script so that what we have so far is
+contained in a generator function</p>
+<p>We&#8217;ll eventually sort our results and generate the top 10 or so for
+geocoding.</p>
+<p>Open up <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">mashup.py</span></code> and copy everthing in the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">main</span></code> block.</p>
+</div>
+<p>Add a new function <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">result_generator</span></code> to the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">mashup.py</span></code> script. Paste the
+code you copied from the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">main</span></code> block and then update it a bit:</p>
+<div class="build highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">result_generator</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">count</span><span class="p">):</span>
+    <span class="n">use_params</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+        <span class="s">&#39;Inspection_Start&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">&#39;2/1/2013&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s">&#39;Inspection_End&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">&#39;2/1/2015&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s">&#39;Zip_Code&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">&#39;98101&#39;</span>
+    <span class="p">}</span>
+    <span class="c"># html, encoding = get_inspection_page(**use_params)</span>
+    <span class="n">html</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">encoding</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">load_inspection_page</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;inspection_page.html&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="n">parsed</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">parse_source</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">html</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">encoding</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="n">content_col</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">parsed</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">find</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;td&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">id</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;contentcol&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="n">data_list</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">restaurant_data_generator</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">content_col</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">data_div</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">data_list</span><span class="p">[:</span><span class="n">count</span><span class="p">]:</span>
+        <span class="n">metadata</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">extract_restaurant_metadata</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">data_div</span><span class="p">)</span>
+        <span class="n">inspection_data</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">get_score_data</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">data_div</span><span class="p">)</span>
+        <span class="n">metadata</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">update</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">inspection_data</span><span class="p">)</span>
+        <span class="k">yield</span> <span class="n">metadata</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Update the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">main</span></code> block of your <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">mashup.py</span></code> script to use the new function:</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">__name__</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s">&#39;__main__&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span>
+    <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">result</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">result_generator</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">):</span>
+        <span class="k">print</span> <span class="n">result</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Then run your script and verify that the only thing that has changed is the
+number of results that print.</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">(</span>soupenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>python mashup.py
+<span class="c"># you should see 10 dictionaries print here.</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="add-geocoding">
+<h3>Add Geocoding<a class="headerlink" href="#add-geocoding" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>The API for geocoding with <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">geocoder</span></code> is the same for all providers.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>You give an address, it returns geocoded data.</p>
+<p>You provide latitude and longitude, it provides address data</p>
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [1]: </span><span class="n">response</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">geocoder</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">google</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">address</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">In [2]: </span><span class="n">response</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">json</span>
+<span class="gh">Out[2]: </span><span class="go"># json result data</span>
+<span class="gp">In [3]: </span><span class="n">response</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">geojson</span>
+<span class="gh">Out[3]: </span><span class="go"># geojson result data</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>Let&#8217;s add a new function <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">get_geojson</span></code> to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">mashup.py</span></code></p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>It will</p>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>Take a result from our search as it&#8217;s input</li>
+<li>Get geocoding data from google using the address of the restaurant</li>
+<li>Return the geojson representation of that data</li>
+</ul>
+<p>Try to write this function on your own</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">get_geojson</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">result</span><span class="p">):</span>
+    <span class="n">address</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&quot; &quot;</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">join</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">result</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;Address&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;&#39;</span><span class="p">))</span>
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="n">address</span><span class="p">:</span>
+        <span class="k">return</span> <span class="bp">None</span>
+    <span class="n">geocoded</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">geocoder</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">google</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">address</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">geocoded</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">geojson</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>Next, update our <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">main</span></code> block to get the geojson for each result and print
+it:</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">__name__</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s">&#39;__main__&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span>
+    <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">result</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">result_generator</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">):</span>
+        <span class="n">geojson</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">get_geojson</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">result</span><span class="p">)</span>
+        <span class="k">print</span> <span class="n">geojson</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Then test your results by running your script:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">(</span>soupenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>python mashup.py
+<span class="o">{</span><span class="s1">&#39;geometry&#39;</span>: <span class="o">{</span><span class="s1">&#39;type&#39;</span>: <span class="s1">&#39;Point&#39;</span>, <span class="s1">&#39;coordinates&#39;</span>: <span class="o">[</span>-122.3393005, 47.6134378<span class="o">]}</span>,
+ <span class="s1">&#39;type&#39;</span>: <span class="s1">&#39;Feature&#39;</span>, <span class="s1">&#39;properties&#39;</span>: <span class="o">{</span><span class="s1">&#39;neighborhood&#39;</span>: <span class="s1">&#39;Belltown&#39;</span>,
+ <span class="s1">&#39;encoding&#39;</span>: <span class="s1">&#39;utf-8&#39;</span>, <span class="s1">&#39;county&#39;</span>: <span class="s1">&#39;King County&#39;</span>, <span class="s1">&#39;city_long&#39;</span>: <span class="s1">&#39;Seattle&#39;</span>,
+ <span class="s1">&#39;lng&#39;</span>: -122.3393005, <span class="s1">&#39;quality&#39;</span>: u<span class="s1">&#39;street_address&#39;</span>, <span class="s1">&#39;city&#39;</span>: <span class="s1">&#39;Seattle&#39;</span>,
+ <span class="s1">&#39;confidence&#39;</span>: 9, <span class="s1">&#39;state&#39;</span>: <span class="s1">&#39;WA&#39;</span>, <span class="s1">&#39;location&#39;</span>: u<span class="s1">&#39;1933 5TH AVE SEATTLE, WA 98101&#39;</span>,
+ <span class="s1">&#39;provider&#39;</span>: <span class="s1">&#39;google&#39;</span>, <span class="s1">&#39;housenumber&#39;</span>: <span class="s1">&#39;1933&#39;</span>, <span class="s1">&#39;accuracy&#39;</span>: <span class="s1">&#39;ROOFTOP&#39;</span>,
+ <span class="s1">&#39;status&#39;</span>: <span class="s1">&#39;OK&#39;</span>, <span class="s1">&#39;state_long&#39;</span>: <span class="s1">&#39;Washington&#39;</span>,
+ <span class="s1">&#39;address&#39;</span>: <span class="s1">&#39;1933 5th Avenue, Seattle, WA 98101, USA&#39;</span>, <span class="s1">&#39;lat&#39;</span>: 47.6134378,
+ <span class="s1">&#39;postal&#39;</span>: <span class="s1">&#39;98101&#39;</span>, <span class="s1">&#39;ok&#39;</span>: True, <span class="s1">&#39;road_long&#39;</span>: <span class="s1">&#39;5th Avenue&#39;</span>, <span class="s1">&#39;country&#39;</span>: <span class="s1">&#39;US&#39;</span>,
+ <span class="s1">&#39;country_long&#39;</span>: <span class="s1">&#39;United States&#39;</span>, <span class="s1">&#39;street&#39;</span>: <span class="s1">&#39;5th Ave&#39;</span><span class="o">}</span>,
+ <span class="s1">&#39;bbox&#39;</span>: <span class="o">[</span>-122.3406494802915, 47.6120888197085, -122.3379515197085, 47.6147867802915<span class="o">]}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">properties</span></code> of our geojson records are filled with data we don&#8217;t really
+care about.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Let&#8217;s replace that information with some of the metadata from our
+inspection results.</p>
+<p>We&#8217;ll update our <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">get_geojson</span></code> function so that it:</p>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>Builds a dictionary containing only the values we want from our
+inspection record.</li>
+<li>Converts list values to strings (geojson requires this)</li>
+<li>Replaces the &#8216;properties&#8217; of our geojson with this new data</li>
+<li>Returns the modified geojson record</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<p>See if you can make the updates on your own.</p>
+<div class="build highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">get_geojson</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">result</span><span class="p">):</span>
+    <span class="c"># ...</span>
+    <span class="n">geocoded</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">geocoder</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">google</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">address</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="n">geojson</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">geocoded</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">geojson</span>
+    <span class="n">inspection_data</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{}</span>
+    <span class="n">use_keys</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">(</span>
+        <span class="s">&#39;Business Name&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;Average Score&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;Total Inspections&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;High Score&#39;</span>
+    <span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">key</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">val</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">result</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">items</span><span class="p">():</span>
+        <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">key</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">use_keys</span><span class="p">:</span>
+            <span class="k">continue</span>
+        <span class="k">if</span> <span class="nb">isinstance</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">val</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">list</span><span class="p">):</span>
+            <span class="n">val</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&quot; &quot;</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">join</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">val</span><span class="p">)</span>
+        <span class="n">inspection_data</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">key</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">val</span>
+    <span class="n">geojson</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s">&#39;properties&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">inspection_data</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">geojson</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>We are now generating a series of <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">geojson</span></code> <em>Feature</em> objects.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>To map these objects, we&#8217;ll need to create a file which contains a
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">geojson</span></code> <em>FeatureCollection</em>.</p>
+<p>The structure of such a collection looks like this:</p>
+<div class="highlight-json"><div class="highlight"><pre>{&#39;type&#39;: &#39;FeatureCollection&#39;, &#39;features&#39;: [...]}
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Let&#8217;s update our <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">main</span></code> function to append each feature to such a
+structure.</p>
+<p>Then we can dump the structure as <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">json</span></code> to a file.</p>
+</div>
+<p>In <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">mashup.py</span></code> update the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">main</span></code> block like so:</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c"># add an import at the top:</span>
+<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">json</span>
+
+<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">__name__</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s">&#39;__main__&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span>
+    <span class="n">total_result</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="s">&#39;type&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">&#39;FeatureCollection&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;features&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">[]}</span>
+    <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">result</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">result_generator</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">):</span>
+        <span class="n">geojson</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">get_geojson</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">result</span><span class="p">)</span>
+        <span class="n">total_result</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s">&#39;features&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">append</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">geojson</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">with</span> <span class="nb">open</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;my_map.json&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;w&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">fh</span><span class="p">:</span>
+        <span class="n">json</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">dump</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">total_result</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">fh</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>When you run the script nothing will print, but the new file will appear.</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">(</span>soupenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>python mashup.py
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>This script is available as <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">resources/session04/mashup_5.py</span></code></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="display-the-results">
+<h3>Display the Results<a class="headerlink" href="#display-the-results" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Once the new file is written you are ready to display your results.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Open your web browser and go to <a class="reference external" href="http://geojson.io">http://geojson.io</a></p>
+<p>Then drag and drop the new file you wrote onto the map you see there.</p>
+<div class="figure align-center">
+<a class="reference internal image-reference" href="../_images/geojson-io.png"><img alt="../_images/geojson-io.png" src="../_images/geojson-io.png" style="width: 75%;" /></a>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="wrap-up">
+<h3>Wrap Up<a class="headerlink" href="#wrap-up" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>We&#8217;ve built a simple mashup combining data from different sources.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>We scraped health inspection data from the King County government site.</p>
+<p>We geocoded that data.</p>
+<p>And we&#8217;ve displayed the results on a map.</p>
+<p>What other sources of data might we choose to combine?</p>
+<p>Check out <a class="reference external" href="http://www.programmableweb.com/apis/directory">programmable web</a>
+to see some of the possibilities</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="homework">
+<h2>Homework<a class="headerlink" href="#homework" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<div class="left container">
+<p>For your homework this week, you&#8217;ll be polishing this mashup.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Begin by sorting the results of our search by the average score (can
+you do this and still use a generator for getting the geojson?).</p>
+<p>Then, update your script to allow the user to choose how to sort, by
+average, high score or most inspections:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>(soupenv)$ python mashup.py highscore
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Next, allow the user to choose how many results to map:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>(soupenv)$ python mashup.py highscore 25
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Or allow them to reverse the results, showing the lowest scores first:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>(soupenv)$ python mashup.py highscore 25 reverse
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>If you&#8217;re feeling particularly adventurous, see if you can use the
+<a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/2/library/argparse.html#module-argparse">argparse</a> module from the standard library to handle command line
+arguments</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="more-fun">
+<h3>More Fun<a class="headerlink" href="#more-fun" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Next, try adding a bit of information to your map by setting the
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">marker-color</span></code> property. This will display a marker with the provided
+css-style color (<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">#FF0000</span></code>)</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>See if you can make the color change according to the values used for the
+sorting of the list.  Either vary the intensity of the color, or the hue.</p>
+<p>Finally, if you are feeling particularly frisky, you can update your script
+to automatically open a browser window with your map loaded on
+<em>geojson.io</em>.</p>
+<p>To do this, you&#8217;ll want to read about the <a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/webbrowser.html">webbrowser</a> module from the
+standard library.</p>
+<p>In addition, you&#8217;ll want to read up on using the URL parameters API for
+<em>geojson.io</em>.  Click on the <strong>help</strong> tab in the sidebar to view the
+information.</p>
+<p>You will also need to learn about how to properly quote special characters
+for a URL, using the <a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/urllib.parse.html#urllib.parse.quote">urllib.parse</a> <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">quote</span></code> function.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="submitting-your-work">
+<h3>Submitting Your Work<a class="headerlink" href="#submitting-your-work" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Create a github repository to contain your mashup work. Start by populating it
+with the script as we finished it today (mashup_5.py).</p>
+<p>As you implement the above features, commit early and commit often.</p>
+<p>When you&#8217;re ready for us to look it over, email a link to your repository to
+Maria and I.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+      <div class="sphinxsidebar" role="navigation" aria-label="main navigation">
+        <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper">
+  <h3><a href="../index.html">Table Of Contents</a></h3>
+  <ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">Session 04</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#scraping-apis-and-mashups">Scraping, APIs and Mashups</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#a-dilemma">A Dilemma</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#the-big-question">The Big Question</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#the-big-answer">The Big Answer</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#mashups">Mashups</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#data-sources">Data Sources</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#web-scraping">Web Scraping</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#html">HTML</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#taming-the-mess">Taming the Mess</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#our-class-mashup">Our Class Mashup</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#fetching-search-results">Fetching Search Results</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#my-solution">My Solution</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#parse-the-results">Parse the Results</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#id1">My Solution</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#put-it-together">Put It Together</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#id2">My Solution</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#extracting-data">Extracting Data</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#parsing-restaurant-data">Parsing Restaurant Data</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#extracting-inspection-data">Extracting Inspection Data</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#break-time">Break Time</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#another-approach">Another Approach</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#web-services">Web Services</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#rest">REST</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#rest-uses-json">REST uses JSON</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#json-in-python">JSON in Python</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#playing-with-rest">Playing With REST</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#mashing-it-up">Mashing It Up</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#add-geocoding">Add Geocoding</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#display-the-results">Display the Results</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#wrap-up">Wrap Up</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#homework">Homework</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#more-fun">More Fun</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#submitting-your-work">Submitting Your Work</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+  <h4>Previous topic</h4>
+  <p class="topless"><a href="session03.html"
+                        title="previous chapter">Session 03</a></p>
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+            
+  <div class="section" id="session-05">
+<h1>Session 05<a class="headerlink" href="#session-05" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<a class="reference internal image-reference" href="../_images/python.png"><img alt="../_images/python.png" class="align-center" src="../_images/python.png" style="width: 43%;" /></a>
+<div class="section" id="mvc-applications">
+<h2>MVC Applications<a class="headerlink" href="#mvc-applications" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Wherin we learn about the Model View Controller approach to app design and
+explore data persistence in Python.</p>
+<div class="figure align-center" id="id4">
+<a class="reference internal image-reference" href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/40/MVC_passive_view.png"><img alt="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/40/MVC_passive_view.png" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/40/MVC_passive_view.png" style="width: 40%;" /></a>
+<p class="caption"><span class="caption-text">By Alan Evangelista (Own work) [CC0], via Wikimedia Commons</span></p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="separation-of-concerns">
+<h3>Separation of Concerns<a class="headerlink" href="#separation-of-concerns" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>In the first part of this course, you were introduced to the concept of
+<em>Object Oriented Programming</em></p>
+<p>OOP was <a class="reference external" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object-oriented_programming#History">first formalized</a> in the 1970s in <em>Smalltalk</em>, invented by Alan
+Kay at <em>Xerox PARC</em></p>
+<p><em>Smalltalk</em> was also the first language which utilized the
+<a class="reference external" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model–view–controller">Model View Controller</a> design pattern.</p>
+<p>This pattern (like all <a class="reference external" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_design_pattern">design patterns</a>) seeks to provide a <em>way of
+thinking</em> that helps to make software design easier.</p>
+<p>In this case, the goal is to help clarify the high-level <em>separation of
+concerns</em> in a system.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="three-components">
+<h3>Three Components<a class="headerlink" href="#three-components" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>The pattern divides the elements of a system into three parts:</p>
+<dl class="build docutils">
+<dt>Model:</dt>
+<dd>This component represents the <em>data</em> that comprises the system, and the
+<em>logic</em> used to manipulate that data.</dd>
+<dt>View:</dt>
+<dd><p class="first">This component can be any <em>representation</em> of the data to the outside world:
+a chart, diagram, table, user interface, etc.</p>
+<p class="last">It also includes representations of the <em>actions</em> available in the system.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt>Controller:</dt>
+<dd><p class="first">This component coordinates the Model and the View in a system.</p>
+<p>It accepts input from a user and channels that input into the Model.</p>
+<p class="last">It accepts information about the current state of the Model and transmits
+that information to the View.</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="on-the-web">
+<h3>On the Web<a class="headerlink" href="#on-the-web" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>This pattern has proven useful for thinking about the applications we build for
+the web.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>A web browser provides a convenient container for <em>views</em> of data.</p>
+<p>These <em>views</em> are created by <em>controller</em> software hosted on a server.</p>
+<p>This <em>controller</em> software accepts input from users via <em>HTTP requests</em>,
+channeling it into a <em>data model</em>, often stored in some database.</p>
+<p>The <em>controller</em> returns information about the state of the <em>data model</em> to
+the user via <em>HTTP responses</em></p>
+</div>
+<p>This approach is so common, that it has been formalized into any number of <em>web
+frameworks</em></p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p><em>Web frameworks</em> abstract away the specifics of the <em>HTTP request/response
+cycle</em>, leaving simple MVC components for the developer to use.</p>
+<p><em>Web frameworks</em> exist in nearly all modern languages.</p>
+<p>Python has scores of them.</p>
+<p>Over the weeks to come, we&#8217;ll learn about two of them, <a class="reference external" href="http://www.pylonsproject.org/projects/pyramid/about">Pyramid</a> and
+<a class="reference external" href="https://www.djangoproject.com/">Django</a>.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="a-word-about-terminology">
+<h3>A Word About Terminology<a class="headerlink" href="#a-word-about-terminology" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Although the MVC pattern is a useful abstraction, there are a few differences
+in how things are named in Python web frameworks</p>
+<div class="build centered container">
+<p>model &lt;&#8211;&gt; model</p>
+<p>controller &lt;&#8211;&gt; view</p>
+<p>view &lt;&#8211;&gt; template (or even HTTP response)</p>
+<p class="left">For more on this difference, you can <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.pylonsproject.org/projects/pyramid/en/latest/designdefense.html#pyramid-gets-its-terminology-wrong-mvc">read this</a> from the Pyramid design
+documentation.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="our-first-application">
+<h2>Our First Application<a class="headerlink" href="#our-first-application" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p class="left">But enough abstract blabbering.</p>
+<div class="build left container">
+<p>There&#8217;s no better way to make concepts like these concrete than to build
+something using them.</p>
+<p>Let&#8217;s make an application!</p>
+<p>We&#8217;re going to build a Learning Journal.</p>
+<p>When we&#8217;re done, you&#8217;ll have a live, online application you can use to keep
+note of the things you are learning about Python development.</p>
+<p>We&#8217;ll use one of our Python web framework to do this: <a class="reference external" href="http://www.pylonsproject.org/projects/pyramid/about">Pyramid</a></p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="id1">
+<h3>Pyramid<a class="headerlink" href="#id1" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>First published in 2010, <a class="reference external" href="http://www.pylonsproject.org/projects/pyramid/about">Pyramid</a> is a powerful, flexible web framework.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>You can create compelling one-page applications, much like in
+microframeworks like Flask</p>
+<p>You can also create powerful, scalable applications using the full
+power of Python</p>
+<p>Created by the combined powers of the teams behind Pylons and Zope</p>
+<p>It represents the first true second-generation web framework in
+existence.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="starting-the-project">
+<h3>Starting the Project<a class="headerlink" href="#starting-the-project" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>The first step is to prepare for the project.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Begin by creating a location where you&#8217;ll do your work.</p>
+<p>I generally put all my work in a folder called <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">projects</span></code> in my home
+directory:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="nv">$ </span><span class="nb">cd</span>
+<span class="nv">$ </span>mkdir projects
+<span class="nv">$ </span><span class="nb">cd </span>projects
+<span class="nv">$ </span>mkdir learning-journal
+<span class="nv">$ </span><span class="nb">cd </span>learning-journal
+<span class="nv">$ </span><span class="nb">pwd</span>
+/Users/cewing/project/learning-journal
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>We continue our preparations by creating the virtual environment we will use
+for our project.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Again, this will help us to keep our work here isolated from anything else
+we do.</p>
+<p>Remember how to make a new venv?</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="nv">$ </span>pyvenv ljenv
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="highlight-posh"><div class="highlight"><pre>c:\Temp&gt;python -m venv myenv
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>And then, how to activate it?</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre>$ source ljenv/bin/activate
+(ljenv)$
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="highlight-posh"><div class="highlight"><pre>C:&gt; ljenv/Scripts/activate.bat
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>Next, we install the Pyramid web framework into our new virtualenv.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>We can do this with the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pip</span></code> in our active <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ljenv</span></code>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">(</span>ljenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>pip install pyramid
+Collecting pyramid
+  Downloading pyramid-1.5.2-py2.py3-none-any.whl <span class="o">(</span>545kB<span class="o">)</span>
+    100% <span class="p">|</span><span class="c">################################| 548kB 172kB/s</span>
+...
+Successfully installed PasteDeploy-1.5.2 WebOb-1.4
+pyramid-1.5.2 repoze.lru-0.6 translationstring-1.3
+venusian-1.0 zope.deprecation-4.1.1 zope.interface-4.1.2
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Once that is complete, we are ready to create a <em>scaffold</em> for our project.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="working-with-pyramid">
+<h3>Working with Pyramid<a class="headerlink" href="#working-with-pyramid" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Many web frameworks require at least a bit of <em>boilerplate</em> code to get
+started.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Pyramid does not.</p>
+<p>However, our application will require a database and handling that does
+require some.</p>
+<p>Pyramid provides a system for creating boilerplate called <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pcreate</span></code>.</p>
+<p>You use it to generate the skeleton for a project based on some pattern:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">(</span>ljenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>pcreate -s alchemy learning_journal
+Creating directory /Users/cewing/projects/learning-journal/learning_journal
+...
+Welcome to Pyramid.  Sorry <span class="k">for</span> the convenience.
+<span class="o">===============================================================================</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Let&#8217;s take a quick look at what that did</p>
+</div>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre>...
+├── development.ini
+├── learning_journal
+│   ├── __init__.py
+│   ├── models.py
+│   ├── scripts
+│   │   ├── __init__.py
+│   │   └── initializedb.py
+│   ├── static
+...
+│   ├── templates
+│   │   └── mytemplate.pt
+│   ├── tests.py
+│   └── views.py
+├── production.ini
+└── setup.py
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>You&#8217;ve now created something worth saving.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Start by initializing a new git repository in the <cite>learning_journal</cite> folder
+you just created:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">(</span>ljenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span><span class="nb">cd </span>learning_journal
+<span class="o">(</span>ljenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>git init
+Initialized empty Git repository in
+ /Users/cewing/projects/learning-journal/learning_journal/.git/
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>Check <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">git</span> <span class="pre">status</span></code> to see where things stand:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">(</span>ljenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>git status
+On branch master
+
+Initial commit
+
+Untracked files:
+  <span class="o">(</span>use <span class="s2">&quot;git add &lt;file&gt;...&quot;</span> to include in what will be committed<span class="o">)</span>
+
+    CHANGES.txt
+    MANIFEST.in
+    README.txt
+    development.ini
+    learning_journal/
+    production.ini
+    setup.py
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Add your work to this new repository:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">(</span>ljenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>git add .
+<span class="o">(</span>ljenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>git status
+...
+Changes to be committed:
+  <span class="o">(</span>use <span class="s2">&quot;git rm --cached &lt;file&gt;...&quot;</span> to unstage<span class="o">)</span>
+
+    new file:   CHANGES.txt
+    new file:   MANIFEST.in
+    ...
+    new file:   production.ini
+    new file:   setup.py
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Python creates <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">.pyc</span></code> files when it executes your code.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>There are many other files you don&#8217;t want or need in your repository</p>
+<p>You can ignore this in <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">git</span></code> with the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">.gitignore</span></code> file.</p>
+<p>Create one now, in this same directory, and add the following basic lines:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>*.pyc
+.DS_Store
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Finally, add this new file to your repository, too.</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">(</span>ljenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>git add .gitignore
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>To preserve all these changes, you&#8217;ll need to commit what you&#8217;ve done:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">(</span>ljenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>git commit -m <span class="s2">&quot;initial commit of the Pyramid learning journal&quot;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>This will make a first commit here in this local repository.</p>
+<p>For homework, you&#8217;ll put this into GitHub, but this is enough for now.</p>
+<p>Let&#8217;s move on to learning about what we&#8217;ve built so far.</p>
+</div>
+<p>When you ran the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pcreate</span></code> command, a new folder was created:
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">learning_journal</span></code>.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>This folder contains your <em>project</em>.</p>
+<p>At the top level, you have <em>configuration</em> (.ini files)</p>
+<p>You also have a file called <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">setup.py</span></code></p>
+<p>This file turns this collection of Python code and configuration into an
+<em>installable Python distribution</em></p>
+<p>Let&#8217;s take a moment to look over the code in that file</p>
+</div>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">setuptools</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">setup</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">find_packages</span>
+<span class="o">...</span>
+<span class="n">requires</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span>
+    <span class="s">&#39;pyramid&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+    <span class="o">...</span> <span class="c"># packages on which this software depends (dependencies)</span>
+    <span class="p">]</span>
+<span class="n">setup</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;learning_journal&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+      <span class="n">version</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;0.0&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+      <span class="o">...</span> <span class="c"># package metadata (used by PyPI)</span>
+      <span class="n">install_requires</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">requires</span><span class="p">,</span>
+      <span class="c"># Entry points are ways that we can run our code once installed</span>
+      <span class="n">entry_points</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;&quot;&quot;</span><span class="se">\</span>
+<span class="s">      [paste.app_factory]</span>
+<span class="s">      main = learning_journal:main</span>
+<span class="s">      [console_scripts]</span>
+<span class="s">      initialize_learning_journal_db = learning_journal.scripts.initializedb:main</span>
+<span class="s">      &quot;&quot;&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+      <span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="pyramid-is-python">
+<h3>Pyramid is Python<a class="headerlink" href="#pyramid-is-python" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>In the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__init__.py</span></code> file of your app <em>package</em>, you&#8217;ll find a <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">main</span></code>
+function:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">main</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">global_config</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">settings</span><span class="p">):</span>
+    <span class="sd">&quot;&quot;&quot; This function returns a Pyramid WSGI application.</span>
+<span class="sd">    &quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
+    <span class="n">engine</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">engine_from_config</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">settings</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;sqlalchemy.&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="n">DBSession</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">configure</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">bind</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">engine</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="n">Base</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">metadata</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">bind</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">engine</span>
+    <span class="n">config</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Configurator</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">settings</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">settings</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="n">config</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">include</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;pyramid_chameleon&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="n">config</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add_static_view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;static&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;static&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">cache_max_age</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">3600</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="n">config</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add_route</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;home&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;/&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="n">config</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">scan</span><span class="p">()</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">config</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">make_wsgi_app</span><span class="p">()</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Let&#8217;s take a closer look at this, line by line.</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">main</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">global_config</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">settings</span><span class="p">):</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Configuration is passed in to an application after being read from the
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">.ini</span></code> file we saw above.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>These files contain sections (<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">[app:main]</span></code>) containing <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">name</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">value</span></code>
+pairs of <em>configuration data</em></p>
+<p>This data is parsed with the Python
+<a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/2/library/configparser.html">ConfigParser</a> module.</p>
+<p>The result is a dict of values:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="p">{</span><span class="s">&#39;app:main&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="s">&#39;pyramid.reload_templates&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="bp">True</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">...</span><span class="p">},</span> <span class="o">...</span><span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The default section of the file is passed in as <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">global_config</span></code>, the
+section for <em>this app</em> as <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">settings</span></code>.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">sqlalchemy</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">engine_from_config</span>
+<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">.models</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">DBSession</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Base</span>
+<span class="o">...</span>
+<span class="n">engine</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">engine_from_config</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">settings</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;sqlalchemy.&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="n">DBSession</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">configure</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">bind</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">engine</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="n">Base</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">metadata</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">bind</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">engine</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>We will use a package called <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">SQLAlchemy</span></code> to interact with our database.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Our connection is set up using settings read from the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">.ini</span></code> file.</p>
+<p>Can you find the settings for the database?</p>
+<p>The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">DBSession</span></code> ensures that each <em>database transaction</em> is tied to HTTP
+requests.</p>
+<p>The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Base</span></code> provides a parent class that will hook our <em>models</em> to the
+database.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">config</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Configurator</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">settings</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">settings</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="n">config</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">include</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;pyramid_chameleon&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="n">config</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add_static_view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;static&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;static&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">cache_max_age</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">3600</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="n">config</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add_route</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;home&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;/&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="n">config</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">scan</span><span class="p">()</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Pyramid controlls application-level configuration using a <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Configurator</span></code> class.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>It uses app-specific settings passed in from the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">.ini</span></code> file</p>
+<p>We can also <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">include</span></code> configuration from other add-on packages</p>
+<p>Additionally, we can configure <em>routes</em> and <em>views</em> needed to connect our
+application to the outside world here (more on this next week).</p>
+<p>Finally, the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Configurator</span></code> instance performs a <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">scan</span></code> to ensure there
+are no problems with what we&#8217;ve created.</p>
+</div>
+<p>We will return to the configuration of our application repeatedly over the next
+sessions.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Pyramid configuration is powerful and flexible.</p>
+<p>We&#8217;ll use a few of its features</p>
+<p>But there&#8217;s a lot more you could (and should) learn.</p>
+<p>Read about it in the <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.pylonsproject.org/projects/pyramid/en/latest/api/config.html">configuration chapter</a> of the Pyramid documentation.</p>
+</div>
+<p>Let&#8217;s take a moment to rest up and absorb what we&#8217;ve learned.</p>
+<p>When we return, we&#8217;ll see how we can create <em>models</em> that will embody the data
+for our Learning Journal application.</p>
+<p class="centered"><strong>Pyramid Models</strong></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="models-in-pyramid">
+<h2>Models in Pyramid<a class="headerlink" href="#models-in-pyramid" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<div class="left container">
+<p>The central component of MVC, the model, captures the behavior of the
+application in terms of its problem domain, independent of the user
+interface. The model directly manages the data, logic and rules of the
+application</p>
+<p>&#8211; from the Wikipedia article on <a class="reference external" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model–view–controller">Model-view-controller</a></p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="models-and-orms">
+<h3>Models and ORMs<a class="headerlink" href="#models-and-orms" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>In an MVC application, we define the <em>problem domain</em> by creating one or more
+<em>Models</em>.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>These capture relevant details about the information we want to preserve
+and how we want to interact with it.</p>
+<p>In Python-based MVC applications, these <em>Models</em> are implemented as Python
+classes.</p>
+<p>The individual bits of data we want to know about are <em>attributes</em> of our
+classes.</p>
+<p>The actions we want to take using that data are <em>methods</em> of our classes.</p>
+<p>Together, we can refer to this as the <em>API</em> of our system.</p>
+</div>
+<p>It&#8217;s all well and good to have a set of Python classes that represent your
+system.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>But what happens when you want to <em>save</em> information.</p>
+<p>What happens to a instance of a Python class when you quit the interprer?</p>
+<p>When your script stops running?</p>
+<p>The code in a website runs when an HTTP request comes in from a client.</p>
+<p>It stops running when an HTTP response goes back out to the client.</p>
+<p>So what happens to the data in your system in-between these moments?</p>
+<p>The data must be <em>persisted</em></p>
+</div>
+<p>In the last class from part one of this series, you explored a number of
+alternatives for persistence</p>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>Python Literals</li>
+<li>Pickle/Shelf</li>
+<li>Interchange Files (CSV, XML, INI)</li>
+<li>Object Stores (ZODB, Durus)</li>
+<li>NoSQL Databases (MongoDB, CouchDB)</li>
+<li>SQL Databases (sqlite, MySQL, PostgreSQL, Oracle, SQLServer)</li>
+</ul>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Any of these might be useful for certain types of applications.</p>
+<p>On the web, you tend to see two used the most:</p>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>NoSQL</li>
+<li>SQL</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<p>How do you choose one over the other?</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>In general, the telling factor is going to be how you intend to use your
+data.</p>
+<p>In systems where the dominant feature is viewing/interacting with
+individual objects, a NoSQL storage solution might be the best way to go.</p>
+<p>In systems with objects that are related to eachother, SQL-based Relational
+Databases are a better choice.</p>
+<p>Our system is more like this latter type (trust me on that one for now).</p>
+<p>We&#8217;ll be using SQL (sqlite to start with).</p>
+</div>
+<p>So we have a system where our data is captured in Python <em>objects</em></p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>And a storage system where our data must be rendered as database <em>tables</em></p>
+<p>Python provides a specification for interacting directly with databases:
+<a class="reference external" href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0249/">dbapi2</a></p>
+<p>And there are multiple Python packages that implement this specification
+for various databases:</p>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>sqlite3</li>
+<li>python-mysql</li>
+<li>psycopg2</li>
+<li>...</li>
+</ul>
+<p>With these, you can write SQL to save your Python objects into your
+database.</p>
+</div>
+<p>But that&#8217;s a pain.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>SQL, while not impossible, is yet another language to learn.</p>
+<p>And there is a viable alternative in using an <em>Object Relational Manager</em>
+(ORM)</p>
+<p>An ORM provides a layer of <em>abstraction</em> between you and SQL</p>
+<p>You instantiate Python objects and set attributes on them</p>
+<p>The ORM handles converting data from these objects into SQL statements (and
+back)</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="sqlalchemy">
+<h3>SQLAlchemy<a class="headerlink" href="#sqlalchemy" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>In our project we will be using the <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.sqlalchemy.org/en/rel_0_9/">SQLAlchemy</a> ORM.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>You can find SQLAlchemy among the packages in <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">requires</span></code> in <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">setup.py</span></code>
+in our new <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">learning_journal</span></code> package.</p>
+<p>However, we don&#8217;t yet have that code installed.</p>
+<p>To do so, we will need to &#8220;install&#8221; our own package</p>
+<p>Make sure your <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ljenv</span></code> virtualenv is active and then type the following:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">(</span>ljenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>python setup.py develop
+running develop
+running egg_info
+creating learning_journal.egg-info
+...
+Finished processing dependencies <span class="k">for</span> learning-journal<span class="o">==</span>0.0
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>Once that is complete, all the <em>dependencies</em> listed in our <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">setup.py</span></code> will
+be installed.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>You can also install the package using <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">python</span> <span class="pre">setup.py</span> <span class="pre">install</span></code></p>
+<p>But using <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">develop</span></code> allows us to continue developing our package without
+needing to re-install it every time we change something.</p>
+<p>It is very similar to using the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">-e</span></code> option to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pip</span></code></p>
+<p>Now, we&#8217;ll only need to re-run this command if we change <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">setup.py</span></code>
+itself.</p>
+</div>
+<p>We also need to adjust our <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">.gitignore</span></code> file:</p>
+<div class="build highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">(</span>ljenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>git status
+...
+Untracked files:
+  <span class="o">(</span>use <span class="s2">&quot;git add &lt;file&gt;...&quot;</span> to include in what will be committed<span class="o">)</span>
+
+    learning_journal.egg-info/
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">egg-info</span></code> directory that was just created is an artifact of
+installing a Python egg.</p>
+<p>It should never be committed to a repository.</p>
+<p>Let&#8217;s add <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">*.egg-info</span></code> to our <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">.gitignore</span></code> file and then commit that
+change</p>
+<p>Remember how?</p>
+</div>
+<p>Our project skeleton contains up a first, basic model created for us:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c"># in models.py</span>
+<span class="n">Base</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">declarative_base</span><span class="p">()</span>
+
+<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">MyModel</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Base</span><span class="p">):</span>
+    <span class="n">__tablename__</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&#39;models&#39;</span>
+    <span class="nb">id</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Column</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Integer</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">primary_key</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">True</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="n">name</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Column</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Text</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="n">value</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Column</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Integer</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="n">Index</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;my_index&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">MyModel</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">unique</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">True</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">mysql_length</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">255</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Our class inherits from <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Base</span></code></p>
+<p>We ran into <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Base</span></code> earlier when discussing configuration.</p>
+<p>We were binding it to the database we wanted to use (the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">engine</span></code>)</p>
+</div>
+<p>Any class we create that inherits from this <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Base</span></code> becomes a <em>model</em></p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>It will be connected through the ORM to a table in our database.</p>
+<p>The name of the table is determined by the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__tablename__</span></code> special
+attribute.</p>
+<p>Other aspects of table configuration can also be controlled through special
+attributes</p>
+<p>Instances of the class, once saved, will become rows in the table.</p>
+<p>Attributes of the model that are instances of <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Column</span></code> will become
+columns in the table.</p>
+<p>You can learn much more in the <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.sqlalchemy.org/en/rel_0_9/orm/extensions/declarative/">Declarative</a> chapter of the SQLAlchemy docs</p>
+</div>
+<p>Each attribute of your model that will be persisted must be an instance of
+<a class="reference external" href="http://docs.sqlalchemy.org/en/rel_0_9/core/metadata.html#sqlalchemy.schema.Column">Column</a>.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Each instance requires <em>at least</em> a specific <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.sqlalchemy.org/en/rel_0_9/core/types.html">data type</a> (such as
+Integer).</p>
+<p>Additionally, you can control other aspects of the column such as it being
+a primary key.</p>
+<p>In the <em>declarative</em> style we are using, the name of the column in the
+database will default to the attribute name you assigned.</p>
+<p>If you wish, you may provide a name specifically.  It must be the first
+argument and must be a string.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="creating-the-database">
+<h3>Creating The Database<a class="headerlink" href="#creating-the-database" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>We have a <em>model</em> which allows us to persist Python objects to an SQL database.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>But we&#8217;re still missing one ingredient here.</p>
+<p>We need to create our database, or there will be nowhere for our data to
+go.</p>
+<p>Luckily, our <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pcreate</span></code> scaffold also gave us a convenient way to handle
+this:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c"># in setup.py</span>
+<span class="n">entry_points</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;&quot;&quot;</span><span class="se">\</span>
+<span class="s">[paste.app_factory]</span>
+<span class="s">main = learning_journal:main</span>
+<span class="s">[console_scripts]</span>
+<span class="s">initialize_learning_journal_db = learning_journal.scripts.initializedb:main</span>
+<span class="s">&quot;&quot;&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">console_script</span></code> set up as an entry point will help us.</p>
+</div>
+<p>Let&#8217;s look at that code for a moment.</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c"># in scripts/intitalizedb.py</span>
+<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">..models</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">DBSession</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">MyModel</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Base</span>
+<span class="c"># ...</span>
+<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">main</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">argv</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">sys</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">argv</span><span class="p">):</span>
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">argv</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">&lt;</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">:</span>
+        <span class="n">usage</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">argv</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="n">config_uri</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">argv</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">]</span>
+    <span class="n">options</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">parse_vars</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">argv</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">:])</span>
+    <span class="n">setup_logging</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">config_uri</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="n">settings</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">get_appsettings</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">config_uri</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">options</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">options</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="n">engine</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">engine_from_config</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">settings</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;sqlalchemy.&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="n">DBSession</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">configure</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">bind</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">engine</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="n">Base</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">metadata</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">create_all</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">engine</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">transaction</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">manager</span><span class="p">:</span>
+        <span class="n">model</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MyModel</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;one&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span>
+        <span class="n">DBSession</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">model</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>By connecting this function as a <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">console</span> <span class="pre">script</span></code>, our Python package makes
+this command available to us when we install it.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>When we exectute the script at the command line, we will be running this
+function.</p>
+<p>But before we try it out, let&#8217;s update the name we use so we don&#8217;t have to
+type that whole big mess.</p>
+<p>In <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">setup.py</span></code> change <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">initialize_learning_journal_db</span></code> to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">setup_db</span></code>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">entry_points</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;&quot;&quot;</span><span class="se">\</span>
+<span class="s">[paste.app_factory]</span>
+<span class="s">main = learning_journal:main</span>
+<span class="s">[console_scripts]</span>
+<span class="s">setup_db = learning_journal.scripts.initializedb:main</span>
+<span class="s">&quot;&quot;&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Then, as you have changed <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">setup.py</span></code>, re-install your package:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">(</span>ljenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>python setup.py develop
+...
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>Now that the script has been renamed, let&#8217;s try it out.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>We&#8217;ll need to provide a configuration file name, let&#8217;s use
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">development.ini</span></code>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">(</span>ljenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>setup_db development.ini
+2015-01-05 18:59:55,426 INFO  <span class="o">[</span>sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine<span class="o">][</span>MainThread<span class="o">]</span> SELECT CAST<span class="o">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;test plain returns&#39;</span> AS VARCHAR<span class="o">(</span>60<span class="o">))</span> AS anon_1
+...
+2015-01-05 18:59:55,434 INFO  <span class="o">[</span>sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine<span class="o">][</span>MainThread<span class="o">]</span> COMMIT
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">[loggers]</span></code> configuration in our <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">.ini</span></code> file sends a stream of
+INFO-level logging to sys.stdout as the console script runs.</p>
+</div>
+<p>So what was the outcome of running that script?</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">(</span>ljenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>ls
+...
+learning_journal.sqlite
+...
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>We&#8217;ve now created an sqlite database.</p>
+<p>You&#8217;ll need to add <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">*.sqlite</span></code> to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">.gitignore</span></code> so you don&#8217;t
+inadvertently add that file to your repository.</p>
+<p>Once you&#8217;ve done so, commit the change to your repository</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="interacting-with-sqla-models">
+<h3>Interacting with SQLA Models<a class="headerlink" href="#interacting-with-sqla-models" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>It&#8217;s pretty easy to play with your models from in an interpreter.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>But before we do so, let&#8217;s make a nicer interpreter available for our
+project</p>
+<p>You&#8217;ve been using iPython in class, we can use it here too.</p>
+<p>Just install it with <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pip</span></code>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">(</span>ljenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>pip install ipython pyramid_ipython
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Once that finishes, you&#8217;ll be able to use iPython as your interpreter for
+this project.</p>
+<p>And <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Pyramid</span></code> provides a way to connect your interpreter to the
+application code you are writing:</p>
+<p>The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pshell</span></code> command</p>
+</div>
+<p>Let&#8217;s fire up <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pshell</span></code> and explore for a moment to see what we have at our
+disposal:</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">(</span>ljenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>pshell development.ini
+Python 3.5.0 <span class="o">(</span>default, Sep <span class="m">16</span> 2015, 10:42:55<span class="o">)</span>
+Type <span class="s2">&quot;copyright&quot;</span>, <span class="s2">&quot;credits&quot;</span> or <span class="s2">&quot;license&quot;</span> <span class="k">for</span> more information.
+
+IPython 4.0.1 -- An enhanced Interactive Python.
+?         -&gt; Introduction and overview of IPython<span class="s1">&#39;s features.</span>
+<span class="s1">%quickref -&gt; Quick reference.</span>
+<span class="s1">help      -&gt; Python&#39;</span>s own <span class="nb">help </span>system.
+object?   -&gt; Details about <span class="s1">&#39;object&#39;</span>, use <span class="s1">&#39;object??&#39;</span> <span class="k">for</span> extra details.
+
+Environment:
+  app          The WSGI application.
+  registry     Active Pyramid registry.
+  request      Active request object.
+  root         Root of the default resource tree.
+  root_factory Default root factory used to create <span class="sb">`</span>root<span class="sb">`</span>.
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">environment</span></code> created by <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pshell</span></code> provides us with a few useful tools.</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre>app          The WSGI application.
+registry     Active Pyramid registry.
+request      Active request object.
+root         Root of the default resource tree.
+root_factory Default root factory used to create <span class="sb">`</span>root<span class="sb">`</span>.
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">app</span></code> is our new learning journal application</li>
+<li>The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">registry</span></code> provides us with access to settings and other useful
+information</li>
+<li>The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">request</span></code> is an artificial HTTP request we can use if we need to
+pretend we are listening to clients</li>
+<li>...</li>
+</ul>
+<p>Let&#8217;s use this environment to build a database session and interact with our
+data:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [1]: </span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">sqlalchemy</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">engine_from_config</span>
+<span class="gp">In [2]: </span><span class="n">engine</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">engine_from_config</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">registry</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">settings</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;sqlalchemy.&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">In [3]: </span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">sqlalchemy.orm</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">sessionmaker</span>
+<span class="gp">In [4]: </span><span class="n">Session</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">sessionmaker</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">bind</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">engine</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">In [5]: </span><span class="n">session</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Session</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">In [6]: </span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">learning_journal.models</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">MyModel</span>
+<span class="gp">In [7]: </span><span class="n">session</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">MyModel</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">all</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="go">...</span>
+<span class="go">2015-12-21 18:06:05,179 INFO  [sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine][MainThread] SELECT models.id AS models_id, models.name AS models_name, models.value AS models_value</span>
+<span class="go">FROM models</span>
+<span class="go">2015-12-21 18:06:05,179 INFO  [sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine][MainThread] ()</span>
+<span class="gh">Out[7]: </span><span class="go">[&lt;learning_journal.models.MyModel at 0x105f30208&gt;]</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>We&#8217;ve stolen a lot of this from the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">initializedb.py</span></code> script</p>
+<p>Any interaction with the database requires a <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">session</span></code>.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>This object represents the connection to the database.</p>
+<p>All database queries are phrased as methods of the session.</p>
+<div class="container">
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [8]: </span><span class="n">query</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">session</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">MyModel</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">In [9]: </span><span class="nb">type</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">query</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gh">Out[9]: </span><span class="go">sqlalchemy.orm.query.Query</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">query</span></code> method of the session object returns a <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Query</span></code> object</p>
+</div>
+<p>Arguments to the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">query</span></code> method can be a <em>model</em> class or <em>columns</em> from
+a model class.</p>
+</div>
+<p>You can iterate over a query object. The result depends on the args you passed.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [10]: </span><span class="n">q1</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">session</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">MyModel</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">In [11]: </span><span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">row</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">q1</span><span class="p">:</span>
+<span class="gp">   ....: </span>    <span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">row</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">   ....: </span>    <span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">type</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">row</span><span class="p">))</span>
+<span class="gp">   ....:</span>
+<span class="go">&lt;learning_journal.models.MyModel object at 0x105f30208&gt;</span>
+<span class="go">&lt;class &#39;learning_journal.models.MyModel&#39;&gt;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>You can iterate over a query object. The result depends on the args you passed.</p>
+<blockquote>
+<div><div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [12]: </span><span class="n">q2</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">session</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">MyModel</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">MyModel</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">id</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">MyModel</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">value</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">In [13]: </span><span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">id</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">val</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">q2</span><span class="p">:</span>
+<span class="gp">   ....: </span>    <span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">   ....: </span>    <span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">type</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">))</span>
+<span class="gp">   ....: </span>    <span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">id</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">   ....: </span>    <span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">type</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">id</span><span class="p">))</span>
+<span class="gp">   ....: </span>    <span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">val</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">   ....: </span>    <span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">type</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">val</span><span class="p">))</span>
+<span class="gp">   ....:</span>
+<span class="go">one</span>
+<span class="go">&lt;class &#39;str&#39;&gt;</span>
+<span class="go">1</span>
+<span class="go">&lt;class &#39;int&#39;&gt;</span>
+<span class="go">1</span>
+<span class="go">&lt;class &#39;int&#39;&gt;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div></blockquote>
+<p>You can view the SQL that your query will use:</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [14]: </span><span class="nb">str</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">q1</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gh">Out[14]: </span><span class="go">&#39;SELECT models.id AS models_id, models.name AS models_name, models.value AS models_value \nFROM models&#39;</span>
+
+<span class="gp">In [15]: </span><span class="nb">str</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">q2</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gh">Out[15]: </span><span class="go">&#39;SELECT models.name AS models_name, models.id AS models_id, models.value AS models_value \nFROM models&#39;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>You can use this to check that the query the ORM is constructing looks like
+you expect.</p>
+<p>It can be helpful in debugging.</p>
+</div>
+<p>The methods of the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Query</span></code> object fall into two rough categories</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<ol class="build arabic simple">
+<li>Methods that return a new <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Query</span></code> object</li>
+<li>Methods that return <em>scalar</em> values or <em>model</em> instances</li>
+</ol>
+<p>Let&#8217;s start by looking quickly at a few methods from the second category</p>
+</div>
+<p>A good example of this category of methods is <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">get</span></code>, which returns one
+instance only.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>It takes a primary key as an argument:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [16]: </span><span class="n">session</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">MyModel</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gh">Out[16]: </span><span class="go">&lt;learning_journal.models.MyModel at 0x105f30208&gt;</span>
+<span class="gp">In [17]: </span><span class="n">session</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">MyModel</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">In [18]:</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>If no item with that primary key is present, then the method returns
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">None</span></code></p>
+</div>
+<p>Another example is one we&#8217;ve already seen.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">query.all()</span></code> returns a list of all rows returned by the database:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [18]: </span><span class="n">q1</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">all</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gh">Out[18]: </span><span class="go">[&lt;learning_journal.models.MyModel at 0x105f30208&gt;]</span>
+
+<span class="gp">In [19]: </span><span class="nb">type</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">q1</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">all</span><span class="p">())</span>
+<span class="gh">Out[19]: </span><span class="go">list</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">query.count()</span></code> returns the number of rows that would have been returned
+by the query:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [20]: </span><span class="n">q1</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">count</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gh">Out[20]: </span><span class="go">1</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>Before getting into the other category, let&#8217;s learn how to create new objects.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<div class="container">
+<p>We can create new instances of our <em>model</em> just like normal Python
+objects:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [21]: </span><span class="n">new_model</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MyModel</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;fred&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">In [22]: </span><span class="n">new_model</span>
+<span class="gh">Out[22]: </span><span class="go">&lt;learning_journal.models.MyModel at 0x105f4af28&gt;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="container">
+<p>In this state, the instance is <em>ephemeral</em>, our <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">session</span></code> knows
+nothing about it:</p>
+<div class="highlight-pycon"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="go">In [23]: session.new</span>
+<span class="go">Out[23]: IdentitySet([])</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>For the database to know about our new object, we must <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">add</span></code> it to the
+session:</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [24]: </span><span class="n">session</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">new_model</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">In [25]: </span><span class="n">session</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">new</span>
+<span class="gh">Out[25]: </span><span class="go">IdentitySet([&lt;learning_journal.models.MyModel object at 0x105f4af28&gt;])</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>We can even bulk-add new objects:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [26]: </span><span class="n">new</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[]</span>
+<span class="gp">In [27]: </span><span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">val</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="p">[(</span><span class="s">&#39;bob&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">34</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;tom&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">13</span><span class="p">)]:</span>
+<span class="gp">   ....: </span>    <span class="n">new</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">append</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">MyModel</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">val</span><span class="p">))</span>
+<span class="gp">   ....:</span>
+<span class="gp">In [28]: </span><span class="n">session</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add_all</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">new</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">In [29]: </span><span class="n">session</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">new</span>
+<span class="gh">Out[29]: </span><span class="go">IdentitySet([&lt;learning_journal.models.MyModel object at 0x105f4af28&gt;,</span>
+<span class="go">                      &lt;learning_journal.models.MyModel object at 0x105f4a4a8&gt;,</span>
+<span class="go">                      &lt;learning_journal.models.MyModel object at 0x105f30550&gt;])</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>Up until now, the changes you&#8217;ve made are not permanent.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>In order for these new objects to be saved to the database, the session
+must be <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">committed</span></code>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [30]: </span><span class="n">other_session</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Session</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">In [31]: </span><span class="n">other_session</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">MyModel</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">count</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gh">Out[31]: </span><span class="go">1</span>
+<span class="gp">In [32]: </span><span class="n">session</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">commit</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">In [33]: </span><span class="n">other_session</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">MyModel</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">count</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gh">Out[33]: </span><span class="go">4</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>When you are using a <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">scoped_session</span></code> in Pyramid, this action is
+automatically handled for you.</p>
+<p>The session that is bound to a particular HTTP request is committed when a
+response is sent back.</p>
+<p>(don&#8217;t worry if this seems confusing, more to come next week)</p>
+</div>
+<p>You can edit objects that are already part of a session, or that are fetched by
+a query.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Simply change the values of a persisted attribute, the session will know
+it&#8217;s been updated:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [34]: </span><span class="n">new_model</span>
+<span class="gh">Out[34]: </span><span class="go">&lt;learning_journal.models.MyModel at 0x105f4af28&gt;</span>
+<span class="gp">In [35]: </span><span class="n">new_model</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">name</span>
+<span class="gh">Out[35]: </span><span class="go">&#39;fred&#39;</span>
+<span class="gp">In [36]: </span><span class="n">new_model</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">name</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&#39;larry&#39;</span>
+<span class="gp">In [37]: </span><span class="n">session</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">dirty</span>
+<span class="gh">Out[37]: </span><span class="go">IdentitySet([&lt;learning_journal.models.MyModel object at 0x105f4af28&gt;])</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Commit the session to persist the changes:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [38]: </span><span class="n">session</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">commit</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">In [39]: </span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">model</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">name</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">model</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">other_session</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">MyModel</span><span class="p">)]</span>
+<span class="gh">Out[39]: </span><span class="go">[&#39;one&#39;, &#39;larry&#39;, &#39;bob&#39;, &#39;tom&#39;]</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>Returning to query methods, a good example of the second type is the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">filter</span></code>
+method.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>This method allows you to reduce the number of results, based on criteria:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [40]: </span><span class="p">[(</span><span class="n">o</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">o</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">value</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">o</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">session</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">MyModel</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">filter</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">MyModel</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">value</span> <span class="o">&lt;</span> <span class="mi">20</span><span class="p">)]</span>
+<span class="gh">Out[40]: </span><span class="go">[(&#39;one&#39;, 1), (&#39;larry&#39;, 3), (&#39;tom&#39;, 13)]</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>Another typical method in this category is <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">order_by</span></code>:</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [41]: </span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">o</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">value</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">o</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">session</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">MyModel</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">order_by</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">MyModel</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">value</span><span class="p">)]</span>
+<span class="gh">Out[41]: </span><span class="go">[1, 3, 13, 34]</span>
+
+<span class="gp">In [42]: </span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">o</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">name</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">o</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">session</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">MyModel</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">order_by</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">MyModel</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">)]</span>
+<span class="gh">Out[42]: </span><span class="go">[&#39;bob&#39;, &#39;larry&#39;, &#39;one&#39;, &#39;tom&#39;]</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>Since methods in this category return <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Query</span></code> objects, they can be safely
+<em>chained</em> to build more complex queries:</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [43]: </span><span class="n">q1</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">session</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">MyModel</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">filter</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">MyModel</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">value</span> <span class="o">&lt;</span> <span class="mi">20</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">In [44]: </span><span class="n">q1</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">q1</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">order_by</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">MyModel</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">In [45]: </span><span class="p">[(</span><span class="n">o</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">o</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">value</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">o</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">q1</span><span class="p">]</span>
+<span class="gh">Out[45]: </span><span class="go">[(&#39;larry&#39;, 3), (&#39;one&#39;, 1), (&#39;tom&#39;, 13)]</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Note that you can do this inline as well
+(<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">s.query(Model).filter().order_by()</span></code>)</p>
+<p>Also note that when using chained queries like this, no query is actually
+sent to the database until you require a result.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="cleaning-up-after-ourselves">
+<h3>Cleaning Up After Ourselves<a class="headerlink" href="#cleaning-up-after-ourselves" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>When you are experimenting with a new system, you often create data that is
+messy or incomplete.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>It&#8217;s good to remember that none of the information we&#8217;ve persisted to our
+database is vital to us.</p>
+<p>For homework this week we&#8217;ll be making new models, and the data we have in
+our current database will only get in the way.</p>
+<p>Until you have real production data it is always safe simply to delete the
+database and start over:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="nv">$ </span>rm learning_journal.sqlite
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>You can always re-create it by executing <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">setup_db</span></code></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="homework">
+<h2>Homework<a class="headerlink" href="#homework" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p class="left">Okay, that&#8217;s enough for the moment.</p>
+<div class="build left container">
+<p>You&#8217;ve learned quite a bit about how <em>models</em> work in SQLAlchemy</p>
+<p>It&#8217;s time to put that knowledge to good use.</p>
+<p>For the first part of your assignment this week you will begin to define
+the data model for our learning journal application.</p>
+<p>I&#8217;ll provide a specification, you define the model required to do the job.</p>
+<p>I&#8217;ll also ask you to define a few methods to complete the first part of our
+API.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="the-model">
+<h3>The Model<a class="headerlink" href="#the-model" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Our model will be called an <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Entry</span></code>. Here&#8217;s what you need to know:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>It should be stored in a database table called <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">entries</span></code></li>
+<li>It should have a primary key field called <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">id</span></code></li>
+<li>It should have a <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">title</span></code> field which accepts unicode text up to 255 characters in length</li>
+<li>The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">title</span></code> should be unique and it should be impossible to save an
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">entry</span></code> without a <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">title</span></code>.</li>
+<li>It should have a <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">body</span></code> field which accepts unicode text of any length
+(including none)</li>
+<li>It should have a <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">created</span></code> field which stores the date and time the object
+was created.</li>
+<li>It should have an <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">edited</span></code> field which stores the date and time the object
+was last edited.</li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>Both the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">created</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">edited</span></code> field should default to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">now</span></code> if not
+provided when a new instance is constructed.</li>
+<li>The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">entry</span></code> class should support a classmethod <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">all</span></code> that returns all the
+entries in the database, ordered so that the most recent entry is first.</li>
+<li>The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">entry</span></code> class should support a classmethod <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">by_id</span></code> that returns a
+single entry, given an <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">id</span></code>.</li>
+</ul>
+<p>Remember that in order to have your new model table created, you will have to
+re-run the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">initialize_learning_journal_db</span></code> script after creating your model.</p>
+<p>Use the documentation linked in this presentation to assist you.  SQLAlchemy
+has fantastic documentation, but it can be a bit overwhelming.  Everything you
+require for this assignment is on one or more of the pages linked above.</p>
+<p>As you define this new model for our application, make frequent commits to your
+github repository. Remember to write meaningful commit messages.</p>
+<p>Don&#8217;t be afraid to start up a Python interpreter and play with your model. Try
+things out. Learn how this all works by making mistakes. Remember the
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pshell</span></code> command and how we set up a session once the shell is running.</p>
+<p>Errors at the SQL level can sometimes leave your session unusable. To restore
+it, use the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">session.rollback()</span></code> method.  You&#8217;ll lose uncommitted changes,
+but you&#8217;ll gain a session that can be used again.</p>
+<p>I want to be able to review your code (and you want to be able to share it).</p>
+<p>To submit this assignment, you&#8217;ll need to add this learning_journal repository
+to GitHub.</p>
+<p>On the GitHub website you can create a new repository.  Set it up to be
+completely empty. Name it <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">learning_journal</span></code> and give it any description you
+like.</p>
+<p>When you&#8217;ve created an empty repository in GitHub, you should see a set of
+directions for connecting it to a repository that you&#8217;ve already built. Follow
+those instructions to connect your emtpy GitHub repository as the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">origin</span></code>
+remote to your <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">learning_journal</span></code> repository on your machine.</p>
+<p>Finally, push your <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">master</span></code> branch to your new <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">origin</span></code> remote on GitHub.</p>
+<p>When you are done, send me an email with the URL for your new repository.</p>
+<p><strong>Our work next week will assume that you have completed this assignment</strong></p>
+<p>Do not delay working on this until the last moment.</p>
+<p>Do not skip this assignment.</p>
+<p>Do ask questions frequently via email (use the <a class="reference external" href="https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/programming-in-python">class google group</a>).</p>
+<p>See you next week!</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+      <div class="sphinxsidebar" role="navigation" aria-label="main navigation">
+        <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper">
+  <h3><a href="../index.html">Table Of Contents</a></h3>
+  <ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">Session 05</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#mvc-applications">MVC Applications</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#separation-of-concerns">Separation of Concerns</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#three-components">Three Components</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#on-the-web">On the Web</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#a-word-about-terminology">A Word About Terminology</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#our-first-application">Our First Application</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#id1">Pyramid</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#starting-the-project">Starting the Project</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#working-with-pyramid">Working with Pyramid</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#pyramid-is-python">Pyramid is Python</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#models-in-pyramid">Models in Pyramid</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#models-and-orms">Models and ORMs</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#sqlalchemy">SQLAlchemy</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#creating-the-database">Creating The Database</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#interacting-with-sqla-models">Interacting with SQLA Models</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#cleaning-up-after-ourselves">Cleaning Up After Ourselves</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#homework">Homework</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#the-model">The Model</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+  <h4>Previous topic</h4>
+  <p class="topless"><a href="session04.html"
+                        title="previous chapter">Session 04</a></p>
+  <h4>Next topic</h4>
+  <p class="topless"><a href="session06.html"
+                        title="next chapter">Session 06</a></p>
+  <div role="note" aria-label="source link">
+    <h3>This Page</h3>
+    <ul class="this-page-menu">
+      <li><a href="../_sources/presentations/session05.txt"
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+   </div>
+  <h3>Slides</h3>
+  <ul class="this-page-menu">
+    <li><a href="../.././slides/presentations/session05.html"
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+    <form class="search" action="../search.html" method="get">
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new file mode 100644
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+            
+  <div class="section" id="session-06">
+<h1>Session 06<a class="headerlink" href="#session-06" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<a class="reference internal image-reference" href="../_images/lj_entry.png"><img alt="../_images/lj_entry.png" class="align-center" src="../_images/lj_entry.png" style="width: 65%;" /></a>
+<div class="section" id="interacting-with-data">
+<h2>Interacting with Data<a class="headerlink" href="#interacting-with-data" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p><strong>Wherein we learn to display our data, and to create and edit it too!</strong></p>
+<div class="section" id="but-first">
+<h3>But First<a class="headerlink" href="#but-first" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Last week we discussed the <strong>model</strong> part of the <em>MVC</em> application design
+pattern.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>We set up a project using the <a class="reference external" href="http://www.pylonsproject.org/projects/pyramid/about">Pyramid</a> web framework and the <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.sqlalchemy.org/en/rel_0_9/">SQLAlchemy</a>
+library for persisting our data to a database.</p>
+<p>We looked at how to define a simple model by investigating the demo model
+created on our behalf.</p>
+<p>And we went over, briefly, the way we can interact with this model at the
+command line to make sure we&#8217;ve got it right.</p>
+<p>Finally, we defined what attributes a learning journal entry would have,
+and a pair of methods we think we will need to make the model complete.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="our-data-model">
+<h3>Our Data Model<a class="headerlink" href="#our-data-model" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Over the last week, your assignment was to create the new model.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Did you get that done?</p>
+<p>If not, what stopped you?</p>
+<p>Let&#8217;s take a few minutes here to answer questions about this task so you
+are more comfortable.</p>
+<p>Questions?</p>
+</div>
+<p>I&#8217;ve added a working <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">models.py</span></code> file to our <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/UWPCE-PythonCert/training.python_web/tree/master/resources/session06">class repository</a> in the
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">resources/session06/</span></code> folder.</p>
+<p>Let&#8217;s review how it works.</p>
+<p>I&#8217;ve also made a few small changes to make the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pshell</span></code> command a bit more
+helpful.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>In <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">learning_journal/__init__.py</span></code> I added the following function:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">create_session</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">settings</span><span class="p">):</span>
+    <span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">sqlalchemy.orm</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">sessionmaker</span>
+    <span class="n">engine</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">engine_from_config</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">settings</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;sqlalchemy.&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="n">Session</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">sessionmaker</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">bind</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">engine</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">Session</span><span class="p">()</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Then, in <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">development.ini</span></code> I added the following configuration:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ini"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">[pshell]</span>
+<span class="na">create_session</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">learning_journal.create_session</span>
+<span class="na">entry</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">learning_journal.models.Entry</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>Here&#8217;s a demo interaction using <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pshell</span></code> with these new features:</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>First <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">cd</span></code> to your project code, fire up your project virtualenv and
+start python:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="nv">$ </span><span class="nb">cd </span>projects/learning-journal/learning_journal
+<span class="nv">$ </span><span class="nb">source</span> ../ljenv/bin/activate
+<span class="o">(</span>ljenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>pshell development.ini
+Python 3.5.0 <span class="o">(</span>default, Sep <span class="m">16</span> 2015, 10:42:55<span class="o">)</span>
+...
+Environment:
+  app          The WSGI application.
+  ...
+Custom Variables:
+  create_session learning_journal.create_session
+  entry        learning_journal.models.Entry
+
+In <span class="o">[</span>1<span class="o">]</span>: <span class="nv">session</span> <span class="o">=</span> create_session<span class="o">(</span>registry.settings<span class="o">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>[demo]</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="the-mvc-controller">
+<h2>The MVC Controller<a class="headerlink" href="#the-mvc-controller" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<div class="left container">
+<p>Let&#8217;s go back to thinking for a bit about the <em>Model-View-Controller</em>
+pattern.</p>
+<div class="figure align-center" id="id1">
+<a class="reference internal image-reference" href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/40/MVC_passive_view.png"><img alt="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/40/MVC_passive_view.png" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/40/MVC_passive_view.png" style="width: 25%;" /></a>
+<p class="caption"><span class="caption-text">By Alan Evangelista (Own work) [CC0], via Wikimedia Commons</span></p>
+</div>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>We talked last week (and today) about the <em>model</em></p>
+<p>Today, we&#8217;ll dig into <em>controllers</em> and <em>views</em></p>
+<p>or as we will know them in Pyramid: <em>views</em> and <em>renderers</em></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="http-request-response">
+<h3>HTTP Request/Response<a class="headerlink" href="#http-request-response" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Internet software is driven by the HTTP Request/Response cycle.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>A <em>client</em> (perhaps a user with a web browser) makes a <strong>request</strong></p>
+<p>A <em>server</em> receives and handles that request and returns a <strong>response</strong></p>
+<p>The <em>client</em> receives the response and views it, perhaps making a new
+<strong>request</strong></p>
+<p>And around and around it goes.</p>
+</div>
+<p>An HTTP request arrives at a server through the magic of a <strong>URL</strong></p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre>http://uwpce-pythoncert.github.io/training.python_web/html/index.html
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Let&#8217;s break that up into its constituent parts:</p>
+<dl class="build docutils">
+<dt>http://:</dt>
+<dd>This part is the <em>protocol</em>, it determines how the request will be sent</dd>
+<dt>uwpce-pythoncert.github.io:</dt>
+<dd>This is a <em>domain name</em>.  It&#8217;s the human-facing address for a server
+somewhere.</dd>
+<dt>/training.python_web/html/index.html:</dt>
+<dd>This part is the <em>path</em>.  It serves as a locator for a resource <em>on the
+server</em></dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+<p>In a static website (like our documentation) the <em>path</em> identifies a <strong>physical
+location</strong> in the server&#8217;s filesystem.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Some directory on the server is the <em>home</em> for the web process, and the
+<em>path</em> is looked up there.</p>
+<p>Whatever resource (a file, an image, whatever) is located there is returned
+to the user as a response.</p>
+<p>If the path leads to a location that doesn&#8217;t exist, the server responds
+with a <strong>404 Not Found</strong> error.</p>
+<p>In the golden days of yore, this was the only way content was served via
+HTTP.</p>
+</div>
+<p>In todays world we have dynamic systems, server-side web frameworks like
+Pyramid.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>The requests that you send to a server are handled by a software process
+that assembles a response instead of looking up a physical location.</p>
+<p>But we still have URLs, with <em>protocol</em>, <em>domain</em> and <em>path</em>.</p>
+<p>What is the role for a path in a process that doesn&#8217;t refer to a physical
+file system?</p>
+<p>Most web frameworks now call the <em>path</em> a <strong>route</strong>.</p>
+<p>They provide a way of matching <em>routes</em> to the code that will be run to
+handle requests.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="routes-in-pyramid">
+<h3>Routes in Pyramid<a class="headerlink" href="#routes-in-pyramid" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>In Pyramid, routes are handled as <em>configuration</em> and are set up in the <em>main</em>
+function in <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__init__.py</span></code>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c"># learning_journal/__init__.py</span>
+<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">main</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">global_config</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">settings</span><span class="p">):</span>
+    <span class="c"># ...</span>
+    <span class="n">config</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add_route</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;home&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;/&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="c"># ...</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Our code template created a sample route for us, using the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">add_route</span></code>
+method of the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Configurator</span></code> class.</p>
+<p>The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">add_route</span></code> method has two required arguments: a <em>name</em> and a
+<em>pattern</em></p>
+<p>In our sample route, the <em>name</em> is <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'home'</span></code></p>
+<p>In our sample route, the <em>pattern</em> is <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'/'</span></code></p>
+</div>
+<p>When a request comes in to a Pyramid application, the framework looks at all
+the <em>routes</em> that have been configured.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>One by one, in order, it tries to match the <em>path</em> of the incoming request
+against the <em>pattern</em> of the route.</p>
+<p>As soon as a <em>pattern</em> matches the <em>path</em> from the incoming request, that
+route is used and no further matching is performed.</p>
+<p>If no route is found that matches, then the request will automatically get
+a <strong>404 Not Found</strong> error response.</p>
+<p>In our sample app, we have one sample <em>route</em> named <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'home'</span></code>, with a
+pattern of <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">/</span></code>.</p>
+<p>This means that any request that comes in for <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">/</span></code> will be matched to this
+route, and any other request will be <strong>404</strong>.</p>
+</div>
+<p>In a very real sense, the <em>routes</em> defined in an application <em>are</em> the public
+API.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Any route that is present represents something the user can do.</p>
+<p>Any route that is not present is something the user cannot do.</p>
+<p>You can use the proper definition of routes to help conceptualize what your
+app will do.</p>
+<p>What routes might we want for a learning journal application?</p>
+<p>What will our application do?</p>
+</div>
+<p>Let&#8217;s add routes for our application.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Open <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">learning_journal/__init__.py</span></code>.</p>
+<p>For our list page, the existing <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'home'</span></code> route will do fine, leave it.</p>
+<p>Add the following two routes:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">config</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add_route</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;home&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;/&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c"># already there</span>
+<span class="n">config</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add_route</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;detail&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;/journal/{id:\d+}&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="n">config</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add_route</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;action&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;/journal/{action}&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'detail'</span></code> route will serve a single journal entry, identified by an
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">id</span></code>.</p>
+<p>The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">action</span></code> route will serve <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">create</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">edit</span></code> views, depending on
+the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">action</span></code> specified.</p>
+<p>In both cases, we want to capture a portion of the matched path to use
+information it provides.</p>
+</div>
+<p>In a pattern, you can capture a <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">path</span> <span class="pre">segment</span></code> <em>replacement
+marker</em>, a valid Python symbol surrounded by curly braces:</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>/home/{foo}/
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>If you want to match a particular pattern, like digits only, add a
+<em>regular expression</em>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>/journal/{id:\d+}
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Matched path segments are captured in a <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">matchdict</span></code>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre># pattern          # actual url   # matchdict
+/journal/{id:\d+}  /journal/27    {&#39;id&#39;: &#39;27&#39;}
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">matchdict</span></code> is made available as an attribute of the <em>request object</em></p>
+<p>(more on that soon)</p>
+</div>
+<p>In Pyramid, a <em>route</em> is connected by configuration to a <em>view</em>.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>In our app, a sample view has been created for us, in <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">views.py</span></code>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="nd">@view_config</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">route_name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;home&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">renderer</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;templates/mytemplate.pt&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">my_view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">request</span><span class="p">):</span>
+    <span class="c"># ...</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The order in which <em>routes</em> are configured <em>is important</em>, so that must be
+done in <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__init__.py</span></code>.</p>
+<p>The order in which views are connected to routes <em>is not important</em>, so the
+<em>declarative</em> <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">&#64;view_config</span></code> decorator can be used.</p>
+<p>When <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">config.scan</span></code> is called, all files in our application are searched
+for such <em>declarative configuration</em> and it is added.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="the-pyramid-view">
+<h3>The Pyramid View<a class="headerlink" href="#the-pyramid-view" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Let&#8217;s imagine that a <em>request</em> has come to our application for the path
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'/'</span></code>.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>The framework made a match of that path to a <em>route</em> with the pattern <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'/'</span></code>.</p>
+<p>Configuration connected that route to a <em>view</em> in our application.</p>
+<p>Now, the view that was connected will be <em>called</em>, which brings us to the
+nature of <em>views</em></p>
+<p class="centered">&#8211;A Pyramid view is a <em>callable</em> that takes <em>request</em> as an argument&#8211;</p>
+<p>Remember what a <em>callable</em> is?</p>
+</div>
+<p>So, a <em>view</em> is a callable that takes the <em>request</em> as an argument.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>It can then use information from that request to build appropriate data,
+perhaps using the application&#8217;s <em>models</em>.</p>
+<p>Then, it returns the data it assembled, passing it on to a <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.pylonsproject.org/projects/pyramid/en/1.5-branch/narr/renderers.html">renderer</a>.</p>
+<p>Which <em>renderer</em> to use is determined, again, by configuration:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="nd">@view_config</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">route_name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;home&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">renderer</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;templates/mytemplate.pt&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">my_view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">request</span><span class="p">):</span>
+    <span class="c"># ...</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>More about this in a moment.</p>
+<p>The <em>view</em> stands at the intersection of <em>input data</em>, the application
+<em>model</em> and <em>renderers</em> that offer rendering of the results.</p>
+<p>It is the <em>Controller</em> in our MVC application.</p>
+</div>
+<p>Add temporary views to our application in <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">views.py</span></code> (and comment out the
+sample view):</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="nd">@view_config</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">route_name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;home&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">renderer</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;string&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">index_page</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">request</span><span class="p">):</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="s">&#39;list page&#39;</span>
+
+<span class="nd">@view_config</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">route_name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;detail&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">renderer</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;string&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">request</span><span class="p">):</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="s">&#39;detail page&#39;</span>
+
+<span class="nd">@view_config</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">route_name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;action&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">match_param</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;action=create&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">renderer</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;string&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">create</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">request</span><span class="p">):</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="s">&#39;create page&#39;</span>
+
+<span class="nd">@view_config</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">route_name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;action&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">match_param</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;action=edit&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">renderer</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;string&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">update</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">request</span><span class="p">):</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="s">&#39;edit page&#39;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Now we can verify that our view configuration has worked.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Make sure your virtualenv is properly activated, and start the web server:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">(</span>ljenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>pserve development.ini
+Starting server in PID 84467.
+serving on http://0.0.0.0:6543
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Then try viewing some of the expected application urls:</p>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://localhost:6543/">http://localhost:6543/</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://localhost:6543/journal/1">http://localhost:6543/journal/1</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://localhost:6543/journal/create">http://localhost:6543/journal/create</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://localhost:6543/journal/edit">http://localhost:6543/journal/edit</a></li>
+</ul>
+<p>What happens if you visit a URL that <em>isn&#8217;t</em> in our configuration?</p>
+</div>
+<p>Now that we&#8217;ve got temporary views that work, we can fix them to get
+information from our database</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>We&#8217;ll begin with the list view.</p>
+<p>We need some code that will fetch all the journal entries we&#8217;ve written, in
+reverse order, and hand that collection back for rendering.</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">.models</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="p">(</span>
+    <span class="n">DBSession</span><span class="p">,</span>
+    <span class="n">MyModel</span><span class="p">,</span>
+    <span class="n">Entry</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="c"># &lt;- Add this import</span>
+<span class="p">)</span>
+
+<span class="c"># and update this view function</span>
+<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">index_page</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">request</span><span class="p">):</span>
+    <span class="n">entries</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Entry</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">all</span><span class="p">()</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="s">&#39;entries&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">entries</span><span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>Next, we want to write the view for a single entry.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>We&#8217;ll need to use the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">id</span></code> value our route captures into the
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">matchdict</span></code>.</p>
+<p>Remember that the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">matchdict</span></code> is an attribute of the request.</p>
+<p>We&#8217;ll get the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">id</span></code> from there, and use it to get the correct entry.</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c"># add this import at the top</span>
+<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">pyramid.httpexceptions</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">HTTPNotFound</span>
+
+<span class="c"># and update this view function:</span>
+<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">request</span><span class="p">):</span>
+    <span class="n">this_id</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">request</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">matchdict</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;id&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="n">entry</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Entry</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">by_id</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">this_id</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="n">entry</span><span class="p">:</span>
+        <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">HTTPNotFound</span><span class="p">()</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="s">&#39;entry&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">entry</span><span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>We can now verify that these views work correctly.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Make sure your virtualenv is properly activated, and start the web server:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">(</span>ljenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>pserve development.ini
+Starting server in PID 84467.
+serving on http://0.0.0.0:6543
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Then try viewing the list page and an entry page:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://localhost:6543">http://localhost:6543</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://localhost:6543/journal/1">http://localhost:6543/journal/1</a></li>
+</ul>
+<p>What happens when you request an entry with an id that isn&#8217;t in the
+database?</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://localhost:6543/journal/100">http://localhost:6543/journal/100</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="the-mvc-view">
+<h2>The MVC View<a class="headerlink" href="#the-mvc-view" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<div class="left container">
+<p>Again, back to the <em>Model-View-Controller</em> pattern.</p>
+<div class="figure align-center" id="id2">
+<a class="reference internal image-reference" href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/40/MVC_passive_view.png"><img alt="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/40/MVC_passive_view.png" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/40/MVC_passive_view.png" style="width: 25%;" /></a>
+<p class="caption"><span class="caption-text">By Alan Evangelista (Own work) [CC0], via Wikimedia Commons</span></p>
+</div>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>We&#8217;ve built a <em>model</em> and we&#8217;ve created some <em>controllers</em> that use it.</p>
+<p>In Pyramid, we call <em>controllers</em> <strong>views</strong> and they are callables that
+take <em>request</em> as an argument.</p>
+<p>Let&#8217;s turn to the last piece of the <em>MVC</em> patter, the <em>view</em></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="presenting-data">
+<h3>Presenting Data<a class="headerlink" href="#presenting-data" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>The job of the <em>view</em> in the <em>MVC</em> pattern is to present data in a format that
+is readable to the user of the system.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>There are many ways to present data.</p>
+<p>Some are readable by humans (tables, charts, graphs, HTML pages, text
+files).</p>
+<p>Some are more for machines (xml files, csv, json).</p>
+<p>Which of these formats is the <em>right one</em> depends on your purpose.</p>
+<p>What is the purpose of our learning journal?</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="pyramid-renderers">
+<h3>Pyramid Renderers<a class="headerlink" href="#pyramid-renderers" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>In Pyramid, the job of presenting data is performed by a <em>renderer</em>.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>So we can consider the Pyramid <strong>renderer</strong> to be the <em>view</em> in our <em>MVC</em>
+app.</p>
+<p>We&#8217;ve already seen how we can connect a <em>renderer</em> to a Pyramid <em>view</em> with
+configuration.</p>
+<p>In fact, we have already done so, using a built-in renderer called
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'string'</span></code>.</p>
+<p>This renderer converts the return value of its <em>view</em> to a string and sends
+that back to the client as an HTTP response.</p>
+<p>But the result isn&#8217;t so nice looking.</p>
+</div>
+<p>The <cite>built-in renderers</cite> (<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'string'</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'json'</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'jsonp'</span></code>) in Pyramid are
+not the only ones available.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>There are add-ons to Pyramid that support using various <em>template
+languages</em> as renderers.</p>
+<p>In fact, one of these was installed by default when you created this
+project.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c"># in setup.py</span>
+<span class="n">requires</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span>
+    <span class="c"># ...</span>
+    <span class="s">&#39;pyramid_chameleon&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+    <span class="c"># ...</span>
+<span class="p">]</span>
+
+<span class="c"># in learning_journal/__init__.py</span>
+<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">main</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">global_config</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">settings</span><span class="p">):</span>
+    <span class="c"># ...</span>
+    <span class="n">config</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">include</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;pyramid_chameleon&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>The <cite>pyramid_chameleon</cite> package supports using the <cite>chameleon</cite> template
+language.</p>
+<p>The language is quite nice and powerful, but not so easy to learn.</p>
+<p>Let&#8217;s use a different one, <em>jinja2</em></p>
+</div>
+<p>Change <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pyramid_chameleon</span></code> to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pyramid_jinja2</span></code> in both of these files:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c"># in setup.py</span>
+<span class="n">requires</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span>
+    <span class="c"># ...</span>
+    <span class="s">&#39;pyramid_jinja2&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+    <span class="c"># ...</span>
+<span class="p">]</span>
+
+<span class="c"># in learning_journal/__init__.py</span>
+<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">main</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">global_config</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">settings</span><span class="p">):</span>
+    <span class="c"># ...</span>
+    <span class="n">config</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">include</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;pyramid_jinja2&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>We&#8217;ve changed the dependencies for our Pyramid project.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>As a result, we will need to re-install it so the new dependencies are also
+installed:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre>(ljenv)$ python setup.py develop
+...
+Finished processing dependencies for learning-journal==0.0
+(ljenv)$
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Now, we can use <em>Jinja2</em> templates in our project.</p>
+<p>Let&#8217;s learn a bit about how <a class="reference external" href="http://jinja.pocoo.org/docs/templates/">Jinja2 templates</a> work.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="jinja2-template-basics">
+<h3>Jinja2 Template Basics<a class="headerlink" href="#jinja2-template-basics" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>We&#8217;ll start with the absolute basics.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Fire up an iPython interpreter, using your <cite>ljenv</cite> virtualenv:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">(</span>ljenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>ipython
+...
+In <span class="o">[</span>1<span class="o">]</span>:
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Then import the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Template</span></code> class from the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">jinja2</span></code> package:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [1]: </span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">jinja2</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">Template</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>A template is constructed with a simple string:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [2]: </span><span class="n">t1</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Template</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;Hello {{ name }}, how are you&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Here, we&#8217;ve simply typed the string directly, but it is more common to
+build a template from the contents of a <em>file</em>.</p>
+<p>Notice that our string has some odd stuff in it: <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">{{</span> <span class="pre">name</span> <span class="pre">}}</span></code>.</p>
+<p>This is called a <em>placeholder</em> and when the template is <em>rendered</em> it is
+replaced.</p>
+</div>
+<p>Call the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">render</span></code> method, providing <em>context</em>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [3]: </span><span class="n">t1</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">render</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;Freddy&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gh">Out[3]: </span><span class="go">&#39;Hello Freddy, how are you&#39;</span>
+<span class="gp">In [4]: </span><span class="n">t1</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">render</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;Gloria&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gh">Out[4]: </span><span class="go">&#39;Hello Gloria, how are you&#39;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="build container">
+<p><em>Context</em> can either be keyword arguments, or a dictionary</p>
+<p>Note the resemblance to something you&#8217;ve seen before:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="s">&quot;This is {owner}&#39;s string&quot;</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">format</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">owner</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;Cris&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="go">&#39;This is Cris&#39;s string&#39;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>Dictionaries passed in as part of the <em>context</em> can be addressed with <em>either</em>
+subscript or dotted notation:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [5]: </span><span class="n">person</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="s">&#39;first_name&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">&#39;Frank&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+<span class="gp">   ...: </span>          <span class="s">&#39;last_name&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">&#39;Herbert&#39;</span><span class="p">}</span>
+<span class="gp">In [6]: </span><span class="n">t2</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Template</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;{{ person.last_name }}, {{ person[&#39;first_name&#39;] }}&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">In [7]: </span><span class="n">t2</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">render</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">person</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">person</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gh">Out[7]: </span><span class="go">&#39;Herbert, Frank&#39;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>Jinja2 will try the <em>correct</em> way first (attr for dotted, item for
+subscript).</li>
+<li>If nothing is found, it will try the opposite.</li>
+<li>If nothing is found, it will return an <em>undefined</em> object.</li>
+</ul>
+<p>The exact same is true of objects passed in as part of <em>context</em>:</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [8]: </span><span class="n">t3</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Template</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;{{ obj.x }} + {{ obj[&#39;y&#39;] }} = Fun!&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">In [9]: </span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Game</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">object</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">   ...: </span>    <span class="n">x</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&#39;babies&#39;</span>
+<span class="gp">   ...: </span>    <span class="n">y</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&#39;bubbles&#39;</span>
+<span class="gp">   ...:</span>
+<span class="gp">In [10]: </span><span class="n">bathtime</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Game</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">In [11]: </span><span class="n">t3</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">render</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">obj</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">bathtime</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gh">Out[11]: </span><span class="go">&#39;babies + bubbles = Fun!&#39;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>This means your templates can be agnostic as to the nature of the
+things found in <em>context</em></p>
+</div>
+<p>You can apply <a class="reference external" href="http://jinja.pocoo.org/docs/dev/templates/#filters">filters</a> to the data passed in <em>context</em> with the pipe (&#8216;|&#8217;)
+operator:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [12]: </span><span class="n">t4</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Template</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;shouted: {{ phrase|upper }}&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">In [13]: </span><span class="n">t4</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">render</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">phrase</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;this is very important&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gh">Out[13]: </span><span class="go">&#39;shouted: THIS IS VERY IMPORTANT&#39;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>You can also chain filters together:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [14]: </span><span class="n">t5</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Template</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;confusing: {{ phrase|upper|reverse }}&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">In [15]: </span><span class="n">t5</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">render</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">phrase</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;howdy doody&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gh">Out[15]: </span><span class="go">&#39;confusing: YDOOD YDWOH&#39;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>Logical <a class="reference external" href="http://jinja.pocoo.org/docs/dev/templates/#list-of-control-structures">control structures</a> are also available:</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [16]: </span><span class="n">tmpl</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
+<span class="gp">   ....: </span><span class="s">{</span><span class="si">% f</span><span class="s">or item in list %}{{ item}}, {</span><span class="si">% e</span><span class="s">ndfor %}</span>
+<span class="gp">   ....: </span><span class="s">&quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
+<span class="gp">In [17]: </span><span class="n">t6</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Template</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">tmpl</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">In [18]: </span><span class="n">t6</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">render</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">list</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s">&#39;a&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;b&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;c&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;d&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;e&#39;</span><span class="p">])</span>
+<span class="gh">Out[18]: </span><span class="go">&#39;\na, b, c, d, e, &#39;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Any control structure introduced in a template <strong>must</strong> be paired with an
+explicit closing tag (<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">{%</span> <span class="pre">for</span> <span class="pre">%}...{%</span> <span class="pre">endfor</span> <span class="pre">%}</span></code>)</p>
+<p>Remember, although template tags like <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">{%</span> <span class="pre">for</span> <span class="pre">%}</span></code> or <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">{%</span> <span class="pre">if</span> <span class="pre">%}</span></code> look a
+lot like Python, <em>they are not</em>.</p>
+<p>The syntax is specific and must be followed correctly.</p>
+</div>
+<p>There are a number of specialized <em>tests</em> available for use with the
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">if...elif...else</span></code> control structure:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [19]: </span><span class="n">tmpl</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
+<span class="gp">   ....: </span><span class="s">{</span><span class="si">% i</span><span class="s">f phrase is upper %}</span>
+<span class="gp">   ....: </span><span class="s">  {{ phrase|lower }}</span>
+<span class="gp">   ....: </span><span class="s">{</span><span class="si">% e</span><span class="s">lif phrase is lower %}</span>
+<span class="gp">   ....: </span><span class="s">  {{ phrase|upper }}</span>
+<span class="gp">   ....: </span><span class="s">{</span><span class="si">% e</span><span class="s">lse %}{{ phrase }}{</span><span class="si">% e</span><span class="s">ndif %}&quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
+<span class="gp">In [20]: </span><span class="n">t7</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Template</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">tmpl</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">In [21]: </span><span class="n">t7</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">render</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">phrase</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;FOO&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gh">Out[21]: </span><span class="go">&#39;\n\n  foo\n&#39;</span>
+<span class="gp">In [22]: </span><span class="n">t7</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">render</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">phrase</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;bar&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gh">Out[22]: </span><span class="go">&#39;\n\n  BAR\n&#39;</span>
+<span class="gp">In [23]: </span><span class="n">t7</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">render</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">phrase</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;This should print as-is&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gh">Out[23]: </span><span class="go">&#39;\nThis should print as-is&#39;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Basic <a class="reference external" href="http://jinja.pocoo.org/docs/dev/templates/#expressions">Python-like expressions</a> are also supported:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [24]: </span><span class="n">tmpl</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
+<span class="gp">   ....: </span><span class="s">{</span><span class="si">% s</span><span class="s">et sum = 0 %}</span>
+<span class="gp">   ....: </span><span class="s">{</span><span class="si">% f</span><span class="s">or val in values %}</span>
+<span class="gp">   ....: </span><span class="s">{{ val }}: {{ sum + val }}</span>
+<span class="gp">   ....: </span><span class="s">  {</span><span class="si">% s</span><span class="s">et sum = sum + val %}</span>
+<span class="gp">   ....: </span><span class="s">{</span><span class="si">% e</span><span class="s">ndfor %}</span>
+<span class="gp">   ....: </span><span class="s">&quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
+<span class="gp">In [25]: </span><span class="n">t8</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Template</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">tmpl</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">In [26]: </span><span class="n">t8</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">render</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">values</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="nb">range</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">11</span><span class="p">))</span>
+<span class="gh">Out[26]: </span><span class="go">&#39;\n\n\n1: 1\n  \n\n2: 3\n  \n\n3: 6\n  \n\n4: 10\n</span>
+<span class="go">          \n\n5: 15\n  \n\n6: 21\n  \n\n7: 28\n  \n\n8: 36\n</span>
+<span class="go">          \n\n9: 45\n  \n\n10: 55\n  \n\n&#39;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="our-templates">
+<h3>Our Templates<a class="headerlink" href="#our-templates" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>There&#8217;s more that Jinja2 templates can do, but it will be easier to introduce
+you to that in the context of a working template.  So let&#8217;s make some.</p>
+<p>We have a Pyramid view that returns a single entry. Let&#8217;s create a template to
+show it.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>In <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">learning_journal/templates</span></code> create a new file <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">detail.jinja2</span></code>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-jinja"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="x">&lt;article&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">  &lt;h1&gt;</span><span class="cp">{{</span> <span class="nv">entry.title</span> <span class="cp">}}</span><span class="x">&lt;/h1&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">  &lt;hr/&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">  &lt;p&gt;</span><span class="cp">{{</span> <span class="nv">entry.body</span> <span class="cp">}}</span><span class="x">&lt;/p&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">  &lt;hr/&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">  &lt;p&gt;Created &lt;strong title=&quot;</span><span class="cp">{{</span> <span class="nv">entry.created</span> <span class="cp">}}</span><span class="x">&quot;&gt;</span><span class="cp">{{</span><span class="nv">entry.created</span><span class="cp">}}</span><span class="x">&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">&lt;/article&gt;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Then wire it up to the detail view in <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">views.py</span></code>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c"># views.py</span>
+<span class="nd">@view_config</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">route_name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;detail&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">renderer</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;templates/detail.jinja2&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">request</span><span class="p">):</span>
+    <span class="c"># ...</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>Now we should be able to see some rendered HTML for our journal entry details.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Start up your server:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">(</span>ljenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>pserve development.ini
+Starting server in PID 90536.
+serving on http://0.0.0.0:6543
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Then try viewing an individual journal entry</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://localhost:6543/journal/1">http://localhost:6543/journal/1</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<p>The index page of our journal should show a list of journal entries, let&#8217;s do
+that next.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>In <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">learning_journal/templates</span></code> create a new file <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">list.jinja2</span></code>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-jinja"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="nv">entries</span> <span class="cp">%}</span><span class="x"></span>
+<span class="x">&lt;h2&gt;Journal Entries&lt;/h2&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">&lt;ul&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">  </span><span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="nv">entry</span> <span class="k">in</span> <span class="nv">entries</span> <span class="cp">%}</span><span class="x"></span>
+<span class="x">    &lt;li&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">    &lt;a href=&quot;</span><span class="cp">{{</span> <span class="nv">request.route_url</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;detail&#39;</span><span class="o">,</span> <span class="nv">id</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="nv">entry.id</span><span class="o">)</span> <span class="cp">}}</span><span class="x">&quot;&gt;</span><span class="cp">{{</span> <span class="nv">entry.title</span> <span class="cp">}}</span><span class="x">&lt;/a&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">    &lt;/li&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">  </span><span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">endfor</span> <span class="cp">%}</span><span class="x"></span>
+<span class="x">&lt;/ul&gt;</span>
+<span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">else</span> <span class="cp">%}</span><span class="x"></span>
+<span class="x">&lt;p&gt;This journal is empty&lt;/p&gt;</span>
+<span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">endif</span> <span class="cp">%}</span><span class="x"></span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>It&#8217;s worth taking a look at a few specifics of this template.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<div class="highlight-jinja"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="nv">entry</span> <span class="k">in</span> <span class="nv">entries</span> <span class="cp">%}</span><span class="x"></span>
+<span class="x"> ...</span>
+<span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">endfor</span> <span class="cp">%}</span><span class="x"></span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Jinja2 templates are rendered with a <em>context</em>.</p>
+<p>A Pyramid <em>view</em> returns a dictionary, which is passed to the renderer as
+part of of that <em>context</em></p>
+<p>This means we can access values we return from our <em>view</em> in the <em>renderer</em>
+using the names we assigned to them.</p>
+</div>
+<p>It&#8217;s worth taking a look at a few specifics of this template.</p>
+<blockquote>
+<div><div class="highlight-jinja"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="x">&lt;a href=&quot;</span><span class="cp">{{</span> <span class="nv">request.route_url</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;detail&#39;</span><span class="o">,</span> <span class="nv">id</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="nv">entry.id</span><span class="o">)</span> <span class="cp">}}</span><span class="x">&quot;&gt;</span><span class="cp">{{</span> <span class="nv">entry.title</span> <span class="cp">}}</span><span class="x">&lt;/a&gt;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The <em>request</em> object is also placed in the context by Pyramid.</p>
+<p>Request has a method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">route_url</span></code> that will create a URL for a named
+route.</p>
+<p>This allows you to include URLs in your template without needing to know
+exactly what they will be.</p>
+<p>This process is called <em>reversing</em>, since it&#8217;s a bit like a reverse phone
+book lookup.</p>
+</div></blockquote>
+<p>Finally, you&#8217;ll need to connect this new renderer to your listing view:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="nd">@view_config</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">route_name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;home&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">renderer</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;templates/list.jinja2&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">index_page</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">request</span><span class="p">):</span>
+    <span class="c"># ...</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>We can now see our list page too.  Let&#8217;s try starting the server:</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">(</span>ljenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>pserve development.ini
+Starting server in PID 90536.
+serving on http://0.0.0.0:6543
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Then try viewing the home page of your journal:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://localhost:6543/">http://localhost:6543/</a></li>
+</ul>
+<p>Click on the link to an entry, it should work.</p>
+</div>
+<p>These views are reasonable, if quite plain.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>It&#8217;d be nice to put them into something that looks a bit more like a
+website.</p>
+<p>Jinja2 allows you to combine templates using something called
+<a class="reference external" href="http://jinja.pocoo.org/docs/dev/templates/#template-inheritance">template inheritance</a>.</p>
+<p>You can create a basic page structure, and then <em>inherit</em> that structure in
+other templates.</p>
+<p>In our class resources I&#8217;ve added a page template <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">layout.jinja2</span></code>.  Copy
+that page to your templates directory</p>
+</div>
+<div class="highlight-jinja"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="x">&lt;!DOCTYPE html&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">&lt;html lang=&quot;en&quot;&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">  &lt;head&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">    &lt;meta charset=&quot;utf-8&quot;&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">    &lt;title&gt;Python Learning Journal&lt;/title&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">    &lt;!--[if lt IE 9]&gt;&lt;script src=&quot;http://html5shiv.googlecode.com/svn/trunk/html5.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">  &lt;/head&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">  &lt;body&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">    &lt;header&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">      &lt;nav&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;</span><span class="cp">{{</span> <span class="nv">request.route_url</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;home&#39;</span><span class="o">)</span> <span class="cp">}}</span><span class="x">&quot;&gt;Home&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/nav&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">    &lt;/header&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">    &lt;main&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">      &lt;h1&gt;My Python Journal&lt;/h1&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">      &lt;section id=&quot;content&quot;&gt;</span><span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">block</span> <span class="nv">body</span> <span class="cp">%}{%</span> <span class="k">endblock</span> <span class="cp">%}</span><span class="x">&lt;/section&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">    &lt;/main&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">    &lt;footer&gt;&lt;p&gt;Created in the UW PCE Python Certificate Program&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/footer&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">  &lt;/body&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">&lt;/html&gt;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The important part here is the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">{%</span> <span class="pre">block</span> <span class="pre">body</span> <span class="pre">%}{%</span> <span class="pre">endblock</span> <span class="pre">%}</span></code> expression.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>This is a template <strong>block</strong> and it is a kind of placeholder.</p>
+<p>Other templates can inherit from this one, and fill that block with
+additional HTML.</p>
+<p>Let&#8217;s update our detail and list templates:</p>
+<div class="highlight-jinja"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">extends</span> <span class="s2">&quot;layout.jinja2&quot;</span> <span class="cp">%}</span><span class="x"></span>
+<span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">block</span> <span class="nv">body</span> <span class="cp">%}</span><span class="x"></span>
+<span class="x">&lt;!-- everything else that was already there goes here --&gt;</span>
+<span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">endblock</span> <span class="cp">%}</span><span class="x"></span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>Let&#8217;s try starting the server so we can see the result:</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">(</span>ljenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>pserve development.ini
+Starting server in PID 90536.
+serving on http://0.0.0.0:6543
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Then try viewing the home page of your journal:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://localhost:6543/">http://localhost:6543/</a></li>
+</ul>
+<p>Click on the link to an entry, it should work.</p>
+<p>And now you have shared page structure that is in both.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="static-assets">
+<h3>Static Assets<a class="headerlink" href="#static-assets" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Although we have a shared structure, it isn&#8217;t particularly nice to look at.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Aspects of how a website looks are controlled by CSS (<em>Cascading Style
+Sheets</em>).</p>
+<p>Stylesheets are one of what we generally speak of as <em>static assets</em>.</p>
+<p>Other static assets include <em>images</em> that are part of the look and feel of
+the site (logos, button images, etc) and the <em>JavaScript</em> files that add
+client-side dynamic behavior to the site.</p>
+</div>
+<p>Serving static assets in Pyramid requires a <em>static view</em> to configuration.
+Luckily, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pcreate</span></code> already handled that for us:</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c"># in learning_journal/__init__.py</span>
+<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">main</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">global_config</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">settings</span><span class="p">):</span>
+    <span class="c"># ...</span>
+    <span class="n">config</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add_static_view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;static&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;static&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">cache_max_age</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">3600</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="c"># ...</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The first argument to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">add_static_view</span></code> is a <em>name</em> that will need to
+appear in the path of URLs requesting assets.</p>
+<p>The second argument is a <em>path</em> that is relative to the package being
+configured.</p>
+<p>Assets referenced by the <em>name</em> in a URL will be searched for in the
+location defined by the <em>path</em></p>
+<p>Additional keyword arguments control other aspects of how the view works.</p>
+</div>
+<p>Once you have a static view configured, you can use assets in that location in
+templates.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>The <em>request</em> object in Pyramid provides a <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">static_path</span></code> method that
+will render an appropriate asset path for us.</p>
+<p>Add the following to our <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">layout.jinja2</span></code> template:</p>
+<div class="highlight-jinja"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="x">&lt;head&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">  &lt;!-- ... --&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">  &lt;link href=&quot;</span><span class="cp">{{</span> <span class="nv">request.static_path</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;learning_journal:static/styles.css&#39;</span><span class="o">)</span> <span class="cp">}}</span><span class="x">&quot; rel=&quot;stylesheet&quot;&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">&lt;/head&gt;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The one required argument to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">request.static_path</span></code> is a <em>path</em> to an
+asset.</p>
+<p>Note that because any package <em>might</em> define a static view, we have to
+specify which package we want to look in.</p>
+<p>That&#8217;s why we have <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">learning_journal:static/styles.css</span></code> in our call.</p>
+</div>
+<p>I&#8217;ve created some very very basic styles for our learning journal.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>You can find them in <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">resources/session06/styles.css</span></code>.  Go ahead and copy
+that file.</p>
+<p>Add it to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">learning_journal/static</span></code>.</p>
+<p>Then restart your web server and see what a difference a little style
+makes:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">(</span>ljenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>pserve development.ini
+Starting server in PID 90536.
+serving on http://0.0.0.0:6543
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>Your site should look something like this:</p>
+<div class="figure align-center" id="id3">
+<a class="reference internal image-reference" href="../_images/learning_journal_styled.png"><img alt="../_images/learning_journal_styled.png" src="../_images/learning_journal_styled.png" style="width: 75%;" /></a>
+<p class="caption"><span class="caption-text">The learning journal with basic styles applied</span></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="getting-interactive">
+<h2>Getting Interactive<a class="headerlink" href="#getting-interactive" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<div class="left container">
+<p>We have a site that allows us to view a list of journal entries.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>We can also view the details of a single entry.</p>
+<p>But as yet, we don&#8217;t really have any <em>interaction</em> in our site yet.</p>
+<p>We can&#8217;t create new entries.</p>
+<p>Let&#8217;s add that functionality next.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="user-input">
+<h3>User Input<a class="headerlink" href="#user-input" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>In HTML websites, the traditional way of getting input from users is via
+<a class="reference external" href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/Guide/HTML/Forms">HTML forms</a>.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Forms use <em>input elements</em> to allow users to enter data, pick from
+drop-down lists, or choose items via checkbox or radio button.</p>
+<p>It is possible to create plain HTML forms in templates and use them with
+Pyramid.</p>
+<p>It&#8217;s a lot easier, however, to work with a <em>form library</em> to create forms,
+render them in templates and interact with data sent by a client.</p>
+<p>We&#8217;ll be using a form library called <a class="reference external" href="http://wtforms.readthedocs.org/en/latest/">WTForms</a> in our project</p>
+</div>
+<p>The first step to working with this library is to install it.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Start by makin the library as a <em>dependency</em> of our package by adding it to
+the <em>requires</em> list in <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">setup.py</span></code>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">requires</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span>
+    <span class="c"># ...</span>
+    <span class="s">&#39;wtforms&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="c"># &lt;- add this to the list</span>
+<span class="p">]</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Then, re-install our package to download and install the new dependency:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">(</span>ljenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>python setup.py develop
+...
+Finished processing dependencies <span class="k">for</span> learning-journal<span class="o">==</span>0.0
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="using-wtforms">
+<h3>Using WTForms<a class="headerlink" href="#using-wtforms" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>We&#8217;ll want a form to allow a user to create a new Journal Entry.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Add a new file called <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">forms.py</span></code> in our learning_journal package, next to
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">models.py</span></code>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">wtforms</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">Form</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">TextField</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">TextAreaField</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">validators</span>
+
+<span class="n">strip_filter</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">lambda</span> <span class="n">x</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">x</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">strip</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">x</span> <span class="k">else</span> <span class="bp">None</span>
+
+<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">EntryCreateForm</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Form</span><span class="p">):</span>
+    <span class="n">title</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">TextField</span><span class="p">(</span>
+        <span class="s">&#39;Entry title&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="p">[</span><span class="n">validators</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Length</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">min</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">max</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">255</span><span class="p">)],</span>
+        <span class="n">filters</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">strip_filter</span><span class="p">])</span>
+    <span class="n">body</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">TextAreaField</span><span class="p">(</span>
+        <span class="s">&#39;Entry body&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="p">[</span><span class="n">validators</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Length</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">min</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)],</span>
+        <span class="n">filters</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">strip_filter</span><span class="p">])</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>Next, we need to add a new view that uses this form to create a new entry.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Add this to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">views.py</span></code>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c"># add these imports</span>
+<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">pyramid.httpexceptions</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">HTTPFound</span>
+<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">.forms</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">EntryCreateForm</span>
+
+<span class="c"># and update this view function</span>
+<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">create</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">request</span><span class="p">):</span>
+    <span class="n">entry</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Entry</span><span class="p">()</span>
+    <span class="n">form</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">EntryCreateForm</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">request</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">POST</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">request</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s">&#39;POST&#39;</span> <span class="ow">and</span> <span class="n">form</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">validate</span><span class="p">():</span>
+        <span class="n">form</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">populate_obj</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">entry</span><span class="p">)</span>
+        <span class="n">DBSession</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">entry</span><span class="p">)</span>
+        <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">HTTPFound</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">location</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">request</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">route_url</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;home&#39;</span><span class="p">))</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="s">&#39;form&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">form</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;action&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">request</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">matchdict</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;action&#39;</span><span class="p">)}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>We already have a route that connects here.  Let&#8217;s test it.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Start your server:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">(</span>ljenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>pserve development.ini
+Starting server in PID 90536.
+serving on http://0.0.0.0:6543
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>And then try connecting to the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">action</span></code> route:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://localhost:6543/journal/create">http://localhost:6543/journal/create</a></li>
+</ul>
+<p>You should see something like this:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>{&#39;action&#39;: u&#39;create&#39;, &#39;form&#39;: &lt;learning_journal.forms.EntryCreateForm object at 0x10e7d6b90&gt;}
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>Finally, we need to create a template that will render our form.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Add a new template called <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">edit.jinja2</span></code> in
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">learning_journal/templates</span></code>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-jinja"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">extends</span> <span class="s2">&quot;templates/layout.jinja2&quot;</span> <span class="cp">%}</span><span class="x"></span>
+<span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">block</span> <span class="nv">body</span> <span class="cp">%}</span><span class="x"></span>
+<span class="x">&lt;form action=&quot;.&quot; method=&quot;POST&quot;&gt;</span>
+<span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="nv">field</span> <span class="k">in</span> <span class="nv">form</span> <span class="cp">%}</span><span class="x"></span>
+<span class="x">  </span><span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="nv">field.errors</span> <span class="cp">%}</span><span class="x"></span>
+<span class="x">    &lt;ul&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">    </span><span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="nv">error</span> <span class="k">in</span> <span class="nv">field.errors</span> <span class="cp">%}</span><span class="x"></span>
+<span class="x">        &lt;li&gt;</span><span class="cp">{{</span> <span class="nv">error</span> <span class="cp">}}</span><span class="x">&lt;/li&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">    </span><span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">endfor</span> <span class="cp">%}</span><span class="x"></span>
+<span class="x">    &lt;/ul&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">  </span><span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">endif</span> <span class="cp">%}</span><span class="x"></span>
+<span class="x">    &lt;p&gt;</span><span class="cp">{{</span> <span class="nv">field.label</span> <span class="cp">}}</span><span class="x">: </span><span class="cp">{{</span> <span class="nv">field</span> <span class="cp">}}</span><span class="x">&lt;/p&gt;</span>
+<span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">endfor</span> <span class="cp">%}</span><span class="x"></span>
+<span class="x">    &lt;p&gt;&lt;input type=&quot;submit&quot; name=&quot;submit&quot; value=&quot;Submit&quot; /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">&lt;/form&gt;</span>
+<span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">endblock</span> <span class="cp">%}</span><span class="x"></span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>You&#8217;ll need to update the view configuration to use this new renderer.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Update the configuration in <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">learning_journal/views.py</span></code>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="nd">@view_config</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">route_name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;action&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">match_param</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;action=create&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+             <span class="n">renderer</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;templates/edit.jinja2&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">create</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">request</span><span class="p">):</span>
+    <span class="c"># ...</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>And then you should be able to start your server and test:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">(</span>ljenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>pserve development.ini
+Starting server in PID 90536.
+serving on http://0.0.0.0:6543
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://localhost:6543/journal/create">http://localhost:6543/journal/create</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<p>Great!  Now you can add new entries to your journal.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>But in order to do so, you have to hand-enter the url.</p>
+<p>You should add a new link in the UI somewhere that helps you get there more
+easily.</p>
+<p>Add the following to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">list.jinja2</span></code>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-jinja"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">extends</span> <span class="s2">&quot;layout.jinja2&quot;</span> <span class="cp">%}</span><span class="x"></span>
+<span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">block</span> <span class="nv">body</span> <span class="cp">%}</span><span class="x"></span>
+<span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="nv">entries</span> <span class="cp">%}</span><span class="x"></span>
+<span class="x">...</span>
+<span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">else</span> <span class="cp">%}</span><span class="x"></span>
+<span class="x">...</span>
+<span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">endif</span> <span class="cp">%}</span><span class="x"></span>
+<span class="x">&lt;!-- Add This Link --&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;</span><span class="cp">{{</span> <span class="nv">request.route_url</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;action&#39;</span><span class="o">,</span> <span class="nv">action</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">&#39;create&#39;</span><span class="o">)</span> <span class="cp">}}</span><span class="x">&quot;&gt;New Entry&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</span>
+<span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">endblock</span> <span class="cp">%}</span><span class="x"></span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="homework">
+<h2>Homework<a class="headerlink" href="#homework" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<div class="left container">
+<p>You have a website now that allows you to create, view and list journal
+entries</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>However, there are still a few flaws in this system.</p>
+<p>You should be able to edit a journal entry that already exists, in case
+you make a spelling error.</p>
+<p>It would also be nice to see a prettier site.</p>
+<p>Let&#8217;s handle that for homework this week.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="part-1-add-editing">
+<h3>Part 1: Add Editing<a class="headerlink" href="#part-1-add-editing" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>For part one of your assignment, add editing of existing entries. You will need:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>A form that shows an existing entry (what is different about this form from
+one for creating a new entry?)</li>
+<li>A pyramid view that handles that form. It should:<ul>
+<li>Show the form with the requested entry when the page is first loaded</li>
+<li>Accept edits only on POST</li>
+<li>Update an existing entry with new data from the form</li>
+<li>Show the view of the entry after editing so that the user can see the edits
+saved correctly</li>
+<li>Show errors from form validation, if any are present</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li>A link somewhere that leads to the editing page for a single entry (probably
+on the view page for a entry)</li>
+</ul>
+<p>You&#8217;ll need to update a bit of configuration, but not much.  Use the create
+form we did here in class as an example.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="part-2-make-it-yours">
+<h3>Part 2: Make it Yours<a class="headerlink" href="#part-2-make-it-yours" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>I&#8217;ve created for you a very bare-bones layout and stylesheet.</p>
+<p>You will certainly want to add a bit of your own style and panache.</p>
+<p>Spend a few hours this week playing with the styles and getting a site that
+looks more like you want it to look.</p>
+<p>The Mozilla Developer Network has <a class="reference external" href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS">some excellent resources</a> for learning CSS.</p>
+<p>In particular, the <a class="reference external" href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/CSS/Getting_Started">Getting Started with CSS</a> tutorial is a thorough
+introduction to the basics.</p>
+<p>You might also look at their <a class="reference external" href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/demos/tag/tech:css3">CSS 3 Demos</a> to help fire up your creative
+juices.</p>
+<p>Here are a few more resources:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://alistapart.com">A List Apart</a> offers outstanding articles.  Their
+<a class="reference external" href="http://alistapart.com/topics">Topics list</a> is worth a browse.</li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://www.smashingmagazine.com">Smashing Magazine</a> is another excellent
+resource for articles on design.</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="part-3-user-model">
+<h3>Part 3: User Model<a class="headerlink" href="#part-3-user-model" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>As it stands, our journal accepts entries from anyone who comes by.</p>
+<p>Next week we will add security to allow only logged-in users to create and edit
+entries.</p>
+<p>To do so, we&#8217;ll need a user model</p>
+<p>The model should have:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>An <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">id</span></code> field that is a primary key</li>
+<li>A <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">username</span></code> field that is unicode, no more than 255 characters, not
+nullable, unique and indexed.</li>
+<li>A <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">password</span></code> field that is unicode and not nullable</li>
+</ul>
+<p>In addition, the model should have a classmethod that retrieves a specific user
+when given a username.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="part-4-preparation-for-deployment">
+<h3>Part 4: Preparation for Deployment<a class="headerlink" href="#part-4-preparation-for-deployment" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>At the end of class next week we will be deploying our application to Heroku.</p>
+<p>You will need to get a free account.</p>
+<p>Once you have your free account set up and you have logged in, run through the
+<a class="reference external" href="https://devcenter.heroku.com/articles/getting-started-with-python#introduction">getting started with Python</a> tutorial.</p>
+<p>Be sure to at least complete the <em>set up</em> step. It will have you install the
+Heroku Toolbelt, which you will need to have ready in class.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="submitting-your-work">
+<h3>Submitting Your Work<a class="headerlink" href="#submitting-your-work" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>As usual, submit your work by committing and pushing it to your project github
+repository</p>
+<p>Commit early and commit often.</p>
+<p>Write yourself good commit messages explaining what you have done and why.</p>
+<p>When you are ready to have your work reviewed, email the link to your
+repository to us, we&#8217;ll take a look and make comments.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+      <div class="sphinxsidebar" role="navigation" aria-label="main navigation">
+        <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper">
+  <h3><a href="../index.html">Table Of Contents</a></h3>
+  <ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">Session 06</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#interacting-with-data">Interacting with Data</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#but-first">But First</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#our-data-model">Our Data Model</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#the-mvc-controller">The MVC Controller</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#http-request-response">HTTP Request/Response</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#routes-in-pyramid">Routes in Pyramid</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#the-pyramid-view">The Pyramid View</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#the-mvc-view">The MVC View</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#presenting-data">Presenting Data</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#pyramid-renderers">Pyramid Renderers</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#jinja2-template-basics">Jinja2 Template Basics</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#our-templates">Our Templates</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#static-assets">Static Assets</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#getting-interactive">Getting Interactive</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#user-input">User Input</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#using-wtforms">Using WTForms</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#homework">Homework</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#part-1-add-editing">Part 1: Add Editing</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#part-2-make-it-yours">Part 2: Make it Yours</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#part-3-user-model">Part 3: User Model</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#part-4-preparation-for-deployment">Part 4: Preparation for Deployment</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#submitting-your-work">Submitting Your Work</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+  <h4>Previous topic</h4>
+  <p class="topless"><a href="session05.html"
+                        title="previous chapter">Session 05</a></p>
+  <h4>Next topic</h4>
+  <p class="topless"><a href="session07.html"
+                        title="next chapter">Session 07</a></p>
+  <div role="note" aria-label="source link">
+    <h3>This Page</h3>
+    <ul class="this-page-menu">
+      <li><a href="../_sources/presentations/session06.txt"
+            rel="nofollow">Show Source</a></li>
+    </ul>
+   </div>
+  <h3>Slides</h3>
+  <ul class="this-page-menu">
+    <li><a href="../.././slides/presentations/session06.html"
+           rel="nofollow">View as slides</a></li>
+  </ul>
+<div id="searchbox" style="display: none" role="search">
+  <h3>Quick search</h3>
+    <form class="search" action="../search.html" method="get">
+      <input type="text" name="q" />
+      <input type="submit" value="Go" />
+      <input type="hidden" name="check_keywords" value="yes" />
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+    </form>
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+        <li class="nav-item nav-item-0"><a href="../index.html">UWPCE Python 200</a> &raquo;</li>
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+        &copy; Copyright 2012-2016, Cris Ewing.
+      Created using <a href="http://sphinx-doc.org/">Sphinx</a> 1.3.1.
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+</html>
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diff --git a/html/presentations/session07.html b/html/presentations/session07.html
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7ff1cc23
--- /dev/null
+++ b/html/presentations/session07.html
@@ -0,0 +1,1405 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
+  "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
+
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+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
+  <head>
+    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
+    
+    <title>Session 07 &mdash; Internet Programming with Python</title>
+    
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/pyramid.css" type="text/css" />
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+            
+  <div class="section" id="session-07">
+<h1>Session 07<a class="headerlink" href="#session-07" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<div class="figure align-center" id="id2">
+<a class="reference internal image-reference" href="../_images/no_entry.jpg"><img alt="../_images/no_entry.jpg" src="../_images/no_entry.jpg" style="width: 60%;" /></a>
+<p class="caption"><span class="caption-text">By <a class="reference external" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/75001512&#64;N00/2707796203">Joel Kramer via Flickr</a></span></p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="security-and-deployment">
+<h2>Security And Deployment<a class="headerlink" href="#security-and-deployment" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<div class="left container">
+<p>By the end of this session we&#8217;ll have deployed our learning journal to a
+public server.</p>
+<p>So we will need to add a bit of security to it.</p>
+<p>We&#8217;ll get started on that in a moment</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="but-first">
+<h3>But First<a class="headerlink" href="#but-first" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p class="large center">Questions About the Homework?</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">EntryEditForm</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">EntryCreateForm</span><span class="p">):</span>
+    <span class="nb">id</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">HiddenField</span><span class="p">()</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p><a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/cewing/training.python_web/blob/807a49f20fea1e7e7393347c82df47eff83f3210/resources/session07/forms.py#L25">View the form online</a></p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="nd">@view_config</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">route_name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;action&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">match_param</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;action=edit&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+             <span class="n">renderer</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;templates/edit.jinja2&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">update</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">request</span><span class="p">):</span>
+    <span class="nb">id</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">request</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">params</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;id&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">))</span>
+    <span class="n">entry</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Entry</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">by_id</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">id</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="n">entry</span><span class="p">:</span>
+        <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">HTTPNotFound</span><span class="p">()</span>
+    <span class="n">form</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">EntryEditForm</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">request</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">POST</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">entry</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">request</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s">&#39;POST&#39;</span> <span class="ow">and</span> <span class="n">form</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">validate</span><span class="p">():</span>
+        <span class="n">form</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">populate_obj</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">entry</span><span class="p">)</span>
+        <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">HTTPFound</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">location</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">request</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">route_url</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;detail&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">id</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">entry</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">id</span><span class="p">))</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="s">&#39;form&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">form</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;action&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">request</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">matchdict</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;action&#39;</span><span class="p">)}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p><a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/cewing/training.python_web/blob/807a49f20fea1e7e7393347c82df47eff83f3210/resources/session07/views.py#L43">See this view online</a></p>
+<div class="highlight-html+jinja"><div class="highlight"><pre>{% extends &quot;layout.jinja2&quot; %}
+{% block body %}
+&lt;article&gt;
+  &lt;!-- ... --&gt;
+&lt;/article&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+  &lt;a href=&quot;{{ request.route_url(&#39;home&#39;) }}&quot;&gt;Go Back&lt;/a&gt; ::
+  &lt;a href=&quot;{{ request.route_url(&#39;action&#39;, action=&#39;edit&#39;, _query=((&#39;id&#39;,entry.id),)) }}&quot;&gt;
+    Edit Entry&lt;/a&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;
+{% endblock %}
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p><a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/cewing/training.python_web/blob/807a49f20fea1e7e7393347c82df47eff83f3210/resources/session07/detail.jinja2#L12">View this template online</a></p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">User</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Base</span><span class="p">):</span>
+    <span class="n">__tablename__</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&#39;users&#39;</span>
+    <span class="nb">id</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Column</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Integer</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">primary_key</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">True</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">autoincrement</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">True</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="n">name</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Column</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Unicode</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">255</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">unique</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">True</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">nullable</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">False</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="n">password</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Column</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Unicode</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">255</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">nullable</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">False</span><span class="p">)</span>
+
+    <span class="nd">@classmethod</span>
+    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">by_name</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">cls</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">name</span><span class="p">):</span>
+        <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">DBSession</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">cls</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">filter</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">cls</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">name</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="n">name</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">first</span><span class="p">()</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p><a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/cewing/training.python_web/blob/807a49f20fea1e7e7393347c82df47eff83f3210/resources/session07/models.py#L62">View this model online</a></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="securing-an-application">
+<h2>Securing An Application<a class="headerlink" href="#securing-an-application" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<div class="left container">
+<p>We&#8217;ve got a solid start on our learning journal.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>We can:</p>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>view a list of entries</li>
+<li>view a single entry</li>
+<li>create a new entry</li>
+<li>edit existing entries</li>
+</ul>
+<p>But so can everyone who visits the journal.</p>
+<p>It&#8217;s a recipe for <strong>TOTAL CHAOS</strong></p>
+<p>Let&#8217;s lock it down a bit.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="authn-and-authz">
+<h3>AuthN and AuthZ<a class="headerlink" href="#authn-and-authz" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>There are two aspects to the process of access control online.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li><strong>Authentication</strong>: Verification of the identity of a <em>principal</em></li>
+<li><strong>Authorization</strong>: Enumeration of the rights of that <em>principal</em> in a
+context.</li>
+</ul>
+<p>Think of them as <strong>Who Am I</strong> and <strong>What Can I Do</strong></p>
+<p>All systems with access control involve both of these aspects.</p>
+<p>But many systems wire them together as one.</p>
+</div>
+<p>In Pyramid these two aspects are handled by separate configuration settings:</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">config.set_authentication_policy(AuthnPolicy())</span></code></li>
+<li><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">config.set_authorization_policy(AuthzPolicy())</span></code></li>
+</ul>
+<p>If you set one, you must set the other.</p>
+<p>Pyramid comes with a few policy classes included.</p>
+<p>You can also roll your own, so long as they fulfill the requried interface.</p>
+<p>You can learn about the interfaces for <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.pylonsproject.org/projects/pyramid/en/latest/api/interfaces.html#pyramid.interfaces.IAuthenticationPolicy">authentication</a> and
+<a class="reference external" href="http://docs.pylonsproject.org/projects/pyramid/en/latest/api/interfaces.html#pyramid.interfaces.IAuthorizationPolicy">authorization</a> in the Pyramid documentation</p>
+</div>
+<p>We&#8217;ll be using two built-in policies today:</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">AuthTktAuthenticationPolicy</span></code>: sets an expirable
+<a class="reference external" href="http://docs.pylonsproject.org/docs/pyramid/en/latest/api/authentication.html#pyramid.authentication.AuthTktAuthenticationPolicy">authentication ticket</a> cookie.</li>
+<li><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ACLAuthorizationPolicy</span></code>: uses an <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.pylonsproject.org/docs/pyramid/en/latest/api/authorization.html#pyramid.authorization.ACLAuthorizationPolicy">Access Control List</a> to grant
+permissions to <em>principals</em></li>
+</ul>
+<p>Our access control system will have the following properties:</p>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>Everyone can view entries, and the list of all entries</li>
+<li>Users who log in may edit entries or create new ones</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<p>By default, Pyramid uses no security. We enable it through configuration.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Open <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">learning_journal/__init__.py</span></code> and update it as follows:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c"># add these imports</span>
+<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">pyramid.authentication</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">AuthTktAuthenticationPolicy</span>
+<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">pyramid.authorization</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">ACLAuthorizationPolicy</span>
+<span class="c"># and add this configuration:</span>
+<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">main</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">global_config</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">settings</span><span class="p">):</span>
+    <span class="c"># ...</span>
+    <span class="c"># update building the configurator to pass in our policies</span>
+    <span class="n">config</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Configurator</span><span class="p">(</span>
+        <span class="n">settings</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">settings</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="n">authentication_policy</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">AuthTktAuthenticationPolicy</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;somesecret&#39;</span><span class="p">),</span>
+        <span class="n">authorization_policy</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">ACLAuthorizationPolicy</span><span class="p">(),</span>
+        <span class="n">default_permission</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;view&#39;</span>
+    <span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="c"># ...</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>We&#8217;ve now informed our application that we want to use security.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>By default we require the &#8216;view&#8217; permission to see anything.</p>
+<p>But we have yet to assign <em>any permissions to anyone</em> at all.</p>
+<p>Let&#8217;s verify now that we are unable to see anything in the website.</p>
+<p>Start your application, and try to view any page (You should get a 403
+Forbidden error response):</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">(</span>ljenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>pserve development.ini
+Starting server in PID 84467.
+serving on http://0.0.0.0:6543
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://localhost:6543/">http://localhost:6543/</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://localhost:6543/journal/1">http://localhost:6543/journal/1</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://localhost:6543/journal/create">http://localhost:6543/journal/create</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://localhost:6543/journal/edit?id=1">http://localhost:6543/journal/edit?id=1</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="implementing-authz">
+<h3>Implementing Authz<a class="headerlink" href="#implementing-authz" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Next we have to grant some permissions to principals.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Pyramid authorization relies on a concept it calls &#8220;context&#8221;.</p>
+<p>A <em>principal</em> can be granted rights in a particular <em>context</em></p>
+<p>Context can be made as specific as a single persistent object</p>
+<p>Or it can be generalized to a <em>route</em> or <em>view</em></p>
+<p>To have a context, we need a Python object called a <em>factory</em> that must
+have an <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__acl__</span></code> special attribute.</p>
+<p>The framework will use this object to determine what permissions a
+<em>principal</em> has</p>
+<p>Let&#8217;s create one</p>
+</div>
+<p>In the same folder where you have <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">models.py</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">views.py</span></code>, add a new
+file <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">security.py</span></code></p>
+<div class="build container">
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">pyramid.security</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">Allow</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Everyone</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Authenticated</span>
+
+<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">EntryFactory</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">object</span><span class="p">):</span>
+    <span class="n">__acl__</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span>
+        <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Allow</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Everyone</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;view&#39;</span><span class="p">),</span>
+        <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Allow</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Authenticated</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;create&#39;</span><span class="p">),</span>
+        <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Allow</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Authenticated</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;edit&#39;</span><span class="p">),</span>
+    <span class="p">]</span>
+    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">__init__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">request</span><span class="p">):</span>
+        <span class="k">pass</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__acl__</span></code> attribute of this object contains a list of <em>ACE</em>s</p>
+<p>An <em>ACE</em> combines an <em>action</em> (Allow, Deny), a <em>principal</em> and a <em>permission</em></p>
+</div>
+<p>Now that we have a factory that will provide context for permissions to work,
+we can tell our configuration to use it.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Open <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">learning_journal/__init__.py</span></code> and update the route configuration
+for our routes:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c"># add an import at the top:</span>
+<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">.security</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">EntryFactory</span>
+<span class="c"># update the route configurations:</span>
+<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">main</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">global_config</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">settings</span><span class="p">):</span>
+    <span class="sd">&quot;&quot;&quot; This function returns a Pyramid WSGI application.</span>
+<span class="sd">    &quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
+    <span class="c"># ... Add the factory keyword argument to our route configurations:</span>
+    <span class="n">config</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add_route</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;home&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;/&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">factory</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">EntryFactory</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="n">config</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add_route</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;detail&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;/journal/{id:\d+}&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">factory</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">EntryFactory</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="n">config</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add_route</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;action&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;/journal/{action}&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">factory</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">EntryFactory</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>We&#8217;ve now told our application we want a principal to have the <em>view</em>
+permission by default.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>And we&#8217;ve provided a factory to supply context and an ACL for each route.</p>
+<p>Check our ACL. Who can view the home page?  The detail page?  The action
+pages?</p>
+<p>Pyramid allows us to set a <em>default_permission</em> for <em>all views</em>.</p>
+<p>But view configuration allows us to require a different permission for <em>a view</em>.</p>
+<p>Let&#8217;s make our action views require appropriate permissions next</p>
+</div>
+<p>Open <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">learning_journal/views.py</span></code>, and edit the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">&#64;view_config</span></code> for
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">create</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">update</span></code>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="nd">@view_config</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">route_name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;action&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">match_param</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;action=create&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+             <span class="n">renderer</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;templates/edit.jinja2&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+             <span class="n">permission</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;create&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c"># &lt;-- ADD THIS</span>
+<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">create</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">request</span><span class="p">):</span>
+    <span class="c"># ...</span>
+
+<span class="nd">@view_config</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">route_name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;action&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">match_param</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;action=edit&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+             <span class="n">renderer</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;templates/edit.jinja2&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+             <span class="n">permission</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;edit&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c"># &lt;-- ADD THIS</span>
+<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">update</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">request</span><span class="p">):</span>
+    <span class="c"># ...</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>At this point, our &#8220;action&#8221; views should require permissions other than the
+default <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">view</span></code>.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Start your application and verify that it is true:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">(</span>ljenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>pserve development.ini
+Starting server in PID 84467.
+serving on http://0.0.0.0:6543
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://localhost:6543/">http://localhost:6543/</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://localhost:6543/journal/1">http://localhost:6543/journal/1</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://localhost:6543/journal/create">http://localhost:6543/journal/create</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://localhost:6543/journal/edit?id=1">http://localhost:6543/journal/edit?id=1</a></li>
+</ul>
+<p>You should get a <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">403</span> <span class="pre">Forbidden</span></code> for the action pages only.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="implement-authn">
+<h3>Implement AuthN<a class="headerlink" href="#implement-authn" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Now that we have authorization implemented, we need to add authentication.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>By providing the system with an <em>authenticated user</em>, our ACEs for
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Authenticated</span></code> will apply.</p>
+<p>We&#8217;ll need to have a way for a user to prove who they are to the
+satisfaction of the system.</p>
+<p>The most common way of handling this is through a <em>username</em> and
+<em>password</em>.</p>
+<p>A person provides both in an html form.</p>
+<p>When the form is submitted, the system seeks a user with that name, and
+compares the passwords.</p>
+<p>If there is no such user, or the password does not match, authentication
+fails.</p>
+</div>
+<p>Let&#8217;s imagine that Alice wants to authenticate with our website.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Her username is <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">alice</span></code> and her password is <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">s3cr3t</span></code>.</p>
+<p>She fills these out in a form on our website and submits the form.</p>
+<p>Our website looks for a <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">User</span></code> object in the database with the username
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">alice</span></code>.</p>
+<p>Let&#8217;s imagine that there is one, so our site next compares the value she
+sent for her <em>password</em> to the value stored in the database.</p>
+<p>If her stored password is also <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">s3cr3t</span></code>, then she is who she says she is.</p>
+<p>All set, right?</p>
+</div>
+<p>The problem here is that the value we&#8217;ve stored for her password is in <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">plain</span>
+<span class="pre">text</span></code>.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>This means that anyone could potentially steal our database and have access
+to all our users&#8217; passwords.</p>
+<p>Instead, we should <em>encrypt</em> her password with a strong one-way hash.</p>
+<p>Then we can store the hashed value.</p>
+<p>When she provides the plain text password to us, we <em>encrypt</em> it the same
+way, and compare the result to the stored value.</p>
+<p>If they match, then we know the value she provided is the same we used to
+create the stored hash.</p>
+</div>
+<p>Python provides a number of libraries for implementing strong encryption.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>You should always use a well-known library for encryption.</p>
+<p>We&#8217;ll use a good one called <a class="reference external" href="https://pythonhosted.org/passlib/">Passlib</a>.</p>
+<p>This library provides a number of different algorithms and a <em>context</em> that
+implements a simple interface for each.</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">passlib.context</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">CryptContext</span>
+<span class="n">password_context</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">CryptContext</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">schemes</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s">&#39;pbkdf2_sha512&#39;</span><span class="p">])</span>
+<span class="n">hashed</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">password_context</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">encrypt</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;password&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">password_context</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">verify</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;password&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">hashed</span><span class="p">):</span>
+    <span class="k">print</span> <span class="s">&quot;It matched&quot;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>To install a new package as a dependency, we add the package to our list in
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">setup.py</span></code>.</p>
+<p><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Passlib</span></code> provides a large number of different hashing schemes.  Some (like
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">bcrypt</span></code>) require underlying <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">C</span></code> extensions to be compiled. If you do not
+have a <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">C</span></code> compiler, these extensions will be disabled.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">requires</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span>
+  <span class="o">...</span>
+  <span class="s">&#39;wtforms&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+  <span class="s">&#39;passlib&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+<span class="p">]</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Then, we re-install our package to pick up the new dependency:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">(</span>ljenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>python setup.py develop
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p><em>note</em> if you have a c compiler installed but not the Python dev headers,
+this may not work.  Let me know if you get errors.</p>
+</div>
+<p>As noted above, the passlib library uses a <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">context</span></code> object to manage
+passwords.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>This object supports a lot of functionality, but the only API we care about
+for this project is encrypting and verifying passwords.</p>
+<p>We&#8217;ll create a single, global context to be used by our project.</p>
+<p>Since the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">User</span></code> class is the component in our system that should have
+the responsibility for password interactions, we&#8217;ll create our context in
+the same place it is defined.</p>
+<p>In <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">learning_journal/models.py</span></code> add the following code:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c"># add an import at the top</span>
+<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">passlib.context</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">CryptContext</span>
+
+<span class="c"># then lower down, make a context at module scope:</span>
+<span class="n">password_context</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">CryptContext</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">schemes</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s">&#39;pbkdf2_sha512&#39;</span><span class="p">])</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>Now that we have a context object available, let&#8217;s write an instance method for
+our <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">User</span></code> class that uses it to verify a plaintext password:</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Again, in <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">learning_journal/models.py</span></code> add the following to the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">User</span></code>
+class:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c"># add this method to the User class:</span>
+<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">User</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Base</span><span class="p">):</span>
+    <span class="c"># ...</span>
+    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">verify_password</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">password</span><span class="p">):</span>
+        <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">password_context</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">verify</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">password</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">password</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>We&#8217;ll also need to have a user for our system.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>We can use the database initialization script to create one for us.</p>
+<p>Open <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">learning_journal/scripts/initialzedb.py</span></code>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">learning_journal.models</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">password_context</span>
+<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">learning_journal.models</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">User</span>
+<span class="c"># and update the main function like so:</span>
+<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">main</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">argv</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">sys</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">argv</span><span class="p">):</span>
+    <span class="c"># ...</span>
+    <span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">transaction</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">manager</span><span class="p">:</span>
+        <span class="c"># replace the code to create a MyModel instance</span>
+        <span class="n">encrypted</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">password_context</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">encrypt</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;admin&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+        <span class="n">admin</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">User</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;admin&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">password</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">encrypted</span><span class="p">)</span>
+        <span class="n">DBSession</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">admin</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>In order to get our user created, we&#8217;ll need to delete our database and
+re-build it.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Make sure you are in the folder where <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">setup.py</span></code> appears.</p>
+<p>Then remove the sqlite database:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">(</span>ljenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>rm *.sqlite
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>And re-initialize:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">(</span>ljenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>initialize_learning_journal_db development.ini
+...
+2015-01-17 16:43:55,237 INFO  <span class="o">[</span>sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine<span class="o">][</span>MainThread<span class="o">]</span>
+  INSERT INTO users <span class="o">(</span>name, password<span class="o">)</span> VALUES <span class="o">(</span>?, ?<span class="o">)</span>
+2015-01-17 16:43:55,237 INFO  <span class="o">[</span>sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine<span class="o">][</span>MainThread<span class="o">]</span>
+  <span class="o">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;admin&#39;</span>, <span class="s1">&#39;$2a$10$4Z6RVNhTE21mPLJW5VeiVe0EG57gN/HOb7V7GUwIr4n1vE.wTTTzy&#39;</span><span class="o">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="providing-login-ui">
+<h3>Providing Login UI<a class="headerlink" href="#providing-login-ui" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>We now have a user in our database with a strongly encrypted password.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>We also have a method on our user model that will verify a supplied
+password against this encrypted version.</p>
+<p>We must now provide a view that lets us log in to our application.</p>
+<p>We start by adding a new <em>route</em> to our configuration in
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">learning_journal/__init__.py</span></code>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">config</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add_rount</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;action&#39;</span> <span class="o">...</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="c"># ADD THIS</span>
+<span class="n">config</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add_route</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;auth&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;/sign/{action}&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">factory</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">EntryFactory</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>It would be nice to use the form library again to make a login form.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Open <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">learning_journal/forms.py</span></code> and add the following:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c"># add an import:</span>
+<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">wtforms</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">PasswordField</span>
+<span class="c"># and a new form class</span>
+<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">LoginForm</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Form</span><span class="p">):</span>
+    <span class="n">username</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">TextField</span><span class="p">(</span>
+        <span class="s">&#39;Username&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="n">validators</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Length</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">min</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">max</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">255</span><span class="p">)]</span>
+    <span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="n">password</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">PasswordField</span><span class="p">(</span>
+        <span class="s">&#39;Password&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="n">validators</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Length</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">min</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">max</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">255</span><span class="p">)]</span>
+    <span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>Next, we&#8217;ll create a login view in <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">learning_journal/views.py</span></code></p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c"># new imports:</span>
+<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">pyramid.security</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">forget</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">remember</span>
+<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">.forms</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">LoginForm</span>
+<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">.models</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">User</span>
+<span class="c"># and a new view</span>
+<span class="nd">@view_config</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">route_name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;auth&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">match_param</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;action=in&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">renderer</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;string&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+     <span class="n">request_method</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;POST&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">sign_in</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">request</span><span class="p">):</span>
+    <span class="n">login_form</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="bp">None</span>
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">request</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s">&#39;POST&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span>
+        <span class="n">login_form</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">LoginForm</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">request</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">POST</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">login_form</span> <span class="ow">and</span> <span class="n">login_form</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">validate</span><span class="p">():</span>
+        <span class="n">user</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">User</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">by_name</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">login_form</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">username</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">data</span><span class="p">)</span>
+        <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">user</span> <span class="ow">and</span> <span class="n">user</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">verify_password</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">login_form</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">password</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">data</span><span class="p">):</span>
+            <span class="n">headers</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">remember</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">request</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">user</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">)</span>
+        <span class="k">else</span><span class="p">:</span>
+            <span class="n">headers</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">forget</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">request</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">else</span><span class="p">:</span>
+        <span class="n">headers</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">forget</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">request</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">HTTPFound</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">location</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">request</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">route_url</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;home&#39;</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">headers</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">headers</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Notice that this view doesn&#8217;t render anything. No matter what, you end up
+returning to the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">home</span></code> route.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>We have to incorporate our login form somewhere.</p>
+<p>The home page seems like a good place.</p>
+<p>But we don&#8217;t want to show it all the time.</p>
+<p>Only when we aren&#8217;t logged in already.</p>
+<p>Let&#8217;s give that a whirl.</p>
+</div>
+<p>Pyramid security provides a method that returns the id of the user who is
+logged in, if any.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>We can use that to update our home page in <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">learning_journal/views.py</span></code>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c"># add an import:</span>
+<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">pyramid.security</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">authenticated_userid</span>
+
+<span class="c"># and update the index_page view:</span>
+<span class="nd">@view_config</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">...</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">index_page</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">request</span><span class="p">):</span>
+    <span class="c"># ... get all entries here</span>
+    <span class="n">form</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="bp">None</span>
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="n">authenticated_userid</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">request</span><span class="p">):</span>
+        <span class="n">form</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">LoginForm</span><span class="p">()</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="s">&#39;entries&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">entries</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;login_form&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">form</span><span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>Now we have to update the template for the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">index_page</span></code> to display the form, <em>if it is there</em></p>
+<div class="build container">
+<div class="highlight-jinja"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">block</span> <span class="nv">body</span> <span class="cp">%}</span><span class="x"></span>
+<span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="nv">login_form</span> <span class="cp">%}</span><span class="x"></span>
+<span class="x">&lt;aside&gt;&lt;form action=&quot;</span><span class="cp">{{</span> <span class="nv">request.route_url</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;auth&#39;</span><span class="o">,</span> <span class="nv">action</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">&#39;in&#39;</span><span class="o">)</span> <span class="cp">}}</span><span class="x">&quot; method=&quot;POST&quot;&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">  </span><span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="nv">field</span> <span class="k">in</span> <span class="nv">login_form</span> <span class="cp">%}</span><span class="x"></span>
+<span class="x">    </span><span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="nv">field.errors</span> <span class="cp">%}</span><span class="x"></span>
+<span class="x">      &lt;ul&gt;</span><span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="nv">error</span> <span class="k">in</span> <span class="nv">field.errors</span> <span class="cp">%}</span><span class="x"></span>
+<span class="x">        &lt;li&gt;</span><span class="cp">{{</span> <span class="nv">error</span> <span class="cp">}}</span><span class="x">&lt;/li&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">      </span><span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">endfor</span> <span class="cp">%}</span><span class="x">&lt;/ul&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">    </span><span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">endif</span> <span class="cp">%}</span><span class="x"></span>
+<span class="x">      &lt;p&gt;</span><span class="cp">{{</span> <span class="nv">field.label</span> <span class="cp">}}</span><span class="x">: </span><span class="cp">{{</span> <span class="nv">field</span> <span class="cp">}}</span><span class="x">&lt;/p&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">  </span><span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">endfor</span> <span class="cp">%}</span><span class="x"></span>
+<span class="x">  &lt;p&gt;&lt;input type=&quot;submit&quot; name=&quot;Log In&quot; value=&quot;Log In&quot;/&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">&lt;/form&gt;&lt;/aside&gt;</span>
+<span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">endif</span> <span class="cp">%}</span><span class="x"></span>
+<span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="nv">entries</span> <span class="cp">%}</span><span class="x"></span>
+<span class="x">...</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>We should be ready at this point.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Fire up your application and see it in action:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">(</span>ljenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>pserve development.ini
+Starting server in PID 84467.
+serving on http://0.0.0.0:6543
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Load the home page and see your login form:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://localhost:6543/">http://localhost:6543/</a></li>
+</ul>
+<p>Fill it in and submit the form, verify that you can add a new entry.</p>
+</div>
+<p>That&#8217;s enough for now.  We have a working application.</p>
+<p>When we return, we&#8217;ll deploy it.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="deploying-an-application">
+<h2>Deploying An Application<a class="headerlink" href="#deploying-an-application" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<div class="left container">
+<p>Now that we have a working application, our next step is to deploy it.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>This will allow us to interact with the application in a live setting.</p>
+<p>We will be able to see the application from any computer, and can share
+it with friends and family.</p>
+<p>To do this, we&#8217;ll be using one of the most popular platforms for
+deploying web applications today, <a class="reference external" href="http://heroku.com">Heroku</a>.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="id1">
+<h3>Heroku<a class="headerlink" href="#id1" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<div class="figure align-center">
+<a class="reference internal image-reference" href="../_images/heroku-logo.png"><img alt="../_images/heroku-logo.png" src="../_images/heroku-logo.png" style="width: 40%;" /></a>
+</div>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Heroku provides all the infrastructure needed to run many types of
+applications.</p>
+<p>It also provides <a class="reference external" href="https://addons.heroku.com">add-on services</a> that support everything from analytics
+to payment processing.</p>
+<p>Elaborate applications deployed on Heroku can be quite expensive.</p>
+<p>But for simple applications like our learning journal, the price is just
+right: <strong>free</strong></p>
+</div>
+<p>Heroku is predicated on interaction with a git repository.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>You initialize a new Heroku app in a repository on your machine.</p>
+<p>This adds Heroku as a <em>remote</em> to your repository.</p>
+<p>When you are ready to deploy your application, you <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">git</span> <span class="pre">push</span> <span class="pre">heroku</span>
+<span class="pre">master</span></code>.</p>
+<p>Adding a few special files to your repository allows Heroku to tell what
+kind of application you are creating.</p>
+<p>It responds to your push by running an appropriate build process and then
+starting your app with a command you provide.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="preparing-to-run-your-app">
+<h3>Preparing to Run Your App<a class="headerlink" href="#preparing-to-run-your-app" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>In order for Heroku to deploy your application, it has to have a command it can
+run from a standard shell.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>We could use the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pserve</span></code> command we&#8217;ve been using locally, but the
+server it uses is designed for development.</p>
+<p>It&#8217;s not really suitable for a public deployment.</p>
+<p>Instead we&#8217;ll use a more robust, production-ready server that came as one
+of our dependencies: <a class="reference external" href="http://waitress.readthedocs.org/en/latest/">waitress</a>.</p>
+<p>We&#8217;ll start by creating a python file that can be executed to start the
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">waitress</span></code> server.</p>
+</div>
+<p>At the very top level of your application project, in the same folder where you
+find <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">setup.py</span></code>, create a new file: <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">runapp.py</span></code></p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">os</span>
+<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">paste.deploy</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">loadapp</span>
+<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">waitress</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">serve</span>
+
+<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">__name__</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s">&quot;__main__&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span>
+    <span class="n">port</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">environ</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;PORT&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">5000</span><span class="p">))</span>
+    <span class="n">app</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">loadapp</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;config:production.ini&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">relative_to</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;.&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+
+    <span class="n">serve</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">app</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">host</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;0.0.0.0&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">port</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">port</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Once this exists, you can try running your app with it:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">(</span>ljenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>python runapp.py
+serving on http://0.0.0.0:5000
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>This would be enough, but we also want to <em>install</em> our application as a Python
+package.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>This will ensure that the dependencies for the application are installed.</p>
+<p>Add a new file called simply <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">run</span></code> in the same folder:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c">#!/bin/bash</span>
+python setup.py develop
+python runapp.py
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The first line of this file will install our application and its
+dependencies.</p>
+<p>The second line will execute the server script.</p>
+</div>
+<p>We&#8217;ll need to do the same thing for initializing the database.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Create another new file called <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">build_db</span></code> in the same folder:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c">#!/bin/bash</span>
+python setup.py develop
+initialize_learning_journal_db production.ini
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Now, add <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">run</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">build_db</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">runapp.py</span></code> to your repository and
+commit the changes.</p>
+</div>
+<p>For Heroku to use them, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">run</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">build_db</span></code> must be <em>executable</em></p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>For OSX and Linux users this is easy (do the same for <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">run</span></code> and
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">build_db</span></code>):</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">(</span>ljenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>chmod <span class="m">755</span> run
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Windows users, if you have <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">git-bash</span></code>, you can do the same</p>
+<p>For the rest of you, try this (for both <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">run</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">build_db</span></code>):</p>
+<div class="highlight-posh"><div class="highlight"><pre>C:\views\myproject&gt;git ls-tree HEAD
+...
+100644 blob 55c0287d4ef21f15b97eb1f107451b88b479bffe    run
+C:\views\myproject&gt;git update-index --chmod=+x run
+C:\views\myproject&gt;git ls-tree HEAD
+100755 blob 3689ebe2a18a1c8ec858cf531d8c0ec34c8405b4    run
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Commit your changes to git to make them permanent.</p>
+</div>
+<p>Next, we have to inform Heroku that we will be using this script to run our
+application online</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Heroku uses a special file called <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Procfile</span></code> to do this.</p>
+<p>Add that file now, in the same directory.</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre>web: ./run
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>This file tells Heroku that we have one <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">web</span></code> process to run, and that it
+is the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">run</span></code> script located right here.</p>
+<p>Providing the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">./</span></code> at the start of the file name allows the shell to
+execute scripts that are not on the system PATH.</p>
+<p>Add this new file to your repository and commit it.</p>
+</div>
+<p>By default, Heroku uses the latest update of Python version 2.7 for any Python
+app.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>You can override this and specify any runtime version of Python
+<a class="reference external" href="https://devcenter.heroku.com/articles/python-runtimes#supported-python-runtimes">available in Heroku</a>.</p>
+<p>Just add a file called <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">runtime.txt</span></code> to your repository, with one line
+only:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ini"><div class="highlight"><pre>python-3.5.0
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Create that file, add it to your repository, and commit the changes.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="set-up-a-heroku-app">
+<h3>Set Up a Heroku App<a class="headerlink" href="#set-up-a-heroku-app" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>The next step is to create a new app with heroku.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>You installed the Heroku toolbelt prior to class.</p>
+<p>The toolbelt provides a command to create a new app.</p>
+<p>From the root of your project (where the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">setup.py</span></code> file is) run:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">(</span>ljenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>heroku create
+Creating rocky-atoll-9934... <span class="k">done</span>, stack is cedar-14
+https://rocky-atoll-9934.herokuapp.com/ <span class="p">|</span> https://git.heroku.com/rocky-atoll-9934.git
+Git remote heroku added
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Note that a new <em>remote</em> called <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">heroku</span></code> has been added:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="nv">$ </span>git remote -v
+heroku  https://git.heroku.com/rocky-atoll-9934.git <span class="o">(</span>fetch<span class="o">)</span>
+heroku  https://git.heroku.com/rocky-atoll-9934.git <span class="o">(</span>push<span class="o">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>Your application will require a database, but <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">sqlite</span></code> is not really
+appropriate for production.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>For the deployed app, you&#8217;ll use <a class="reference external" href="http://www.postgresql.org">PostgreSQL</a>, the best open-source
+database.</p>
+<p>Heroku <a class="reference external" href="https://www.heroku.com/postgres">provides an add-on</a> that supports PostgreSQL, and you&#8217;ll need to
+set it up.</p>
+<p>Again, use the Heroku Toolbelt:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="nv">$ </span>heroku addons:create heroku-postgresql:hobby-dev
+Creating postgresql-amorphous-6784... <span class="k">done</span>, <span class="o">(</span>free<span class="o">)</span>
+Adding postgresql-amorphous-6784 to rocky-atoll-9934... <span class="k">done</span>
+Setting DATABASE_URL and restarting rocky-atoll-9934... <span class="k">done</span>, v3
+Database has been created and is available
+ ! This database is empty. If upgrading, you can transfer
+ ! data from another database with pg:copy
+Use <span class="sb">`</span>heroku addons:docs heroku-postgresql<span class="sb">`</span> to view documentation.
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>You can get information about the status of your PostgreSQL service with the
+toolbelt:</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">(</span>ljenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>heroku <span class="nv">pg</span>
+<span class="o">===</span> DATABASE_URL
+Plan:        Hobby-dev
+...
+Data Size:   6.4 MB
+Tables:      0
+Rows:        0/10000 <span class="o">(</span>In compliance<span class="o">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>And there is also information about the configuration for the database (and
+your app):</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">(</span>ljenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>heroku <span class="nv">config</span>
+<span class="o">===</span> rocky-atoll-9934 Config Vars
+DATABASE_URL:                 postgres://&lt;username&gt;:&lt;password&gt;@&lt;domain&gt;:&lt;port&gt;/&lt;database-name&gt;
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="configuration-for-heroku">
+<h3>Configuration for Heroku<a class="headerlink" href="#configuration-for-heroku" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Notice that the configuration for our application on Heroku provides a specific
+database URL.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>We could copy this value and paste it into our <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">production.ini</span></code>
+configuration file.</p>
+<p>But if we do that, then we will be storing that value in GitHub, where
+anyone at all can see it.</p>
+<p>That&#8217;s not particularly secure.</p>
+<p>Luckily, Heroku provides configuration like the database URL in
+<em>environment variables</em> that we can read in Python.</p>
+<p>In fact, we&#8217;ve already done this with our <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">runapp.py</span></code> script:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">port</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">environ</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;PORT&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">5000</span><span class="p">))</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>The Python standard library provides <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">os.environ</span></code> to allow access to
+<em>environment variables</em> from Python code.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>This attribute is a dictionary keyed by the name of the variable.</p>
+<p>We can use it to gain access to configuration provided by Heroku.</p>
+<p>Update <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">learning_journal/__init__.py</span></code> like so:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c"># import the os module:</span>
+<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">os</span>
+<span class="c"># then look up the value we need for the database url</span>
+<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">main</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">global_config</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">settings</span><span class="p">):</span>
+    <span class="c"># ...</span>
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="s">&#39;DATABASE_URL&#39;</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">environ</span><span class="p">:</span>
+        <span class="n">settings</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s">&#39;sqlalchemy.url&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">environ</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s">&#39;DATABASE_URL&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span>
+    <span class="n">engine</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">engine_from_config</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">settings</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;sqlalchemy.&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="c"># ...</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>We&#8217;ll need to make the same changes to
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">learning_journal/scripts/initializedb.py</span></code>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">main</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">argv</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">sys</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">argv</span><span class="p">):</span>
+    <span class="c"># ...</span>
+    <span class="n">settings</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">get_appsettings</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">config_uri</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">options</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">options</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="s">&#39;DATABASE_URL&#39;</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">environ</span><span class="p">:</span>
+        <span class="n">settings</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s">&#39;sqlalchemy.url&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">environ</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s">&#39;DATABASE_URL&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span>
+    <span class="n">engine</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">engine_from_config</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">settings</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;sqlalchemy.&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="c"># ...</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>This mechanism allows us to defer other sensitive values such as the password
+for our initial user:</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c"># in learning_journal/scripts/initializedb.py</span>
+<span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">transaction</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">manager</span><span class="p">:</span>
+    <span class="n">password</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">environ</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;ADMIN_PASSWORD&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;admin&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="n">encrypted</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">password_context</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">encrypt</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">password</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="n">admin</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">User</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">u&#39;admin&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">password</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">encrypted</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="n">DBSession</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">admin</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>And for the secret value for our AuthTktAuthenticationPolicy</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c"># in learning_journal/__init__.py</span>
+<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">main</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">global_config</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">settings</span><span class="p">):</span>
+    <span class="c"># ...</span>
+    <span class="n">secret</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">environ</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;AUTH_SECRET&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;somesecret&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="o">...</span>
+    <span class="n">authentication_policy</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">AuthTktAuthenticationPolicy</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">secret</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="c"># ...</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>We will now be looking for three values from the OS environment:</p>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>DATABASE_URL</li>
+<li>ADMIN_PASSWORD</li>
+<li>AUTH_SECRET</li>
+</ul>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">DATABASE_URL</span></code> value is set for us by the PosgreSQL add-on.</p>
+<p>But the other two are not.  We must set them ourselves using <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">heroku</span>
+<span class="pre">config:set</span></code>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">(</span>ljenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>heroku config:set <span class="nv">ADMIN_PASSWORD</span><span class="o">=</span>&lt;your password&gt;
+...
+<span class="o">(</span>ljenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>heroku config:set <span class="nv">AUTH_SECRET</span><span class="o">=</span>&lt;a long random string&gt;
+...
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>You can see the values that you have set at any time using <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">heroku</span> <span class="pre">config</span></code>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">(</span>ljenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>heroku <span class="nv">config</span>
+<span class="o">===</span> rocky-atoll-9934 Config Vars
+ADMIN_PASSWORD:               &lt;your password&gt;
+AUTH_SECRET:                  &lt;your auth secret value&gt;
+DATABASE_URL:                 &lt;your db URL&gt;
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>These values are sent and received using secure transport.</p>
+<p>You do not need to worry about them being intercepted.</p>
+<p>This mechanism allows you to place important configuration values outside
+the code for your application.</p>
+</div>
+<p>We&#8217;ve been handling our application&#8217;s dependencies by adding them to
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">setup.py</span></code>.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>It&#8217;s a good idea to install all of these before attempting to run our app.</p>
+<p>The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pip</span></code> package manager allows us to dump a list of the packages we&#8217;ve
+installed in a virtual environment using the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">freeze</span></code> command:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">(</span>ljenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>pip freeze
+...
+zope.interface<span class="o">==</span>4.1.3
+zope.sqlalchemy<span class="o">==</span>0.7.6
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>We can tell heroku to install these dependencies by creating a file called
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">requirements.txt</span></code> at the root of our project repository:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">(</span>ljenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>pip freeze &gt; requirements.txt
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Add this file to your repository and commit the changes.</p>
+</div>
+<p>But there is also a new dependency we&#8217;ve added that is only needed for Heroku.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Because we are using a PostgreSQL database, we need to install the
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">psycopg2</span></code> package, which handles communicating with the database.</p>
+<p>We don&#8217;t want to install this locally, though, where we use sqlite.</p>
+<p>Go ahead and add one more line to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">requirements.txt</span></code> with the latest
+version of the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pyscopg2</span></code> package:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="nv">psycopg2</span><span class="o">==</span>2.6.1
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Commit the change to your repository.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="deployment">
+<h3>Deployment<a class="headerlink" href="#deployment" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>We are now ready to deploy our application.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>All we need to do is push our repository to the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">heroku</span></code> master:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">(</span>ljenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>git push heroku master
+...
+remote: Building <span class="nb">source</span>:
+remote:
+remote: -----&gt; Python app detected
+...
+remote: Verifying deploy... <span class="k">done</span>.
+To https://git.heroku.com/rocky-atoll-9934.git
+   b59b7c3..54f7e4d  master -&gt; master
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>You can use the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">run</span></code> command to execute arbitrary commands in the Heroku
+environment.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>You can use this to initialize the database, using the shell script you
+created earlier:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">(</span>ljenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>heroku run ./build_db
+...
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>This will install our application and then run the database initialization
+script.</p>
+</div>
+<p>At this point, you should be ready to view your application online.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Use the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">open</span></code> command from heroku to open your website in a browser:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">(</span>ljenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>heroku open
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>If you don&#8217;t see your application, check to see if it is running:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">(</span>ljenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>heroku <span class="nv">ps</span>
+<span class="o">===</span> web <span class="o">(</span>1X<span class="o">)</span>: <span class="sb">`</span>./run<span class="sb">`</span>
+web.1: up 2015/01/18 16:44:37 <span class="o">(</span>~ 31m ago<span class="o">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>If you get no results, use the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">scale</span></code> command to try turning on a web
+<em>dyno</em>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">(</span>ljenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>heroku scale <span class="nv">web</span><span class="o">=</span>1
+Scaling dynos... <span class="k">done</span>, now running web at 1:1X.
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>Heroku pricing is dependent on the number of <em>dynos</em> you are running.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>So long as you only run one dyno per application, you will remain in the
+free tier.</p>
+<p>Scaling above one dyno will begin to incur costs.</p>
+<p><strong>Pay attention to the number of dynos you have running</strong>.</p>
+</div>
+<p>Troubleshooting problems with Heroku deployment can be challenging.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Your most powerful tool is the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">logs</span></code> command:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">(</span>ljenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>heroku logs
+...
+2015-01-19T01:17:59.443720+00:00 app<span class="o">[</span>web.1<span class="o">]</span>: serving on http://0.0.0.0:53843
+2015-01-19T01:17:59.505003+00:00 heroku<span class="o">[</span>web.1<span class="o">]</span>: State changed from starting to update
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>This command will print the last 50 or so lines of logging from your
+application.</p>
+<p>You can use the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">-t</span></code> flag to <em>tail</em> the logs.</p>
+<p>This will continually update log entries to your terminal as you interact
+with the application.</p>
+</div>
+<p>Try logging in to your application with the password you set up in Heroku
+configuration.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Once you are logged in, try adding an entry or two.</p>
+<p>You are now off to the races!</p>
+<p class="center"><strong>Congratulations</strong></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="adding-polish">
+<h2>Adding Polish<a class="headerlink" href="#adding-polish" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<div class="left container">
+<p>So we have now deployed a running application.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>But there are a number of things we can do to make the application
+better.</p>
+<p>Let&#8217;s start by adding a way to log out.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="adding-logout">
+<h3>Adding Logout<a class="headerlink" href="#adding-logout" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Our <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">login</span></code> view is already set up to work for logout.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>What is the logical path taken if that view is accessed via <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">GET</span></code>?</p>
+<p>All we need to do is add a view_config that allows that.</p>
+<p>Open <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">learning_journal/views.py</span></code> and make these changes:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="nd">@view_config</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">route_name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;auth&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">match_param</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;action=in&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">renderer</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;string&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+         <span class="n">request_method</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;POST&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c"># &lt;-- THIS IS ALREADY THERE</span>
+<span class="c"># ADD THE FOLLOWING LINE</span>
+<span class="nd">@view_config</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">route_name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;auth&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">match_param</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;action=out&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">renderer</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;string&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="c"># UPDATE THE VIEW FUNCTION NAME</span>
+<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">sign_in_out</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">request</span><span class="p">):</span>
+    <span class="c"># ...</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>The chief advantage of Heroku is that we can re-deploy with a single command.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Add and commit your changes to git.</p>
+<p>Then re-deploy by pushing to the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">heroku</span> <span class="pre">master</span></code>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">(</span>ljenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>git push heroku master
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Once that completes, you should be able to reload your application in the
+browser.</p>
+<p>Visit the following URL path to test log out:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>/sign/out</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="hide-ui-for-anonymous">
+<h3>Hide UI for Anonymous<a class="headerlink" href="#hide-ui-for-anonymous" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Another improvement we can make is to hide UI that is not available for users
+who are not logged in.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>The first step is to update our <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">detail</span></code> view to tell us if someone is
+logged in:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c"># learning_journal/views.py</span>
+<span class="nd">@view_config</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">route_name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;detail&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">renderer</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;templates/detail.jinja2&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">request</span><span class="p">):</span>
+    <span class="c"># ...</span>
+    <span class="n">logged_in</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">authenticated_userid</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">request</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="s">&#39;entry&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">entry</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;logged_in&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">logged_in</span><span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">authenticated_userid</span></code> function returns the id of the logged in user,
+if there is one, and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">None</span></code> if there is not.</p>
+<p>We can use that.</p>
+</div>
+<p>First we can hide the UI for creating a new entry:</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Edit <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">templates/list.jinja2</span></code>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-jinja"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">extends</span> <span class="s2">&quot;layout.jinja2&quot;</span> <span class="cp">%}</span><span class="x"></span>
+<span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">block</span> <span class="nv">body</span> <span class="cp">%}</span><span class="x"></span>
+<span class="x">&lt;!-- ... ADD THE IF TAGS BELOW --&gt;</span>
+<span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="k">not</span> <span class="nv">login_form</span> <span class="cp">%}</span><span class="x"></span>
+<span class="x">&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;</span><span class="cp">{{</span> <span class="nv">request.route_url</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;action&#39;</span><span class="o">,</span> <span class="nv">action</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">&#39;create&#39;</span><span class="o">)</span> <span class="cp">}}</span><span class="x">&quot;&gt;New Entry&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</span>
+<span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">endif</span> <span class="cp">%}</span><span class="x"></span>
+<span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">endblock</span> <span class="cp">%}</span><span class="x"></span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>This relies on the fact that the login form will only be present if there
+is <strong>not</strong> an authenticated user.</p>
+</div>
+<p>Next, we can hide the UI for editing an existing entry:</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Edit <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">templates/detail.jinja2</span></code>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-jinja"><div class="highlight"><pre>{% extends &quot;layout.jinja2&quot; %}
+{% block body %}
+&lt;!-- ... WRAP THE EDIT LINK --&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+  &lt;a href=&quot;{{ request.route_url(&#39;home&#39;) }}&quot;&gt;Go Back&lt;/a&gt;
+  {% if logged_in %}
+  ::
+  &lt;a href=&quot;{{ request.route_url(&#39;action&#39;, action=&#39;edit&#39;, _query=((&#39;id&#39;,entry.id),)) }}&quot;&gt;
+    Edit Entry&lt;/a&gt;
+  {% endif %}
+&lt;/p&gt;
+{% endblock %}
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="format-entries">
+<h3>Format Entries<a class="headerlink" href="#format-entries" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>It would be nice if our journal entries could have HTML formatting.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>We could write HTML by hand in the body field, but that&#8217;d be a pain.</p>
+<p>Instead, let&#8217;s allow ourselves to write entries <a class="reference external" href="http://daringfireball.net/projects/markdown/syntax">in Markdown</a>, a popular
+markup syntax used by GitHub and many other websites.</p>
+<p>Python provides several libraries that implement markdown formatting.</p>
+<p>They will take text that contains markdown formatting and convert it to
+HTML.</p>
+<p>Let&#8217;s use one.</p>
+</div>
+<p>The first step, is to pick a package and add it to our dependencies.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>My recommendation is the <a class="reference external" href="https://pythonhosted.org/Markdown/">markdown</a> python library.</p>
+<p>Open <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">setup.py</span></code> and add the package to the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">requires</span></code> list:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">requires</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span>
+    <span class="c"># ...</span>
+    <span class="s">&#39;cryptacular&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+    <span class="s">&#39;markdown&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="c"># &lt;-- ADD THIS</span>
+    <span class="p">]</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>We&#8217;ll test this locally first, so go ahead and re-install your app:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">(</span>ljenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>python setup.py develop
+...
+Finished processing dependencies <span class="k">for</span> learning-journal<span class="o">==</span>0.0
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>We&#8217;ve seen before how Jinja2 provides a number of filters for values when
+rendering templates.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>A nice feature of the templating language is that it also allows you to
+<a class="reference external" href="http://jinja.pocoo.org/docs/dev/api/#custom-filters">create your own filters</a>.</p>
+<p>Remember the template syntax for a filter:</p>
+<div class="highlight-jinja"><div class="highlight"><pre>{{ value|filter(arg1, ..., argN) }}
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>A filter is simply a function that takes the value to the left of the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">|</span></code>
+character as a first argument, and any supplied arguments as the second and
+beyond:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">filter</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">value</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">arg1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">...</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">argN</span><span class="p">):</span>
+    <span class="c"># do something to value here</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>Creating a <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">markdown</span></code> filter will allow us to convert plain text stored in
+the database to HTML at template rendering time.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Open <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">learning_journal/views.py</span></code> and add the following:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c"># add two imports:</span>
+<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">jinja2</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">Markup</span>
+<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">markdown</span>
+<span class="c"># and a function</span>
+<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">render_markdown</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">content</span><span class="p">):</span>
+    <span class="n">output</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Markup</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">markdown</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">markdown</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">content</span><span class="p">))</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">output</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Markup</span></code> class from jinja2 marks a string with HTML tags as &#8220;safe&#8221;.</p>
+<p>This prevents the tags from being <em>escaped</em> when they are rendered into a
+page.</p>
+</div>
+<p>In order for <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Jinja2</span></code> to be aware that our filter exists, we need to register
+it.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>In Pyramid, we do this in configuration.</p>
+<p>Open <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">development.ini</span></code> and edit it as follows:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ini"><div class="highlight"><pre>[app:main]
+...
+jinja2.filters =
+    markdown = learning_journal.views.render_markdown
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>This informs the main app that we wish to register a jinja2 filter.</p>
+<p>We will call it <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">markdown</span></code> and it will be embodied by the function we
+just wrote.</p>
+</div>
+<p>To see the results of our work, we&#8217;ll need to use the filter in a template
+somewhere.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>I suggest using it in the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">learning_journal/templates/detail.jinja2</span></code>
+template:</p>
+<div class="highlight-jinja"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">extends</span> <span class="s2">&quot;layout.jinja2&quot;</span> <span class="cp">%}</span><span class="x"></span>
+<span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">block</span> <span class="nv">body</span> <span class="cp">%}</span><span class="x"></span>
+<span class="x">&lt;article&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">  &lt;!-- EDIT THIS LINE --&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">  &lt;p&gt;</span><span class="cp">{{</span> <span class="nv">entry.body</span><span class="o">|</span><span class="nf">markdown</span> <span class="cp">}}</span><span class="x">&lt;/p&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">  &lt;!-- --&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">&lt;/article&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">&lt;p&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">&lt;!-- --&gt;</span>
+<span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">endblock</span> <span class="cp">%}</span><span class="x"></span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>Start up your application, and create an entry using valid markdown formatting:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">(</span>ljenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>pserve development.ini
+Starting server in PID 84331.
+serving on http://0.0.0.0:6543
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Once you save your entry, you should be able to see it with actual
+formatting: headers, bulleted lists, links, and so on.</p>
+<p>That makes quite a difference.</p>
+<p>Go ahead and add the same filter registration to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">production.ini</span></code></p>
+<p>Then commit your changes and redeploy:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">(</span>ljenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>git push heroku master
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="syntax-highlighting">
+<h3>Syntax Highlighting<a class="headerlink" href="#syntax-highlighting" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>The purpose of this journal is to allow you to write entries about the things
+you learn in this class and elsewhere.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Markdown formatting allows for &#8220;preformatted&#8221; blocks of text like code
+samples.</p>
+<p>But there is nothing in markdown that handles <em>colorizing</em> code.</p>
+<p>Luckily, the markdown package allows for extensions, and one of these
+supports <a class="reference external" href="https://pythonhosted.org/Markdown/extensions/code_hilite.html">colorization</a>.</p>
+<p>It requires the <a class="reference external" href="http://pygments.org">pygments</a> library</p>
+<p>Let&#8217;s set this up next.</p>
+</div>
+<p>Again, we need to install our new dependency first.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Add the following to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">requires</span></code> in <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">setup.py</span></code>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">requires</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span>
+    <span class="c"># ...</span>
+    <span class="s">&#39;markdown&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+    <span class="s">&#39;pygments&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="c"># &lt;-- ADD THIS LINE</span>
+    <span class="p">]</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Then re-install your app to pick up the software:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">(</span>ljenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>python setup.py develop
+...
+Finished processing dependencies <span class="k">for</span> learning-journal<span class="o">==</span>0.0
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>The next step is to extend our markdown filter in <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">learning_journal/views.py</span></code>
+with this feature.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">render_markdown</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">content</span><span class="p">):</span>
+    <span class="n">output</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Markup</span><span class="p">(</span>
+        <span class="n">markdown</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">markdown</span><span class="p">(</span>
+            <span class="n">content</span><span class="p">,</span>
+            <span class="n">extensions</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s">&#39;codehilite(pygments_style=colorful)&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;fenced_code&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span>
+        <span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">output</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Now, you&#8217;ll be able to make highlighted code blocks just like in GitHub:</p>
+<div class="highlight-text"><div class="highlight"><pre>```python
+def foo(x, y):
+    return x**y
+```
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>Code highlighting works by putting HTML <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">&lt;span&gt;</span></code> tags with special CSS
+classes around bits of your code.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>We need to generate and add the css to support this.</p>
+<p>You can use the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pygmentize</span></code> command from pygments to
+<a class="reference external" href="http://pygments.org/docs/cmdline/#generating-styles">generate the css</a>.</p>
+<p>Make sure you are in the directory with <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">setup.py</span></code> when you run this:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">(</span>ljenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>pygmentize -f html -S colorful -a .codehilite <span class="se">\</span>
+     &gt;&gt; learning_journal/static/styles.css
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The styles will be printed to standard out.</p>
+<p>The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">&gt;&gt;</span></code> shell operator <em>appends</em> the output to the file named.</p>
+</div>
+<p>Go ahead and restart your application and see the difference a little style
+makes:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">(</span>ljenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>pserve development.ini
+Starting server in PID 84331.
+serving on http://0.0.0.0:6543
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Try writing an entry with a little Python code in it.</p>
+<p>Python is not the only language available.</p>
+<p>Any syntax covered by <a class="reference external" href="http://pygments.org/docs/lexers/">pygments lexers</a> is available, just use the
+<em>shortname</em> from a lexer to get that type of style highlighting.</p>
+</div>
+<p>When you&#8217;ve got this working as you wish, go ahead and deploy it.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Add and commit all the changes you&#8217;ve made.</p>
+<p>Then push your results to the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">heroku</span> <span class="pre">master</span></code>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">(</span>ljenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>git push heroku master
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="homework">
+<h2>Homework<a class="headerlink" href="#homework" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<div class="left container">
+<p>That&#8217;s just about enough for now.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>There&#8217;s no homework for you to submit this week. You&#8217;ve worked hard enough.</p>
+<p>Take the week to review what we&#8217;ve done and make sure you have a solid
+understanding of it.</p>
+<p>If you wish, play with HTML and CSS to make your journal more personalized.</p>
+<p>However, in preparation for our work with Django next week, I&#8217;d like you to
+get started a bit ahead of time.</p>
+<p>Please read and follow along with this <a class="reference external" href="django_intro.html">basic intro to Django</a>.</p>
+<p class="centered"><strong>See You Then</strong></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+      <div class="sphinxsidebar" role="navigation" aria-label="main navigation">
+        <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper">
+  <h3><a href="../index.html">Table Of Contents</a></h3>
+  <ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">Session 07</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#security-and-deployment">Security And Deployment</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#but-first">But First</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#securing-an-application">Securing An Application</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#authn-and-authz">AuthN and AuthZ</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#implementing-authz">Implementing Authz</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#implement-authn">Implement AuthN</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#providing-login-ui">Providing Login UI</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#deploying-an-application">Deploying An Application</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#id1">Heroku</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#preparing-to-run-your-app">Preparing to Run Your App</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#set-up-a-heroku-app">Set Up a Heroku App</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#configuration-for-heroku">Configuration for Heroku</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#deployment">Deployment</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#adding-polish">Adding Polish</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#adding-logout">Adding Logout</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#hide-ui-for-anonymous">Hide UI for Anonymous</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#format-entries">Format Entries</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#syntax-highlighting">Syntax Highlighting</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#homework">Homework</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+  <h4>Previous topic</h4>
+  <p class="topless"><a href="session06.html"
+                        title="previous chapter">Session 06</a></p>
+  <h4>Next topic</h4>
+  <p class="topless"><a href="session08.html"
+                        title="next chapter">Session 08</a></p>
+  <div role="note" aria-label="source link">
+    <h3>This Page</h3>
+    <ul class="this-page-menu">
+      <li><a href="../_sources/presentations/session07.txt"
+            rel="nofollow">Show Source</a></li>
+    </ul>
+   </div>
+  <h3>Slides</h3>
+  <ul class="this-page-menu">
+    <li><a href="../.././slides/presentations/session07.html"
+           rel="nofollow">View as slides</a></li>
+  </ul>
+<div id="searchbox" style="display: none" role="search">
+  <h3>Quick search</h3>
+    <form class="search" action="../search.html" method="get">
+      <input type="text" name="q" />
+      <input type="submit" value="Go" />
+      <input type="hidden" name="check_keywords" value="yes" />
+      <input type="hidden" name="area" value="default" />
+    </form>
+    <p class="searchtip" style="font-size: 90%">
+    Enter search terms or a module, class or function name.
+    </p>
+</div>
+<script type="text/javascript">$('#searchbox').show(0);</script>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+      <div class="clearer"></div>
+    </div>
+    <div class="related" role="navigation" aria-label="related navigation">
+      <h3>Navigation</h3>
+      <ul>
+        <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px">
+          <a href="../genindex.html" title="General Index"
+             >index</a></li>
+        <li class="right" >
+          <a href="session08.html" title="Session 08"
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+        <li class="nav-item nav-item-0"><a href="../index.html">UWPCE Python 200</a> &raquo;</li>
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+      </ul>
+    </div>
+    <div class="footer" role="contentinfo">
+        &copy; Copyright 2012-2016, Cris Ewing.
+      Created using <a href="http://sphinx-doc.org/">Sphinx</a> 1.3.1.
+    </div>
+  </body>
+</html>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/html/presentations/session08.html b/html/presentations/session08.html
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..54ee5855
--- /dev/null
+++ b/html/presentations/session08.html
@@ -0,0 +1,1124 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
+  "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
+
+
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
+  <head>
+    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
+    
+    <title>Session 08 &mdash; Internet Programming with Python</title>
+    
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/pyramid.css" type="text/css" />
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/pygments.css" type="text/css" />
+    
+    <script type="text/javascript">
+      var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = {
+        URL_ROOT:    '../',
+        VERSION:     '3.0',
+        COLLAPSE_INDEX: false,
+        FILE_SUFFIX: '.html',
+        HAS_SOURCE:  true
+      };
+    </script>
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script>
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/underscore.js"></script>
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/doctools.js"></script>
+    <link rel="top" title="Internet Programming with Python" href="../index.html" />
+    <link rel="up" title="Course Presentations" href="index.html" />
+    <link rel="next" title="Session 09" href="session09.html" />
+    <link rel="prev" title="Session 07" href="session07.html" />
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="http://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Neuton&amp;subset=latin" type="text/css" media="screen" charset="utf-8" />
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="http://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Nobile:regular,italic,bold,bolditalic&amp;subset=latin" type="text/css" media="screen" charset="utf-8" />
+<!--[if lte IE 6]>
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/ie6.css" type="text/css" media="screen" charset="utf-8" />
+<![endif]-->
+
+  </head>
+  <body role="document">
+<div class="header">
+  <div class="logo">
+    <a href="../index.html">
+      <img class="logo" src="../_static/logo_UW.png" alt="Logo"/>
+    </a>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+    <div class="related" role="navigation" aria-label="related navigation">
+      <h3>Navigation</h3>
+      <ul>
+        <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px">
+          <a href="../genindex.html" title="General Index"
+             accesskey="I">index</a></li>
+        <li class="right" >
+          <a href="session09.html" title="Session 09"
+             accesskey="N">next</a> |</li>
+        <li class="right" >
+          <a href="session07.html" title="Session 07"
+             accesskey="P">previous</a> |</li>
+        <li class="nav-item nav-item-0"><a href="../index.html">UWPCE Python 200</a> &raquo;</li>
+          <li class="nav-item nav-item-1"><a href="index.html" accesskey="U">Course Presentations</a> &raquo;</li> 
+      </ul>
+    </div>  
+
+    <div class="document">
+      <div class="documentwrapper">
+        <div class="bodywrapper">
+          <div class="body" role="main">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="session-08">
+<h1>Session 08<a class="headerlink" href="#session-08" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<div class="figure align-center" id="id2">
+<a class="reference internal image-reference" href="../_images/django-pony.png"><img alt="../_images/django-pony.png" src="../_images/django-pony.png" style="width: 60%;" /></a>
+<p class="caption"><span class="caption-text">image: <a class="reference external" href="http://djangopony.com/">http://djangopony.com/</a></span></p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="building-a-django-application">
+<h2>Building a Django Application<a class="headerlink" href="#building-a-django-application" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p class="large">Wherein we build a simple blogging app.</p>
+<div class="section" id="a-full-stack-framework">
+<h3>A Full Stack Framework<a class="headerlink" href="#a-full-stack-framework" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Django comes with:</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>Persistence via the <em>Django ORM</em></li>
+<li>CRUD content editing via the automatic <em>Django Admin</em></li>
+<li>URL Mapping via <em>urlpatterns</em></li>
+<li>Templating via the <em>Django Template Language</em></li>
+<li>Caching with levels of configurability</li>
+<li>Internationalization via i18n hooks</li>
+<li>Form rendering and handling</li>
+<li>User authentication and authorization</li>
+</ul>
+<p>Pretty much everything you need to make a solid website quickly</p>
+</div>
+<p>Lots of frameworks offer some of these features, if not all.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>What is Django&#8217;s <em>killer feature</em></p>
+<p class="centered"><strong>The Django Admin</strong></p>
+</div>
+<p>Works in concert with the Django ORM to provide automatic CRUD functionality</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>You write the models, it provides the UI</p>
+<p>You&#8217;ve seen this in action. Pretty neat, eh?</p>
+</div>
+<p>The Django Admin is a great example of the Pareto Priciple, a.k.a. the 80/20
+rule:</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p class="centered"><strong>80% of the problems can be solved by 20% of the effort</strong></p>
+<p>The converse also holds true:</p>
+<p class="centered"><strong>Fixing the last 20% of the problems will take the remaining 80% of the
+effort.</strong></p>
+</div>
+<p><strong>Other Django Advantages</strong></p>
+<p>Clearly the most popular full-stack Python web framework at this time</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Popularity translates into:</p>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>Active, present community</li>
+<li>Plethora of good examples to be found online</li>
+<li>Rich ecosystem of <em>apps</em> (encapsulated add-on functionality)</li>
+</ul>
+<p class="centered"><strong>Jobs</strong></p>
+</div>
+<p>Django releases in the last 12+ months (a short list):</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>1.9 (December 2015)</li>
+<li>1.8.7 (November 2015)</li>
+<li>1.7.11 (November 2015)</li>
+<li>1.8.5 (October 2015)</li>
+<li>1.7.10 (August 2015)</li>
+<li>1.8.3 (July 2015)</li>
+<li>1.8 (April 2015)</li>
+<li>1.7.7 (March 2015)</li>
+<li>1.7.4 (January 2014)</li>
+</ul>
+<p>Django 1.8 is the second <em>Long Term Support</em> version, with a guaranteed support
+period of three years.</p>
+</div>
+<p>Thorough, readable, and discoverable.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Led the way to better documentation for all Python</p>
+<p><a class="reference external" href="https://readthedocs.org/">Read The Docs</a> - built in connection with
+Django, sponsored by the Django Software Foundation.</p>
+<p>Write documentation as part of your python package.</p>
+<p>Render new versions of that documentation for every commit.</p>
+<p class="centered"><strong>this is awesome</strong></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="where-we-stand">
+<h3>Where We Stand<a class="headerlink" href="#where-we-stand" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>For your homework this week, you created a <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Post</span></code> model to serve as the heart
+of our blogging app.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>You also took some time to get familiar with the basic workings of the
+Django ORM.</p>
+<p>You made a minor modification to our model class and wrote a test for it.</p>
+<p>And you installed the Django Admin site and added your app to it.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="going-further">
+<h3>Going Further<a class="headerlink" href="#going-further" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>One of the most common features in a blog is the ability to categorize posts.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Let&#8217;s add this feature to our blog!</p>
+<p>To do so, we&#8217;ll be adding a new model, and making some changes to existing
+code.</p>
+<p class="build">This means that we&#8217;ll need to <em>change our database schema</em>.</p>
+</div>
+<p>You&#8217;ve seen how to add new tables to a database using the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">migrate</span></code> command.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>And you&#8217;ve created your first migration in setting up the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Post</span></code> model.</p>
+<p>This is an example of altering the <em>database schema</em> using Python code.</p>
+<p>Starting in Django 1.7, this ability is available built-in to Django.</p>
+<p>Before verson 1.7 it was available in an add-on called <a class="reference external" href="http://south.readthedocs.org/en/latest">South</a>.</p>
+</div>
+<p>We want to add a new model to represent the categories our blog posts might
+fall into.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>This model will need to have:</p>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>a name for the category</li>
+<li>a longer description</li>
+<li>a relationship to the Post model</li>
+</ul>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c"># in models.py</span>
+<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Category</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">models</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Model</span><span class="p">):</span>
+    <span class="n">name</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">models</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">CharField</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">max_length</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">128</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="n">description</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">models</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">TextField</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">blank</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">True</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="n">posts</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">models</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ManyToManyField</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Post</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">blank</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">True</span><span class="p">,</span>
+                                   <span class="n">related_name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;categories&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>In our <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Post</span></code> model, we used a <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ForeignKeyField</span></code> field to match an author
+to her posts.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>This models the situation in which a single author can have many posts,
+while each post has only one author.</p>
+<p>We call this a <em>Many to One</em> relationship.</p>
+<p>But any given <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Post</span></code> might belong in more than one <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Category</span></code>.</p>
+<p>And it would be a waste to allow only one <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Post</span></code> for each <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Category</span></code>.</p>
+<p>Enter the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ManyToManyField</span></code></p>
+</div>
+<p>To get these changes set up, we now add a new migration.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>We use the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">makemigrations</span></code> management command to do so:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">(</span>djangoenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>./manage.py makemigrations
+Migrations <span class="k">for</span> <span class="s1">&#39;myblog&#39;</span>:
+  0002_category.py:
+    - Create model Category
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>Once the migration has been created, we can apply it with the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">migrate</span></code>
+management command.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">(</span>djangoenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>./manage.py migrate
+Operations to perform:
+  Apply all migrations: sessions, contenttypes, admin, myblog, auth
+Running migrations:
+  Rendering model states... DONE
+  Applying myblog.0002_category... OK
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>You can even look at the migration file you just applied,
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">myblog/migrations/0002_category.py</span></code> to see what happened.</p>
+</div>
+<p>Let&#8217;s make <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Category</span></code> object look nice the same way we did with <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Post</span></code>.
+Start with a test:</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>add this to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">tests.py</span></code>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c"># another import</span>
+<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">myblog.models</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">Category</span>
+
+<span class="c"># and the test case and test</span>
+<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">CategoryTestCase</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">TestCase</span><span class="p">):</span>
+
+    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">test_string_representation</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span>
+        <span class="n">expected</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&quot;A Category&quot;</span>
+        <span class="n">c1</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Category</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">expected</span><span class="p">)</span>
+        <span class="n">actual</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">str</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">c1</span><span class="p">)</span>
+        <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assertEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">expected</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">actual</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>When you run your tests, you now have two, and one is failing because the
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Category</span></code> object doesn&#8217;t look right.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">(</span>djangoenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>./manage.py <span class="nb">test </span>myblog
+Creating <span class="nb">test </span>database <span class="k">for</span> <span class="nb">alias</span> <span class="s1">&#39;default&#39;</span>...
+...
+
+Ran <span class="m">2</span> tests in 0.011s
+
+FAILED <span class="o">(</span><span class="nv">failures</span><span class="o">=</span>1<span class="o">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Do you remember how you made that change for a <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Post</span></code>?</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Category</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">models</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Model</span><span class="p">):</span>
+    <span class="c">#...</span>
+
+    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">__str__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span>
+        <span class="k">return</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">name</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>Adding our new model to the Django admin is equally simple.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Simply add the following line to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">myblog/admin.py</span></code></p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c"># a new import</span>
+<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">myblog.models</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">Category</span>
+
+<span class="c"># and a new admin registration</span>
+<span class="n">admin</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">site</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">register</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Category</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>Fire up the Django development server and see what you have in the admin:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">(</span>djangoenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>./manage.py runserver
+Validating models...
+...
+Starting development server at http://127.0.0.1:8000/
+Quit the server with CONTROL-C.
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Point your browser at <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">http://localhost:8000/admin/</span></code>, log in and play.</p>
+<p>Add a few categories, put some posts in them. Visit your posts, add new
+ones and then categorize them.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="break-time">
+<h3>BREAK TIME<a class="headerlink" href="#break-time" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>We&#8217;ve completed a data model for our application.</p>
+<p>And thanks to Django&#8217;s easy-to-use admin, we have a reasonable CRUD application
+where we can manage blog posts and the categories we put them in.</p>
+<p>When we return, we&#8217;ll put a public face on our new creation.</p>
+<p>If you&#8217;ve fallen behind, the app as it stands now is in our class resources as
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">mysite_stage_1</span></code></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="a-public-face">
+<h2>A Public Face<a class="headerlink" href="#a-public-face" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p class="left">Point your browser at <a class="reference external" href="http://localhost:8000/">http://localhost:8000/</a></p>
+<div class="build left container">
+<p>What do you see?</p>
+<p>Why?</p>
+<p>We need to add some public pages for our blog.</p>
+<p>In Django, the code that builds a page that you can see is called a <em>view</em>.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="django-views">
+<h3>Django Views<a class="headerlink" href="#django-views" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>A <em>view</em> can be defined as a <em>callable</em> that takes a request and returns a
+response.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>This should sound pretty familiar to you.</p>
+<p>Classically, Django views were functions.</p>
+<p>Version 1.3 added support for Class-based Views (a class with a
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__call__</span></code> method is a callable)</p>
+</div>
+<p>Let&#8217;s add a really simple view to our app.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>It will be a stub for our public UI.  Add this to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">views.py</span></code> in
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">myblog</span></code></p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">django.http</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">HttpResponse</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">HttpResponseRedirect</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Http404</span>
+
+<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">stub_view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">request</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">kwargs</span><span class="p">):</span>
+    <span class="n">body</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&quot;Stub View</span><span class="se">\n\n</span><span class="s">&quot;</span>
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">args</span><span class="p">:</span>
+        <span class="n">body</span> <span class="o">+=</span> <span class="s">&quot;Args:</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s">&quot;</span>
+        <span class="n">body</span> <span class="o">+=</span> <span class="s">&quot;</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s">&quot;</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">join</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="s">&quot;</span><span class="se">\t</span><span class="si">%s</span><span class="s">&quot;</span> <span class="o">%</span> <span class="n">a</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">a</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">args</span><span class="p">])</span>
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">kwargs</span><span class="p">:</span>
+        <span class="n">body</span> <span class="o">+=</span> <span class="s">&quot;Kwargs:</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s">&quot;</span>
+        <span class="n">body</span> <span class="o">+=</span> <span class="s">&quot;</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s">&quot;</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">join</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="s">&quot;</span><span class="se">\t</span><span class="si">%s</span><span class="s">: </span><span class="si">%s</span><span class="s">&quot;</span> <span class="o">%</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">kwargs</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">items</span><span class="p">()])</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">HttpResponse</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">body</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">content_type</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;text/plain&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>In your homework tutorial, you learned about Django <strong>urlconfs</strong></p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>We used our project urlconf to hook the Django admin into our project.</p>
+<p>We want to do the same thing for our new app.</p>
+<p>In general, an <em>app</em> that serves any sort of views should contain its own
+urlconf.</p>
+<p>The project urlconf should mainly <em>include</em> these where possible.</p>
+</div>
+<p>Create a new file <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">urls.py</span></code> inside the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">myblog</span></code> app package.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Open it in your editor and add the following code:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">django.conf.urls</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">url</span>
+<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">myblog.views</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">stub_view</span>
+
+<span class="n">urlpatterns</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span>
+    <span class="n">url</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">r&#39;^$&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="n">stub_view</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="n">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;blog_index&quot;</span><span class="p">),</span>
+<span class="p">]</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>In order for our new urls to load, we&#8217;ll need to include them in our project
+urlconf</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Open <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">urls.py</span></code> from the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">mysite</span></code> project package and add this:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c"># add this new import</span>
+<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">django.conf.urls</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">include</span>
+
+<span class="c"># then modify urlpatterns as follows:</span>
+<span class="n">urlpatterns</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span>
+    <span class="n">url</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">r&#39;^&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">include</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;myblog.urls&#39;</span><span class="p">)),</span> <span class="c">#&lt;- add this</span>
+    <span class="c">#... other included urls</span>
+<span class="p">]</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Try reloading <a class="reference external" href="http://localhost:8000/">http://localhost:8000/</a></p>
+<p>You should see some output now.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="project-url-space">
+<h3>Project URL Space<a class="headerlink" href="#project-url-space" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>A project is defined by the urls a user can visit.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>What should our users be able to see when they visit our blog?</p>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>A list view that shows blog posts, most recent first.</li>
+<li>An individual post view, showing a single post (a permalink).</li>
+</ul>
+<p>Let&#8217;s add urls for each of these.</p>
+<p>For now, we&#8217;ll use the stub view we&#8217;ve created so we can concentrate on the
+url routing.</p>
+</div>
+<p>We&#8217;ve already got a good url for the list page: <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">blog_index</span></code> at &#8216;/&#8217;</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>For the view of a single post, we&#8217;ll need to capture the id of the post.
+Add this to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">urlpatterns</span></code> in <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">myblog/urls.py</span></code>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">url</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">r&#39;^posts/(\d+)/$&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+    <span class="n">stub_view</span><span class="p">,</span>
+    <span class="n">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;blog_detail&quot;</span><span class="p">),</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">(\d+)</span></code> captures one or more digits as the post_id.</p>
+<p>Load <a class="reference external" href="http://localhost:8000/posts/1234/">http://localhost:8000/posts/1234/</a> and see what you get.</p>
+</div>
+<p>When you load the above url, you should see <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">1234</span></code> listed as an <em>arg</em></p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Try changing the route like so:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="s">r&#39;^posts/(?P&lt;post_id&gt;\d+)/$&#39;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Reload the same url.</p>
+<p>Notice the change.</p>
+<p>What&#8217;s going on there?</p>
+</div>
+<p>Like Pyramid, Django uses Python regular expressions to build routes.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Unlike Pyramid, Django <em>requires</em> regular expressions to capture segments
+in a route.</p>
+<p>When we built our WSGI book app, we used this same appraoch.</p>
+<p>There we learned about regular expression <em>capture groups</em>. We just changed
+an unnamed <em>capture group</em> to a named one.</p>
+<p>How you declare a capture group in your url pattern regexp influences how
+it will be passed to the view callable.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">django.conf.urls</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">url</span>
+<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">myblog.views</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">stub_view</span>
+
+<span class="n">urlpatterns</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span>
+    <span class="n">url</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">r&#39;^$&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="n">stub_view</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="n">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;blog_index&quot;</span><span class="p">),</span>
+    <span class="n">url</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">r&#39;^posts/(?P&lt;post_id&gt;\d+)/$&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="n">stub_view</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="n">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;blog_detail&quot;</span><span class="p">),</span>
+<span class="p">]</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Before we begin writing real views, we need to add some tests for the views we
+are about to create.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>We&#8217;ll need tests for a list view and a detail view</p>
+<p>add the following <em>imports</em> at the top of <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">myblog/tests.py</span></code>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">datetime</span>
+<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">django.utils.timezone</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">utc</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">FrontEndTestCase</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">TestCase</span><span class="p">):</span>
+    <span class="sd">&quot;&quot;&quot;test views provided in the front-end&quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
+    <span class="n">fixtures</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="s">&#39;myblog_test_fixture.json&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">]</span>
+
+    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">setUp</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span>
+        <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">now</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">datetime</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">datetime</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">utcnow</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">replace</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">tzinfo</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">utc</span><span class="p">)</span>
+        <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">timedelta</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">datetime</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">timedelta</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">15</span><span class="p">)</span>
+        <span class="n">author</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">User</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">objects</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pk</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span>
+        <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">count</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="nb">range</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">11</span><span class="p">):</span>
+            <span class="n">post</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Post</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">title</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;Post </span><span class="si">%d</span><span class="s"> Title&quot;</span> <span class="o">%</span> <span class="n">count</span><span class="p">,</span>
+                        <span class="n">text</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;foo&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+                        <span class="n">author</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">author</span><span class="p">)</span>
+            <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">count</span> <span class="o">&lt;</span> <span class="mi">6</span><span class="p">:</span>
+                <span class="c"># publish the first five posts</span>
+                <span class="n">pubdate</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">now</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">timedelta</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="n">count</span>
+                <span class="n">post</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">published_date</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">pubdate</span>
+            <span class="n">post</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">save</span><span class="p">()</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="our-list-view">
+<h3>Our List View<a class="headerlink" href="#our-list-view" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>We&#8217;d like our list view to show our posts.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>But in this blog, we have the ability to publish posts.</p>
+<p>Unpublished posts should not be seen in the front-end views.</p>
+<p>We set up our tests to have 5 published, and 5 unpublished posts</p>
+<p>Let&#8217;s add a test to demonstrate that the right ones show up.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">Class</span> <span class="n">FrontEndTestCase</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">TestCase</span><span class="p">):</span> <span class="c"># already here</span>
+    <span class="c"># ...</span>
+    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">test_list_only_published</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span>
+        <span class="n">resp</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">client</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;/&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+        <span class="c"># the content of the rendered response is always a bytestring</span>
+        <span class="n">resp_text</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">resp</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">content</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">decode</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">resp</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">charset</span><span class="p">)</span>
+        <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assertTrue</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;Recent Posts&quot;</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">resp_text</span><span class="p">)</span>
+        <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">count</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="nb">range</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">11</span><span class="p">):</span>
+            <span class="n">title</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&quot;Post </span><span class="si">%d</span><span class="s"> Title&quot;</span> <span class="o">%</span> <span class="n">count</span>
+            <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">count</span> <span class="o">&lt;</span> <span class="mi">6</span><span class="p">:</span>
+                <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assertContains</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">resp</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">title</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">count</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span>
+            <span class="k">else</span><span class="p">:</span>
+                <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assertNotContains</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">resp</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">title</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>We test first to ensure that each published post is visible in our view.</p>
+<p>Note that we also test to ensure that the unpublished posts are <em>not</em> visible.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">(</span>djangoenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>./manage.py <span class="nb">test </span>myblog
+Creating <span class="nb">test </span>database <span class="k">for</span> <span class="nb">alias</span> <span class="s1">&#39;default&#39;</span>...
+.F.
+<span class="o">======================================================================</span>
+FAIL: test_list_only_published <span class="o">(</span>myblog.tests.FrontEndTestCase<span class="o">)</span>
+...
+Ran <span class="m">3</span> tests in 0.024s
+
+FAILED <span class="o">(</span><span class="nv">failures</span><span class="o">=</span>1<span class="o">)</span>
+Destroying <span class="nb">test </span>database <span class="k">for</span> <span class="nb">alias</span> <span class="s1">&#39;default&#39;</span>...
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Add the view for listing blog posts to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">views.py</span></code>.</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c"># add these imports</span>
+<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">django.template</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">RequestContext</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">loader</span>
+<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">myblog.models</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">Post</span>
+
+<span class="c"># and this view</span>
+<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">list_view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">request</span><span class="p">):</span>
+    <span class="n">published</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Post</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">objects</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">exclude</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">published_date__exact</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="n">posts</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">published</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">order_by</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;-published_date&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="n">template</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">loader</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get_template</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;list.html&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="n">context</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">RequestContext</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">request</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+        <span class="s">&#39;posts&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">posts</span><span class="p">,</span>
+    <span class="p">})</span>
+    <span class="n">body</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">template</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">render</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">context</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">HttpResponse</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">body</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">content_type</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;text/html&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">published</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Post</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">objects</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">exclude</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">published_date__exact</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="n">posts</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">published</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">order_by</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;-published_date&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>We begin by using the QuerySet API to fetch all the posts that have
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">published_date</span></code> set</p>
+<p>Using the chaining nature of the API we order these posts by
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">published_date</span></code></p>
+<p>Remember, at this point, no query has actually been issued to the database.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">template</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">loader</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get_template</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;list.html&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Django uses configuration to determine how to find templates.</p>
+<p>By default, Django looks in installed <em>apps</em> for a <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">templates</span></code> directory</p>
+<p>It also provides a place to list specific directories.</p>
+<p>Let&#8217;s set that up in <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">settings.py</span></code></p>
+</div>
+<p>Notice that <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">settings.py</span></code> already contains a <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">BASE_DIR</span></code> value which points
+to the root of our project (where both the project and app packages are
+located).</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>In that same file, you&#8217;ll find a list bound to the symbol <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TEMPLATES</span></code>.</p>
+<p>That list contains one dict with an empty list at the key <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">DIRS</span></code>. Update
+that empty list as shown here:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">TEMPLATES</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span>
+    <span class="p">{</span>
+        <span class="s">&#39;BACKEND&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">&#39;django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s">&#39;DIRS&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">join</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">BASE_DIR</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;mysite/templates&#39;</span><span class="p">)],</span>
+        <span class="o">...</span>
+    <span class="p">},</span>
+<span class="p">]</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>This will ensure that Django will look in your <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">mysite</span></code> project folder
+for a directory containing templates.</p>
+</div>
+<p>The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">mysite</span></code> project folder does not contain a <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">templates</span></code> directory, add one.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Then, in that directory add a new file <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">base.html</span></code> and add the following:</p>
+<div class="highlight-jinja"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="x">&lt;!DOCTYPE html&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">&lt;html&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">  &lt;head&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">    &lt;title&gt;My Django Blog&lt;/title&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">  &lt;/head&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">  &lt;body&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">    &lt;div id=&quot;container&quot;&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">      &lt;div id=&quot;content&quot;&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">      </span><span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">block</span> <span class="nv">content</span> <span class="cp">%}</span><span class="x"></span>
+<span class="x">       [content will go here]</span>
+<span class="x">      </span><span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">endblock</span> <span class="cp">%}</span><span class="x"></span>
+<span class="x">      &lt;/div&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">    &lt;/div&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">  &lt;/body&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">&lt;/html&gt;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="templates-in-django">
+<h3>Templates in Django<a class="headerlink" href="#templates-in-django" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Before we move on, a quick word about Django templates.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>We&#8217;ve seen Jinja2 which was &#8220;inspired by Django&#8217;s templating system&#8221;.</p>
+<p>Basically, you already know how to write Django templates.</p>
+<p>Django templates <strong>do not</strong> allow any python expressions.</p>
+<p><a class="reference external" href="https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.9/ref/templates/builtins/">https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.9/ref/templates/builtins/</a></p>
+</div>
+<p>Our view tries to load <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">list.html</span></code>.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>This template is probably specific to the blog functionality of our site</p>
+<p>It is common to keep shared templates in your project directory and
+specialized ones in app directories.</p>
+<p>Add a <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">templates</span></code> directory to your <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">myblog</span></code> app, too.</p>
+<p>In it, create a new file <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">list.html</span></code> and add this:</p>
+</div>
+<div class="highlight-jinja"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">extends</span> <span class="s2">&quot;base.html&quot;</span> <span class="cp">%}{%</span> <span class="k">block</span> <span class="nv">content</span> <span class="cp">%}</span><span class="x"></span>
+<span class="x">  &lt;h1&gt;Recent Posts&lt;/h1&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">  </span><span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">comment</span> <span class="cp">%}</span><span class="c"> here is where the query happens </span><span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">endcomment</span> <span class="cp">%}</span><span class="x"></span>
+<span class="x">  </span><span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="nv">post</span> <span class="k">in</span> <span class="nv">posts</span> <span class="cp">%}</span><span class="x"></span>
+<span class="x">  &lt;div class=&quot;post&quot;&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">    &lt;h2&gt;</span><span class="cp">{{</span> <span class="nv">post</span> <span class="cp">}}</span><span class="x">&lt;/h2&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">    &lt;p class=&quot;byline&quot;&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">      Posted by </span><span class="cp">{{</span> <span class="nv">post.author_name</span> <span class="cp">}}</span><span class="x"> &amp;mdash; </span><span class="cp">{{</span> <span class="nv">post.published_date</span> <span class="cp">}}</span><span class="x"></span>
+<span class="x">    &lt;/p&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">    &lt;div class=&quot;post-body&quot;&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">      </span><span class="cp">{{</span> <span class="nv">post.text</span> <span class="cp">}}</span><span class="x"></span>
+<span class="x">    &lt;/div&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">    &lt;ul class=&quot;categories&quot;&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">      </span><span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="nv">category</span> <span class="k">in</span> <span class="nv">post.categories.all</span> <span class="cp">%}</span><span class="x"></span>
+<span class="x">        &lt;li&gt;</span><span class="cp">{{</span> <span class="nv">category</span> <span class="cp">}}</span><span class="x">&lt;/li&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">      </span><span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">endfor</span> <span class="cp">%}</span><span class="x"></span>
+<span class="x">    &lt;/ul&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">  &lt;/div&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">  </span><span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">endfor</span> <span class="cp">%}</span><span class="x"></span>
+<span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">endblock</span> <span class="cp">%}</span><span class="x"></span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">context</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">RequestContext</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">request</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+    <span class="s">&#39;posts&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">posts</span><span class="p">,</span>
+<span class="p">})</span>
+<span class="n">body</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">template</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">render</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">context</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Like Jinja2, django templates are rendered by passing in a <em>context</em></p>
+<p>Django&#8217;s RequestContext provides common bits, similar to the context
+provided automatically by Pyramid</p>
+<p>We add our posts to that context so they can be used by the template.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">HttpResponse</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">body</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">content_type</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;text/html&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Finally, we build an HttpResponse and return it.</p>
+<p>This is, fundamentally, no different from the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">stub_view</span></code> just above.</p>
+</div>
+<p>We need to fix the url for our blog index page</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Update <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">urls.py</span></code> in <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">myblog</span></code>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c"># import the new view</span>
+<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">myblog.views</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">list_view</span>
+
+<span class="c"># and then update the urlconf</span>
+<span class="n">url</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">r&#39;^$&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+    <span class="n">list_view</span><span class="p">,</span>  <span class="c">#&lt;-- Change this value from stub_view</span>
+    <span class="n">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;blog_index&quot;</span><span class="p">),</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Then run your tests again:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">(</span>djangoenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>./manage.py <span class="nb">test </span>myblog
+...
+Ran <span class="m">3</span> tests in 0.033s
+
+OK
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>This is a common pattern in Django views:</p>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>get a template from the loader</li>
+<li>build a context, usually using a RequestContext</li>
+<li>render the template</li>
+<li>return an HttpResponse</li>
+</ul>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>So common in fact that Django provides a shortcut for us to use:</p>
+<p><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">render(request,</span> <span class="pre">template[,</span> <span class="pre">ctx][,</span> <span class="pre">ctx_instance])</span></code></p>
+</div>
+<p>Let&#8217;s replace most of our view with the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">render</span></code> shortcut</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">django.shortcuts</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">render</span> <span class="c"># &lt;- already there</span>
+
+<span class="c"># rewrite our view</span>
+<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">list_view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">request</span><span class="p">):</span>
+    <span class="n">published</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Post</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">objects</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">exclude</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">published_date__exact</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="n">posts</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">published</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">order_by</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;-published_date&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="n">context</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="s">&#39;posts&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">posts</span><span class="p">}</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">render</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">request</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;list.html&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">context</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p class="build">Remember though, all we did manually before is still happening</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="id1">
+<h3>BREAK TIME<a class="headerlink" href="#id1" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>We&#8217;ve got the front page for our application working great.</p>
+<p>Next, we&#8217;ll need to provide a view of a detail page for a single post.</p>
+<p>Then we&#8217;ll provide a way to log in and to navigate between the public part of
+our application and the admin behind it.</p>
+<p>If you&#8217;ve fallen behind, the app as it stands now is in our class resources as
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">mysite_stage_2</span></code></p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="our-detail-view">
+<h3>Our Detail View<a class="headerlink" href="#our-detail-view" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Next, let&#8217;s add a view function for the detail view of a post</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>It will need to get the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">id</span></code> of the post to show as an argument</p>
+<p>Like the list view, it should only show published posts</p>
+<p>But unlike the list view, it will need to return <em>something</em> if an
+unpublished post is requested.</p>
+<p>Let&#8217;s start with the tests in <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">views.py</span></code></p>
+</div>
+<p>Add the following test to our <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">FrontEndTestCase</span></code> in <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">myblog/tests.py</span></code>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">test_details_only_published</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span>
+    <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">count</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="nb">range</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">11</span><span class="p">):</span>
+        <span class="n">title</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&quot;Post </span><span class="si">%d</span><span class="s"> Title&quot;</span> <span class="o">%</span> <span class="n">count</span>
+        <span class="n">post</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Post</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">objects</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">title</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">title</span><span class="p">)</span>
+        <span class="n">resp</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">client</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;/posts/</span><span class="si">%d</span><span class="s">/&#39;</span> <span class="o">%</span> <span class="n">post</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pk</span><span class="p">)</span>
+        <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">count</span> <span class="o">&lt;</span> <span class="mi">6</span><span class="p">:</span>
+            <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assertEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">resp</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">status_code</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">200</span><span class="p">)</span>
+            <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assertContains</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">resp</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">title</span><span class="p">)</span>
+        <span class="k">else</span><span class="p">:</span>
+            <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assertEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">resp</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">status_code</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">404</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">(</span>djangoenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>./manage.py <span class="nb">test </span>myblog
+Creating <span class="nb">test </span>database <span class="k">for</span> <span class="nb">alias</span> <span class="s1">&#39;default&#39;</span>...
+.F..
+<span class="o">======================================================================</span>
+FAIL: test_details_only_published <span class="o">(</span>myblog.tests.FrontEndTestCase<span class="o">)</span>
+...
+Ran <span class="m">4</span> tests in 0.043s
+
+FAILED <span class="o">(</span><span class="nv">failures</span><span class="o">=</span>1<span class="o">)</span>
+Destroying <span class="nb">test </span>database <span class="k">for</span> <span class="nb">alias</span> <span class="s1">&#39;default&#39;</span>...
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Now, add a new view to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">myblog/views.py</span></code>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">detail_view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">request</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">post_id</span><span class="p">):</span>
+    <span class="n">published</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Post</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">objects</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">exclude</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">published_date__exact</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">try</span><span class="p">:</span>
+        <span class="n">post</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">published</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pk</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">post_id</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">except</span> <span class="n">Post</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">DoesNotExist</span><span class="p">:</span>
+        <span class="k">raise</span> <span class="n">Http404</span>
+    <span class="n">context</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="s">&#39;post&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">post</span><span class="p">}</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">render</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">request</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;detail.html&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">context</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">try</span><span class="p">:</span>
+    <span class="n">post</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">published</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pk</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">post_id</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="k">except</span> <span class="n">Post</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">DoesNotExist</span><span class="p">:</span>
+    <span class="k">raise</span> <span class="n">Http404</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>One of the features of the Django ORM is that all models raise a DoesNotExist
+exception if <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">get</span></code> returns nothing.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>This exception is actually an attribute of the Model you look for.</p>
+<p>There&#8217;s also an <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ObjectDoesNotExist</span></code> for when you don&#8217;t know which model
+you have.</p>
+<p>We can use that fact to raise a Not Found exception.</p>
+<p>Django will handle the rest for us.</p>
+</div>
+<p>We also need to add <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">detail.html</span></code> to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">myblog/templates</span></code>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-jinja"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">extends</span> <span class="s2">&quot;base.html&quot;</span> <span class="cp">%}</span><span class="x"></span>
+
+<span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">block</span> <span class="nv">content</span> <span class="cp">%}</span><span class="x"></span>
+<span class="x">&lt;a class=&quot;backlink&quot; href=&quot;/&quot;&gt;Home&lt;/a&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">&lt;h1&gt;</span><span class="cp">{{</span> <span class="nv">post</span> <span class="cp">}}</span><span class="x">&lt;/h1&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">&lt;p class=&quot;byline&quot;&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">  Posted by </span><span class="cp">{{</span> <span class="nv">post.author_name</span> <span class="cp">}}</span><span class="x"> &amp;mdash; </span><span class="cp">{{</span> <span class="nv">post.published_date</span> <span class="cp">}}</span><span class="x"></span>
+<span class="x">&lt;/p&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">&lt;div class=&quot;post-body&quot;&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">  </span><span class="cp">{{</span> <span class="nv">post.text</span> <span class="cp">}}</span><span class="x"></span>
+<span class="x">&lt;/div&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">&lt;ul class=&quot;categories&quot;&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">  </span><span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="nv">category</span> <span class="k">in</span> <span class="nv">post.categories.all</span> <span class="cp">%}</span><span class="x"></span>
+<span class="x">    &lt;li&gt;</span><span class="cp">{{</span> <span class="nv">category</span> <span class="cp">}}</span><span class="x">&lt;/li&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">  </span><span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">endfor</span> <span class="cp">%}</span><span class="x"></span>
+<span class="x">&lt;/ul&gt;</span>
+<span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">endblock</span> <span class="cp">%}</span><span class="x"></span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>In order to view a single post, we&#8217;ll need a link from the list view</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>We can use the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">url</span></code> template tag (like Pyramid&#8217;s <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">request.route_url</span></code>):</p>
+<div class="highlight-jinja"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">url</span> <span class="s1">&#39;&lt;view_name&gt;&#39;</span> <span class="nv">arg1</span> <span class="nv">arg2</span> <span class="cp">%}</span><span class="x"></span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>In our <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">list.html</span></code> template, let&#8217;s link the post titles:</p>
+<div class="highlight-jinja"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="nv">post</span> <span class="k">in</span> <span class="nv">posts</span> <span class="cp">%}</span><span class="x"></span>
+<span class="x">&lt;div class=&quot;post&quot;&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">  &lt;h2&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">    &lt;a href=&quot;</span><span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">url</span> <span class="s1">&#39;blog_detail&#39;</span> <span class="nv">post.pk</span> <span class="cp">%}</span><span class="x">&quot;&gt;</span><span class="cp">{{</span> <span class="nv">post</span> <span class="cp">}}</span><span class="x">&lt;/a&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">  &lt;/h2&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">  ...</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>Again, we need to insert our new view into the existing <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">myblog/urls.py</span></code> in
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">myblog</span></code>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c"># import the view</span>
+<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">myblog.views</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">detail_view</span>
+
+<span class="n">url</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">r&#39;^posts/(?P&lt;post_id&gt;\d+)/$&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+    <span class="n">detail_view</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="c">#&lt;-- Change this from stub_view</span>
+    <span class="n">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;blog_detail&quot;</span><span class="p">),</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="build small highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>(djangoenv)$ ./manage.py test myblog
+...
+Ran 4 tests in 0.077s
+
+OK
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>We&#8217;ve got some good stuff to look at now.  Fire up the server</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Reload your blog index page and click around a bit.</p>
+<p>You can now move back and forth between list and detail view.</p>
+<p>Try loading the detail view for a post that doesn&#8217;t exist</p>
+</div>
+<p>You&#8217;ve got a functional Blog</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>It&#8217;s not very pretty, though.</p>
+<p>We can fix that by adding some css</p>
+<p>This gives us a chance to learn about Django&#8217;s handling of <em>static files</em></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="static-files">
+<h3>Static Files<a class="headerlink" href="#static-files" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Like templates, Django expects to find static files in particular locations</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>It will look for them in a directory named <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">static</span></code> in any installed
+apps.</p>
+<p>They will be served from the url path in the STATIC_URL setting.</p>
+<p>By default, this is <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">/static/</span></code></p>
+<p>To allow Django to automatically build the correct urls for your static
+files, you use a special <em>template tag</em>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>{% static &lt;filename&gt; %}
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>I&#8217;ve prepared a css file for us to use. You can find it in the class resources</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Create a new directory <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">static</span></code> in the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">myblog</span></code> app.</p>
+<p>Copy the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">django_blog.css</span></code> file into that new directory.</p>
+<div class="container">
+<p>Next, load the static files template tag into <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">base.html</span></code> (this
+<strong>must</strong> be on the <em>first line</em> of the template):</p>
+<div class="highlight-jinja"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">load</span> <span class="nv">staticfiles</span> <span class="cp">%}</span><span class="x"></span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="container">
+<p>Finally, add a link to the stylesheet using the special template tag:</p>
+<div class="highlight-html"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="nt">&lt;title&gt;</span>My Django Blog<span class="nt">&lt;/title&gt;</span> <span class="c">&lt;!-- This is already present --&gt;</span>
+<span class="nt">&lt;link</span> <span class="na">type=</span><span class="s">&quot;text/css&quot;</span> <span class="na">rel=</span><span class="s">&quot;stylesheet&quot;</span> <span class="na">href=</span><span class="s">&quot;{% static &#39;django_blog.css&#39; %}&quot;</span><span class="nt">&gt;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>Reload <a class="reference external" href="http://localhost:8000/">http://localhost:8000/</a> and view the results of your work</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>We now have a reasonable view of the posts of our blog on the front end</p>
+<p>And we have a way to create and categorize posts using the admin</p>
+<p>However, we lack a way to move between the two.</p>
+<p>Let&#8217;s add that ability next.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="global-navigation">
+<h3>Global Navigation<a class="headerlink" href="#global-navigation" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>We&#8217;ll start by adding a control bar to our <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">base.html</span></code> template:</p>
+<div class="highlight-jinja"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="x">&lt;!DOCTYPE html&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">  ...</span>
+<span class="x">    &lt;div id=&quot;header&quot;&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">      &lt;ul id=&quot;control-bar&quot;&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">      </span><span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="nv">user.is_authenticated</span> <span class="cp">%}</span><span class="x"></span>
+<span class="x">        </span><span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="nv">user.is_staff</span> <span class="cp">%}</span><span class="x">&lt;li&gt;admin&lt;/li&gt;</span><span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">endif</span> <span class="cp">%}</span><span class="x"></span>
+<span class="x">        &lt;li&gt;logout&lt;/li&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">      </span><span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">else</span> <span class="cp">%}</span><span class="x"></span>
+<span class="x">        &lt;li&gt;login&lt;/li&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">      </span><span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">endif</span> <span class="cp">%}</span><span class="x"></span>
+<span class="x">      &lt;/ul&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">    &lt;/div&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">    &lt;div id=&quot;container&quot;&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">      ...</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>When we set up our views, we used the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">render</span></code> shortcut, which provides a
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">RequestContext</span></code></p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>This gives us access to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">user</span></code> in our templates</p>
+<p>It provides access to methods about the state and rights of that user</p>
+<p>We can use these to conditionally display links or UI elements. Like only
+showing the admin link to staff members.</p>
+</div>
+<p>Django also provides a reasonable set of views for login/logout.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>The first step to using them is to hook them into a urlconf.</p>
+<div class="container">
+<p>Add the following to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">mysite/urls.py</span></code>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c"># add an import at the top</span>
+<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">django.contrib.auth.views</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">login</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">logout</span>
+
+<span class="c"># and update the list of urlconfs</span>
+<span class="n">url</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">r&#39;^&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">include</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;myblog.urls&#39;</span><span class="p">)),</span> <span class="c">#&lt;- already there</span>
+<span class="n">url</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">r&#39;^login/$&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+    <span class="n">login</span><span class="p">,</span>
+    <span class="p">{</span><span class="s">&#39;template_name&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">&#39;login.html&#39;</span><span class="p">},</span>
+    <span class="n">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;login&quot;</span><span class="p">),</span>
+<span class="n">url</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">r&#39;^logout/$&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+    <span class="n">logout</span><span class="p">,</span>
+    <span class="p">{</span><span class="s">&#39;next_page&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">&#39;/&#39;</span><span class="p">},</span>
+    <span class="n">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;logout&quot;</span><span class="p">),</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>We need to create a new <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">login.html</span></code> template in <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">mysite/templates</span></code>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-jinja"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">extends</span> <span class="s2">&quot;base.html&quot;</span> <span class="cp">%}</span><span class="x"></span>
+
+<span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">block</span> <span class="nv">content</span> <span class="cp">%}</span><span class="x"></span>
+<span class="x">&lt;h1&gt;My Blog Login&lt;/h1&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">&lt;form action=&quot;&quot; method=&quot;POST&quot;&gt;</span><span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">csrf_token</span> <span class="cp">%}</span><span class="x"></span>
+<span class="x">  </span><span class="cp">{{</span> <span class="nv">form.as_p</span> <span class="cp">}}</span><span class="x"></span>
+<span class="x">  &lt;p&gt;&lt;input type=&quot;submit&quot; value=&quot;Log In&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">&lt;/form&gt;</span>
+<span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">endblock</span> <span class="cp">%}</span><span class="x"></span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>In a web application, submitting forms is potentially hazardous</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Data is being sent to our application from some remote place</p>
+<p>If that data is going to alter the state of our application, we <strong>must</strong>
+use POST</p>
+<p>Even so, we are vulnerable to Cross-Site Request Forgery, a common attack
+vector.</p>
+</div>
+<p>Django provides a convenient system to fight this.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>In fact, for POST requests, it <em>requires</em> that you use it.</p>
+<p>The Django middleware that does this is enabled by default.</p>
+<p>All you need to do is include the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">{%</span> <span class="pre">csrf_token</span> <span class="pre">%}</span></code> tag in your form.</p>
+</div>
+<p>In <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">base.html</span></code> make the following updates:</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<div class="highlight-jinja"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="x">&lt;!-- admin link --&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">&lt;a href=&quot;</span><span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">url</span> <span class="s1">&#39;admin:index&#39;</span> <span class="cp">%}</span><span class="x">&quot;&gt;admin&lt;/a&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">&lt;!-- logout link --&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">&lt;a href=&quot;</span><span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">url</span> <span class="s1">&#39;logout&#39;</span> <span class="cp">%}</span><span class="x">&quot;&gt;logout&lt;/a&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">&lt;!-- login link --&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">&lt;a href=&quot;</span><span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">url</span> <span class="s1">&#39;login&#39;</span> <span class="cp">%}</span><span class="x">&quot;&gt;login&lt;/a&gt;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="container">
+<p>Finally, in <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">settings.py</span></code> add the following:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">LOGIN_URL</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&#39;/login/&#39;</span>
+<span class="n">LOGIN_REDIRECT_URL</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&#39;/&#39;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>In adding a login view, we&#8217;ve gotten a sneak peak at how forms work in Django.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>However, learning more about them is beyond what we can achieve in this
+session.</p>
+<p>The form system in Django is quite nice, however. I urge you to
+<a class="reference external" href="https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.6/topics/forms/">read more about it</a></p>
+<p>In particular, you might want to pay attention to the documentation on
+<a class="reference external" href="https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.6/topics/forms/modelforms/">Model Forms</a></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="ta-daaaaaa">
+<h3>Ta-Daaaaaa!<a class="headerlink" href="#ta-daaaaaa" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>So, that&#8217;s it.  We&#8217;ve created a workable, simple blog app in Django.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>If you fell behind at some point, the app as it now stands is in our class
+resources as <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">mysite_stage_3</span></code>.</p>
+<p>There&#8217;s much more we could do with this app. And for homework, you&#8217;ll do
+some of it.</p>
+<p>Then next session, we&#8217;ll work together as pairs to implement a simple
+feature to extend the blog</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="homework">
+<h2>Homework<a class="headerlink" href="#homework" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p class="left">For your homework this week, we&#8217;ll fix one glaring problem with our blog admin.</p>
+<div class="build left container">
+<p>As you created new categories and posts, and related them to each-other,
+how did you feel about that work?</p>
+<p>Although from a data perspective, the category model is the right place for
+the ManytoMany relationship to posts, this leads to awkward usage in the
+admin.</p>
+<p>It would be much easier if we could designate a category for a post <em>from
+the Post admin</em>.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="your-assignment">
+<h3>Your Assignment<a class="headerlink" href="#your-assignment" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>You&#8217;ll be reversing that relationship so that you can only add categories to
+posts</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Take the following steps:</p>
+<ol class="arabic simple">
+<li>Read the documentation about the <a class="reference external" href="https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.9/ref/contrib/admin/">Django admin.</a></li>
+<li>You&#8217;ll need to create a customized <a class="reference external" href="https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.9/ref/contrib/admin/#modeladmin-objects">ModelAdmin</a> class for the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Post</span></code>
+and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Category</span></code> models.</li>
+<li>And you&#8217;ll need to create an <a class="reference external" href="https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.9/ref/contrib/admin/#inlinemodeladmin-objects">InlineModelAdmin</a> to represent Categories
+on the Post admin view.</li>
+<li>Finally, you&#8217;ll need to <a class="reference external" href="https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.9/ref/contrib/admin/#django.contrib.admin.ModelAdmin.exclude">exclude</a>  the &#8216;posts&#8217; field from the form in
+your <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Category</span></code> admin.</li>
+</ol>
+</div>
+<p>All told, those changes should not require more than about 15 total lines of
+code.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>The trick of course is reading and finding out which fifteen lines to
+write.</p>
+<p>If you complete that task in less than 3-4 hours of work, consider looking
+into other ways of customizing the admin.</p>
+</div>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>Change the admin index to say &#8216;Categories&#8217; instead of &#8216;Categorys&#8217;. (hint, the
+way to change this has nothing to do with the admin)</li>
+<li>Add columns for the date fields to the list display of Posts.</li>
+<li>Display the created and modified dates for your posts when viewing them in
+the admin.</li>
+<li>Add a column to the list display of Posts that shows the author.  For more
+fun, make this a link that takes you to the admin page for that user.</li>
+<li>For the biggest challenge, look into <a class="reference external" href="https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.6/ref/contrib/admin/actions/">admin actions</a> and add an action to
+the Post admin that allows you to publish posts in bulk from the Post list
+display</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+      <div class="sphinxsidebar" role="navigation" aria-label="main navigation">
+        <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper">
+  <h3><a href="../index.html">Table Of Contents</a></h3>
+  <ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">Session 08</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#building-a-django-application">Building a Django Application</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#a-full-stack-framework">A Full Stack Framework</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#where-we-stand">Where We Stand</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#going-further">Going Further</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#break-time">BREAK TIME</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#a-public-face">A Public Face</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#django-views">Django Views</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#project-url-space">Project URL Space</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#our-list-view">Our List View</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#templates-in-django">Templates in Django</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#id1">BREAK TIME</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#our-detail-view">Our Detail View</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#static-files">Static Files</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#global-navigation">Global Navigation</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#ta-daaaaaa">Ta-Daaaaaa!</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#homework">Homework</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#your-assignment">Your Assignment</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+  <h4>Previous topic</h4>
+  <p class="topless"><a href="session07.html"
+                        title="previous chapter">Session 07</a></p>
+  <h4>Next topic</h4>
+  <p class="topless"><a href="session09.html"
+                        title="next chapter">Session 09</a></p>
+  <div role="note" aria-label="source link">
+    <h3>This Page</h3>
+    <ul class="this-page-menu">
+      <li><a href="../_sources/presentations/session08.txt"
+            rel="nofollow">Show Source</a></li>
+    </ul>
+   </div>
+  <h3>Slides</h3>
+  <ul class="this-page-menu">
+    <li><a href="../.././slides/presentations/session08.html"
+           rel="nofollow">View as slides</a></li>
+  </ul>
+<div id="searchbox" style="display: none" role="search">
+  <h3>Quick search</h3>
+    <form class="search" action="../search.html" method="get">
+      <input type="text" name="q" />
+      <input type="submit" value="Go" />
+      <input type="hidden" name="check_keywords" value="yes" />
+      <input type="hidden" name="area" value="default" />
+    </form>
+    <p class="searchtip" style="font-size: 90%">
+    Enter search terms or a module, class or function name.
+    </p>
+</div>
+<script type="text/javascript">$('#searchbox').show(0);</script>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+      <div class="clearer"></div>
+    </div>
+    <div class="related" role="navigation" aria-label="related navigation">
+      <h3>Navigation</h3>
+      <ul>
+        <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px">
+          <a href="../genindex.html" title="General Index"
+             >index</a></li>
+        <li class="right" >
+          <a href="session09.html" title="Session 09"
+             >next</a> |</li>
+        <li class="right" >
+          <a href="session07.html" title="Session 07"
+             >previous</a> |</li>
+        <li class="nav-item nav-item-0"><a href="../index.html">UWPCE Python 200</a> &raquo;</li>
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+      </ul>
+    </div>
+    <div class="footer" role="contentinfo">
+        &copy; Copyright 2012-2016, Cris Ewing.
+      Created using <a href="http://sphinx-doc.org/">Sphinx</a> 1.3.1.
+    </div>
+  </body>
+</html>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/html/presentations/session09.html b/html/presentations/session09.html
new file mode 100644
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--- /dev/null
+++ b/html/presentations/session09.html
@@ -0,0 +1,286 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
+  "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
+
+
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
+  <head>
+    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
+    
+    <title>Session 09 &mdash; Internet Programming with Python</title>
+    
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/pyramid.css" type="text/css" />
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/pygments.css" type="text/css" />
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+    <link rel="top" title="Internet Programming with Python" href="../index.html" />
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+      <h3>Navigation</h3>
+      <ul>
+        <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px">
+          <a href="../genindex.html" title="General Index"
+             accesskey="I">index</a></li>
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+             accesskey="N">next</a> |</li>
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+      </ul>
+    </div>  
+
+    <div class="document">
+      <div class="documentwrapper">
+        <div class="bodywrapper">
+          <div class="body" role="main">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="session-09">
+<h1>Session 09<a class="headerlink" href="#session-09" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<div class="figure align-center" id="id1">
+<a class="reference internal image-reference" href="../_images/django-pony.png"><img alt="../_images/django-pony.png" src="../_images/django-pony.png" style="width: 60%;" /></a>
+<p class="caption"><span class="caption-text">image: <a class="reference external" href="http://djangopony.com/">http://djangopony.com/</a></span></p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="extending-django">
+<h2>Extending Django<a class="headerlink" href="#extending-django" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p class="large">Wherein we extend our Django blog app.</p>
+<div class="section" id="last-week">
+<h3>Last Week<a class="headerlink" href="#last-week" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Last week, we created a nice, simple Django microblog application.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Over the week, as your homework, you made some modifications to improve how
+it works.</p>
+<p>There&#8217;s still quite a bit more we can do to improve this application.</p>
+<p>And today, that&#8217;s what we are going to do.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="preparation">
+<h3>Preparation<a class="headerlink" href="#preparation" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>In order for this to work properly, we&#8217;ll need to have a few things in place.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p><strong>For the time being, all these actions should only be taken by one
+partner</strong>.</p>
+<p>First, we&#8217;ll start from a canonical copy of the microblog.  Make a fork of
+the following repository to your github account:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>https://github.com/cewing/djangoblog_uwpce.git
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Then, clone that repository to your local machine:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="nv">$ </span>git clone https://github.com/&lt;your_name&gt;/djangoblog_uwpce.git
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="connect-to-your-partner">
+<h3>Connect to Your Partner<a class="headerlink" href="#connect-to-your-partner" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Finally, you&#8217;ll need to add your partner as a collaborator for your new
+repository.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Go to the <em>settings</em> for your repository.</p>
+<p>Click the <em>collaborators</em> tab on the left side of the window (you&#8217;ll need
+to enter your github password).</p>
+<p>Look up your partner by email address or github username.</p>
+<p>Add them.</p>
+<p>Then your partner can clone the repository to their desktop too.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="while-you-work">
+<h3>While You Work<a class="headerlink" href="#while-you-work" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Now, when you switch roles during your work, here&#8217;s the workflow you can use:</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<div class="container">
+<ol class="arabic simple">
+<li>The current driver commits all changes and pushes to their repository:</li>
+</ol>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="nv">$ </span>git commit -a -m <span class="s2">&quot;Time to switch roles&quot;</span>
+<span class="nv">$ </span>git push origin master
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="container">
+<ol class="arabic simple" start="2">
+<li>The new driver gets the changes:</li>
+</ol>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="nv">$ </span>git pull origin master
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<ol class="arabic simple" start="3">
+<li>The new driver continues working from where their partner left off.</li>
+<li>PROFIT.....</li>
+</ol>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="homework">
+<h2>Homework<a class="headerlink" href="#homework" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Next week, we will deploy your Django application to a server.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>To help illustrate the full set of tools at our disposal, we&#8217;ll go a bit
+overboard for this.</p>
+<p>We&#8217;ll be setting up an HTTP server, proxying to a WSGI server serving your
+Django app.</p>
+<p>We&#8217;ll do this all &#8220;In the cloud&#8221; using Amazon&#8217;s <a class="reference external" href="http://aws.amazon.com/free">AWS</a> service.</p>
+<p>Before class starts, you&#8217;ll need to accomplish a few non-programming tasks</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="sign-up-for-aws">
+<h3>Sign Up For AWS<a class="headerlink" href="#sign-up-for-aws" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Begin by going to the <a class="reference external" href="http://aws.amazon.com">AWS homepage</a> and clicking on the large, yellow button
+that reads &#8220;Sign In to the Console&#8221;.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>On the sign-in page that appears, click the radio button for &#8216;I am a new
+user&#8217;, fill in your email address, and then click through to begin the
+sign-up process.</p>
+<p>You will be required to provide credit card information.</p>
+<p>If you are still eligible for the AWS free tier, you will not incur any
+charges for work you do in this class.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="set-up-an-iam-user">
+<h3>Set Up an IAM User<a class="headerlink" href="#set-up-an-iam-user" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Once you&#8217;ve signed up for an account take the following actions:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://docs.aws.amazon.com/IAM/latest/UserGuide/IAMBestPractices.html">Create an IAM user</a> and place them in a group with Power User access. (Search for PowerUser when selecting a policy for your group).<ul>
+<li>Set up Security Credentials for that IAM user.</li>
+<li>Save these Security Credentials in a safe place so you can use them for class.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="prepare-for-login">
+<h3>Prepare for Login<a class="headerlink" href="#prepare-for-login" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://docs.aws.amazon.com/gettingstarted/latest/wah/getting-started-create-key-pair.html">Create a Keypair</a><ul>
+<li>Choose the &#8216;US West (Oregon)&#8217; region since it&#8217;s geographically closest to you.&lt;/li&gt;</li>
+<li>When you download your private key, save it to ~/.ssh/pk-aws.pem</li>
+<li>Make sure that the private key is secure and useable by doing the following command<ul>
+<li><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$</span> <span class="pre">chmod</span> <span class="pre">400</span> <span class="pre">~/.ssh/pk-aws.pem</span></code></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSEC2/latest/UserGuide/using-network-security.html">Create a custom security group</a><ul>
+<li>The security group should be named &#8216;ssh-access&#8217;</li>
+<li>Add one custom TCP rule
+* allow port 22
+* allow addresses 0.0.0.0/0</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+      <div class="sphinxsidebar" role="navigation" aria-label="main navigation">
+        <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper">
+  <h3><a href="../index.html">Table Of Contents</a></h3>
+  <ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">Session 09</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#extending-django">Extending Django</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#last-week">Last Week</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#preparation">Preparation</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#connect-to-your-partner">Connect to Your Partner</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#while-you-work">While You Work</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#homework">Homework</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#sign-up-for-aws">Sign Up For AWS</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#set-up-an-iam-user">Set Up an IAM User</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#prepare-for-login">Prepare for Login</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+  <h4>Previous topic</h4>
+  <p class="topless"><a href="session08.html"
+                        title="previous chapter">Session 08</a></p>
+  <h4>Next topic</h4>
+  <p class="topless"><a href="session10.html"
+                        title="next chapter">Session 10</a></p>
+  <div role="note" aria-label="source link">
+    <h3>This Page</h3>
+    <ul class="this-page-menu">
+      <li><a href="../_sources/presentations/session09.txt"
+            rel="nofollow">Show Source</a></li>
+    </ul>
+   </div>
+  <h3>Slides</h3>
+  <ul class="this-page-menu">
+    <li><a href="../.././slides/presentations/session09.html"
+           rel="nofollow">View as slides</a></li>
+  </ul>
+<div id="searchbox" style="display: none" role="search">
+  <h3>Quick search</h3>
+    <form class="search" action="../search.html" method="get">
+      <input type="text" name="q" />
+      <input type="submit" value="Go" />
+      <input type="hidden" name="check_keywords" value="yes" />
+      <input type="hidden" name="area" value="default" />
+    </form>
+    <p class="searchtip" style="font-size: 90%">
+    Enter search terms or a module, class or function name.
+    </p>
+</div>
+<script type="text/javascript">$('#searchbox').show(0);</script>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+      <div class="clearer"></div>
+    </div>
+    <div class="related" role="navigation" aria-label="related navigation">
+      <h3>Navigation</h3>
+      <ul>
+        <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px">
+          <a href="../genindex.html" title="General Index"
+             >index</a></li>
+        <li class="right" >
+          <a href="session10.html" title="Session 10"
+             >next</a> |</li>
+        <li class="right" >
+          <a href="session08.html" title="Session 08"
+             >previous</a> |</li>
+        <li class="nav-item nav-item-0"><a href="../index.html">UWPCE Python 200</a> &raquo;</li>
+          <li class="nav-item nav-item-1"><a href="index.html" >Course Presentations</a> &raquo;</li> 
+      </ul>
+    </div>
+    <div class="footer" role="contentinfo">
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+      Created using <a href="http://sphinx-doc.org/">Sphinx</a> 1.3.1.
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+</html>
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diff --git a/html/presentations/session10.html b/html/presentations/session10.html
new file mode 100644
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--- /dev/null
+++ b/html/presentations/session10.html
@@ -0,0 +1,574 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
+  "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
+
+
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
+  <head>
+    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
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+    <title>Session 10 &mdash; Internet Programming with Python</title>
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+            
+  <div class="section" id="session-10">
+<h1>Session 10<a class="headerlink" href="#session-10" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<div class="figure align-center" id="id1">
+<a class="reference internal image-reference" href="../_images/django-pony.png"><img alt="../_images/django-pony.png" src="../_images/django-pony.png" style="width: 60%;" /></a>
+<p class="caption"><span class="caption-text">image: <a class="reference external" href="http://djangopony.com/">http://djangopony.com/</a></span></p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="deploying-django">
+<h2>Deploying Django<a class="headerlink" href="#deploying-django" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<div class="left container">
+<p>Over the last two sessions you&#8217;ve built and extended a simple Django
+application.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Now it is time to deploy that application to a server so the world can
+see it.</p>
+<p>Previously, we used Heroku to deploy a simple Pyramid application.</p>
+<p>We could do the same with Django, but we won&#8217;t.</p>
+<p>Instead, we&#8217;ll deploy to <strong>A</strong>mazon <strong>W</strong>eb <strong>S</strong>ervices (AWS)</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="choosing-a-deployment-strategy">
+<h3>Choosing a Deployment Strategy<a class="headerlink" href="#choosing-a-deployment-strategy" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>There are many many different ways to deploy a web application.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>And there are many many services offering platforms for deployment.</p>
+<p>How do you choose the right one for you?</p>
+<p>In general there are a few rules of thumb to consider:</p>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>The more convenient the service, the less configurable it is.</li>
+<li>The less you pay for a service, the more work you have to do yourself.</li>
+<li>With great power comes great responsibility.</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<p>In choosing a service and a strategy, you&#8217;ll want to ask yourself a few
+questions:</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>What are the basic software components of my project?</li>
+<li>How much control or customization of each component do I require?</li>
+<li>What service supports all of my required components?</li>
+<li>What service allows my required customizations?</li>
+<li>If no single service does everything I need, which could be wired
+together?</li>
+</ul>
+<p>The answers to these questions will help to determine the correct choice
+for you.</p>
+</div>
+<p>We are going to ignore all these questions, and simply ask one question.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Which service will allow us to set up each layer in a full web application
+stack so that we can learn how the stack works from front to back?</p>
+<p>The simplest answer to that question is <strong>AWS</strong>.</p>
+<p>Therefore, that&#8217;s the service we will use today.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="preparing-for-aws-deployment">
+<h3>Preparing for AWS Deployment<a class="headerlink" href="#preparing-for-aws-deployment" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>You&#8217;ve started out this week by signing up for AWS.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>You&#8217;ve created a security group and a key pair to help with accessing any
+servers we create.</p>
+<p>You&#8217;ve also set up an IAM user and configured security credentials for that
+user.</p>
+<p>If we were to be automating our work today, we&#8217;d use those credentials to
+allow the <a class="reference external" href="https://boto.readthedocs.org/">boto</a> library to connect to AWS as that IAM user.</p>
+<p>Then you could <a class="reference external" href="http://codefellows.github.io/python-dev-accelerator/lectures/day11/boto.html">create or destroy resources</a> using that library.</p>
+<p>Issues surrounding using that library on Windows prevent us from trying
+that path tonight.</p>
+</div>
+<p>Instead we&#8217;ll be making a manual deployment using AWS.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>This is always the first step to automation anyway, so this is an important
+first step.</p>
+<p>We&#8217;ll begin by converting some aspects of our application to better provide
+for security</p>
+<p>In preparation for that we will need to add a new package to our django
+virtual environment.</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">(</span>djangoenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>pip install dj-database-url
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>This new package is an attempt to help Django get in line with a principle
+called <a class="reference external" href="http://12factor.net/">12-factor</a>.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>The basic idea is that any data that your app uses for configuration that
+is <em>external</em> to the app itself, should be separated from the app.</p>
+<p>The link about contains much more effective explanations, read it.</p>
+<p>We&#8217;ve already done this to some degree with our Pyramid application, by
+putting some configuration values into <em>environment variables</em></p>
+<p><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">dj-database-url</span></code> allows us to do that with the configuration for our
+database.</p>
+</div>
+<p>Open <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">settings.py</span></code> and replace the current DATABASES dictionary with this:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">DATABASES</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+    <span class="s">&#39;default&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">dj_database_url</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">config</span><span class="p">(</span>
+        <span class="n">default</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;sqlite:///&#39;</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">join</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">BASE_DIR</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;db.sqlite3&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>The default behavior of <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">dj-database-url</span></code> is to look for a
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">DATABASE_URL</span></code> variable in the environment.</p>
+<p>If it doesn&#8217;t find that, it uses the value you provide for <em>default</em>.</p>
+<p>It converts a <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/kennethreitz/dj-database-url#url-schema">url-style</a> database connection string to the dictionary
+Django expects.</p>
+<p>Here, we&#8217;ve set the default to be the same as what we had previously.</p>
+</div>
+<p>Another principle of the 12-factor philosophy is to keep the differences
+between production and development to a minimum.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Again, in our Pyramid app we handled this with a <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">requirements.txt</span></code> file.</p>
+<p>Here we will do the same.</p>
+<p>At your command line, with the virtualenv active, run the following
+command:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">(</span>djangoenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>pip freeze &gt; requirements.txt
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Then, add that file to your repository and commit the changes.</p>
+<p>At this point, we&#8217;re about ready to begin working directly with AWS</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="setting-up-an-ec2-instance">
+<h3>Setting up An EC2 Instance<a class="headerlink" href="#setting-up-an-ec2-instance" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Our first step is to create an EC2 (Elastic Compute Cloud) instance for our
+application.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Begin by opening the AWS homepage (<a class="reference external" href="http://aws.amazon.com">http://aws.amazon.com</a>)</p>
+<p>Then click on the big yellow &#8220;Sign in to the Console&#8221; button</p>
+<p>Fill in your email, check &#8220;I am a returning user...&#8221; and supply your
+password.</p>
+<p>When the page loads, you are viewing the AWS Console.</p>
+<p>If you don&#8217;t see a big list of services in that first page, click on
+&#8216;Services&#8217; in the black header.</p>
+<p>From the list of services, click on <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">EC2</span></code>.</p>
+</div>
+<p>The page that loads is the management console for EC2 resources.  You used it
+to create your security group and key pair.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Click the large blue &#8220;Launch Instance&#8221; button to start a new instance.</p>
+<p>You should see a list of types of operating system listed.</p>
+<p>If you don&#8217;t click on <em>quick start</em> at the left.</p>
+<p>In the list, find &#8220;Ubuntu Server 14.04 LTS&#8221;.</p>
+<p>Click on &#8216;Select&#8217; to begin building an instance using that operating
+system.</p>
+</div>
+<p>The next page of the launch wizard allows you to choose how much CPU power and
+RAM your machine will have.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>There are only two types of instance that are in the free tier, and one is
+now deprecated.</p>
+<p>Select the <em>t2.micro</em> instance by clicking the checkbox to the left of that
+row (it may already be selected for you).</p>
+<p>Below the table of instance types, find and click on &#8220;Next: configure
+instance details&#8221;</p>
+</div>
+<p>Click through the next two steps until you reach &#8220;Configure Security Group&#8221;</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Here, click the &#8220;select an existing security group&#8221; button, and pick your
+ssh-access group.</p>
+<p>This group acts as a control for a <em>firewall</em> which restricts network
+access to your new instance.</p>
+<p>You&#8217;ve configured that firewall to allow any machine to talk to your
+instance, but only on port 22 (SSH).</p>
+<p>Finish by clicking &#8220;Review and Launch&#8221;</p>
+<p>Then click on &#8220;Launch&#8221; to start the instance.</p>
+</div>
+<p>When you click &#8220;Launch&#8221; you are required to choose a key pair to control ssh
+access to your new machine.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Without this key pair, you have no way to access the server, and you must
+destroy it and create a new one.</p>
+<p>Select your <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pk-aws</span></code> pair from the list of existing key pairs.</p>
+<p>Then, check the box that indicates you have the private key and click
+&#8220;Launch Instance&#8221;.</p>
+<p>It will take a few minutes for the new machine to initialize and be ready.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="accessing-your-instance">
+<h3>Accessing Your Instance<a class="headerlink" href="#accessing-your-instance" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Once the machine indicates it is &#8220;running&#8221; you are ready to access that
+machine.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>ssh into that machine:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre>ssh -i ~/.ssh/pk-aws.pem ubuntu@&lt;your-public-dns-name.com&gt;
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>You will need to indicate that you trust this connection.</p>
+<p>You are now logged in to the server as the default user.</p>
+<p>AWS sets this user up with the ability to run commands using <em>sudo</em></p>
+<p>You&#8217;ll begin by updating the OS package manager so you are ensured of
+having the latest versions of any software you install:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre>sudo apt-get update
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="deployment-layer-1-web-server">
+<h3>Deployment Layer 1: Web Server<a class="headerlink" href="#deployment-layer-1-web-server" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>In our deployment stack, the frontmost facing layer is the Web Server.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>This software is responsible for receiving requests from clients&#8217; browsers.</p>
+<p>It will also handle serving static resources in order to relieve Django of
+that burden.</p>
+<p>If you are using <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">https</span></code>, it&#8217;s also a good place to handle terminating an
+SSL connection.</p>
+<p>Begin by using the Ubuntu package manager to install <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">nginx</span></code>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre>sudo apt-get install nginx
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>Like many other packages installed by <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">apt-get</span></code>, nginx is set up as a
+<em>service</em></p>
+<p>You can check the status of the service:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre>sudo service nginx status
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>You can start and stop the server:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre>sudo service nginx stop
+sudo service nginx start
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Default configuration for nginx lives in <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">/etc/nginx</span></code>.  Let&#8217;s look at three
+files there in particular:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>/etc/nginx/nginx.conf (controls behavior of the whole server)</li>
+<li>/etc/nginx/sites-available/default (controls a single &#8216;site&#8217;)</li>
+<li>/etc/nginx/sites-enabled/default (activates a single &#8216;site&#8217;)</li>
+</ul>
+<p>Check your results by loading your public DNS name in a browser</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>you should see this, do you?</p>
+<div class="figure align-center">
+<a class="reference internal image-reference" href="../_images/nginx_hello.png"><img alt="../_images/nginx_hello.png" src="../_images/nginx_hello.png" style="width: 40%;" /></a>
+</div>
+<p>Add port 80 to your security group.  Then reload.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="deployment-layer-3-database">
+<h3>Deployment Layer 3: Database<a class="headerlink" href="#deployment-layer-3-database" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>In order to deploy our database, we&#8217;ll need to install some more software</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Use <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">apt-get</span> <span class="pre">istall</span></code> to add each of the following packages:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>build-essential</li>
+<li>python-dev</li>
+<li>python-pip</li>
+<li>python-psycopg2</li>
+<li>postgresql-client</li>
+<li>git</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<p>You <em>can</em> set up postgres directly on the machine you just built, but that&#8217;s no fun.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Let&#8217;s use RDS, the AWS service for providing databases.</p>
+<p>From &#8216;services&#8217; in the header, select RDS.</p>
+<p>In the page that appears, click on &#8216;Launch a DB Instance&#8217;</p>
+<p>From the selection of database types, choose PostgreSQL.</p>
+<p>Click <strong>no</strong> to indicate that you don&#8217;t need a multi-AZ database.</p>
+</div>
+<p>On the database details page, You have a bit of work to do.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>First, select <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">db.t2.micro</span></code> as the instance type.</p>
+<p>Then, for multi-AZ deployment, select <strong>no</strong> (again)</p>
+<p>Finally, provide values for the last four inputs</p>
+<p>The database identifier must be unique to your account and region, use
+&#8220;uwpce&#8221;.</p>
+<p>For the master username, use &#8220;awsuser&#8221;</p>
+<p>Provide a password and repeat it to prove you can</p>
+</div>
+<p>For Advanced Settings, make sure your DB is in the same availability zone as
+your EC2 instance.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Also ensure that you select the same security group you used for your EC2
+instance from the list of VPC security groups.</p>
+<p>Enter a database name, use &#8220;djangodb&#8221;</p>
+<p>Finally, click &#8220;Launch DB Instance&#8221;</p>
+<p>While the database launches, let&#8217;s return to setting up our application on
+EC2</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="deployment-layer-2-application">
+<h3>Deployment Layer 2: Application<a class="headerlink" href="#deployment-layer-2-application" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Back on the EC2 instance, in your ssh terminal, clone your django application:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre>git clone &lt;your-app-repo-url&gt;
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>pip install the requirements for your app:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>$ cd djangoblog_uwpce
+$ pip install -r requirements.txt
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>Finally, export a system environment variable called DATABASE_URL with the
+following format:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>postgres://username:password@host:port/dbname
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="build container">
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="nb">export </span><span class="nv">DATABASE_URL</span><span class="o">=</span>&lt;that string&gt;
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>You can now test access with dbshell:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre>python manage.py dbshell
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Work through any issues in getting that to work</p>
+</div>
+<p>Once working, we can point nginx at the instance:</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre>sudo mv /etc/nginx/sites-available/default /etc/nginx/sites-available/default.bak
+sudo vi /etc/nginx/sites-available/default
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Add the following content:</p>
+<div class="highlight-nginx"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">server</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+    <span class="kn">listen</span> <span class="mi">80</span><span class="p">;</span>
+    <span class="kn">server_name</span> <span class="s">&lt;your-ec2-public-dns-name&gt;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+    <span class="kn">access_log</span> <span class="s">/var/log/nginx/django.log</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+    <span class="kn">location</span> <span class="s">/</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+        <span class="kn">proxy_pass</span> <span class="s">http://127.0.0.1:8000</span><span class="p">;</span>
+        <span class="kn">proxy_set_header</span> <span class="s">Host</span> <span class="nv">$host</span><span class="p">;</span>
+        <span class="kn">proxy_set_header</span> <span class="s">X-Real-IP</span> <span class="nv">$remote_addr</span><span class="p">;</span>
+        <span class="kn">proxy_set_header</span> <span class="s">X-Forwarded-For</span> <span class="nv">$proxy_add_x_forwarded_for</span><span class="p">;</span>
+    <span class="p">}</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>Save that file and restart nginx:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre>sudo service nginx restart
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Then reload your aws instance in a web browser, you should see a BAD GATEWAY
+error</p>
+<p>now start django and then reload:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre>python manage.py runserver
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>This works, but as soon as you exit your ssh terminal, django will quit.  We
+want a long-running process we can leave behind.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="deployment-layer-4-permanence">
+<h3>Deployment Layer 4: Permanence<a class="headerlink" href="#deployment-layer-4-permanence" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Install gunicorn on the server</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre>pip install gunicorn
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Back on your own machine, create <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">mysite/production.py</span></code> and add the following
+content:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">settings</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="o">*</span>
+
+<span class="n">DEBUG</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="bp">False</span>
+<span class="n">TEMPLATE_DEBUG</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="bp">False</span>
+<span class="n">ALLOWED_HOSTS</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="s">&#39;&lt;your instance public dns&gt;&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;localhost&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span>
+<span class="n">STATIC_ROOT</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">join</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">BASE_DIR</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;static&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Add the file to your repository and commit your changes.</p>
+<p>Then pull the changes back on your EC2 instance</p>
+<p>Update nginx config (/etc/nginx/sites-available/default) to serve static files:</p>
+<div class="highlight-nginx"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">server</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+    <span class="c1"># ...</span>
+
+    <span class="kn">location</span> <span class="s">/static/</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+        <span class="kn">root</span> <span class="s">/home/ubuntu/djangoblog_uwpce</span><span class="p">;</span>
+    <span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Then set an environment variable to point at production settings:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>export DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE=mysite.production
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Now, run the site using gunicorn:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>gunicorn -b 127.0.0.1:8000 -w 4 -D mysite.wsgi
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Wahooo!</p>
+<p>But still not great, because nothing is monitoring this process.</p>
+<p>There&#8217;s no way to keep track of how it is doing.</p>
+<p>We can do better.  First, let&#8217;s kill the processes that spawned:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>killall gunicorn
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>We can use a process manager to run the gunicorn command, and track the results.</p>
+<p>Using linux <a class="reference external" href="http://blog.terminal.com/getting-started-with-upstart/">upstart</a> is relatively simple.</p>
+<p>Put the following in <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">/etc/init/djangoblog.conf</span></code></p>
+<div class="highlight-cfg"><div class="highlight"><pre>description &quot;djangoblog&quot;
+
+start on (filesystem)
+stop on runlevel [016]
+
+respawn
+setuid nobody
+setgid nogroup
+chdir /home/ubuntu/djangoblog_uwpce
+env DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE=mysite.production
+env DATABASE_URL=postgres://&lt;username&gt;:&lt;password&gt;@&lt;host&gt;:&lt;port&gt;/djangoblog
+exec gunicorn -b 127.0.0.1:8000 -w 4 mysite.wsgi
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Once you&#8217;ve completed that, you will find that you can use the Linux
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">service</span></code> command to control the gunicorn process.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Use the following commands:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>$ sudo service djangoblog status
+$ sudo service djangoblog start
+$ sudo service djangoblog stop
+$ sudo service djangoblog restart
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>If you see an error message about an <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">unknown</span> <span class="pre">job</span></code> when you run one of those
+commands, it means you have an error in your configuration file.</p>
+<p>Find the error with this command:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>$ init-checkconf /etc/init/djangoblog.conf
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>And that&#8217;s it!</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+      <div class="sphinxsidebar" role="navigation" aria-label="main navigation">
+        <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper">
+  <h3><a href="../index.html">Table Of Contents</a></h3>
+  <ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">Session 10</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#deploying-django">Deploying Django</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#choosing-a-deployment-strategy">Choosing a Deployment Strategy</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#preparing-for-aws-deployment">Preparing for AWS Deployment</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#setting-up-an-ec2-instance">Setting up An EC2 Instance</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#accessing-your-instance">Accessing Your Instance</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#deployment-layer-1-web-server">Deployment Layer 1: Web Server</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#deployment-layer-3-database">Deployment Layer 3: Database</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#deployment-layer-2-application">Deployment Layer 2: Application</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#deployment-layer-4-permanence">Deployment Layer 4: Permanence</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
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+  <p class="topless"><a href="session09.html"
+                        title="previous chapter">Session 09</a></p>
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new file mode 100644
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+    <title>An Introduction To Venv &mdash; Internet Programming with Python</title>
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+            
+  <div class="section" id="an-introduction-to-venv">
+<h1>An Introduction To Venv<a class="headerlink" href="#an-introduction-to-venv" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<span class="admonition-an-introduction-to-venv"></span><p>In this tutorial you&#8217;ll learn a bit about the <a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/venv.html">pyvenv</a> command and the
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">venv</span></code> module that powers it. You&#8217;ll learn how to create self-contained
+Python environments in order to practice safe development and manage package
+dependency conflicts.</p>
+<div class="section" id="working-with-virtual-environments">
+<h2>Working with Virtual Environments<a class="headerlink" href="#working-with-virtual-environments" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<div class="large line-block">
+<div class="line">For every package</div>
+<div class="line">installed in the</div>
+<div class="line">system Python, the</div>
+<div class="line">gods kill a kitten</div>
+</div>
+<div class="build container">
+<div class="line-block">
+<div class="line">- me</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="why-virtual-environments">
+<h3>Why Virtual Environments?<a class="headerlink" href="#why-virtual-environments" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>You will need to install packages that aren&#8217;t in the Python standard
+Library</li>
+<li>You often need to install <em>different</em> versions of the <em>same</em> library for
+different projects</li>
+<li>Conflicts arising from having the wrong version of a dependency installed can
+cause long-term nightmares</li>
+<li>Use <a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/venv.html">pyvenv</a> ...</li>
+<li><strong>Always</strong></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="creating-a-venv">
+<h3>Creating a Venv<a class="headerlink" href="#creating-a-venv" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Since version 3.3, Python has come with a built-in <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">venv</span></code> module.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>To use the module, you can run it using your Python 3 executable:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="nv">$ </span>python -m venv my_env
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>On Windows you&#8217;ll need something a bit different:</p>
+<div class="highlight-posh"><div class="highlight"><pre>c:\Temp&gt;c:\Python35\python -m venv my_env
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Unless you have the Python executable in your path, in which case this:</p>
+<div class="highlight-posh"><div class="highlight"><pre>c:\Temp&gt;python -m venv my_env
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">Your Python 3 executable may be <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">python3</span></code>, please substitute
+that if required</p>
+</div>
+<p>Depending on how you installed Python (and on your operating system) you
+may also have a <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pyvenv</span></code> command available in your PATH. You can use it like so:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="nv">$ </span>pyvenv my_env
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>In any of these command forms, the name of the new virtual environment
+(<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">my_env</span></code>) is arbitrary.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>I suggest that you name virtual environments to match the project for which
+the environment is to be used.</p>
+<p>I also suggest that you keep your virtual environments <em>in the same
+directory</em> as the project code you are writing.</p>
+<p>Be aware that <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">venv</span></code> can be sensitive to path names that contain spaces.
+Please make sure that the entire path to your working directory does not
+contain any spaces just to be safe.</p>
+</div>
+<p>Let&#8217;s make one for demonstration purposes:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="nv">$ </span>python -m venv demoenv
+<span class="nv">$ </span>ls demoenv
+bin     include     lib     pyvenv.cfg
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>When you ran that command, a couple of things took place:</p>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>A new directory with your requested name was created</li>
+<li>A new Python executable was created in &lt;ENV&gt;/bin (&lt;ENV&gt;/Scripts on Windows)</li>
+<li>The new Python was cloned from your system Python (where virtualenv was
+installed)</li>
+<li>The new Python was isolated from any libraries installed in the old Python</li>
+<li>Setuptools was installed so you have <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">easy_install</span></code> for this new python</li>
+<li>Pip was installed so you have <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pip</span></code> for this new python</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="activation">
+<h3>Activation<a class="headerlink" href="#activation" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Every virtual environment you create contains an executable Python command.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>If you do a quick check to see which Python executable is found by your
+terminal, you&#8217;ll see that it is not the one:</p>
+<div class="container">
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="nv">$ </span>which python
+/usr/bin/python
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>in powershell:</p>
+<div class="highlight-posh"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="p">$</span> <span class="n">gcm</span> <span class="n">python</span>
+<span class="p">...</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>You can execute the new Python by explicitly pointing to it:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="nv">$ </span>./demoenv/bin/python -V
+Python 3.5.0
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>But that&#8217;s tedious and hard to remember.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Instead, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">activate</span></code> your virtual environment using a shell command:</p>
+<table border="1" class="docutils">
+<colgroup>
+<col width="16%" />
+<col width="19%" />
+<col width="65%" />
+</colgroup>
+<thead valign="bottom">
+<tr class="row-odd"><th class="head">Platform</th>
+<th class="head">Shell</th>
+<th class="head">Activation Command</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="row-even"><td rowspan="3">Posix</td>
+<td>bash/zsh</td>
+<td><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$</span> <span class="pre">source</span> <span class="pre">&lt;venv&gt;/bin/activate</span></code></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td>fish</td>
+<td><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$</span> <span class="pre">.</span> <span class="pre">&lt;venv&gt;/bin/activate.fish</span></code></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td>csh/tcsh</td>
+<td><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$</span> <span class="pre">source</span> <span class="pre">&lt;venv&gt;/bin/activate.csh</span></code></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td rowspan="2">Windows</td>
+<td>cmd.exe</td>
+<td><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">C:&gt;</span> <span class="pre">&lt;venv&gt;/Scripts/activate.bat</span></code></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td>powershell</td>
+<td><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">PS</span> <span class="pre">C:&gt;</span> <span class="pre">&lt;venv&gt;/Scripts/Activate.ps1</span></code></td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+</div>
+<p>Notice that when a virtualenv is <em>active</em> you can see it in your command
+prompt:</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre>(demoenv)$
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>So long as the virtualenv is <em>active</em> the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">python</span></code> executable that will
+be used will be the new one in your <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">demoenv</span></code>.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="installing-packages">
+<h3>Installing Packages<a class="headerlink" href="#installing-packages" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Since <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pip</span></code> is also installed, the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pip</span></code> that is used to install new
+software will also be the one in <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">demoenv</span></code>.</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">(</span>demoenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>which pip
+/Users/cewing/demoenv/bin/pip
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>This means that using these tools to install packages will install them
+<em>into your virtual environment only</em></p>
+<p>The are not installed into the system Python.</p>
+<p>Let&#8217;s see this in action.</p>
+</div>
+<p>We&#8217;ll install a package called <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">docutils</span></code></p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>It provides tools for creating documentation using ReStructuredText</p>
+<p>Install it using pip (while your virtualenv is active):</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">(</span>demoenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>pip install docutils
+Downloading/unpacking docutils
+  Downloading docutils-0.11.tar.gz <span class="o">(</span>1.6MB<span class="o">)</span>: 1.6MB downloaded
+  Running setup.py <span class="o">(</span>path:/Users/cewing/demoenv/build/docutils/setup.py<span class="o">)</span> egg_info <span class="k">for</span> package docutils
+    ...
+    changing mode of /Users/cewing/demoenv/bin/rst2xml.py to 755
+    changing mode of /Users/cewing/demoenv/bin/rstpep2html.py to 755
+Successfully installed docutils
+Cleaning up...
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>And now, when we fire up our Python interpreter, the docutils package is
+available to us:</p>
+<div class="highlight-pycon"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="go">(demoenv)$ python</span>
+<span class="go">Python 3.5.0 (default, Sep 16 2015, 10:42:55)</span>
+<span class="go">[GCC 4.2.1 Compatible Apple LLVM 6.1.0 (clang-602.0.49)] on darwin</span>
+<span class="go">Type &quot;help&quot;, &quot;copyright&quot;, &quot;credits&quot; or &quot;license&quot; for more information.</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">docutils</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">docutils</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__path__</span>
+<span class="go">[&#39;/Users/cewing/projects/uwpce/training.python_web/testenvs/sess01/demoenv/lib/python3.5/site-packages/docutils&#39;]</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="o">^</span><span class="n">d</span>
+<span class="go">(demoenv)$</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Like some other Python libraries, the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">docutils</span></code> package provides a number of
+executable scripts when it is installed.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>You can see these in the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">bin</span></code> directory inside your virtualenv:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">(</span>demoenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>ls ./demoenv/bin
+...
+python
+rst2html.py
+rst2latex.py
+...
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>These scripts are set up to execute using the Python with which they were
+built.</p>
+<p>Running these scripts <em>from this location</em> will use the Python executable
+in your virtualenv, <em>even if that virtualenv is not active</em>!</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="deactivation">
+<h3>Deactivation<a class="headerlink" href="#deactivation" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>So you&#8217;ve got a virtual environment created and activated so you can work with
+it.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Eventually you&#8217;ll need to stop working with this <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">venv</span></code> and switch
+to another</p>
+<p>It&#8217;s a good idea to keep a separate <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">venv</span></code> for every project you
+work on.</p>
+<p>When a <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">venv</span></code> is active, all you have to do is use the
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">deactivate</span></code> command:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">(</span>demoenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>deactivate
+<span class="nv">$ </span>which python
+/usr/bin/python
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Note that your shell prompt returns to normal, and now the executable
+Python found when you check <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">python</span></code> is the system one again.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="cleaning-up">
+<h3>Cleaning Up<a class="headerlink" href="#cleaning-up" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>The final advantage that <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">venv</span></code> offers you as a developer is the ability to
+easily remove a batch of installed Python software from your system.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Consider a situation where you installed a library that breaks your Python
+(it happens)</p>
+<p>If you are working in your system Python, you now have to figure out what
+that package installed</p>
+<p>You have to figure out where it is</p>
+<p>And you have to go clean it out manually.</p>
+<p>With <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">venv</span></code> you simply remove the directory <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">venv</span></code> created when you
+started out.</p>
+</div>
+<p>Let&#8217;s do that with our <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">demoenv</span></code>:</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="nv">$ </span>rm -r demoenv
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>And that&#8217;s it.</p>
+<p>The entire environment and all the packages you installed into it are now
+gone.</p>
+<p>There are no traces left to pollute your world.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+      <div class="sphinxsidebar" role="navigation" aria-label="main navigation">
+        <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper">
+  <h3><a href="../index.html">Table Of Contents</a></h3>
+  <ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">An Introduction To Venv</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#working-with-virtual-environments">Working with Virtual Environments</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#why-virtual-environments">Why Virtual Environments?</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#creating-a-venv">Creating a Venv</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#activation">Activation</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#installing-packages">Installing Packages</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#deactivation">Deactivation</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#cleaning-up">Cleaning Up</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+  <div role="note" aria-label="source link">
+    <h3>This Page</h3>
+    <ul class="this-page-menu">
+      <li><a href="../_sources/presentations/venv_intro.txt"
+            rel="nofollow">Show Source</a></li>
+    </ul>
+   </div>
+  <h3>Slides</h3>
+  <ul class="this-page-menu">
+    <li><a href="../.././slides/presentations/venv_intro.html"
+           rel="nofollow">View as slides</a></li>
+  </ul>
+<div id="searchbox" style="display: none" role="search">
+  <h3>Quick search</h3>
+    <form class="search" action="../search.html" method="get">
+      <input type="text" name="q" />
+      <input type="submit" value="Go" />
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+    Enter search terms or a module, class or function name.
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+      <h3>Navigation</h3>
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+          <a href="../genindex.html" title="General Index"
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+    <title>Supplementary Course Readings &mdash; Internet Programming with Python</title>
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+  <div class="section" id="supplementary-course-readings">
+<h1>Supplementary Course Readings<a class="headerlink" href="#supplementary-course-readings" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<span class="admonition-course-readings"></span><p>Web programming is a deep pool. There&#8217;s more to cover than a 10-session course
+could ever hope to accomplish. To that end, I&#8217;ve compiled a list of related
+readings that will support the information you&#8217;ll learn in class. Think of
+this as supplemental materials. You can read it at your leisure to help
+increase both the depth and breadth of your knowledge.</p>
+<p>The readings are organized like the class, by session and topic.</p>
+<div class="section" id="session-1-tcp-ip-and-sockets">
+<h2>Session 1 - TCP/IP and Sockets<a class="headerlink" href="#session-1-tcp-ip-and-sockets" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocol_Suite">Wikipedia - Internet Protocol Suite</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://www.garykessler.net/library/tcpip.html">Kessler - TCP/IP (sections 1 and 2)</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_Name_System">Wikipedia - Domain Name System</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_socket">Wikipedia - Internet Sockets</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley_sockets">Wikipedia - Berkeley socket interface</a></li>
+</ul>
+<p>If you want to know a bit more about the lower layers of the stack, you might
+find the following readings enlightening:</p>
+<p><strong>Transport Layer</strong></p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_Datagram_Protocol">Wikipedia - Universal Datagram Protocol (UDP)</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol">Wikipedia - Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)</a></li>
+</ul>
+<p><strong>Internet Layer</strong></p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocol">Wikipedia - Internet Protocol (IP)</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPv4#Packet_structure">Wikipedia - IPv4 Packet Structure</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPv6_packet#Fixed_header">Wikipedia - IPv6 Packet Structure</a></li>
+</ul>
+<p><strong>Link Layer</strong></p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Link_Layer#Link_layer_protocols">Wikipedia - Link Layer Protocols</a></li>
+</ul>
+<p>In addition, you may find it interesting to take a look at ZeroMQ, a
+next-generation implementation of the socket concept built with parallel and
+networked computing in mind:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://zguide.zeromq.org/py:all#Chapter-Basics">ZeroMQ Guide, Chapter 1</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="session-2-web-protocols">
+<h2>Session 2 - Web Protocols<a class="headerlink" href="#session-2-web-protocols" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/2/library/internet.html">Python Standard Library Internet Protocols</a></li>
+<li>An introduction to the HTTP protocol: <a class="reference external" href="http://www.jmarshall.com/easy/http/">HTTP Made Really Easy</a></li>
+</ul>
+<p>Python offers a number of external libraries that offer extended support for
+covered web protocols, or support for protocols not covered in the Standard
+Library:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://code.google.com/p/httplib2/">httplib2</a> - A comprehensive HTTP client library that supports many features
+left out of other HTTP libraries.</li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python-requests.org/en/latest/">requests</a> - &#8221;... an Apache2 Licensed HTTP library, written in Python, for
+human beings.&#8221;</li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://docs.paramiko.org/">paramiko</a> - &#8220;a module for python 2.5 or greater that implements the SSH2
+protocol for secure (encrypted and authenticated) connections to remote
+machines&#8221;</li>
+</ul>
+<p>For a historical perspective on how protocols can change (as well as how they
+remain unchanged) over time, skim these specifications for HTTP and SMTP:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://www.w3.org/Protocols/HTTP/AsImplemented.html">HTTP/0.9</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://www.w3.org/Protocols/HTTP/HTTP2.html">HTTP - as defined in 1992</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc1945/rfc1945">Hypertext Transfer Protocol &#8211; HTTP/1.0</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616">Hypertext Transfer Protocol &#8211; HTTP/1.1</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc821">RFC 821 - SMTP (initial)</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5321">RFC 5321 - SMTP (latest)</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="session-3-cgi-and-wsgi">
+<h2>Session 3 - CGI and WSGI<a class="headerlink" href="#session-3-cgi-and-wsgi" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://webpython.codepoint.net/cgi_tutorial">CGI tutorial</a> - Read the following sections: Hello World, Debugging, Form.
+Other sections optional. Follow along using CGIHTTPServer.</li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://webpython.codepoint.net/wsgi_tutorial">WSGI tutorial</a> - Follow along using wsgiref.</li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/release/2.6.5/library/cgi.html">CGI module</a> - utilities for CGI scripts, mostly form and query string
+parsing</li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/release/2.6.5/library/urlparse.html">Parse URLS into components</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/release/2.6.5/library/cgihttpserver.html">CGIHTTPServer</a> - python -m CGIHTTPServer</li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/release/2.6.5/library/wsgiref.html">WSGI Utilities and Reference implementation</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0333/">WSGI 1.0 specification</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://python.org/dev/peps/pep-3333/">WSGI 1.0.1 (Python 3 support)</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://hg.moinmo.in/moin/1.8/raw-file/tip/wiki/server/test.wsgi">test WSGI server, like cgi.test()</a></li>
+</ul>
+<p>For alternative introductions to WSGI, try these two sources. They are a bit
+more minimal and may be easier to comprehend off the bat.</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://lucumr.pocoo.org/2007/5/21/getting-started-with-wsgi/">Getting Started with WSGI</a> - by Armin Ronacher (really solid and quick!)</li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://be.groovie.org/2005/10/07/wsgi_and_wsgi_middleware_is_easy.html">very minimal introduction to WSGI</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="session-4-apis-and-mashups">
+<h2>Session 4 - APIs and Mashups<a class="headerlink" href="#session-4-apis-and-mashups" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference external" href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/Guide/HTML/Introduction">Introduction to HTML (from the Mozilla Developer Network)</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_service">Wikipedia&#8217;s take on &#8216;Web Services&#8217;</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://www.xmlrpc.com/">xmlrpc overview</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://www.xmlrpc.com/spec">xmlrpc spec (short)</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/soap/">the SOAP specification</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://www.json.org/">json overview and spec (short)</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://tomayko.com/writings/rest-to-my-wife">How I Explained REST to My Wife (Tomayko 2004)</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://www.infoq.com/articles/rest-introduction">A Brief Introduction to REST (Tilkov 2007)</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representational_State_Transfer">Wikipedia on REST</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://www.ics.uci.edu/~fielding/pubs/dissertation/top.htm">Original REST disertation</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://www.slideshare.net/trilancer/why-hateoas-1547275">Why HATEOAS - *a simple case study on the often ignored REST constraint*</a></li>
+</ul>
+<p>Python offers a number of solid external libraries to support Web Services,
+both from the side of production and consumption:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://www.crummy.com/software/BeautifulSoup/">BeautifulSoup</a> - &#8220;You didn&#8217;t write that awful page. You&#8217;re just trying to
+get some data out of it. Right now, you don&#8217;t really care what HTML is
+supposed to look like. Neither does this parser.&#8221;</li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python-requests.org/en/latest/">requests</a> - HTTP for humans</li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://code.google.com/p/httplib2/">httplib2</a> - A comprehensive HTTP client library that supports many features
+left out of other HTTP libraries.</li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/arskom/rpclib">rpclib</a> - a simple, easily extendible soap library that provides several
+useful tools for creating, publishing and consuming soap web services</li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="https://fedorahosted.org/suds/">Suds</a> - a lightweight SOAP python client for consuming Web Services.</li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/benoitc/restkit/">restkit</a> - an HTTP resource kit for Python. It allows you to easily access
+to HTTP resource and build objects around it.</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="session-5-mvc-applications-and-data-persistence">
+<h2>Session 5 - MVC Applications and Data Persistence<a class="headerlink" href="#session-5-mvc-applications-and-data-persistence" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>As we&#8217;ll be learning about Pyramid over the next three sessions, please take
+some time to read and digest some of the <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.pylonsproject.org/projects/pyramid/en/latest/index.html">copious documentation</a> for thie
+powerful framework.</p>
+<p>In particular, to cover the topics we address in this session you&#8217;ll want to
+read the following:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://docs.pylonsproject.org/projects/pyramid/en/latest/api/config.html">Pyramid Configuration</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://docs.pylonsproject.org/projects/pyramid/en/latest/designdefense.html">Defending Pyramid&#8217;s Design</a></li>
+</ul>
+<p>You may also wish to read a bit about <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.sqlalchemy.org/en/rel_0_9/">SQLAlchemy</a>.  In particular you may
+want to work through the <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.sqlalchemy.org/en/rel_0_9/orm/tutorial.html">Object Relational Tutorial</a> to get a more complete
+understanding of how the SQLAlchemy ORM works.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="session-6-pyramid-views-renderers-and-forms">
+<h2>Session 6 - Pyramid Views, Renderers and Forms<a class="headerlink" href="#session-6-pyramid-views-renderers-and-forms" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>This week we&#8217;ll be focusing on the connection of an HTTP request to the code
+that handles that request using <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.pylonsproject.org/docs/pyramid/en/latest/narr/urldispatch.html">URL Dispatch</a>.  Quite a lot is possible with
+the Pyramid route system.  You may wish to read a bit more about it in one of
+the following documentation sections:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://docs.pylonsproject.org/docs/pyramid/en/latest/narr/urldispatch.html#route-pattern-syntax">Route Pattern Syntax</a>
+discusses the syntax for pattern matching and extraction in Pyramid routes.</li>
+</ul>
+<p>In Pyramid, the code that handles requests is called <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.pylonsproject.org/projects/pyramid/en/1.5-branch/narr/views.html">a view</a>.</p>
+<p>A view passes data to <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.pylonsproject.org/projects/pyramid/en/1.5-branch/narr/renderers.html">a renderer</a>, which is responsible for turning the data
+into a response to send back.</p>
+<p>Getting information from a client to the server is generally handled by
+<a class="reference external" href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/Guide/HTML/Forms">HTML forms</a>. Working with forms in a framework like Pyramid can be
+facilitated by using a <em>form library</em> like <a class="reference external" href="http://wtforms.readthedocs.org/en/latest/">WTForms</a>.</p>
+<p>For layout and design, CSS will be your tool of choice. There is no better tool
+for learning CSS than trying things out, but you need a good reference to get
+started. You can learn a great deal from the <a class="reference external" href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS">Mozilla Developer Network</a> CSS
+pages.  I also find <a class="reference external" href="http://alistapart.com">A List Apart</a> and <a class="reference external" href="http://www.smashingmagazine.com">Smashing Magazine</a> to be fantastic
+resources.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="sesstion-7-pyramid-authentication-and-deployment">
+<h2>Sesstion 7 - Pyramid Authentication and Deployment<a class="headerlink" href="#sesstion-7-pyramid-authentication-and-deployment" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>There are no special readings associated with this week.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="sessions-8-9-10-django">
+<h2>Sessions 8, 9, &amp; 10 - Django<a class="headerlink" href="#sessions-8-9-10-django" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Though it&#8217;s way too much to read in any one sitting (or even in 10 or 20), the
+Django documentation is excellent and thorough. As a start, take a look at
+these sections:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference external" href="https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.9/intro/overview/">Django at a Glance</a> - introduction to
+the concepts and execution of Django</li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.9/intro/install/">Quick Install Guide</a> - lightweight
+instructions on installing Django. Use Python 2.7.</li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.9/intro/tutorial01/">Django Tutorial</a>
+- The tutorial covers many of the same concepts we will in class. Go over it
+to re-enforce the lessons you learn</li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.9/topics/">Using Django</a> - far more
+in-depth information about core topics in Django. In particular, the
+installation instructions here can be helpful when you run into trouble.</li>
+</ul>
+<p>Bookmark the <a class="reference external" href="https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.9/">Django Documentation homepage</a>. It really is &#8220;everything you need
+to know about Django&#8221;</p>
+<p>When you have some time, read <a class="reference external" href="https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/dev/misc/design-philosophies/">Django Design Philosophies</a> - for some
+well-considered words on why Django is the way it is.</p>
+<p>Conversely, for some well-considered criticisms of Django and the way it is,
+read this in-depth comparison of SQLAlchemy and the Django ORM by the creator
+of Flask: <a class="reference external" href="http://lucumr.pocoo.org/2011/7/19/sqlachemy-and-you/">SQLAlchemy and You</a></p>
+<p>Or consider viewing <a class="reference external" href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eN7h6ZbzMy0">this video</a>
+of a talk given at DjangoCon 2012 by Chris McDonough, one of the driving
+forces behind the Pyramid framework.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+      <div class="sphinxsidebar" role="navigation" aria-label="main navigation">
+        <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper">
+  <h3><a href="index.html">Table Of Contents</a></h3>
+  <ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">Supplementary Course Readings</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#session-1-tcp-ip-and-sockets">Session 1 - TCP/IP and Sockets</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#session-2-web-protocols">Session 2 - Web Protocols</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#session-3-cgi-and-wsgi">Session 3 - CGI and WSGI</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#session-4-apis-and-mashups">Session 4 - APIs and Mashups</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#session-5-mvc-applications-and-data-persistence">Session 5 - MVC Applications and Data Persistence</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#session-6-pyramid-views-renderers-and-forms">Session 6 - Pyramid Views, Renderers and Forms</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#sesstion-7-pyramid-authentication-and-deployment">Sesstion 7 - Pyramid Authentication and Deployment</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#sessions-8-9-10-django">Sessions 8, 9, &amp; 10 - Django</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
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diff --git a/html/search.html b/html/search.html
new file mode 100644
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--- /dev/null
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+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
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+
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Readings"],titleterms:{"break":[4,5,7,11],"byte":4,"class":[0,2,6,7],"new":2,"public":11,"static":[9,11],"while":12,about:8,accept:4,access:13,activ:14,add:[2,7,9],address:4,admin:2,after:8,all:4,anonym:10,anoth:7,answer:7,api:[1,2,7,15],app:[2,6,10],applic:[1,4,6,8,10,11,13,15],approach:7,asset:9,assign:11,authent:[1,15],authn:10,authz:10,awai:6,basic:[1,5,9],big:7,bind:4,book:6,build:[6,11],cgi:[1,6,15],choos:13,clean:[4,8,14],client:4,commun:4,compon:8,comput:[4,5],concern:8,configur:10,connect:[2,4,12],construct:4,content:5,control:9,cours:[1,3,15],creat:[2,4,8,14],custom:4,daaaaaa:11,data:[1,6,7,9,15],databas:[2,8,13],deactiv:14,deploi:[1,10,13],deploy:[1,9,10,13,15],detail:[2,6,11],develop:2,dilemma:7,displai:7,django:[1,2,11,12,13,15],doe:5,ec2:13,edit:9,enhanc:2,entri:10,environ:[6,14],error:5,exampl:5,execut:6,exercis:6,expect:0,explor:2,extend:[1,12],extract:7,face:11,famili:4,fetch:7,few:[2,5],field:2,file:11,finish:4,first:[2,4,5,6,8,9,10],flow:4,form:[1,15],format:10,framework:11,from:6,full:11,fun:7,further:[4,5,11],geocod:7,get:[4,6,9],global:11,got:2,handl:5,have:5,header:5,heroku:10,hide:10,highlight:10,homework:[4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12],how:2,html:7,http:[5,9],iam:12,iii:6,imap:5,implement:[5,10],includ:2,index:2,inform:4,input:9,inspect:7,instal:[2,14],instanc:[2,13],interact:[8,9],internet:[0,4],introduct:[2,14],jinja2:9,json:7,languag:5,last:[6,12],layer:13,learn:5,like:5,link:4,list:[6,11],listen:4,live:6,login:[10,12],logout:10,look:5,make:9,manag:2,map:5,mash:7,mashup:[1,7,15],mess:7,messag:4,method:5,mime:5,model:[2,8,9],more:7,mvc:[1,8,9,15],navig:11,next:2,object:2,onlin:6,orm:8,our:[2,7,8,9,11],ourselv:8,outlin:1,overview:0,packag:14,pars:7,part:9,partner:12,perman:13,persist:[1,15],plai:7,polish:10,pop3:5,post:2,practic:2,prepar:[1,9,10,12,13],preprar:1,prerequisit:0,present:[3,9],previous:6,problem:6,process:6,program:0,project:[2,8,11],protocol:[1,4,5,15],provid:10,put:[4,7],pyramid:[1,8,9,15],python:[0,4,5,7,8],queri:2,queryset:2,question:7,read:15,real:5,receiv:4,refer:[0,1],render:[1,9,15],repli:4,request:9,requir:0,resolut:2,resolv:5,resolve_path:6,resourc:5,respond:4,respons:[5,9],rest:7,restaur:7,result:7,rout:9,run:[4,6,10],safe:2,save:2,scrape:7,search:[0,7],secur:10,send:4,separ:8,serv:5,server:[2,4,6,13],servic:7,session:[1,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,15],sesstion:[1,15],set:[2,10,12,13],shell:2,show:6,side:4,sign:12,smtp:5,socket:[1,4,15],solut:[6,7],sourc:7,space:11,speak:5,sql:2,sqla:8,sqlalchemi:8,stack:[4,11],stand:11,start:8,step:[2,5,6],strategi:13,submit:[4,5,7,9],supplementari:15,syntax:10,tame:7,task:[4,6],tcp:[1,4,15],templat:[9,11],terminolog:8,test:[2,4,5,6],testcas:2,thi:0,three:8,time:[4,5,7,11],togeth:[4,7],transport:4,type:[4,5],updat:2,uri:5,url:[2,11],user:[6,9,12],venv:14,via:2,view:[1,2,9,11,15],virtual:14,virtualenv:2,web:[1,6,7,8,13,15],week:12,what:[0,2,5,6],where:11,why:14,word:8,work:[2,6,7,8,9,12,14],wrap:[6,7],write:6,wsgi:[1,6,15],wtform:9,you:12,your:[4,5,6,7,9,10,11,12,13]}})
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/index.html b/index.html
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1e9e0725
--- /dev/null
+++ b/index.html
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+<!DOCTYPE HTML>
+<html lang="en-US">
+    <head>
+        <meta charset="UTF-8">
+        <meta http-equiv="refresh" content="1;url=./html/index.html">
+        <script type="text/javascript">
+            window.location.href = "./html/index.html"
+        </script>
+        <title>Page Redirection</title>
+    </head>
+    <body>
+        <!-- Note: don't tell people to `click` the link, just tell them that it is a link. -->
+        If you are not redirected automatically, follow the <a href='./html/index.html'>link to the index page</a>.
+    </body>
+</html>
diff --git a/make.bat b/make.bat
deleted file mode 100644
index bcfa212c..00000000
--- a/make.bat
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,190 +0,0 @@
-@ECHO OFF
-
-REM Command file for Sphinx documentation
-
-if "%SPHINXBUILD%" == "" (
-	set SPHINXBUILD=sphinx-build
-)
-set BUILDDIR=build
-set ALLSPHINXOPTS=-d %BUILDDIR%/doctrees %SPHINXOPTS% source
-set I18NSPHINXOPTS=%SPHINXOPTS% source
-if NOT "%PAPER%" == "" (
-	set ALLSPHINXOPTS=-D latex_paper_size=%PAPER% %ALLSPHINXOPTS%
-	set I18NSPHINXOPTS=-D latex_paper_size=%PAPER% %I18NSPHINXOPTS%
-)
-
-if "%1" == "" goto help
-
-if "%1" == "help" (
-	:help
-	echo.Please use `make ^<target^>` where ^<target^> is one of
-	echo.  html       to make standalone HTML files
-	echo.  dirhtml    to make HTML files named index.html in directories
-	echo.  singlehtml to make a single large HTML file
-	echo.  pickle     to make pickle files
-	echo.  json       to make JSON files
-	echo.  htmlhelp   to make HTML files and a HTML help project
-	echo.  qthelp     to make HTML files and a qthelp project
-	echo.  devhelp    to make HTML files and a Devhelp project
-	echo.  epub       to make an epub
-	echo.  latex      to make LaTeX files, you can set PAPER=a4 or PAPER=letter
-	echo.  text       to make text files
-	echo.  man        to make manual pages
-	echo.  texinfo    to make Texinfo files
-	echo.  gettext    to make PO message catalogs
-	echo.  changes    to make an overview over all changed/added/deprecated items
-	echo.  linkcheck  to check all external links for integrity
-	echo.  doctest    to run all doctests embedded in the documentation if enabled
-	goto end
-)
-
-if "%1" == "clean" (
-	for /d %%i in (%BUILDDIR%\*) do rmdir /q /s %%i
-	del /q /s %BUILDDIR%\*
-	goto end
-)
-
-if "%1" == "html" (
-	%SPHINXBUILD% -b html %ALLSPHINXOPTS% %BUILDDIR%/html
-	if errorlevel 1 exit /b 1
-	echo.
-	echo.Build finished. The HTML pages are in %BUILDDIR%/html.
-	goto end
-)
-
-if "%1" == "dirhtml" (
-	%SPHINXBUILD% -b dirhtml %ALLSPHINXOPTS% %BUILDDIR%/dirhtml
-	if errorlevel 1 exit /b 1
-	echo.
-	echo.Build finished. The HTML pages are in %BUILDDIR%/dirhtml.
-	goto end
-)
-
-if "%1" == "singlehtml" (
-	%SPHINXBUILD% -b singlehtml %ALLSPHINXOPTS% %BUILDDIR%/singlehtml
-	if errorlevel 1 exit /b 1
-	echo.
-	echo.Build finished. The HTML pages are in %BUILDDIR%/singlehtml.
-	goto end
-)
-
-if "%1" == "pickle" (
-	%SPHINXBUILD% -b pickle %ALLSPHINXOPTS% %BUILDDIR%/pickle
-	if errorlevel 1 exit /b 1
-	echo.
-	echo.Build finished; now you can process the pickle files.
-	goto end
-)
-
-if "%1" == "json" (
-	%SPHINXBUILD% -b json %ALLSPHINXOPTS% %BUILDDIR%/json
-	if errorlevel 1 exit /b 1
-	echo.
-	echo.Build finished; now you can process the JSON files.
-	goto end
-)
-
-if "%1" == "htmlhelp" (
-	%SPHINXBUILD% -b htmlhelp %ALLSPHINXOPTS% %BUILDDIR%/htmlhelp
-	if errorlevel 1 exit /b 1
-	echo.
-	echo.Build finished; now you can run HTML Help Workshop with the ^
-.hhp project file in %BUILDDIR%/htmlhelp.
-	goto end
-)
-
-if "%1" == "qthelp" (
-	%SPHINXBUILD% -b qthelp %ALLSPHINXOPTS% %BUILDDIR%/qthelp
-	if errorlevel 1 exit /b 1
-	echo.
-	echo.Build finished; now you can run "qcollectiongenerator" with the ^
-.qhcp project file in %BUILDDIR%/qthelp, like this:
-	echo.^> qcollectiongenerator %BUILDDIR%\qthelp\InternetProgrammingwithPython.qhcp
-	echo.To view the help file:
-	echo.^> assistant -collectionFile %BUILDDIR%\qthelp\InternetProgrammingwithPython.ghc
-	goto end
-)
-
-if "%1" == "devhelp" (
-	%SPHINXBUILD% -b devhelp %ALLSPHINXOPTS% %BUILDDIR%/devhelp
-	if errorlevel 1 exit /b 1
-	echo.
-	echo.Build finished.
-	goto end
-)
-
-if "%1" == "epub" (
-	%SPHINXBUILD% -b epub %ALLSPHINXOPTS% %BUILDDIR%/epub
-	if errorlevel 1 exit /b 1
-	echo.
-	echo.Build finished. The epub file is in %BUILDDIR%/epub.
-	goto end
-)
-
-if "%1" == "latex" (
-	%SPHINXBUILD% -b latex %ALLSPHINXOPTS% %BUILDDIR%/latex
-	if errorlevel 1 exit /b 1
-	echo.
-	echo.Build finished; the LaTeX files are in %BUILDDIR%/latex.
-	goto end
-)
-
-if "%1" == "text" (
-	%SPHINXBUILD% -b text %ALLSPHINXOPTS% %BUILDDIR%/text
-	if errorlevel 1 exit /b 1
-	echo.
-	echo.Build finished. The text files are in %BUILDDIR%/text.
-	goto end
-)
-
-if "%1" == "man" (
-	%SPHINXBUILD% -b man %ALLSPHINXOPTS% %BUILDDIR%/man
-	if errorlevel 1 exit /b 1
-	echo.
-	echo.Build finished. The manual pages are in %BUILDDIR%/man.
-	goto end
-)
-
-if "%1" == "texinfo" (
-	%SPHINXBUILD% -b texinfo %ALLSPHINXOPTS% %BUILDDIR%/texinfo
-	if errorlevel 1 exit /b 1
-	echo.
-	echo.Build finished. The Texinfo files are in %BUILDDIR%/texinfo.
-	goto end
-)
-
-if "%1" == "gettext" (
-	%SPHINXBUILD% -b gettext %I18NSPHINXOPTS% %BUILDDIR%/locale
-	if errorlevel 1 exit /b 1
-	echo.
-	echo.Build finished. The message catalogs are in %BUILDDIR%/locale.
-	goto end
-)
-
-if "%1" == "changes" (
-	%SPHINXBUILD% -b changes %ALLSPHINXOPTS% %BUILDDIR%/changes
-	if errorlevel 1 exit /b 1
-	echo.
-	echo.The overview file is in %BUILDDIR%/changes.
-	goto end
-)
-
-if "%1" == "linkcheck" (
-	%SPHINXBUILD% -b linkcheck %ALLSPHINXOPTS% %BUILDDIR%/linkcheck
-	if errorlevel 1 exit /b 1
-	echo.
-	echo.Link check complete; look for any errors in the above output ^
-or in %BUILDDIR%/linkcheck/output.txt.
-	goto end
-)
-
-if "%1" == "doctest" (
-	%SPHINXBUILD% -b doctest %ALLSPHINXOPTS% %BUILDDIR%/doctest
-	if errorlevel 1 exit /b 1
-	echo.
-	echo.Testing of doctests in the sources finished, look at the ^
-results in %BUILDDIR%/doctest/output.txt.
-	goto end
-)
-
-:end
diff --git a/notebooks/Networking & Sockets.ipynb b/notebooks/Networking & Sockets.ipynb
deleted file mode 100644
index 09d64583..00000000
--- a/notebooks/Networking & Sockets.ipynb	
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,309 +0,0 @@
-{
- "cells": [
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 3,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "import socket"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 4,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "def get_constants(prefix):\n",
-    "    \"\"\"mapping of socket module constants to their names\"\"\"\n",
-    "    return {getattr(socket, n): n\n",
-    "            for n in dir(socket)\n",
-    "            if n.startswith(prefix)\n",
-    "    }"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 5,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "families = get_constants('AF_')\n",
-    "types = get_constants('SOCK_')\n",
-    "protocols = get_constants('IPPROTO_')"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 6,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "{<AddressFamily.AF_UNSPEC: 0>: 'AF_UNSPEC',\n",
-       " <AddressFamily.AF_UNIX: 1>: 'AF_UNIX',\n",
-       " <AddressFamily.AF_INET: 2>: 'AF_INET',\n",
-       " <AddressFamily.AF_SNA: 11>: 'AF_SNA',\n",
-       " 12: 'AF_DECnet',\n",
-       " <AddressFamily.AF_APPLETALK: 16>: 'AF_APPLETALK',\n",
-       " <AddressFamily.AF_ROUTE: 17>: 'AF_ROUTE',\n",
-       " <AddressFamily.AF_LINK: 18>: 'AF_LINK',\n",
-       " <AddressFamily.AF_IPX: 23>: 'AF_IPX',\n",
-       " <AddressFamily.AF_INET6: 30>: 'AF_INET6',\n",
-       " <AddressFamily.AF_SYSTEM: 32>: 'AF_SYSTEM'}"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 6,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "families"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 7,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "{<SocketKind.SOCK_STREAM: 1>: 'SOCK_STREAM',\n",
-       " <SocketKind.SOCK_DGRAM: 2>: 'SOCK_DGRAM',\n",
-       " <SocketKind.SOCK_RAW: 3>: 'SOCK_RAW',\n",
-       " <SocketKind.SOCK_RDM: 4>: 'SOCK_RDM',\n",
-       " <SocketKind.SOCK_SEQPACKET: 5>: 'SOCK_SEQPACKET'}"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 7,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "types"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 8,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "{0: 'IPPROTO_IP',\n",
-       " 1: 'IPPROTO_ICMP',\n",
-       " 2: 'IPPROTO_IGMP',\n",
-       " 3: 'IPPROTO_GGP',\n",
-       " 4: 'IPPROTO_IPV4',\n",
-       " 6: 'IPPROTO_TCP',\n",
-       " 8: 'IPPROTO_EGP',\n",
-       " 12: 'IPPROTO_PUP',\n",
-       " 17: 'IPPROTO_UDP',\n",
-       " 22: 'IPPROTO_IDP',\n",
-       " 29: 'IPPROTO_TP',\n",
-       " 36: 'IPPROTO_XTP',\n",
-       " 41: 'IPPROTO_IPV6',\n",
-       " 43: 'IPPROTO_ROUTING',\n",
-       " 44: 'IPPROTO_FRAGMENT',\n",
-       " 46: 'IPPROTO_RSVP',\n",
-       " 47: 'IPPROTO_GRE',\n",
-       " 50: 'IPPROTO_ESP',\n",
-       " 51: 'IPPROTO_AH',\n",
-       " 58: 'IPPROTO_ICMPV6',\n",
-       " 59: 'IPPROTO_NONE',\n",
-       " 60: 'IPPROTO_DSTOPTS',\n",
-       " 63: 'IPPROTO_HELLO',\n",
-       " 77: 'IPPROTO_ND',\n",
-       " 80: 'IPPROTO_EON',\n",
-       " 103: 'IPPROTO_PIM',\n",
-       " 108: 'IPPROTO_IPCOMP',\n",
-       " 132: 'IPPROTO_SCTP',\n",
-       " 255: 'IPPROTO_RAW',\n",
-       " 256: 'IPPROTO_MAX'}"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 8,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "protocols"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 9,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "default_socket = socket.socket()"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 10,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "'AF_INET'"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 10,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "families[default_socket.family]"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 11,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "'SOCK_STREAM'"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 11,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "types[default_socket.type]"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 12,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "'IPPROTO_IP'"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 12,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "protocols[default_socket.proto]"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 13,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "def get_address_info(host, port):\n",
-    "    for response in socket.getaddrinfo(host, port):\n",
-    "        fam, typ, pro, nam, add = response\n",
-    "        print('family: {}'.format(families[fam]))\n",
-    "        print('type: {}'.format(types[typ]))\n",
-    "        print('protocol: {}'.format(protocols[pro]))\n",
-    "        print('canonical name: {}'.format(nam))\n",
-    "        print('socket address: {}'.format(add))\n",
-    "        print('')"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 14,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "family: AF_INET\n",
-      "type: SOCK_DGRAM\n",
-      "protocol: IPPROTO_UDP\n",
-      "canonical name: \n",
-      "socket address: ('127.0.0.1', 80)\n",
-      "\n",
-      "family: AF_INET\n",
-      "type: SOCK_STREAM\n",
-      "protocol: IPPROTO_TCP\n",
-      "canonical name: \n",
-      "socket address: ('127.0.0.1', 80)\n",
-      "\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "get_address_info(socket.gethostname(), 'http')"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": []
-  }
- ],
- "metadata": {
-  "kernelspec": {
-   "display_name": "Python 3",
-   "language": "python",
-   "name": "python3"
-  },
-  "language_info": {
-   "codemirror_mode": {
-    "name": "ipython",
-    "version": 3
-   },
-   "file_extension": ".py",
-   "mimetype": "text/x-python",
-   "name": "python",
-   "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
-   "pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
-   "version": "3.4.3"
-  }
- },
- "nbformat": 4,
- "nbformat_minor": 0
-}
diff --git a/requirements.pip b/requirements.pip
deleted file mode 100644
index 7539549c..00000000
--- a/requirements.pip
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,24 +0,0 @@
-alabaster==0.7.6
-appnope==0.1.0
-Babel==2.0
-decorator==4.0.2
-docutils==0.12
-gnureadline==6.3.3
-hieroglyph==0.7.1
-ipython==4.0.0
-ipython-genutils==0.1.0
-Jinja2==2.8
-MarkupSafe==0.23
-path.py==8.1
-pexpect==3.3
-pickleshare==0.5
-py==1.4.30
-Pygments==2.0.2
-pytest==2.7.2
-pytz==2015.4
-simplegeneric==0.8.1
-six==1.9.0
-snowballstemmer==1.2.0
-Sphinx==1.3.1
-sphinx-rtd-theme==0.1.8
-traitlets==4.0.0
diff --git a/resources/session01/echo_client.py b/resources/session01/echo_client.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 6b2f0472..00000000
--- a/resources/session01/echo_client.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,48 +0,0 @@
-import socket
-import sys
-
-
-def client(msg, log_buffer=sys.stderr):
-    server_address = ('localhost', 10000)
-    # TODO: Replace the following line with your code which will instantiate
-    #       a TCP socket with IPv4 Addressing, call the socket you make 'sock'
-    sock = None
-    print('connecting to {0} port {1}'.format(*server_address), file=log_buffer)
-    # TODO: connect your socket to the server here.
-
-    # you can use this variable to accumulate the entire message received back
-    # from the server
-    received_message = ''
-
-    # this try/finally block exists purely to allow us to close the socket
-    # when we are finished with it
-    try:
-        print('sending "{0}"'.format(msg), file=log_buffer)
-        # TODO: send your message to the server here.
-
-        # TODO: the server should be sending you back your message as a series
-        #       of 16-byte chunks. Accumulate the chunks you get to build the
-        #       entire reply from the server. Make sure that you have received
-        #       the entire message and then you can break the loop.
-        #
-        #       Log each chunk you receive.  Use the print statement below to
-        #       do it. This will help in debugging problems
-        chunk = ''
-        print('received "{0}"'.format(chunk.decode('utf8')), file=log_buffer)
-    finally:
-        # TODO: after you break out of the loop receiving echoed chunks from
-        #       the server you will want to close your client socket.
-        print('closing socket', file=log_buffer)
-
-        # TODO: when all is said and done, you should return the entire reply
-        # you received from the server as the return value of this function.
-
-
-if __name__ == '__main__':
-    if len(sys.argv) != 2:
-        usage = '\nusage: python echo_client.py "this is my message"\n'
-        print(usage, file=sys.stderr)
-        sys.exit(1)
-
-    msg = sys.argv[1]
-    client(msg)
diff --git a/resources/session01/echo_server.py b/resources/session01/echo_server.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 4103ac6a..00000000
--- a/resources/session01/echo_server.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,76 +0,0 @@
-import socket
-import sys
-
-
-def server(log_buffer=sys.stderr):
-    # set an address for our server
-    address = ('127.0.0.1', 10000)
-    # TODO: Replace the following line with your code which will instantiate
-    #       a TCP socket with IPv4 Addressing, call the socket you make 'sock'
-    sock = None
-    # TODO: You may find that if you repeatedly run the server script it fails,
-    #       claiming that the port is already used.  You can set an option on
-    #       your socket that will fix this problem. We DID NOT talk about this
-    #       in class. Find the correct option by reading the very end of the
-    #       socket library documentation:
-    #       http://docs.python.org/3/library/socket.html#example
-
-    # log that we are building a server
-    print("making a server on {0}:{1}".format(*address), file=log_buffer)
-
-    # TODO: bind your new sock 'sock' to the address above and begin to listen
-    #       for incoming connections
-
-    try:
-        # the outer loop controls the creation of new connection sockets. The
-        # server will handle each incoming connection one at a time.
-        while True:
-            print('waiting for a connection', file=log_buffer)
-
-            # TODO: make a new socket when a client connects, call it 'conn',
-            #       at the same time you should be able to get the address of
-            #       the client so we can report it below.  Replace the
-            #       following line with your code. It is only here to prevent
-            #       syntax errors
-            addr = ('bar', 'baz')
-            try:
-                print('connection - {0}:{1}'.format(*addr), file=log_buffer)
-
-                # the inner loop will receive messages sent by the client in
-                # buffers.  When a complete message has been received, the
-                # loop will exit
-                while True:
-                    # TODO: receive 16 bytes of data from the client. Store
-                    #       the data you receive as 'data'.  Replace the
-                    #       following line with your code.  It's only here as
-                    #       a placeholder to prevent an error in string
-                    #       formatting
-                    data = b''
-                    print('received "{0}"'.format(data.decode('utf8')))
-                    # TODO: Send the data you received back to the client, log
-                    # the fact using the print statement here.  It will help in
-                    # debugging problems.
-                    print('sent "{0}"'.format(data.decode('utf8')))
-                    # TODO: Check here to see if the message you've received is
-                    # complete.  If it is, break out of this inner loop.
-
-            finally:
-                # TODO: When the inner loop exits, this 'finally' clause will
-                #       be hit. Use that opportunity to close the socket you
-                #       created above when a client connected.
-                print(
-                    'echo complete, client connection closed', file=log_buffer
-                )
-
-    except KeyboardInterrupt:
-        # TODO: Use the python KeyboardInterrupt exception as a signal to
-        #       close the server socket and exit from the server function.
-        #       Replace the call to `pass` below, which is only there to
-        #       prevent syntax problems
-        pass
-        print('quitting echo server', file=log_buffer)
-
-
-if __name__ == '__main__':
-    server()
-    sys.exit(0)
diff --git a/resources/session01/socket_tools.py b/resources/session01/socket_tools.py
deleted file mode 100644
index d2bc1e18..00000000
--- a/resources/session01/socket_tools.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,21 +0,0 @@
-import socket
-
-
-def get_constants(prefix):
-    return {getattr(socket, n): n for n in dir(socket) if n.startswith(prefix)}
-
-
-families = get_constants('AF_')
-types = get_constants('SOCK_')
-protocols = get_constants('IPPROTO_')
-
-
-def get_address_info(host, port):
-    for response in socket.getaddrinfo(host, port):
-        fam, typ, pro, nam, add = response
-        print('family: {}'.format(families[fam]))
-        print('type: {}'.format(types[typ]))
-        print('protocol: {}'.format(protocols[pro]))
-        print('canonical name: {}'.format(nam))
-        print('socket address: {}'.format(add))
-        print()
diff --git a/resources/session01/tasks.txt b/resources/session01/tasks.txt
deleted file mode 100644
index 8fdab003..00000000
--- a/resources/session01/tasks.txt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,53 +0,0 @@
-Session 4 Homework
-==================
-
-Required Tasks:
----------------
-
-* Complete the code in ``echo_server.py`` to create a server that sends back
-  whatever messages it receives from a client
-
-* Complete the code in ``echo_client.py`` to create a client function that
-  can send a message and receive a reply.
-
-* Ensure that the tests in ``tests.py`` pass.
-
-To run the tests:
-
-* Open one terminal while in this folder and execute this command:
-
-    $ python echo_server.py
-
-* Open a second terminal in this same folder and execute this command:
-
-    $ python tests.py
-
-
-
-
-Optional Tasks:
----------------
-
-Simple:
-
-* Write a python function that lists the services provided by a given range of
-  ports.
-
-  * accept the lower and upper bounds as arguments
-  * provide sensible defaults
-  * Ensure that it only accepts valid port numbers (0-65535)
-
-Challenging:
-
-* The echo server as outlined will only process a connection from one client
-  at a time. If a second client were to attempt a connection, it would have to
-  wait until the first message was fully echoed before it could be dealt with.
-
-  Python provides a module called `select` that allows waiting for I/O events
-  in order to control flow. The `select.select` method can be used to allow
-  our echo server to handle more than one incoming connection in "parallel".
-
-  Read the documentation about the `select` module
-  (http://docs.python.org/3/library/select.html) and attempt to write a second
-  version of the echo server that can handle multiple client connections in
-  "parallel".  You do not need to invoke threading of any kind to do this.
diff --git a/resources/session01/tests.py b/resources/session01/tests.py
deleted file mode 100644
index d4c6c791..00000000
--- a/resources/session01/tests.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,46 +0,0 @@
-from echo_client import client
-import socket
-import unittest
-
-
-class EchoTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
-    """tests for the echo server and client"""
-
-    def send_message(self, message):
-        """Attempt to send a message using the client
-
-        In case of a socket error, fail and report the problem
-        """
-        try:
-            reply = client(message)
-        except socket.error as e:
-            if e.errno == 61:
-                msg = "Error: {0}, is the server running?"
-                self.fail(msg.format(e.strerror))
-            else:
-                self.fail("Unexpected Error: {0}".format(str(e)))
-        return reply
-
-    def test_short_message_echo(self):
-        """test that a message short than 16 bytes echoes cleanly"""
-        expected = "short message"
-        actual = self.send_message(expected)
-        self.assertEqual(
-            expected,
-            actual,
-            "expected {0}, got {1}".format(expected, actual)
-        )
-
-    def test_long_message_echo(self):
-        """test that a message longer than 16 bytes echoes in 16-byte chunks"""
-        expected = "Four score and seven years ago our fathers did stuff"
-        actual = self.send_message(expected)
-        self.assertEqual(
-            expected,
-            actual,
-            "expected {0}, got {1}".format(expected, actual)
-        )
-
-
-if __name__ == '__main__':
-    unittest.main()
diff --git a/resources/session02/homework/http_server.py b/resources/session02/homework/http_server.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 84ceffe1..00000000
--- a/resources/session02/homework/http_server.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,86 +0,0 @@
-import socket
-import sys
-
-
-def response_ok(body=b"this is a pretty minimal response", mimetype=b"text/plain"):
-    """returns a basic HTTP response"""
-    resp = []
-    resp.append(b"HTTP/1.1 200 OK")
-    resp.append(b"Content-Type: text/plain")
-    resp.append(b"")
-    resp.append(b"this is a pretty minimal response")
-    return b"\r\n".join(resp)
-
-
-def response_method_not_allowed():
-    """returns a 405 Method Not Allowed response"""
-    resp = []
-    resp.append("HTTP/1.1 405 Method Not Allowed")
-    resp.append("")
-    return "\r\n".join(resp).encode('utf8')
-
-
-def response_not_found():
-    """returns a 404 Not Found response"""
-    return b""
-
-
-def parse_request(request):
-    first_line = request.split("\r\n", 1)[0]
-    method, uri, protocol = first_line.split()
-    if method != "GET":
-        raise NotImplementedError("We only accept GET")
-    return uri
-
-
-def resolve_uri(uri):
-    """This method should return appropriate content and a mime type"""
-    return b"still broken", b"text/plain"
-
-
-def server(log_buffer=sys.stderr):
-    address = ('127.0.0.1', 10000)
-    sock = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
-    sock.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_REUSEADDR, 1)
-    print("making a server on {0}:{1}".format(*address), file=log_buffer)
-    sock.bind(address)
-    sock.listen(1)
-
-    try:
-        while True:
-            print('waiting for a connection', file=log_buffer)
-            conn, addr = sock.accept()  # blocking
-            try:
-                print('connection - {0}:{1}'.format(*addr), file=log_buffer)
-                request = ''
-                while True:
-                    data = conn.recv(1024)
-                    request += data.decode('utf8')
-                    if len(data) < 1024:
-                        break
-
-                try:
-                    uri = parse_request(request)
-                except NotImplementedError:
-                    response = response_method_not_allowed()
-                else:
-                    try:
-                        content, mime_type = resolve_uri(uri)
-                    except NameError:
-                        response = response_not_found()
-                    else:
-                        response = response_ok(content, mime_type)
-
-                print('sending response', file=log_buffer)
-                conn.sendall(response)
-            finally:
-                conn.close()
-
-    except KeyboardInterrupt:
-        sock.close()
-        return
-
-
-if __name__ == '__main__':
-    server()
-    sys.exit(0)
diff --git a/resources/session02/homework/simple_client.py b/resources/session02/homework/simple_client.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 2c9ed4cd..00000000
--- a/resources/session02/homework/simple_client.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,44 +0,0 @@
-import socket
-import sys
-
-
-def bytes_client(msg):
-    server_address = ('localhost', 10000)
-    sock = socket.socket(
-        socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM, socket.IPPROTO_TCP
-    )
-    print(
-        'connecting to {0} port {1}'.format(*server_address),
-        file=sys.stderr
-    )
-    sock.connect(server_address)
-    response = b''
-    done = False
-    bufsize = 1024
-    try:
-        print('sending "{0}"'.format(msg), file=sys.stderr)
-        sock.sendall(msg.encode('utf8'))
-        while not done:
-            chunk = sock.recv(bufsize)
-            if len(chunk) < bufsize:
-                done = True
-            response += chunk
-        print('received "{0}"'.format(response), file=sys.stderr)
-    finally:
-        print('closing socket', file=sys.stderr)
-        sock.close()
-    return response
-
-
-def client(msg):
-    return bytes_client(msg).decode('utf8')
-
-
-if __name__ == '__main__':
-    if len(sys.argv) != 2:
-        usg = '\nusage: python echo_client.py "this is my message"\n'
-        print(usg, file=sys.stderr)
-        sys.exit(1)
-
-    msg = sys.argv[1]
-    client(msg)
diff --git a/resources/session02/homework/tests.py b/resources/session02/homework/tests.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 45007311..00000000
--- a/resources/session02/homework/tests.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,427 +0,0 @@
-import mimetypes
-import os
-import pathlib
-import socket
-import unittest
-
-
-CRLF = '\r\n'
-CRLF_BYTES = CRLF.encode('utf8')
-KNOWN_TYPES = set(
-    map(lambda x: x.encode('utf8'), mimetypes.types_map.values())
-)
-
-
-def extract_response_code(response):
-    return response.split(CRLF_BYTES, 1)[0].split(b' ', 1)[1].strip()
-
-
-def extract_response_protocol(response):
-    return response.split(CRLF_BYTES, 1)[0].split(b' ', 1)[0].strip()
-
-
-def extract_headers(response):
-    return response.split(CRLF_BYTES*2, 1)[0].split(CRLF_BYTES)[1:]
-
-
-def extract_body(response):
-    return response.split(CRLF_BYTES*2, 1)[1]
-
-
-class ResponseOkTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
-    """unit tests for the response_ok method in our server
-
-    Becase this is a unit test case, it does not require the server to be
-    running.
-    """
-
-    def call_function_under_test(self, body=b"", mimetype=b"text/plain"):
-        """call the `response_ok` function from our http_server module"""
-        from http_server import response_ok
-        return response_ok(body=body, mimetype=mimetype)
-
-    def test_response_code(self):
-        ok = self.call_function_under_test()
-        expected = "200 OK"
-        actual = extract_response_code(ok)
-        self.assertEqual(expected.encode('utf8'), actual)
-
-    def test_response_protocol(self):
-        ok = self.call_function_under_test()
-        expected = 'HTTP/1.1'
-        actual = extract_response_protocol(ok)
-        self.assertEqual(expected.encode('utf8'), actual)
-
-    def test_response_has_content_type_header(self):
-        ok = self.call_function_under_test()
-        headers = extract_headers(ok)
-        expected_name = 'content-type'.encode('utf8')
-        has_header = False
-        for header in headers:
-            name, value = header.split(b':')
-            actual_name = name.strip().lower()
-            if actual_name == expected_name:
-                has_header = True
-                break
-        self.assertTrue(has_header)
-
-    def test_response_has_legitimate_content_type(self):
-        ok = self.call_function_under_test()
-        headers = extract_headers(ok)
-        expected_name = 'content-type'.encode('utf8')
-        for header in headers:
-            name, value = header.split(b':')
-            actual_name = name.strip().lower()
-            if actual_name == expected_name:
-                self.assertTrue(value.strip() in KNOWN_TYPES)
-                return
-        self.fail('no content type header found')
-
-    def test_passed_mimetype_in_response(self):
-        mimetypes = [
-            b'image/jpeg', b'text/html', b'text/x-python',
-        ]
-        header_name = b'content-type'
-        for expected in mimetypes:
-            ok = self.call_function_under_test(mimetype=expected)
-            headers = extract_headers(ok)
-            for header in headers:
-                name, value = header.split(b':')
-                if header_name == name.strip().lower():
-                    actual = value.strip()
-                    self.assertEqual(
-                        expected,
-                        actual,
-                        "expected {0}, got {1}".format(expected, actual)
-                    )
-
-    def test_passed_body_in_response(self):
-        bodies = [
-            b"a body",
-            b"a longer body\nwith two lines",
-            pathlib.Path("webroot/sample.txt").read_bytes(),
-        ]
-        for expected in bodies:
-            ok = self.call_function_under_test(body=expected)
-            actual = extract_body(ok)
-            self.assertEqual(
-                expected,
-                actual,
-                "expected {0}, got {1}".format(expected, actual))
-
-
-class ResponseMethodNotAllowedTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
-    """unit tests for the response_method_not_allowed function"""
-
-    def call_function_under_test(self):
-        """call the `response_method_not_allowed` function"""
-        from http_server import response_method_not_allowed
-        return response_method_not_allowed()
-
-    def test_response_code(self):
-        resp = self.call_function_under_test()
-        expected = "405 Method Not Allowed"
-        actual = extract_response_code(resp)
-        self.assertEqual(expected.encode('utf8'), actual)
-
-    def test_response_method(self):
-        resp = self.call_function_under_test()
-        expected = 'HTTP/1.1'
-        actual = extract_response_protocol(resp)
-        self.assertEqual(expected.encode('utf8'), actual)
-
-
-class ResponseNotFoundTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
-    """unit tests for the response_not_found function"""
-
-    def call_function_under_test(self):
-        """call the 'response_not_found' function"""
-        from http_server import response_not_found
-        return response_not_found()
-
-    def test_response_code(self):
-        resp = self.call_function_under_test()
-        expected = "404 Not Found"
-        actual = extract_response_code(resp)
-        self.assertEqual(expected.encode('utf8'), actual)
-
-    def test_response_method(self):
-        resp = self.call_function_under_test()
-        expected = 'HTTP/1.1'
-        actual = extract_response_protocol(resp)
-        self.assertEqual(expected.encode('utf8'), actual)
-
-
-class ParseRequestTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
-    """unit tests for the parse_request method"""
-
-    def call_function_under_test(self, request):
-        """call the `parse_request` function"""
-        from http_server import parse_request
-        return parse_request(request)
-
-    def test_get_method(self):
-        """verify that GET HTTP requests do not raise an error"""
-        request = "GET / HTTP/1.1\r\nHost: example.com\r\n\r\n"
-        try:
-            self.call_function_under_test(request)
-        except (NotImplementedError, Exception) as e:
-            self.fail('GET method raises an error {0}'.format(str(e)))
-
-    def test_bad_http_methods(self):
-        """verify that non-GET HTTP methods raise a NotImplementedError"""
-        methods = ['POST', 'PUT', 'DELETE', 'HEAD']
-        request_template = "{0} / HTTP/1.1\r\nHost: example.com\r\n\r\n"
-        for method in methods:
-            request = request_template.format(method)
-            self.assertRaises(
-                NotImplementedError, self.call_function_under_test, request
-            )
-
-    def test_uri_returned(self):
-        """verify that the parse_request function returns a URI"""
-        URIs = [
-            '/', '/a_web_page.html', '/sample.txt', '/images/sample_1.png',
-        ]
-        request_tmplt = "GET {0} HTTP/1.1"
-        for expected in URIs:
-            request = request_tmplt.format(expected)
-            actual = self.call_function_under_test(request)
-            self.assertEqual(
-                expected,
-                actual,
-                "expected {0}, got {1}".format(expected, actual)
-            )
-
-
-class ResolveURITestCase(unittest.TestCase):
-    """unit tests for the resolve_uri function"""
-
-    def call_function_under_test(self, uri):
-        """call the resolve_uri function"""
-        from http_server import resolve_uri
-        content, mime_type = resolve_uri(uri)
-        return content, mime_type.decode('utf8')
-
-    def test_directory_resource(self):
-        uri = '/'
-        expected_names = [
-            'a_web_page.html', 'images', 'make_time.py', 'sample.txt',
-        ]
-        expected_mimetype = "text/plain"
-        actual_body, actual_mimetype = self.call_function_under_test(uri)
-        self.assertEqual(
-            expected_mimetype,
-            actual_mimetype,
-            'expected {0} got {1}'.format(expected_mimetype, actual_mimetype)
-        )
-        actual_body = actual_body.decode('utf8')
-        for expected in expected_names:
-            self.assertTrue(
-                expected in actual_body,
-                '"{0}" not in "{1}"'.format(expected, actual_body)
-            )
-
-    def test_file_resource(self):
-        uris_types = {
-            '/a_web_page.html': 'text/html',
-            '/make_time.py': 'text/x-python',
-            '/sample.txt': 'text/plain',
-        }
-        for uri, expected_mimetype in uris_types.items():
-            path = pathlib.Path("webroot{0}".format(uri))
-            expected_body = path.read_bytes()
-            actual_body, actual_mimetype = self.call_function_under_test(uri)
-            self.assertEqual(
-                expected_mimetype,
-                actual_mimetype,
-                'expected {0} got {1}'.format(
-                    expected_mimetype, actual_mimetype
-                )
-            )
-            self.assertEqual(
-                expected_body,
-                actual_body,
-                'expected {0} got {1}'.format(
-                    expected_mimetype, actual_mimetype
-                )
-            )
-
-    def test_image_resource(self):
-        names_types = {
-            'JPEG_example.jpg': 'image/jpeg',
-            'sample_1.png': 'image/png',
-        }
-        for filename, expected_mimetype in names_types.items():
-            uri = "/images/{0}".format(filename)
-            path = pathlib.Path("webroot{0}".format(uri))
-            expected_body = path.read_bytes()
-            actual_body, actual_mimetype = self.call_function_under_test(uri)
-            self.assertEqual(
-                expected_mimetype,
-                actual_mimetype,
-                'expected {0} got {1}'.format(
-                    expected_mimetype, actual_mimetype
-                )
-            )
-            self.assertEqual(
-                expected_body,
-                actual_body,
-                'expected {0} got {1}'.format(
-                    expected_mimetype, actual_mimetype
-                )
-            )
-
-    def test_missing_resource(self):
-        uri = "/missing.html"
-        self.assertRaises(NameError, self.call_function_under_test, uri)
-
-
-class HTTPServerFunctionalTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
-    """functional tests of the HTTP Server
-
-    This test case interacts with the http server, and as such requires it to
-    be running in order for the tests to pass
-    """
-
-    def send_message(self, message, use_bytes=False):
-        """Attempt to send a message using the client and the test buffer
-
-        In case of a socket error, fail and report the problem
-        """
-        response = ''            
-        if not use_bytes:
-            from simple_client import client
-        else:
-            from simple_client import bytes_client as client
-
-        try:
-            response = client(message)
-        except socket.error as e:
-            if e.errno == 61:
-                msg = "Error: {0}, is the server running?"
-                self.fail(msg.format(e.strerror))
-            else:
-                self.fail("Unexpected Error: {0}".format(str(e)))
-        return response
-
-    def test_get_request(self):
-        message = CRLF.join(['GET / HTTP/1.1', 'Host: example.com', ''])
-        expected = '200 OK'
-        actual = self.send_message(message)
-        self.assertTrue(
-            expected in actual, '"{0}" not in "{1}"'.format(expected, actual)
-        )
-
-    def test_post_request(self):
-        message = CRLF.join(['POST / HTTP/1.1', 'Host: example.com', ''])
-        expected = '405 Method Not Allowed'
-        actual = self.send_message(message)
-        self.assertTrue(
-            expected in actual, '"{0}" not in "{1}"'.format(expected, actual)
-        )
-
-    def test_webroot_directory_resources(self):
-        """verify that directory uris are properly served"""
-        message_tmpl = CRLF.join(['GET {0} HTTP/1.1', 'Host: example.com', ''])
-        root = "webroot/"
-        for directory, directories, files in os.walk(root):
-            directory_uri = "/{0}".format(directory[len(root):])
-            message = message_tmpl.format(directory_uri)
-            actual = self.send_message(message)
-            # verify that directory listings are correct
-            self.assertTrue(
-                "200 OK" in actual,
-                "request for {0} did not result in OK".format(directory_uri))
-            for expected in directories + files:
-                self.assertTrue(
-                    expected in actual,
-                    '"{0}" not in "{1}"'.format(expected, actual)
-                )
-
-    def test_webroot_file_uris(self):
-        """verify that file uris are properly served"""
-        message_tmpl = CRLF.join(['GET {0} HTTP/1.1', 'Host: example.com', ''])
-        root = pathlib.Path("webroot")
-        for file_path in root.iterdir():
-            # set up expectations for this file
-            if file_path.is_dir():
-                continue
-            expected_body = file_path.read_bytes().decode('utf8')
-            expected_mimetype = mimetypes.types_map[
-                os.path.splitext(str(file_path))[1]
-            ]
-            file_uri = str(file_path)[len(str(root)):]
-            message = message_tmpl.format(file_uri)
-            actual = self.send_message(message)
-            self.assertTrue(
-                "200 OK" in actual,
-                "request for {0} did not result in OK".format(
-                    file_uri
-                )
-            )
-            self.assertTrue(
-                expected_mimetype in actual,
-                "mimetype {0} not in response for {1}".format(
-                    expected_mimetype, file_uri
-                )
-            )
-            self.assertTrue(
-                expected_body in actual,
-                "body of {0} not in response for {1}".format(
-                    file_path, file_uri
-                )
-            )
-
-    def test_webroot_image_uris(self):
-        """verify that image uris are properly served
-
-        requires using a client that does not attempt to decode the response
-        body
-        """
-        message_tmpl = CRLF.join(['GET {0} HTTP/1.1', 'Host: example.com', ''])
-        root = pathlib.Path("webroot")
-        images_path = root / 'images'
-        for file_path in images_path.iterdir():
-            # set up expectations for this file
-            if file_path.is_dir():
-                continue
-            expected_body = file_path.read_bytes()
-            expected_mimetype = mimetypes.types_map[
-                os.path.splitext(str(file_path))[1]
-            ]
-            file_uri = str(file_path)[len(str(root)):]
-            message = message_tmpl.format(file_uri)
-            actual = self.send_message(message, use_bytes=True)
-            self.assertTrue(
-                b"200 OK" in actual,
-                "request for {0} did not result in OK".format(
-                    file_uri
-                )
-            )
-            self.assertTrue(
-                expected_mimetype.encode('utf8') in actual,
-                "mimetype {0} not in response for {1}".format(
-                    expected_mimetype, file_uri
-                )
-            )
-            self.assertTrue(
-                expected_body in actual,
-                "body of {0} not in response for {1}".format(
-                    file_path, file_uri
-                )
-            )
-
-    def test_missing_resource(self):
-        message = CRLF.join(
-            ['GET /missing.html HTTP/1.1', 'Host: example.com', '']
-        )
-        expected = '404 Not Found'
-        actual = self.send_message(message)
-        self.assertTrue(
-            expected in actual, '"{0}" not in "{1}"'.format(expected, actual)
-        )
-
-
-if __name__ == '__main__':
-    unittest.main()
diff --git a/resources/session02/homework/webroot/a_web_page.html b/resources/session02/homework/webroot/a_web_page.html
deleted file mode 100644
index 4635692d..00000000
--- a/resources/session02/homework/webroot/a_web_page.html
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,11 +0,0 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
-<html>
-<body>
-
-<h1>North Carolina</h1>
-
-<p>A fine place to spend a week learning web programming!</p>
-
-</body>
-</html>
-
diff --git a/resources/session02/homework/webroot/images/JPEG_example.jpg b/resources/session02/homework/webroot/images/JPEG_example.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 13506f01..00000000
Binary files a/resources/session02/homework/webroot/images/JPEG_example.jpg and /dev/null differ
diff --git a/resources/session02/homework/webroot/images/Sample_Scene_Balls.jpg b/resources/session02/homework/webroot/images/Sample_Scene_Balls.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 1c0ccade..00000000
Binary files a/resources/session02/homework/webroot/images/Sample_Scene_Balls.jpg and /dev/null differ
diff --git a/resources/session02/homework/webroot/images/sample_1.png b/resources/session02/homework/webroot/images/sample_1.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 5b2f52df..00000000
Binary files a/resources/session02/homework/webroot/images/sample_1.png and /dev/null differ
diff --git a/resources/session02/homework/webroot/make_time.py b/resources/session02/homework/webroot/make_time.py
deleted file mode 100644
index b69acf38..00000000
--- a/resources/session02/homework/webroot/make_time.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,22 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env python
-
-"""
-make_time.py
-
-simple script that returns and HTML page with the current time
-"""
-
-import datetime
-
-time_str = datetime.datetime.now().isoformat()
-
-html = """
-<http>
-<body>
-<h2> The time is: </h2>
-<p> %s <p>
-</body>
-</http>
-""" % time_str
-
-print(html)
diff --git a/resources/session02/homework/webroot/sample.txt b/resources/session02/homework/webroot/sample.txt
deleted file mode 100644
index 1965c7d3..00000000
--- a/resources/session02/homework/webroot/sample.txt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-This is a very simple text file.
-Just to show that we can server it up.
-It is three lines long.
diff --git a/resources/session02/http_server.py b/resources/session02/http_server.py
deleted file mode 100644
index d5aaf480..00000000
--- a/resources/session02/http_server.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,39 +0,0 @@
-import socket
-import sys
-
-
-def server(log_buffer=sys.stderr):
-    address = ('127.0.0.1', 10000)
-    sock = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
-    sock.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_REUSEADDR, 1)
-    print("making a server on {0}:{1}".format(*address), file=log_buffer)
-    sock.bind(address)
-    sock.listen(1)
-
-    try:
-        while True:
-            print('waiting for a connection', file=log_buffer)
-            conn, addr = sock.accept()  # blocking
-            try:
-                print('connection - {0}:{1}'.format(*addr), file=log_buffer)
-                while True:
-                    data = conn.recv(16)
-                    print('received "{0}"'.format(data), file=log_buffer)
-                    if data:
-                        print('sending data back to client', file=log_buffer)
-                        conn.sendall(data)
-                    else:
-                        msg = 'no more data from {0}:{1}'.format(*addr)
-                        print(msg, log_buffer)
-                        break
-            finally:
-                conn.close()
-
-    except KeyboardInterrupt:
-        sock.close()
-        return
-
-
-if __name__ == '__main__':
-    server()
-    sys.exit(0)
diff --git a/resources/session02/simple_client.py b/resources/session02/simple_client.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 74523a2a..00000000
--- a/resources/session02/simple_client.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,40 +0,0 @@
-import socket
-import sys
-
-
-def client(msg):
-    server_address = ('localhost', 10000)
-    sock = socket.socket(
-        socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM, socket.IPPROTO_TCP
-    )
-    print(
-        'connecting to {0} port {1}'.format(*server_address),
-        file=sys.stderr
-    )
-    sock.connect(server_address)
-    response = ''
-    done = False
-    bufsize = 1024
-    try:
-        print('sending "{0}"'.format(msg), file=sys.stderr)
-        sock.sendall(msg.encode('utf8'))
-        while not done:
-            chunk = sock.recv(bufsize)
-            if len(chunk) < bufsize:
-                done = True
-            response += chunk.decode('utf8')
-        print('received "{0}"'.format(response), file=sys.stderr)
-    finally:
-        print('closing socket', file=sys.stderr)
-        sock.close()
-    return response
-
-
-if __name__ == '__main__':
-    if len(sys.argv) != 2:
-        usg = '\nusage: python echo_client.py "this is my message"\n'
-        print(usg, file=sys.stderr)
-        sys.exit(1)
-
-    msg = sys.argv[1]
-    client(msg)
diff --git a/resources/session02/tests.py b/resources/session02/tests.py
deleted file mode 100644
index a4da1793..00000000
--- a/resources/session02/tests.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,165 +0,0 @@
-import mimetypes
-import socket
-import unittest
-
-
-CRLF = '\r\n'
-CRLF_BYTES = CRLF.encode('utf8')
-KNOWN_TYPES = set(
-    map(lambda x: x.encode('utf8'), mimetypes.types_map.values())
-)
-
-
-def extract_response_code(response):
-    return response.split(CRLF_BYTES, 1)[0].split(b' ', 1)[1].strip()
-
-
-def extract_response_protocol(response):
-    return response.split(CRLF_BYTES, 1)[0].split(b' ', 1)[0].strip()
-
-
-def extract_headers(response):
-    return response.split(CRLF_BYTES*2, 1)[0].split(CRLF_BYTES)[1:]
-
-
-class ResponseOkTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
-    """unit tests for the response_ok method in our server
-
-    Becase this is a unit test case, it does not require the server to be
-    running.
-    """
-
-    def call_function_under_test(self):
-        """call the `response_ok` function from our http_server module"""
-        from http_server import response_ok
-        return response_ok()
-
-    def test_response_code(self):
-        ok = self.call_function_under_test()
-        expected = "200 OK"
-        actual = extract_response_code(ok)
-        self.assertEqual(expected.encode('utf8'), actual)
-
-    def test_response_protocol(self):
-        ok = self.call_function_under_test()
-        expected = 'HTTP/1.1'
-        actual = extract_response_protocol(ok)
-        self.assertEqual(expected.encode('utf8'), actual)
-
-    def test_response_has_content_type_header(self):
-        ok = self.call_function_under_test()
-        headers = extract_headers(ok)
-        expected_name = 'content-type'.encode('utf8')
-        has_header = False
-        for header in headers:
-            name, value = header.split(b':')
-            actual_name = name.strip().lower()
-            if actual_name == expected_name:
-                has_header = True
-                break
-        self.assertTrue(has_header)
-
-    def test_response_has_legitimate_content_type(self):
-        ok = self.call_function_under_test()
-        headers = extract_headers(ok)
-        expected_name = 'content-type'.encode('utf8')
-        for header in headers:
-            name, value = header.split(b':')
-            actual_name = name.strip().lower()
-            if actual_name == expected_name:
-                self.assertTrue(value.strip() in KNOWN_TYPES)
-                return
-        self.fail('no content type header found')
-
-
-class ResponseMethodNotAllowedTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
-    """unit tests for the response_method_not_allowed function"""
-
-    def call_function_under_test(self):
-        """call the `response_method_not_allowed` function"""
-        from http_server import response_method_not_allowed
-        return response_method_not_allowed()
-
-    def test_response_code(self):
-        resp = self.call_function_under_test()
-        expected = "405 Method Not Allowed"
-        actual = extract_response_code(resp)
-        self.assertEqual(expected.encode('utf8'), actual)
-
-    def test_response_method(self):
-        resp = self.call_function_under_test()
-        expected = 'HTTP/1.1'
-        actual = extract_response_protocol(resp)
-        self.assertEqual(expected.encode('utf8'), actual)
-
-
-class ParseRequestTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
-    """unit tests for the parse_request method"""
-
-    def call_function_under_test(self, request):
-        """call the `parse_request` function"""
-        from http_server import parse_request
-        return parse_request(request)
-
-    def test_get_method(self):
-        """verify that GET HTTP requests do not raise an error"""
-        request = "GET / HTTP/1.1\r\nHost: example.com\r\n\r\n"
-        try:
-            self.call_function_under_test(request)
-        except (NotImplementedError, Exception) as e:
-            self.fail('GET method raises an error {0}'.format(str(e)))
-
-    def test_bad_http_methods(self):
-        """verify that non-GET HTTP methods raise a NotImplementedError"""
-        methods = ['POST', 'PUT', 'DELETE', 'HEAD']
-        request_template = "{0} / HTTP/1.1\r\nHost: example.com\r\n\r\n"
-        for method in methods:
-            request = request_template.format(method)
-            self.assertRaises(
-                NotImplementedError, self.call_function_under_test, request
-            )
-
-
-class HTTPServerFunctionalTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
-    """functional tests of the HTTP Server
-
-    This test case interacts with the http server, and as such requires it to
-    be running in order for the tests to pass
-    """
-
-    def send_message(self, message):
-        """Attempt to send a message using the client and the test buffer
-
-        In case of a socket error, fail and report the problem
-        """
-        from simple_client import client
-        response = ''
-        try:
-            response = client(message)
-        except socket.error as e:
-            if e.errno == 61:
-                msg = "Error: {0}, is the server running?"
-                self.fail(msg.format(e.strerror))
-            else:
-                self.fail("Unexpected Error: {0}".format(str(e)))
-        return response
-
-    def test_get_request(self):
-        message = CRLF.join(['GET / HTTP/1.1', 'Host: example.com', ''])
-        expected = '200 OK'
-        actual = self.send_message(message)
-        self.assertTrue(
-            expected in actual, '"{0}" not in "{1}"'.format(expected, actual)
-        )
-
-    def test_post_request(self):
-        message = CRLF.join(['POST / HTTP/1.1', 'Host: example.com', ''])
-        expected = '405 Method Not Allowed'
-        actual = self.send_message(message)
-        self.assertTrue(
-            expected in actual, '"{0}" not in "{1}"'.format(expected, actual)
-        )
-
-
-if __name__ == '__main__':
-    unittest.main()
diff --git a/resources/session03/cgi/cgi-bin/cgi_1.py b/resources/session03/cgi/cgi-bin/cgi_1.py
deleted file mode 100755
index baa5c3e9..00000000
--- a/resources/session03/cgi/cgi-bin/cgi_1.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env python
-import cgi
-
-
-cgi.test()
diff --git a/resources/session03/cgi/cgi-bin/cgi_2.py b/resources/session03/cgi/cgi-bin/cgi_2.py
deleted file mode 100755
index 100ccded..00000000
--- a/resources/session03/cgi/cgi-bin/cgi_2.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,32 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env python
-import cgi
-import cgitb
-cgitb.enable()
-import os
-import datetime
-
-
-default = "No Value Present"
-
-
-print("Content-Type: text/html")
-print()
-
-body = """<html>
-<head>
-<title>Lab 1 - CGI experiments</title>
-</head>
-<body>
-<p>Hey there, this page has been generated by {software}, running {script}</p>
-<p>Today is {month} {date}, {year}.</p>
-<p>This page was requested by IP Address {client_ip}</p>
-</body>
-</html>""".format(
-    software=os.environ.get('SERVER_SOFTWARE', default),
-    script='aaaa',
-    month='bbbb',
-    date='cccc',
-    year='dddd',
-    client_ip='eeee'
-)
-print(body)
diff --git a/resources/session03/cgi/cgi-bin/cgi_sums.py b/resources/session03/cgi/cgi-bin/cgi_sums.py
deleted file mode 100755
index feed2bc8..00000000
--- a/resources/session03/cgi/cgi-bin/cgi_sums.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,9 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env python
-import cgi
-import cgitb
-
-cgitb.enable()
-
-print("Content-type: text/plain")
-print()
-print("Your job is to make this work")
diff --git a/resources/session03/cgi/index.html b/resources/session03/cgi/index.html
deleted file mode 100644
index d6725d8b..00000000
--- a/resources/session03/cgi/index.html
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,17 +0,0 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
-<html>
-  <head>
-    <title>Python 200: Session 06 Lab Examples</title>
-  </head>
-  <body>
-    <h1>Python 200</h1>
-    <h2>Session 06: CGI, WSGI and Living Online</h2>
-    <h3>CGI Examples</h3>
-      <ol>
-        <li><a href="cgi-bin/cgi_1.py">CGI Test 1</a></li>
-        <li><a href="cgi-bin/cgi_2.py">Exercise One</a></li>
-        <li><a href="cgi-bin/cgi_sums.py?operand=23&operand=46">CGI Sum Server</a></li>
-      </ol>
-    <h3>WSGI Examples</h3>
-  </body>
-</html>
diff --git a/resources/session03/http_server.py b/resources/session03/http_server.py
deleted file mode 100644
index e42ea086..00000000
--- a/resources/session03/http_server.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,112 +0,0 @@
-import mimetypes
-import pathlib
-import socket
-import sys
-
-
-def response_ok(body=b"this is a pretty minimal response", mimetype=b"text/plain"):
-    """returns a basic HTTP response as bytes"""
-    resp = []
-    resp.append(b"HTTP/1.1 200 OK")
-    resp.append(b"Content-Type: " + mimetype)
-    resp.append(b"")
-    resp.append(body)
-    return b"\r\n".join(resp)
-
-
-def response_method_not_allowed():
-    """returns a 405 Method Not Allowed response as bytes"""
-    resp = []
-    resp.append("HTTP/1.1 405 Method Not Allowed")
-    resp.append("")
-    return "\r\n".join(resp).encode('utf8')
-
-
-def response_not_found():
-    """returns a 404 Not Found response as bytes"""
-    resp = []
-    resp.append("HTTP/1.1 404 Not Found")
-    resp.append("")
-    return "\r\n".join(resp).encode('utf8')
-
-
-def parse_request(request):
-    first_line = request.split("\r\n", 1)[0]
-    method, uri, protocol = first_line.split()
-    if method != "GET":
-        raise NotImplementedError("We only accept GET")
-    return uri
-
-
-def resolve_uri(uri):
-    """This method should return appropriate content and a mime type
-
-    Both content and mime type should be expressed as bytes
-    """
-    root_path = pathlib.Path('./webroot')
-    resource_path = root_path / uri.lstrip('/')
-    if resource_path.is_dir():
-        # the resource is a directory, content type is text/html, produce a
-        # listing of the directory contents
-        item_template = '* {}'
-        listing = []
-        for item_path in resource_path.iterdir():
-            listing.append(item_template.format(str(item_path)))
-        content = "\n".join(listing).encode('utf8')
-        mime_type = 'text/plain'.encode('utf8')
-    elif resource_path.is_file():
-        # the resource is a file, figure out its mime type and read
-        content = resource_path.read_bytes()
-        mime_type = mimetypes.guess_type(str(resource_path))[0].encode('utf8')
-    else:
-        raise NameError()
-    return content, mime_type
-
-
-
-def server(log_buffer=sys.stderr):
-    address = ('127.0.0.1', 10000)
-    sock = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
-    sock.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_REUSEADDR, 1)
-    print("making a server on {0}:{1}".format(*address), file=log_buffer)
-    sock.bind(address)
-    sock.listen(1)
-
-    try:
-        while True:
-            print('waiting for a connection', file=log_buffer)
-            conn, addr = sock.accept()  # blocking
-            try:
-                print('connection - {0}:{1}'.format(*addr), file=log_buffer)
-                request = ''
-                while True:
-                    data = conn.recv(1024)
-                    request += data.decode('utf8')
-                    if len(data) < 1024:
-                        break
-
-                try:
-                    uri = parse_request(request)
-                except NotImplementedError:
-                    response = response_method_not_allowed()
-                else:
-                    try:
-                        content, mime_type = resolve_uri(uri)
-                    except NameError:
-                        response = response_not_found()
-                    else:
-                        response = response_ok(content, mime_type)
-
-                print('sending response', file=log_buffer)
-                conn.sendall(response)
-            finally:
-                conn.close()
-
-    except KeyboardInterrupt:
-        sock.close()
-        return
-
-
-if __name__ == '__main__':
-    server()
-    sys.exit(0)
diff --git a/resources/session03/wsgi/bookapp.py b/resources/session03/wsgi/bookapp.py
deleted file mode 100644
index d2284c6f..00000000
--- a/resources/session03/wsgi/bookapp.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,26 +0,0 @@
-import re
-
-from bookdb import BookDB
-
-DB = BookDB()
-
-
-def book(book_id):
-    return "<h1>a book with id %s</h1>" % book_id
-
-
-def books():
-    return "<h1>a list of books</h1>"
-
-
-def application(environ, start_response):
-    status = "200 OK"
-    headers = [('Content-type', 'text/html')]
-    start_response(status, headers)
-    return ["<h1>No Progress Yet</h1>".encode('utf8')]
-
-
-if __name__ == '__main__':
-    from wsgiref.simple_server import make_server
-    srv = make_server('localhost', 8080, application)
-    srv.serve_forever()
diff --git a/resources/session03/wsgi/bookdb.py b/resources/session03/wsgi/bookdb.py
deleted file mode 100644
index f3a72414..00000000
--- a/resources/session03/wsgi/bookdb.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,45 +0,0 @@
-
-class BookDB():
-    def titles(self):
-        titles = [
-            dict(id=id, title=database[id]['title']) for id in database.keys()
-        ]
-        return titles
-
-    def title_info(self, id):
-        return database.get(id, None)
-
-
-# let's pretend we're getting this information from a database somewhere
-database = {
-    'id1': {
-        'title': 'CherryPy Essentials: Rapid Python Web Application Development',
-        'isbn': '978-1904811848',
-        'publisher': 'Packt Publishing (March 31, 2007)',
-        'author': 'Sylvain Hellegouarch',
-    },
-    'id2': {
-        'title': 'Python for Software Design: How to Think Like a Computer Scientist',
-        'isbn': '978-0521725965',
-        'publisher': 'Cambridge University Press; 1 edition (March 16, 2009)',
-        'author': 'Allen B. Downey',
-    },
-    'id3': {
-        'title': 'Foundations of Python Network Programming',
-        'isbn': '978-1430230038',
-        'publisher': 'Apress; 2 edition (December 21, 2010)',
-        'author': 'John Goerzen',
-    },
-    'id4': {
-        'title': 'Python Cookbook, Second Edition',
-        'isbn': '978-0-596-00797-3',
-        'publisher': 'O''Reilly Media',
-        'author': 'Alex Martelli, Anna Ravenscroft, David Ascher',
-    },
-    'id5': {
-        'title': 'The Pragmatic Programmer: From Journeyman to Master',
-        'isbn': '978-0201616224',
-        'publisher': 'Addison-Wesley Professional (October 30, 1999)',
-        'author': 'Andrew Hunt, David Thomas',
-    },
-}
diff --git a/resources/session03/wsgi/tests.py b/resources/session03/wsgi/tests.py
deleted file mode 100644
index b92bc78d..00000000
--- a/resources/session03/wsgi/tests.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,128 +0,0 @@
-import unittest
-
-
-class BookAppTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
-    """shared functionality"""
-
-    def setUp(self):
-        from bookdb import database
-        self.db = database
-
-
-class BookDBTestCase(BookAppTestCase):
-    """tests for the bookdb code"""
-
-    def makeOne(self):
-        from bookdb import BookDB
-        return BookDB()
-
-    def test_all_titles_returned(self):
-        actual_titles = self.makeOne().titles()
-        self.assertEqual(len(actual_titles), len(self.db))
-
-    def test_all_titles_correct(self):
-        actual_titles = self.makeOne().titles()
-        for actual_title in actual_titles:
-            self.assertTrue(actual_title['id'] in self.db)
-            actual = actual_title['title']
-            expected = self.db[actual_title['id']]['title']
-            self.assertEqual(actual, expected)
-
-    def test_title_info_complete(self):
-        use_id, expected = self.db.items()[0]
-        actual = self.makeOne().title_info(use_id)
-        # demonstrate all actual keys are expected
-        for key in actual:
-            self.assertTrue(key in expected)
-        # demonstrate all expected keys are present in actual
-        for key in expected:
-            self.assertTrue(key in actual)
-
-    def test_title_info_correct(self):
-        for book_id, expected in self.db.items():
-            actual = self.makeOne().title_info(book_id)
-            self.assertEqual(actual, expected)
-
-
-class ResolvePathTestCase(BookAppTestCase):
-    """tests for the resolve_path function"""
-
-    def call_function_under_test(self, path):
-        from bookapp import resolve_path
-        return resolve_path(path)
-
-    def test_root_returns_books_function(self):
-        """verify that the correct function is returned by the root path"""
-        from bookapp import books as expected
-        path = '/'
-        actual, args = self.call_function_under_test(path)
-        self.assertTrue(actual is expected)
-
-    def test_root_returns_no_args(self):
-        """verify that no args are returned for the root path"""
-        path = '/'
-        func, actual = self.call_function_under_test(path)
-        self.assertTrue(not actual)
-
-    def test_book_path_returns_book_function(self):
-        from bookapp import book as expected
-        book_id = self.db.keys()[0]
-        path = '/book/{0}'.format(book_id)
-        actual, args = self.call_function_under_test(path)
-        self.assertTrue(actual is expected)
-
-    def test_book_path_returns_bookid_in_args(self):
-        expected = self.db.keys()[0]
-        path = '/book/{0}'.format(expected)
-        func, actual = self.call_function_under_test(path)
-        self.assertTrue(expected in actual)
-
-    def test_bad_path_raises_name_error(self):
-        path = '/not/valid/path'
-        self.assertRaises(NameError, self.call_function_under_test, path)
-
-
-class BooksTestCase(BookAppTestCase):
-    """tests for the books function"""
-
-    def call_function_under_test(self):
-        from bookapp import books
-        return books()
-
-    def test_all_book_titles_in_result(self):
-        actual = self.call_function_under_test()
-        for book_id, info in self.db.items():
-            expected = info['title']
-            self.assertTrue(expected in actual)
-
-    def test_all_book_ids_in_result(self):
-        actual = self.call_function_under_test()
-        for expected in self.db:
-            self.assertTrue(expected in actual)
-
-
-class BookTestCase(BookAppTestCase):
-    """tests for the book function"""
-
-    def call_function_under_test(self, id):
-        from bookapp import book
-        return book(id)
-
-    def test_all_ids_have_results(self):
-        for book_id in self.db:
-            actual = self.call_function_under_test(book_id)
-            self.assertTrue(actual)
-
-    def test_id_returns_correct_results(self):
-        for book_id, book_info in self.db.items():
-            actual = self.call_function_under_test(book_id)
-            for expected in book_info.values():
-                self.assertTrue(expected in actual)
-
-    def test_bad_id_raises_name_error(self):
-        bad_id = "sponge"
-        self.assertRaises(NameError, self.call_function_under_test, bad_id)
-
-
-if __name__ == '__main__':
-    unittest.main()
diff --git a/resources/session03/wsgi/wsgi_1.py b/resources/session03/wsgi/wsgi_1.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 85498d13..00000000
--- a/resources/session03/wsgi/wsgi_1.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,42 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env python
-import datetime
-
-default = "No Value Set"
-
-body = """<html>
-<head>
-<title>Lab 3 - WSGI experiments</title>
-</head>
-<body>
-<p>Hey there, this page has been generated by {software}, running at {path}</p>
-<p>Today is {month} {date}, {year}.</p>
-<p>This page was requested by IP Address {client_ip}</p>
-</body>
-</html>"""
-
-
-def application(environ, start_response):
-    import pprint
-    pprint.pprint(environ)
-
-    response_body = body.format(
-        software=environ.get('SERVER_SOFTWARE', default),
-        path="aaaa",
-        month="bbbb",
-        date="cccc",
-        year="dddd",
-        client_ip="eeee"
-    )
-    status = '200 OK'
-
-    response_headers = [('Content-Type', 'text/html'),
-                        ('Content-Length', str(len(response_body)))]
-    start_response(status, response_headers)
-
-    return [response_body.encode('utf8')]
-
-
-if __name__ == '__main__':
-    from wsgiref.simple_server import make_server
-    srv = make_server('localhost', 8080, application)
-    srv.serve_forever()
diff --git a/resources/session04/mashup_1.py b/resources/session04/mashup_1.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 0880e87c..00000000
--- a/resources/session04/mashup_1.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,51 +0,0 @@
-from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
-import requests
-
-
-INSPECTION_DOMAIN = 'http://info.kingcounty.gov'
-INSPECTION_PATH = '/health/ehs/foodsafety/inspections/Results.aspx'
-INSPECTION_PARAMS = {
-    'Output': 'W',
-    'Business_Name': '',
-    'Business_Address': '',
-    'Longitude': '',
-    'Latitude': '',
-    'City': '',
-    'Zip_Code': '',
-    'Inspection_Type': 'All',
-    'Inspection_Start': '',
-    'Inspection_End': '',
-    'Inspection_Closed_Business': 'A',
-    'Violation_Points': '',
-    'Violation_Red_Points': '',
-    'Violation_Descr': '',
-    'Fuzzy_Search': 'N',
-    'Sort': 'H'
-}
-
-
-def get_inspection_page(**kwargs):
-    url = INSPECTION_DOMAIN + INSPECTION_PATH
-    params = INSPECTION_PARAMS.copy()
-    for key, val in kwargs.items():
-        if key in INSPECTION_PARAMS:
-            params[key] = val
-    resp = requests.get(url, params=params)
-    resp.raise_for_status()
-    return resp.text
-
-
-def parse_source(html):
-    parsed = BeautifulSoup(html)
-    return parsed
-
-
-if __name__ == '__main__':
-    use_params = {
-        'Inspection_Start': '2/1/2014',
-        'Inspection_End': '2/1/2016',
-        'Zip_Code': '98101'
-    }
-    html = get_inspection_page(**use_params)
-    parsed = parse_source(html)
-    print(parsed.prettify())
diff --git a/resources/session04/mashup_2.py b/resources/session04/mashup_2.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 6d4778c9..00000000
--- a/resources/session04/mashup_2.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,66 +0,0 @@
-from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
-import pathlib
-import re
-import requests
-
-
-INSPECTION_DOMAIN = 'http://info.kingcounty.gov'
-INSPECTION_PATH = '/health/ehs/foodsafety/inspections/Results.aspx'
-INSPECTION_PARAMS = {
-    'Output': 'W',
-    'Business_Name': '',
-    'Business_Address': '',
-    'Longitude': '',
-    'Latitude': '',
-    'City': '',
-    'Zip_Code': '',
-    'Inspection_Type': 'All',
-    'Inspection_Start': '',
-    'Inspection_End': '',
-    'Inspection_Closed_Business': 'A',
-    'Violation_Points': '',
-    'Violation_Red_Points': '',
-    'Violation_Descr': '',
-    'Fuzzy_Search': 'N',
-    'Sort': 'H'
-}
-
-
-def get_inspection_page(**kwargs):
-    url = INSPECTION_DOMAIN + INSPECTION_PATH
-    params = INSPECTION_PARAMS.copy()
-    for key, val in kwargs.items():
-        if key in INSPECTION_PARAMS:
-            params[key] = val
-    resp = requests.get(url, params=params)
-    resp.raise_for_status()
-    return resp.text
-
-
-def parse_source(html):
-    parsed = BeautifulSoup(html)
-    return parsed
-
-
-def load_inspection_page(name):
-    file_path = pathlib.Path(name)
-    return file_path.read_text(encoding='utf8')
-
-
-def restaurant_data_generator(html):
-    id_finder = re.compile(r'PR[\d]+~')
-    return html.find_all('div', id=id_finder)
-
-
-if __name__ == '__main__':
-    use_params = {
-        'Inspection_Start': '2/1/2013',
-        'Inspection_End': '2/1/2015',
-        'Zip_Code': '98101'
-    }
-    # html = get_inspection_page(**use_params)
-    html = load_inspection_page('inspection_page.html')
-    parsed = parse_source(html)
-    content_col = parsed.find("td", id="contentcol")
-    data_list = restaurant_data_generator(content_col)
-    print(data_list[0].prettify())
diff --git a/resources/session04/mashup_3.py b/resources/session04/mashup_3.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 79e46632..00000000
--- a/resources/session04/mashup_3.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,93 +0,0 @@
-from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
-import pathlib
-import re
-import requests
-
-
-INSPECTION_DOMAIN = 'http://info.kingcounty.gov'
-INSPECTION_PATH = '/health/ehs/foodsafety/inspections/Results.aspx'
-INSPECTION_PARAMS = {
-    'Output': 'W',
-    'Business_Name': '',
-    'Business_Address': '',
-    'Longitude': '',
-    'Latitude': '',
-    'City': '',
-    'Zip_Code': '',
-    'Inspection_Type': 'All',
-    'Inspection_Start': '',
-    'Inspection_End': '',
-    'Inspection_Closed_Business': 'A',
-    'Violation_Points': '',
-    'Violation_Red_Points': '',
-    'Violation_Descr': '',
-    'Fuzzy_Search': 'N',
-    'Sort': 'H'
-}
-
-
-def get_inspection_page(**kwargs):
-    url = INSPECTION_DOMAIN + INSPECTION_PATH
-    params = INSPECTION_PARAMS.copy()
-    for key, val in kwargs.items():
-        if key in INSPECTION_PARAMS:
-            params[key] = val
-    resp = requests.get(url, params=params)
-    resp.raise_for_status()
-    return resp.text
-
-
-def parse_source(html):
-    parsed = BeautifulSoup(html)
-    return parsed
-
-
-def load_inspection_page(name):
-    file_path = pathlib.Path(name)
-    return file_path.read_text(encoding='utf8')
-
-
-def restaurant_data_generator(html):
-    id_finder = re.compile(r'PR[\d]+~')
-    return html.find_all('div', id=id_finder)
-
-
-def has_two_tds(elem):
-    is_tr = elem.name == 'tr'
-    td_children = elem.find_all('td', recursive=False)
-    has_two = len(td_children) == 2
-    return is_tr and has_two
-
-
-def clean_data(td):
-    return td.text.strip(" \n:-")
-
-
-def extract_restaurant_metadata(elem):
-    restaurant_data_rows = elem.find('tbody').find_all(
-        has_two_tds, recursive=False
-    )
-    rdata = {}
-    current_label = ''
-    for data_row in restaurant_data_rows:
-        key_cell, val_cell = data_row.find_all('td', recursive=False)
-        new_label = clean_data(key_cell)
-        current_label = new_label if new_label else current_label
-        rdata.setdefault(current_label, []).append(clean_data(val_cell))
-    return rdata
-
-
-if __name__ == '__main__':
-    use_params = {
-        'Inspection_Start': '2/1/2013',
-        'Inspection_End': '2/1/2015',
-        'Zip_Code': '98101'
-    }
-    # html = get_inspection_page(**use_params)
-    html = load_inspection_page('inspection_page.html')
-    parsed = parse_source(html)
-    content_col = parsed.find("td", id="contentcol")
-    data_list = restaurant_data_generator(content_col)
-    for data_div in data_list:
-        metadata = extract_restaurant_metadata(data_div)
-        print(metadata)
diff --git a/resources/session04/mashup_4.py b/resources/session04/mashup_4.py
deleted file mode 100644
index ab5ebdd5..00000000
--- a/resources/session04/mashup_4.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,133 +0,0 @@
-from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
-import pathlib
-import re
-import requests
-
-
-INSPECTION_DOMAIN = 'http://info.kingcounty.gov'
-INSPECTION_PATH = '/health/ehs/foodsafety/inspections/Results.aspx'
-INSPECTION_PARAMS = {
-    'Output': 'W',
-    'Business_Name': '',
-    'Business_Address': '',
-    'Longitude': '',
-    'Latitude': '',
-    'City': '',
-    'Zip_Code': '',
-    'Inspection_Type': 'All',
-    'Inspection_Start': '',
-    'Inspection_End': '',
-    'Inspection_Closed_Business': 'A',
-    'Violation_Points': '',
-    'Violation_Red_Points': '',
-    'Violation_Descr': '',
-    'Fuzzy_Search': 'N',
-    'Sort': 'H'
-}
-
-
-def get_inspection_page(**kwargs):
-    url = INSPECTION_DOMAIN + INSPECTION_PATH
-    params = INSPECTION_PARAMS.copy()
-    for key, val in kwargs.items():
-        if key in INSPECTION_PARAMS:
-            params[key] = val
-    resp = requests.get(url, params=params)
-    resp.raise_for_status()
-    return resp.text
-
-
-def parse_source(html):
-    parsed = BeautifulSoup(html)
-    return parsed
-
-
-def load_inspection_page(name):
-    file_path = pathlib.Path(name)
-    return file_path.read_text(encoding='utf8')
-
-
-def restaurant_data_generator(html):
-    id_finder = re.compile(r'PR[\d]+~')
-    return html.find_all('div', id=id_finder)
-
-
-def has_two_tds(elem):
-    is_tr = elem.name == 'tr'
-    td_children = elem.find_all('td', recursive=False)
-    has_two = len(td_children) == 2
-    return is_tr and has_two
-
-
-def clean_data(td):
-    return td.text.strip(" \n:-")
-
-
-def extract_restaurant_metadata(elem):
-    restaurant_data_rows = elem.find('tbody').find_all(
-        has_two_tds, recursive=False
-    )
-    rdata = {}
-    current_label = ''
-    for data_row in restaurant_data_rows:
-        key_cell, val_cell = data_row.find_all('td', recursive=False)
-        new_label = clean_data(key_cell)
-        current_label = new_label if new_label else current_label
-        rdata.setdefault(current_label, []).append(clean_data(val_cell))
-    return rdata
-
-
-def is_inspection_data_row(elem):
-    is_tr = elem.name == 'tr'
-    if not is_tr:
-        return False
-    td_children = elem.find_all('td', recursive=False)
-    has_four = len(td_children) == 4
-    this_text = clean_data(td_children[0]).lower()
-    contains_word = 'inspection' in this_text
-    does_not_start = not this_text.startswith('inspection')
-    return is_tr and has_four and contains_word and does_not_start
-
-
-def get_score_data(elem):
-    inspection_rows = elem.find_all(is_inspection_data_row)
-    samples = len(inspection_rows)
-    total = 0
-    high_score = 0
-    average = 0
-    for row in inspection_rows:
-        strval = clean_data(row.find_all('td')[2])
-        try:
-            intval = int(strval)
-        except (ValueError, TypeError):
-            samples -= 1
-        else:
-            total += intval
-            high_score = intval if intval > high_score else high_score
-
-    if samples:
-        average = total/float(samples)
-    data = {
-        'Average Score': average,
-        'High Score': high_score,
-        'Total Inspections': samples
-    }
-    return data
-
-
-if __name__ == '__main__':
-    use_params = {
-        'Inspection_Start': '2/1/2013',
-        'Inspection_End': '2/1/2015',
-        'Zip_Code': '98101'
-    }
-    # html = get_inspection_page(**use_params)
-    html = load_inspection_page('inspection_page.html')
-    parsed = parse_source(html)
-    content_col = parsed.find("td", id="contentcol")
-    data_list = restaurant_data_generator(content_col)
-    for data_div in data_list:
-        metadata = extract_restaurant_metadata(data_div)
-        inspection_data = get_score_data(data_div)
-        metadata.update(inspection_data)
-        print(metadata)
diff --git a/resources/session04/mashup_5.py b/resources/session04/mashup_5.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 20f62b49..00000000
--- a/resources/session04/mashup_5.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,164 +0,0 @@
-from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
-import geocoder
-import json
-import pathlib
-import re
-import requests
-
-
-INSPECTION_DOMAIN = 'http://info.kingcounty.gov'
-INSPECTION_PATH = '/health/ehs/foodsafety/inspections/Results.aspx'
-INSPECTION_PARAMS = {
-    'Output': 'W',
-    'Business_Name': '',
-    'Business_Address': '',
-    'Longitude': '',
-    'Latitude': '',
-    'City': '',
-    'Zip_Code': '',
-    'Inspection_Type': 'All',
-    'Inspection_Start': '',
-    'Inspection_End': '',
-    'Inspection_Closed_Business': 'A',
-    'Violation_Points': '',
-    'Violation_Red_Points': '',
-    'Violation_Descr': '',
-    'Fuzzy_Search': 'N',
-    'Sort': 'H'
-}
-
-
-def get_inspection_page(**kwargs):
-    url = INSPECTION_DOMAIN + INSPECTION_PATH
-    params = INSPECTION_PARAMS.copy()
-    for key, val in kwargs.items():
-        if key in INSPECTION_PARAMS:
-            params[key] = val
-    resp = requests.get(url, params=params)
-    resp.raise_for_status()
-    return resp.text
-
-
-def parse_source(html):
-    parsed = BeautifulSoup(html)
-    return parsed
-
-
-def load_inspection_page(name):
-    file_path = pathlib.Path(name)
-    return file_path.read_text(encoding='utf8')
-
-
-def restaurant_data_generator(html):
-    id_finder = re.compile(r'PR[\d]+~')
-    return html.find_all('div', id=id_finder)
-
-
-def has_two_tds(elem):
-    is_tr = elem.name == 'tr'
-    td_children = elem.find_all('td', recursive=False)
-    has_two = len(td_children) == 2
-    return is_tr and has_two
-
-
-def clean_data(td):
-    return td.text.strip(" \n:-")
-
-
-def extract_restaurant_metadata(elem):
-    restaurant_data_rows = elem.find('tbody').find_all(
-        has_two_tds, recursive=False
-    )
-    rdata = {}
-    current_label = ''
-    for data_row in restaurant_data_rows:
-        key_cell, val_cell = data_row.find_all('td', recursive=False)
-        new_label = clean_data(key_cell)
-        current_label = new_label if new_label else current_label
-        rdata.setdefault(current_label, []).append(clean_data(val_cell))
-    return rdata
-
-
-def is_inspection_data_row(elem):
-    is_tr = elem.name == 'tr'
-    if not is_tr:
-        return False
-    td_children = elem.find_all('td', recursive=False)
-    has_four = len(td_children) == 4
-    this_text = clean_data(td_children[0]).lower()
-    contains_word = 'inspection' in this_text
-    does_not_start = not this_text.startswith('inspection')
-    return is_tr and has_four and contains_word and does_not_start
-
-
-def get_score_data(elem):
-    inspection_rows = elem.find_all(is_inspection_data_row)
-    samples = len(inspection_rows)
-    total = 0
-    high_score = 0
-    average = 0
-    for row in inspection_rows:
-        strval = clean_data(row.find_all('td')[2])
-        try:
-            intval = int(strval)
-        except (ValueError, TypeError):
-            samples -= 1
-        else:
-            total += intval
-            high_score = intval if intval > high_score else high_score
-
-    if samples:
-        average = total/float(samples)
-    data = {
-        u'Average Score': average,
-        u'High Score': high_score,
-        u'Total Inspections': samples
-    }
-    return data
-
-
-def result_generator(count):
-    use_params = {
-        'Inspection_Start': '2/1/2013',
-        'Inspection_End': '2/1/2015',
-        'Zip_Code': '98101'
-    }
-    # html = get_inspection_page(**use_params)
-    html = load_inspection_page('inspection_page.html')
-    parsed = parse_source(html)
-    content_col = parsed.find("td", id="contentcol")
-    data_list = restaurant_data_generator(content_col)
-    for data_div in data_list[:count]:
-        metadata = extract_restaurant_metadata(data_div)
-        inspection_data = get_score_data(data_div)
-        metadata.update(inspection_data)
-        yield metadata
-
-
-def get_geojson(result):
-    address = " ".join(result.get('Address', ''))
-    if not address:
-        return None
-    geocoded = geocoder.google(address)
-    geojson = geocoded.geojson
-    inspection_data = {}
-    use_keys = (
-        'Business Name', 'Average Score', 'Total Inspections', 'High Score'
-    )
-    for key, val in result.items():
-        if key not in use_keys:
-            continue
-        if isinstance(val, list):
-            val = " ".join(val)
-        inspection_data[key] = val
-    geojson['properties'] = inspection_data
-    return geojson
-
-
-if __name__ == '__main__':
-    total_result = {'type': 'FeatureCollection', 'features': []}
-    for result in result_generator(10):
-        geojson = get_geojson(result)
-        total_result['features'].append(geojson)
-    with open('my_map.json', 'w') as fh:
-        json.dump(total_result, fh)
diff --git a/resources/session06/__init__.py b/resources/session06/__init__.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 32e9cc81..00000000
--- a/resources/session06/__init__.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,30 +0,0 @@
-from pyramid.config import Configurator
-from sqlalchemy import engine_from_config
-
-from .models import (
-    DBSession,
-    Base,
-    )
-
-
-def create_session(settings):
-    from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker
-    engine = engine_from_config(settings, 'sqlalchemy.')
-    Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine)
-    return Session()
-
-
-def main(global_config, **settings):
-    """ This function returns a Pyramid WSGI application.
-    """
-    engine = engine_from_config(settings, 'sqlalchemy.')
-    DBSession.configure(bind=engine)
-    Base.metadata.bind = engine
-    config = Configurator(settings=settings)
-    config.include('pyramid_jinja2')
-    config.add_static_view('static', 'static', cache_max_age=3600)
-    config.add_route('home', '/')
-    config.add_route('detail', '/journal/{id:\d+}')
-    config.add_route('action', '/journal/{action}')
-    config.scan()
-    return config.make_wsgi_app()
diff --git a/resources/session06/development.ini b/resources/session06/development.ini
deleted file mode 100644
index 1139ff82..00000000
--- a/resources/session06/development.ini
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,76 +0,0 @@
-###
-# app configuration
-# http://docs.pylonsproject.org/projects/pyramid/en/1.5-branch/narr/environment.html
-###
-
-[app:main]
-use = egg:learning_journal
-
-pyramid.reload_templates = true
-pyramid.debug_authorization = false
-pyramid.debug_notfound = false
-pyramid.debug_routematch = false
-pyramid.default_locale_name = en
-pyramid.includes =
-    pyramid_debugtoolbar
-    pyramid_tm
-
-sqlalchemy.url = sqlite:///%(here)s/learning_journal.sqlite
-
-# By default, the toolbar only appears for clients from IP addresses
-# '127.0.0.1' and '::1'.
-# debugtoolbar.hosts = 127.0.0.1 ::1
-
-
-[pshell]
-create_session = learning_journal.create_session
-Entry = learning_journal.models.Entry
-
-###
-# wsgi server configuration
-###
-
-[server:main]
-use = egg:waitress#main
-host = 0.0.0.0
-port = 6543
-
-###
-# logging configuration
-# http://docs.pylonsproject.org/projects/pyramid/en/1.5-branch/narr/logging.html
-###
-
-[loggers]
-keys = root, learning_journal, sqlalchemy
-
-[handlers]
-keys = console
-
-[formatters]
-keys = generic
-
-[logger_root]
-level = INFO
-handlers = console
-
-[logger_learning_journal]
-level = DEBUG
-handlers =
-qualname = learning_journal
-
-[logger_sqlalchemy]
-level = INFO
-handlers =
-qualname = sqlalchemy.engine
-# "level = INFO" logs SQL queries.
-# "level = DEBUG" logs SQL queries and results.
-# "level = WARN" logs neither.  (Recommended for production systems.)
-
-[handler_console]
-class = StreamHandler
-args = (sys.stderr,)
-level = NOTSET
-formatter = generic
-
-[formatter_generic]
-format = %(asctime)s %(levelname)-5.5s [%(name)s][%(threadName)s] %(message)s
diff --git a/resources/session06/forms.py b/resources/session06/forms.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 88d9d348..00000000
--- a/resources/session06/forms.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,21 +0,0 @@
-from wtforms import (
-    Form,
-    TextField,
-    TextAreaField,
-    validators,
-)
-
-strip_filter = lambda x: x.strip() if x else None
-
-
-class EntryCreateForm(Form):
-    title = TextField(
-        'Entry title',
-        [validators.Length(min=1, max=255)],
-        filters=[strip_filter]
-    )
-    body = TextAreaField(
-        'Entry body',
-        [validators.Length(min=1)],
-        filters=[strip_filter]
-    )
diff --git a/resources/session06/layout.jinja2 b/resources/session06/layout.jinja2
deleted file mode 100644
index 8dbff846..00000000
--- a/resources/session06/layout.jinja2
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,29 +0,0 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
-<html lang="en">
-  <head>
-    <meta charset="utf-8">
-    <title>Python Learning Journal</title>
-    <!--[if lt IE 9]>
-    <script src="http://html5shiv.googlecode.com/svn/trunk/html5.js"></script>
-    <![endif]-->
-    <link href="{{ request.static_path('static/styles.css') }}" rel="stylesheet">
-  </head>
-  <body>
-    <header>
-      <nav>
-        <ul>
-          <li><a href="{{ request.route_url('home') }}">Home</a></li>
-        </ul>
-      </nav>
-    </header>
-    <main>
-      <h1>My Python Journal</h1>
-      <section id="content">
-      {% block body %}{% endblock %}
-      </section>
-    </main>
-    <footer>
-      <p>Created in the UW PCE Python Certificate Program</p>
-    </footer>
-  </body>
-</html>
diff --git a/resources/session06/learning_journal/.gitignore b/resources/session06/learning_journal/.gitignore
deleted file mode 100644
index c7332211..00000000
--- a/resources/session06/learning_journal/.gitignore
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-*.pyc
-.DS_Store
-*.egg-info
diff --git a/resources/session06/learning_journal/CHANGES.txt b/resources/session06/learning_journal/CHANGES.txt
deleted file mode 100644
index 35a34f33..00000000
--- a/resources/session06/learning_journal/CHANGES.txt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
-0.0
----
-
--  Initial version
diff --git a/resources/session06/learning_journal/MANIFEST.in b/resources/session06/learning_journal/MANIFEST.in
deleted file mode 100644
index 3a0de395..00000000
--- a/resources/session06/learning_journal/MANIFEST.in
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
-include *.txt *.ini *.cfg *.rst
-recursive-include learning_journal *.ico *.png *.css *.gif *.jpg *.pt *.txt *.mak *.mako *.js *.html *.xml
diff --git a/resources/session06/learning_journal/README.txt b/resources/session06/learning_journal/README.txt
deleted file mode 100644
index f49a002c..00000000
--- a/resources/session06/learning_journal/README.txt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,14 +0,0 @@
-learning_journal README
-==================
-
-Getting Started
----------------
-
-- cd <directory containing this file>
-
-- $VENV/bin/python setup.py develop
-
-- $VENV/bin/initialize_learning_journal_db development.ini
-
-- $VENV/bin/pserve development.ini
-
diff --git a/resources/session06/learning_journal/development.ini b/resources/session06/learning_journal/development.ini
deleted file mode 100644
index 1139ff82..00000000
--- a/resources/session06/learning_journal/development.ini
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,76 +0,0 @@
-###
-# app configuration
-# http://docs.pylonsproject.org/projects/pyramid/en/1.5-branch/narr/environment.html
-###
-
-[app:main]
-use = egg:learning_journal
-
-pyramid.reload_templates = true
-pyramid.debug_authorization = false
-pyramid.debug_notfound = false
-pyramid.debug_routematch = false
-pyramid.default_locale_name = en
-pyramid.includes =
-    pyramid_debugtoolbar
-    pyramid_tm
-
-sqlalchemy.url = sqlite:///%(here)s/learning_journal.sqlite
-
-# By default, the toolbar only appears for clients from IP addresses
-# '127.0.0.1' and '::1'.
-# debugtoolbar.hosts = 127.0.0.1 ::1
-
-
-[pshell]
-create_session = learning_journal.create_session
-Entry = learning_journal.models.Entry
-
-###
-# wsgi server configuration
-###
-
-[server:main]
-use = egg:waitress#main
-host = 0.0.0.0
-port = 6543
-
-###
-# logging configuration
-# http://docs.pylonsproject.org/projects/pyramid/en/1.5-branch/narr/logging.html
-###
-
-[loggers]
-keys = root, learning_journal, sqlalchemy
-
-[handlers]
-keys = console
-
-[formatters]
-keys = generic
-
-[logger_root]
-level = INFO
-handlers = console
-
-[logger_learning_journal]
-level = DEBUG
-handlers =
-qualname = learning_journal
-
-[logger_sqlalchemy]
-level = INFO
-handlers =
-qualname = sqlalchemy.engine
-# "level = INFO" logs SQL queries.
-# "level = DEBUG" logs SQL queries and results.
-# "level = WARN" logs neither.  (Recommended for production systems.)
-
-[handler_console]
-class = StreamHandler
-args = (sys.stderr,)
-level = NOTSET
-formatter = generic
-
-[formatter_generic]
-format = %(asctime)s %(levelname)-5.5s [%(name)s][%(threadName)s] %(message)s
diff --git a/resources/session06/learning_journal/learning_journal/__init__.py b/resources/session06/learning_journal/learning_journal/__init__.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 32e9cc81..00000000
--- a/resources/session06/learning_journal/learning_journal/__init__.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,30 +0,0 @@
-from pyramid.config import Configurator
-from sqlalchemy import engine_from_config
-
-from .models import (
-    DBSession,
-    Base,
-    )
-
-
-def create_session(settings):
-    from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker
-    engine = engine_from_config(settings, 'sqlalchemy.')
-    Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine)
-    return Session()
-
-
-def main(global_config, **settings):
-    """ This function returns a Pyramid WSGI application.
-    """
-    engine = engine_from_config(settings, 'sqlalchemy.')
-    DBSession.configure(bind=engine)
-    Base.metadata.bind = engine
-    config = Configurator(settings=settings)
-    config.include('pyramid_jinja2')
-    config.add_static_view('static', 'static', cache_max_age=3600)
-    config.add_route('home', '/')
-    config.add_route('detail', '/journal/{id:\d+}')
-    config.add_route('action', '/journal/{action}')
-    config.scan()
-    return config.make_wsgi_app()
diff --git a/resources/session06/learning_journal/learning_journal/forms.py b/resources/session06/learning_journal/learning_journal/forms.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 88d9d348..00000000
--- a/resources/session06/learning_journal/learning_journal/forms.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,21 +0,0 @@
-from wtforms import (
-    Form,
-    TextField,
-    TextAreaField,
-    validators,
-)
-
-strip_filter = lambda x: x.strip() if x else None
-
-
-class EntryCreateForm(Form):
-    title = TextField(
-        'Entry title',
-        [validators.Length(min=1, max=255)],
-        filters=[strip_filter]
-    )
-    body = TextAreaField(
-        'Entry body',
-        [validators.Length(min=1)],
-        filters=[strip_filter]
-    )
diff --git a/resources/session06/learning_journal/learning_journal/models.py b/resources/session06/learning_journal/learning_journal/models.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 7afb0ddb..00000000
--- a/resources/session06/learning_journal/learning_journal/models.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,64 +0,0 @@
-import datetime
-from sqlalchemy import (
-    Column,
-    DateTime,
-    Index,
-    Integer,
-    Text,
-    Unicode,
-    UnicodeText,
-    )
-
-import sqlalchemy as sa
-from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
-
-from sqlalchemy.orm import (
-    scoped_session,
-    sessionmaker,
-    )
-
-from zope.sqlalchemy import ZopeTransactionExtension
-
-DBSession = scoped_session(sessionmaker(extension=ZopeTransactionExtension()))
-Base = declarative_base()
-
-
-class MyModel(Base):
-    __tablename__ = 'models'
-    id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
-    name = Column(Text)
-    value = Column(Integer)
-
-Index('my_index', MyModel.name, unique=True, mysql_length=255)
-
-
-class Entry(Base):
-    __tablename__ = 'entries'
-    id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
-    title = Column(Unicode(255), unique=True, nullable=False)
-    body = Column(UnicodeText, default=u'')
-    created = Column(DateTime, default=datetime.datetime.utcnow)
-    edited = Column(DateTime, default=datetime.datetime.utcnow)
-
-    @classmethod
-    def all(cls, session=None):
-        """return a query with all entries, ordered by creation date reversed
-        """
-        if session is None:
-            session = DBSession
-        return session.query(cls).order_by(sa.desc(cls.created)).all()
-
-    @classmethod
-    def by_id(cls, id, session=None):
-        """return a single entry identified by id
-
-        If no entry exists with the provided id, return None
-        """
-        if session is None:
-            session = DBSession
-        return session.query(cls).get(id)
-
-
-
-
-
diff --git a/resources/session06/learning_journal/learning_journal/scripts/__init__.py b/resources/session06/learning_journal/learning_journal/scripts/__init__.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 5bb534f7..00000000
--- a/resources/session06/learning_journal/learning_journal/scripts/__init__.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-# package
diff --git a/resources/session06/learning_journal/learning_journal/scripts/initializedb.py b/resources/session06/learning_journal/learning_journal/scripts/initializedb.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 7dfdece1..00000000
--- a/resources/session06/learning_journal/learning_journal/scripts/initializedb.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,40 +0,0 @@
-import os
-import sys
-import transaction
-
-from sqlalchemy import engine_from_config
-
-from pyramid.paster import (
-    get_appsettings,
-    setup_logging,
-    )
-
-from pyramid.scripts.common import parse_vars
-
-from ..models import (
-    DBSession,
-    MyModel,
-    Base,
-    )
-
-
-def usage(argv):
-    cmd = os.path.basename(argv[0])
-    print('usage: %s <config_uri> [var=value]\n'
-          '(example: "%s development.ini")' % (cmd, cmd))
-    sys.exit(1)
-
-
-def main(argv=sys.argv):
-    if len(argv) < 2:
-        usage(argv)
-    config_uri = argv[1]
-    options = parse_vars(argv[2:])
-    setup_logging(config_uri)
-    settings = get_appsettings(config_uri, options=options)
-    engine = engine_from_config(settings, 'sqlalchemy.')
-    DBSession.configure(bind=engine)
-    Base.metadata.create_all(engine)
-    with transaction.manager:
-        model = MyModel(name='one', value=1)
-        DBSession.add(model)
diff --git a/resources/session06/learning_journal/learning_journal/static/pyramid-16x16.png b/resources/session06/learning_journal/learning_journal/static/pyramid-16x16.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 97920311..00000000
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diff --git a/resources/session06/learning_journal/learning_journal/static/pyramid.png b/resources/session06/learning_journal/learning_journal/static/pyramid.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 4ab837be..00000000
Binary files a/resources/session06/learning_journal/learning_journal/static/pyramid.png and /dev/null differ
diff --git a/resources/session06/learning_journal/learning_journal/static/styles.css b/resources/session06/learning_journal/learning_journal/static/styles.css
deleted file mode 100644
index 951ac84f..00000000
--- a/resources/session06/learning_journal/learning_journal/static/styles.css
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,73 +0,0 @@
-body{
-    color:#111;
-    padding:0;
-    margin:0;
-    background-color: #eee;}
-header{
-    margin:0;
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-    width:100%;
-    background: #222;
-    color: #ccc;
-    border-bottom: 3px solid #fff;}
-header:after{
-    content:"";
-    display:table;
-    clear:both;}
-header a,
-footer a{
-    text-decoration:none}
-header a:hover,
-footer a:hover {
-    color:#fff;
-}
-header a:visited,
-footer a:visited {
-    color:#eee;
-}
-header aside{
-    float:right;
-    text-align:right;
-    padding-right:0.75em}
-header ul{
-    list-style:none;
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-    display:inline-block}
-header ul li{
-    margin:0 0.25em 0 0}
-header ul li a{
-    padding:0;
-    display:inline-block}
-main{padding:0 0.75em 1em}
-main:after{
-    content:"";
-    display:table;
-    clear:both}
-main article{
-    margin-bottom:1em;
-    padding-left:0.5em}
-main article h3{margin-top:0}
-main article .entry_body{
-    margin:0.5em}
-main aside{float:right}
-main aside .field{
-    margin-bottom:1em}
-main aside .field input,
-main aside .field label,
-main aside .field textarea{
-    vertical-align:top}
-main aside .field label{
-    display:inline-block;
-    width:15%;
-    padding-top:2px}
-main aside .field input,
-main aside .field textarea{
-    width:83%}
-main aside .control_row input{
-    margin-left:16%}
-footer{
-    padding: 1em 0.75em;
-    background: #222;
-    color: #ccc;
-    border-top: 3px solid #fff;
-    border-bottom: 3px solid #fff;}
diff --git a/resources/session06/learning_journal/learning_journal/static/theme.css b/resources/session06/learning_journal/learning_journal/static/theme.css
deleted file mode 100644
index 228768e2..00000000
--- a/resources/session06/learning_journal/learning_journal/static/theme.css
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,152 +0,0 @@
-@import url(//fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Open+Sans:300,400,600,700);
-body {
-  font-family: "Open Sans", "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;
-  font-weight: 300;
-  color: #ffffff;
-  background: #bc2131;
-}
-h1,
-h2,
-h3,
-h4,
-h5,
-h6 {
-  font-family: "Open Sans", "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;
-  font-weight: 300;
-}
-p {
-  font-weight: 300;
-}
-.font-normal {
-  font-weight: 400;
-}
-.font-semi-bold {
-  font-weight: 600;
-}
-.font-bold {
-  font-weight: 700;
-}
-.starter-template {
-  margin-top: 25px;
-}
-.starter-template .content {
-  margin-left: 10px;
-}
-.starter-template .content h1 {
-  margin-top: 10px;
-  font-size: 60px;
-}
-.starter-template .content h1 .smaller {
-  font-size: 40px;
-  color: #f2b7bd;
-}
-.starter-template .content .lead {
-  font-size: 25px;
-  color: #f2b7bd;
-}
-.starter-template .content .lead .font-normal {
-  color: #ffffff;
-}
-.starter-template .links {
-  float: right;
-  right: 0;
-  margin-top: 125px;
-}
-.starter-template .links ul {
-  display: block;
-  padding: 0;
-  margin: 0;
-}
-.starter-template .links ul li {
-  list-style: none;
-  display: inline;
-  margin: 0 10px;
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-.starter-template .links ul li:first-child {
-  margin-left: 0;
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-.starter-template .links ul li:last-child {
-  margin-right: 0;
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-.starter-template .links ul li.current-version {
-  color: #f2b7bd;
-  font-weight: 400;
-}
-.starter-template .links ul li a {
-  color: #ffffff;
-}
-.starter-template .links ul li a:hover {
-  text-decoration: underline;
-}
-.starter-template .links ul li .icon-muted {
-  color: #eb8b95;
-  margin-right: 5px;
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-.starter-template .links ul li:hover .icon-muted {
-  color: #ffffff;
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-.starter-template .copyright {
-  margin-top: 10px;
-  font-size: 0.9em;
-  color: #f2b7bd;
-  text-transform: lowercase;
-  float: right;
-  right: 0;
-}
-@media (max-width: 1199px) {
-  .starter-template .content h1 {
-    font-size: 45px;
-  }
-  .starter-template .content h1 .smaller {
-    font-size: 30px;
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-  .starter-template .content .lead {
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-}
-@media (max-width: 991px) {
-  .starter-template {
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-  .starter-template .logo {
-    margin: 40px auto;
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-  .starter-template .content {
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-    margin-top: 60px;
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-@media (max-width: 767px) {
-  .starter-template .content h1 .smaller {
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-  .starter-template .content .lead {
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-  .starter-template .links {
-    margin-top: 40px;
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-  .starter-template .links ul li {
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-  .starter-template .links ul li .icon-muted {
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-  .starter-template .copyright {
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diff --git a/resources/session06/learning_journal/learning_journal/static/theme.min.css b/resources/session06/learning_journal/learning_journal/static/theme.min.css
deleted file mode 100644
index 2f924bcc..00000000
--- a/resources/session06/learning_journal/learning_journal/static/theme.min.css
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-@import url(//fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Open+Sans:300,400,600,700);body{font-family:"Open Sans","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-weight:300;color:#fff;background:#bc2131}h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6{font-family:"Open Sans","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-weight:300}p{font-weight:300}.font-normal{font-weight:400}.font-semi-bold{font-weight:600}.font-bold{font-weight:700}.starter-template{margin-top:250px}.starter-template .content{margin-left:10px}.starter-template .content h1{margin-top:10px;font-size:60px}.starter-template .content h1 .smaller{font-size:40px;color:#f2b7bd}.starter-template .content .lead{font-size:25px;color:#f2b7bd}.starter-template .content .lead .font-normal{color:#fff}.starter-template .links{float:right;right:0;margin-top:125px}.starter-template .links ul{display:block;padding:0;margin:0}.starter-template .links ul li{list-style:none;display:inline;margin:0 10px}.starter-template .links ul li:first-child{margin-left:0}.starter-template .links ul li:last-child{margin-right:0}.starter-template .links ul li.current-version{color:#f2b7bd;font-weight:400}.starter-template .links ul li a{color:#fff}.starter-template .links ul li a:hover{text-decoration:underline}.starter-template .links ul li .icon-muted{color:#eb8b95;margin-right:5px}.starter-template .links ul li:hover .icon-muted{color:#fff}.starter-template .copyright{margin-top:10px;font-size:.9em;color:#f2b7bd;text-transform:lowercase;float:right;right:0}@media (max-width:1199px){.starter-template .content h1{font-size:45px}.starter-template .content h1 .smaller{font-size:30px}.starter-template .content .lead{font-size:20px}}@media (max-width:991px){.starter-template{margin-top:0}.starter-template .logo{margin:40px auto}.starter-template .content{margin-left:0;text-align:center}.starter-template .content h1{margin-bottom:20px}.starter-template .links{float:none;text-align:center;margin-top:60px}.starter-template .copyright{float:none;text-align:center}}@media (max-width:767px){.starter-template .content h1 .smaller{font-size:25px;display:block}.starter-template .content .lead{font-size:16px}.starter-template .links{margin-top:40px}.starter-template .links ul li{display:block;margin:0}.starter-template .links ul li .icon-muted{display:none}.starter-template .copyright{margin-top:20px}}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/resources/session06/learning_journal/learning_journal/templates/detail.jinja2 b/resources/session06/learning_journal/learning_journal/templates/detail.jinja2
deleted file mode 100644
index 29d736f5..00000000
--- a/resources/session06/learning_journal/learning_journal/templates/detail.jinja2
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,11 +0,0 @@
-{% extends "layout.jinja2" %}
-{% block body %}
-<article>
-  <h1>{{ entry.title }}</h1>
-  <hr/>
-  <p>{{ entry.body }}</p>
-  <hr/>
-  <p>Created <strong title="{{ entry.created }}">{{entry.created}}</strong></p>
-</article>
-<p><a href="{{ request.route_url('home') }}">Go Back</a></p>
-{% endblock %}
diff --git a/resources/session06/learning_journal/learning_journal/templates/edit.jinja2 b/resources/session06/learning_journal/learning_journal/templates/edit.jinja2
deleted file mode 100644
index ebe0f6b9..00000000
--- a/resources/session06/learning_journal/learning_journal/templates/edit.jinja2
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,17 +0,0 @@
-{% extends "templates/layout.jinja2" %}
-{% block body %}
-<h2>Create a Journal Entry</h2>
-<form action="" method="POST">
-{% for field in form %}
-  {% if field.errors %}
-    <ul>
-    {% for error in field.errors %}
-        <li>{{ error }}</li>
-    {% endfor %}
-    </ul>
-  {% endif %}
-    <p>{{ field.label }}: {{ field }}</p>
-{% endfor %}
-    <p><input type="submit" name="submit" value="Submit" /></p>
-</form>
-{% endblock %}
diff --git a/resources/session06/learning_journal/learning_journal/templates/layout.jinja2 b/resources/session06/learning_journal/learning_journal/templates/layout.jinja2
deleted file mode 100644
index a8b27afd..00000000
--- a/resources/session06/learning_journal/learning_journal/templates/layout.jinja2
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,29 +0,0 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
-<html lang="en">
-  <head>
-    <meta charset="utf-8">
-    <title>Python Learning Journal</title>
-    <!--[if lt IE 9]>
-    <script src="http://html5shiv.googlecode.com/svn/trunk/html5.js"></script>
-    <![endif]-->
-    <link href="{{ request.static_path('learning_journal:static/styles.css') }}" rel="stylesheet">
-  </head>
-  <body>
-    <header>
-      <nav>
-        <ul>
-          <li><a href="{{ request.route_url('home') }}">Home</a></li>
-        </ul>
-      </nav>
-    </header>
-    <main>
-      <h1>My Python Journal</h1>
-      <section id="content">
-      {% block body %}{% endblock %}
-      </section>
-    </main>
-    <footer>
-      <p>Created in the UW PCE Python Certificate Program</p>
-    </footer>
-  </body>
-</html>
diff --git a/resources/session06/learning_journal/learning_journal/templates/list.jinja2 b/resources/session06/learning_journal/learning_journal/templates/list.jinja2
deleted file mode 100644
index 09c835a8..00000000
--- a/resources/session06/learning_journal/learning_journal/templates/list.jinja2
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,16 +0,0 @@
-{% extends "layout.jinja2" %}
-{% block body %}
-{% if entries %}
-<h2>Journal Entries</h2>
-<ul>
-  {% for entry in entries %}
-    <li>
-    <a href="{{ request.route_url('detail', id=entry.id) }}">{{ entry.title }}</a>
-    </li>
-  {% endfor %}
-</ul>
-{% else %}
-<p>This journal is empty</p>
-{% endif %}
-<p><a href="{{ request.route_url('action', action='create') }}">New Entry</a></p>
-{% endblock %}
diff --git a/resources/session06/learning_journal/learning_journal/templates/mytemplate.pt b/resources/session06/learning_journal/learning_journal/templates/mytemplate.pt
deleted file mode 100644
index 9e88dc4b..00000000
--- a/resources/session06/learning_journal/learning_journal/templates/mytemplate.pt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,66 +0,0 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
-<html lang="${request.locale_name}">
-  <head>
-    <meta charset="utf-8">
-    <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
-    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
-    <meta name="description" content="pyramid web application">
-    <meta name="author" content="Pylons Project">
-    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="${request.static_url('learning_journal:static/pyramid-16x16.png')}">
-
-    <title>Alchemy Scaffold for The Pyramid Web Framework</title>
-
-    <!-- Bootstrap core CSS -->
-    <link href="//oss.maxcdn.com/libs/twitter-bootstrap/3.0.3/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet">
-
-    <!-- Custom styles for this scaffold -->
-    <link href="${request.static_url('learning_journal:static/theme.css')}" rel="stylesheet">
-
-    <!-- HTML5 shim and Respond.js IE8 support of HTML5 elements and media queries -->
-    <!--[if lt IE 9]>
-      <script src="//oss.maxcdn.com/libs/html5shiv/3.7.0/html5shiv.js"></script>
-      <script src="//oss.maxcdn.com/libs/respond.js/1.3.0/respond.min.js"></script>
-    <![endif]-->
-  </head>
-
-  <body>
-
-    <div class="starter-template">
-      <div class="container">
-        <div class="row">
-          <div class="col-md-2">
-            <img class="logo img-responsive" src="${request.static_url('learning_journal:static/pyramid.png')}" alt="pyramid web framework">
-          </div>
-          <div class="col-md-10">
-            <div class="content">
-              <h1><span class="font-semi-bold">Pyramid</span> <span class="smaller">Alchemy scaffold</span></h1>
-              <p class="lead">Welcome to <span class="font-normal">${project}</span>, an&nbsp;application generated&nbsp;by<br>the <span class="font-normal">Pyramid Web Framework 1.5.2</span>.</p>
-            </div>
-          </div>
-        </div>
-        <div class="row">
-          <div class="links">
-            <ul>
-              <li class="current-version">Generated by v1.5.2</li>
-              <li><i class="glyphicon glyphicon-bookmark icon-muted"></i><a href="http://docs.pylonsproject.org/projects/pyramid/en/1.5-branch/">Docs</a></li>
-              <li><i class="glyphicon glyphicon-cog icon-muted"></i><a href="https://github.com/Pylons/pyramid">Github Project</a></li>
-              <li><i class="glyphicon glyphicon-globe icon-muted"></i><a href="irc://irc.freenode.net#pyramid">IRC Channel</a></li>
-              <li><i class="glyphicon glyphicon-home icon-muted"></i><a href="http://pylonsproject.org">Pylons Project</a></li>
-          </div>
-        </div>
-        <div class="row">
-          <div class="copyright">
-            Copyright &copy; Pylons Project
-          </div>
-        </div>
-      </div>
-    </div>
-
-
-    <!-- Bootstrap core JavaScript
-    ================================================== -->
-    <!-- Placed at the end of the document so the pages load faster -->
-    <script src="//oss.maxcdn.com/libs/jquery/1.10.2/jquery.min.js"></script>
-    <script src="//oss.maxcdn.com/libs/twitter-bootstrap/3.0.3/js/bootstrap.min.js"></script>
-  </body>
-</html>
diff --git a/resources/session06/learning_journal/learning_journal/tests.py b/resources/session06/learning_journal/learning_journal/tests.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 4fc444a6..00000000
--- a/resources/session06/learning_journal/learning_journal/tests.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,55 +0,0 @@
-import unittest
-import transaction
-
-from pyramid import testing
-
-from .models import DBSession
-
-
-class TestMyViewSuccessCondition(unittest.TestCase):
-    def setUp(self):
-        self.config = testing.setUp()
-        from sqlalchemy import create_engine
-        engine = create_engine('sqlite://')
-        from .models import (
-            Base,
-            MyModel,
-            )
-        DBSession.configure(bind=engine)
-        Base.metadata.create_all(engine)
-        with transaction.manager:
-            model = MyModel(name='one', value=55)
-            DBSession.add(model)
-
-    def tearDown(self):
-        DBSession.remove()
-        testing.tearDown()
-
-    def test_passing_view(self):
-        from .views import my_view
-        request = testing.DummyRequest()
-        info = my_view(request)
-        self.assertEqual(info['one'].name, 'one')
-        self.assertEqual(info['project'], 'learning_journal')
-
-
-class TestMyViewFailureCondition(unittest.TestCase):
-    def setUp(self):
-        self.config = testing.setUp()
-        from sqlalchemy import create_engine
-        engine = create_engine('sqlite://')
-        from .models import (
-            Base,
-            MyModel,
-            )
-        DBSession.configure(bind=engine)
-
-    def tearDown(self):
-        DBSession.remove()
-        testing.tearDown()
-
-    def test_failing_view(self):
-        from .views import my_view
-        request = testing.DummyRequest()
-        info = my_view(request)
-        self.assertEqual(info.status_int, 500)
diff --git a/resources/session06/learning_journal/learning_journal/views.py b/resources/session06/learning_journal/learning_journal/views.py
deleted file mode 100644
index ad76afb5..00000000
--- a/resources/session06/learning_journal/learning_journal/views.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,43 +0,0 @@
-from pyramid.httpexceptions import HTTPFound, HTTPNotFound
-from pyramid.view import view_config
-
-from .models import (
-    DBSession,
-    MyModel,
-    Entry,
-    )
-
-from .forms import EntryCreateForm
-
-
-@view_config(route_name='home', renderer='templates/list.jinja2')
-def index_page(request):
-    entries = Entry.all()
-    return {'entries': entries}
-
-
-@view_config(route_name='detail', renderer='templates/detail.jinja2')
-def view(request):
-    this_id = request.matchdict.get('id', -1)
-    entry = Entry.by_id(this_id)
-    if not entry:
-        return HTTPNotFound()
-    return {'entry': entry}
-
-
-@view_config(route_name='action', match_param='action=create',
-             renderer='templates/edit.jinja2')
-def create(request):
-    entry = Entry()
-    form = EntryCreateForm(request.POST)
-    if request.method == 'POST' and form.validate():
-        form.populate_obj(entry)
-        DBSession.add(entry)
-        return HTTPFound(location=request.route_url('home'))
-    return {'form': form, 'action': request.matchdict.get('action')}
-
-
-@view_config(route_name='action', match_param='action=edit',
-             renderer='string')
-def update(request):
-    return 'edit page'
diff --git a/resources/session06/learning_journal/production.ini b/resources/session06/learning_journal/production.ini
deleted file mode 100644
index 1db7a630..00000000
--- a/resources/session06/learning_journal/production.ini
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,62 +0,0 @@
-###
-# app configuration
-# http://docs.pylonsproject.org/projects/pyramid/en/1.5-branch/narr/environment.html
-###
-
-[app:main]
-use = egg:learning_journal
-
-pyramid.reload_templates = false
-pyramid.debug_authorization = false
-pyramid.debug_notfound = false
-pyramid.debug_routematch = false
-pyramid.default_locale_name = en
-pyramid.includes =
-    pyramid_tm
-
-sqlalchemy.url = sqlite:///%(here)s/learning_journal.sqlite
-
-[server:main]
-use = egg:waitress#main
-host = 0.0.0.0
-port = 6543
-
-###
-# logging configuration
-# http://docs.pylonsproject.org/projects/pyramid/en/1.5-branch/narr/logging.html
-###
-
-[loggers]
-keys = root, learning_journal, sqlalchemy
-
-[handlers]
-keys = console
-
-[formatters]
-keys = generic
-
-[logger_root]
-level = WARN
-handlers = console
-
-[logger_learning_journal]
-level = WARN
-handlers =
-qualname = learning_journal
-
-[logger_sqlalchemy]
-level = WARN
-handlers =
-qualname = sqlalchemy.engine
-# "level = INFO" logs SQL queries.
-# "level = DEBUG" logs SQL queries and results.
-# "level = WARN" logs neither.  (Recommended for production systems.)
-
-[handler_console]
-class = StreamHandler
-args = (sys.stderr,)
-level = NOTSET
-formatter = generic
-
-[formatter_generic]
-format = %(asctime)s %(levelname)-5.5s [%(name)s][%(threadName)s] %(message)s
diff --git a/resources/session06/learning_journal/setup.py b/resources/session06/learning_journal/setup.py
deleted file mode 100644
index e4bb0bcd..00000000
--- a/resources/session06/learning_journal/setup.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,48 +0,0 @@
-import os
-
-from setuptools import setup, find_packages
-
-here = os.path.abspath(os.path.dirname(__file__))
-with open(os.path.join(here, 'README.txt')) as f:
-    README = f.read()
-with open(os.path.join(here, 'CHANGES.txt')) as f:
-    CHANGES = f.read()
-
-requires = [
-    'pyramid',
-    'pyramid_jinja2',
-    'pyramid_debugtoolbar',
-    'pyramid_tm',
-    'SQLAlchemy',
-    'transaction',
-    'zope.sqlalchemy',
-    'waitress',
-    'wtforms',
-    ]
-
-setup(name='learning_journal',
-      version='0.0',
-      description='learning_journal',
-      long_description=README + '\n\n' + CHANGES,
-      classifiers=[
-        "Programming Language :: Python",
-        "Framework :: Pyramid",
-        "Topic :: Internet :: WWW/HTTP",
-        "Topic :: Internet :: WWW/HTTP :: WSGI :: Application",
-        ],
-      author='',
-      author_email='',
-      url='',
-      keywords='web wsgi bfg pylons pyramid',
-      packages=find_packages(),
-      include_package_data=True,
-      zip_safe=False,
-      test_suite='learning_journal',
-      install_requires=requires,
-      entry_points="""\
-      [paste.app_factory]
-      main = learning_journal:main
-      [console_scripts]
-      initialize_learning_journal_db = learning_journal.scripts.initializedb:main
-      """,
-      )
diff --git a/resources/session06/models.py b/resources/session06/models.py
deleted file mode 100644
index e87ac2c8..00000000
--- a/resources/session06/models.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,59 +0,0 @@
-import datetime
-from sqlalchemy import (
-    Column,
-    DateTime,
-    Index,
-    Integer,
-    Text,
-    Unicode,
-    UnicodeText,
-    )
-
-import sqlalchemy as sa
-from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
-
-from sqlalchemy.orm import (
-    scoped_session,
-    sessionmaker,
-    )
-
-from zope.sqlalchemy import ZopeTransactionExtension
-
-DBSession = scoped_session(sessionmaker(extension=ZopeTransactionExtension()))
-Base = declarative_base()
-
-
-class MyModel(Base):
-    __tablename__ = 'models'
-    id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
-    name = Column(Text)
-    value = Column(Integer)
-
-Index('my_index', MyModel.name, unique=True, mysql_length=255)
-
-
-class Entry(Base):
-    __tablename__ = 'entries'
-    id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
-    title = Column(Unicode(255), unique=True, nullable=False)
-    body = Column(UnicodeText, default=u'')
-    created = Column(DateTime, default=datetime.datetime.utcnow)
-    edited = Column(DateTime, default=datetime.datetime.utcnow)
-
-    @classmethod
-    def all(cls, session=None):
-        """return a query with all entries, ordered by creation date reversed
-        """
-        if session is None:
-            session = DBSession
-        return session.query(cls).order_by(sa.desc(cls.created)).all()
-
-    @classmethod
-    def by_id(cls, id, session=None):
-        """return a single entry identified by id
-
-        If no entry exists with the provided id, return None
-        """
-        if session is None:
-            session = DBSession
-        return session.query(cls).get(id)
diff --git a/resources/session06/styles.css b/resources/session06/styles.css
deleted file mode 100644
index 951ac84f..00000000
--- a/resources/session06/styles.css
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,73 +0,0 @@
-body{
-    color:#111;
-    padding:0;
-    margin:0;
-    background-color: #eee;}
-header{
-    margin:0;
-    padding:0 0.75em;
-    width:100%;
-    background: #222;
-    color: #ccc;
-    border-bottom: 3px solid #fff;}
-header:after{
-    content:"";
-    display:table;
-    clear:both;}
-header a,
-footer a{
-    text-decoration:none}
-header a:hover,
-footer a:hover {
-    color:#fff;
-}
-header a:visited,
-footer a:visited {
-    color:#eee;
-}
-header aside{
-    float:right;
-    text-align:right;
-    padding-right:0.75em}
-header ul{
-    list-style:none;
-    list-style-type:none;
-    display:inline-block}
-header ul li{
-    margin:0 0.25em 0 0}
-header ul li a{
-    padding:0;
-    display:inline-block}
-main{padding:0 0.75em 1em}
-main:after{
-    content:"";
-    display:table;
-    clear:both}
-main article{
-    margin-bottom:1em;
-    padding-left:0.5em}
-main article h3{margin-top:0}
-main article .entry_body{
-    margin:0.5em}
-main aside{float:right}
-main aside .field{
-    margin-bottom:1em}
-main aside .field input,
-main aside .field label,
-main aside .field textarea{
-    vertical-align:top}
-main aside .field label{
-    display:inline-block;
-    width:15%;
-    padding-top:2px}
-main aside .field input,
-main aside .field textarea{
-    width:83%}
-main aside .control_row input{
-    margin-left:16%}
-footer{
-    padding: 1em 0.75em;
-    background: #222;
-    color: #ccc;
-    border-top: 3px solid #fff;
-    border-bottom: 3px solid #fff;}
diff --git a/resources/session07/detail.jinja2 b/resources/session07/detail.jinja2
deleted file mode 100644
index f80810d3..00000000
--- a/resources/session07/detail.jinja2
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,15 +0,0 @@
-{% extends "layout.jinja2" %}
-{% block body %}
-<article>
-  <h1>{{ entry.title }}</h1>
-  <hr/>
-  <p>{{ entry.body }}</p>
-  <hr/>
-  <p>Created <strong title="{{ entry.created }}">{{entry.created}}</strong></p>
-</article>
-<p>
-  <a href="{{ request.route_url('home') }}">Go Back</a> ::
-  <a href="{{ request.route_url('action', action='edit', _query=(('id',entry.id),)) }}">
-    Edit Entry</a>
-</p>
-{% endblock %}
diff --git a/resources/session07/forms.py b/resources/session07/forms.py
deleted file mode 100644
index fad71bd1..00000000
--- a/resources/session07/forms.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,26 +0,0 @@
-from wtforms import (
-    Form,
-    HiddenField,
-    TextField,
-    TextAreaField,
-    validators,
-)
-
-strip_filter = lambda x: x.strip() if x else None
-
-
-class EntryCreateForm(Form):
-    title = TextField(
-        'Entry title',
-        [validators.Length(min=1, max=255)],
-        filters=[strip_filter]
-    )
-    body = TextAreaField(
-        'Entry body',
-        [validators.Length(min=1)],
-        filters=[strip_filter]
-    )
-
-
-class EntryEditForm(EntryCreateForm):
-    id = HiddenField()
diff --git a/resources/session07/learning_journal/.gitignore b/resources/session07/learning_journal/.gitignore
deleted file mode 100644
index 2ffa3242..00000000
--- a/resources/session07/learning_journal/.gitignore
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
-*.pyc
-.DS_Store
-*.egg-info
-*.sqlite
diff --git a/resources/session07/learning_journal/CHANGES.txt b/resources/session07/learning_journal/CHANGES.txt
deleted file mode 100644
index 35a34f33..00000000
--- a/resources/session07/learning_journal/CHANGES.txt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
-0.0
----
-
--  Initial version
diff --git a/resources/session07/learning_journal/MANIFEST.in b/resources/session07/learning_journal/MANIFEST.in
deleted file mode 100644
index 3a0de395..00000000
--- a/resources/session07/learning_journal/MANIFEST.in
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
-include *.txt *.ini *.cfg *.rst
-recursive-include learning_journal *.ico *.png *.css *.gif *.jpg *.pt *.txt *.mak *.mako *.js *.html *.xml
diff --git a/resources/session07/learning_journal/Procfile b/resources/session07/learning_journal/Procfile
deleted file mode 100644
index e6450506..00000000
--- a/resources/session07/learning_journal/Procfile
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-web: ./run
diff --git a/resources/session07/learning_journal/README.txt b/resources/session07/learning_journal/README.txt
deleted file mode 100644
index f49a002c..00000000
--- a/resources/session07/learning_journal/README.txt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,14 +0,0 @@
-learning_journal README
-==================
-
-Getting Started
----------------
-
-- cd <directory containing this file>
-
-- $VENV/bin/python setup.py develop
-
-- $VENV/bin/initialize_learning_journal_db development.ini
-
-- $VENV/bin/pserve development.ini
-
diff --git a/resources/session07/learning_journal/build_db b/resources/session07/learning_journal/build_db
deleted file mode 100755
index a912dc68..00000000
--- a/resources/session07/learning_journal/build_db
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-#!/bin/bash
-python setup.py develop
-initialize_learning_journal_db production.ini
diff --git a/resources/session07/learning_journal/development.ini b/resources/session07/learning_journal/development.ini
deleted file mode 100644
index f52e811f..00000000
--- a/resources/session07/learning_journal/development.ini
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,78 +0,0 @@
-###
-# app configuration
-# http://docs.pylonsproject.org/projects/pyramid/en/1.5-branch/narr/environment.html
-###
-
-[app:main]
-use = egg:learning_journal
-
-pyramid.reload_templates = true
-pyramid.debug_authorization = false
-pyramid.debug_notfound = false
-pyramid.debug_routematch = false
-pyramid.default_locale_name = en
-pyramid.includes =
-    pyramid_debugtoolbar
-    pyramid_tm
-
-sqlalchemy.url = sqlite:///%(here)s/learning_journal.sqlite
-
-jinja2.filters =
-    markdown = learning_journal.views.render_markdown
-
-# By default, the toolbar only appears for clients from IP addresses
-# '127.0.0.1' and '::1'.
-# debugtoolbar.hosts = 127.0.0.1 ::1
-
-[pshell]
-create_session = learning_journal.create_session
-Entry = learning_journal.models.Entry
-
-###
-# wsgi server configuration
-###
-
-[server:main]
-use = egg:waitress#main
-host = 0.0.0.0
-port = 6543
-
-###
-# logging configuration
-# http://docs.pylonsproject.org/projects/pyramid/en/1.5-branch/narr/logging.html
-###
-
-[loggers]
-keys = root, learning_journal, sqlalchemy
-
-[handlers]
-keys = console
-
-[formatters]
-keys = generic
-
-[logger_root]
-level = INFO
-handlers = console
-
-[logger_learning_journal]
-level = DEBUG
-handlers =
-qualname = learning_journal
-
-[logger_sqlalchemy]
-level = INFO
-handlers =
-qualname = sqlalchemy.engine
-# "level = INFO" logs SQL queries.
-# "level = DEBUG" logs SQL queries and results.
-# "level = WARN" logs neither.  (Recommended for production systems.)
-
-[handler_console]
-class = StreamHandler
-args = (sys.stderr,)
-level = NOTSET
-formatter = generic
-
-[formatter_generic]
-format = %(asctime)s %(levelname)-5.5s [%(name)s][%(threadName)s] %(message)s
diff --git a/resources/session07/learning_journal/learning_journal/__init__.py b/resources/session07/learning_journal/learning_journal/__init__.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 6f51ba85..00000000
--- a/resources/session07/learning_journal/learning_journal/__init__.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,44 +0,0 @@
-import os
-from pyramid.authentication import AuthTktAuthenticationPolicy
-from pyramid.authorization import ACLAuthorizationPolicy
-from pyramid.config import Configurator
-from sqlalchemy import engine_from_config
-
-from .models import (
-    DBSession,
-    Base,
-    )
-from .security import EntryFactory
-
-
-def create_session(settings):
-    from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker
-    engine = engine_from_config(settings, 'sqlalchemy.')
-    Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine)
-    return Session()
-
-
-def main(global_config, **settings):
-    """ This function returns a Pyramid WSGI application.
-    """
-    if 'DATABASE_URL' in os.environ:
-        settings['sqlalchemy.url'] = os.environ['DATABASE_URL']
-    engine = engine_from_config(settings, 'sqlalchemy.')
-    engine = engine_from_config(settings, 'sqlalchemy.')
-    DBSession.configure(bind=engine)
-    Base.metadata.bind = engine
-    secret = os.environ.get('AUTH_SECRET', 'somesecret')
-    config = Configurator(
-        settings=settings,
-        authentication_policy=AuthTktAuthenticationPolicy(secret),
-        authorization_policy=ACLAuthorizationPolicy(),
-        default_permission='view'
-    )
-    config.include('pyramid_jinja2')
-    config.add_static_view('static', 'static', cache_max_age=3600)
-    config.add_route('home', '/', factory=EntryFactory)
-    config.add_route('detail', '/journal/{id:\d+}', factory=EntryFactory)
-    config.add_route('action', '/journal/{action}', factory=EntryFactory)
-    config.add_route('auth', '/sign/{action}', factory=EntryFactory)
-    config.scan()
-    return config.make_wsgi_app()
diff --git a/resources/session07/learning_journal/learning_journal/forms.py b/resources/session07/learning_journal/learning_journal/forms.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 652c286b..00000000
--- a/resources/session07/learning_journal/learning_journal/forms.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,32 +0,0 @@
-from wtforms import (
-    Form,
-    HiddenField,
-    PasswordField,
-    TextField,
-    TextAreaField,
-    validators,
-)
-
-strip_filter = lambda x: x.strip() if x else None
-
-
-class EntryCreateForm(Form):
-    title = TextField(
-        'Entry title',
-        [validators.Length(min=1, max=255)],
-        filters=[strip_filter]
-    )
-    body = TextAreaField(
-        'Entry body',
-        [validators.Length(min=1)],
-        filters=[strip_filter]
-    )
-
-
-class EntryEditForm(EntryCreateForm):
-    id = HiddenField()
-
-
-class LoginForm(Form):
-    username = TextField('Username', [validators.Length(min=1, max=255)])
-    password = PasswordField('Password', [validators.Length(min=1, max=255)])
diff --git a/resources/session07/learning_journal/learning_journal/models.py b/resources/session07/learning_journal/learning_journal/models.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 6f2290c2..00000000
--- a/resources/session07/learning_journal/learning_journal/models.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,79 +0,0 @@
-import datetime
-from passlib.context import CryptContext
-from sqlalchemy import (
-    Column,
-    DateTime,
-    Index,
-    Integer,
-    Text,
-    Unicode,
-    UnicodeText,
-    )
-
-import sqlalchemy as sa
-from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
-
-from sqlalchemy.orm import (
-    scoped_session,
-    sessionmaker,
-    )
-
-from zope.sqlalchemy import ZopeTransactionExtension
-
-DBSession = scoped_session(sessionmaker(extension=ZopeTransactionExtension()))
-Base = declarative_base()
-
-
-password_context = CryptContext(schemes=['pbkdf2_sha512'])
-
-
-class MyModel(Base):
-    __tablename__ = 'models'
-    id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
-    name = Column(Text)
-    value = Column(Integer)
-
-Index('my_index', MyModel.name, unique=True, mysql_length=255)
-
-
-class Entry(Base):
-    __tablename__ = 'entries'
-    id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
-    title = Column(Unicode(255), unique=True, nullable=False)
-    body = Column(UnicodeText, default=u'')
-    created = Column(DateTime, default=datetime.datetime.utcnow)
-    edited = Column(DateTime, default=datetime.datetime.utcnow)
-
-    @classmethod
-    def all(cls, session=None):
-        """return a query with all entries, ordered by creation date reversed
-        """
-        if session is None:
-            session = DBSession
-        return session.query(cls).order_by(sa.desc(cls.created)).all()
-
-    @classmethod
-    def by_id(cls, id, session=None):
-        """return a single entry identified by id
-
-        If no entry exists with the provided id, return None
-        """
-        if session is None:
-            session = DBSession
-        return session.query(cls).get(id)
-
-
-class User(Base):
-    __tablename__ = 'users'
-    id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True)
-    name = Column(Unicode(255), unique=True, nullable=False)
-    password = Column(Unicode(255), nullable=False)
-
-    @classmethod
-    def by_name(cls, name, session=None):
-        if session is None:
-            session = DBSession
-        return DBSession.query(cls).filter(cls.name == name).first()
-
-    def verify_password(self, password):
-        return password_context.verify(password, self.password)
diff --git a/resources/session07/learning_journal/learning_journal/scripts/__init__.py b/resources/session07/learning_journal/learning_journal/scripts/__init__.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 5bb534f7..00000000
--- a/resources/session07/learning_journal/learning_journal/scripts/__init__.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-# package
diff --git a/resources/session07/learning_journal/learning_journal/scripts/initializedb.py b/resources/session07/learning_journal/learning_journal/scripts/initializedb.py
deleted file mode 100644
index a5dc7b20..00000000
--- a/resources/session07/learning_journal/learning_journal/scripts/initializedb.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,46 +0,0 @@
-import os
-import sys
-import transaction
-
-from sqlalchemy import engine_from_config
-
-from pyramid.paster import (
-    get_appsettings,
-    setup_logging,
-    )
-
-from pyramid.scripts.common import parse_vars
-
-from ..models import (
-    DBSession,
-    MyModel,
-    Base,
-    User,
-    password_context
-    )
-
-
-def usage(argv):
-    cmd = os.path.basename(argv[0])
-    print('usage: %s <config_uri> [var=value]\n'
-          '(example: "%s development.ini")' % (cmd, cmd))
-    sys.exit(1)
-
-
-def main(argv=sys.argv):
-    if len(argv) < 2:
-        usage(argv)
-    config_uri = argv[1]
-    options = parse_vars(argv[2:])
-    setup_logging(config_uri)
-    settings = get_appsettings(config_uri, options=options)
-    if 'DATABASE_URL' in os.environ:
-        settings['sqlalchemy.url'] = os.environ['DATABASE_URL']
-    engine = engine_from_config(settings, 'sqlalchemy.')
-    DBSession.configure(bind=engine)
-    Base.metadata.create_all(engine)
-    with transaction.manager:
-        password = os.environ.get('ADMIN_PASSWORD', 'admin')
-        encrypted = password_context.encrypt(password)
-        admin = User(name=u'admin', password=encrypted)
-        DBSession.add(admin)
diff --git a/resources/session07/learning_journal/learning_journal/security.py b/resources/session07/learning_journal/learning_journal/security.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 2ee4d4eb..00000000
--- a/resources/session07/learning_journal/learning_journal/security.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,12 +0,0 @@
-from pyramid.security import Allow, Everyone, Authenticated
-
-
-class EntryFactory(object):
-    __acl__ = [
-        (Allow, Everyone, 'view'),
-        (Allow, Authenticated, 'create'),
-        (Allow, Authenticated, 'edit'),
-    ]
-
-    def __init__(self, request):
-        pass
diff --git a/resources/session07/learning_journal/learning_journal/static/pyramid-16x16.png b/resources/session07/learning_journal/learning_journal/static/pyramid-16x16.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 97920311..00000000
Binary files a/resources/session07/learning_journal/learning_journal/static/pyramid-16x16.png and /dev/null differ
diff --git a/resources/session07/learning_journal/learning_journal/static/pyramid.png b/resources/session07/learning_journal/learning_journal/static/pyramid.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 4ab837be..00000000
Binary files a/resources/session07/learning_journal/learning_journal/static/pyramid.png and /dev/null differ
diff --git a/resources/session07/learning_journal/learning_journal/static/styles.css b/resources/session07/learning_journal/learning_journal/static/styles.css
deleted file mode 100644
index e9299ebd..00000000
--- a/resources/session07/learning_journal/learning_journal/static/styles.css
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,138 +0,0 @@
-body{
-    color:#111;
-    padding:0;
-    margin:0;
-    background-color: #eee;}
-header{
-    margin:0;
-    padding:0 0.75em;
-    width:100%;
-    background: #222;
-    color: #ccc;
-    border-bottom: 3px solid #fff;}
-header:after{
-    content:"";
-    display:table;
-    clear:both;}
-header a,
-footer a{
-    text-decoration:none}
-header a:hover,
-footer a:hover {
-    color:#fff;
-}
-header a:visited,
-footer a:visited {
-    color:#eee;
-}
-header aside{
-    float:right;
-    text-align:right;
-    padding-right:0.75em}
-header ul{
-    list-style:none;
-    list-style-type:none;
-    display:inline-block}
-header ul li{
-    margin:0 0.25em 0 0}
-header ul li a{
-    padding:0;
-    display:inline-block}
-main{padding:0 0.75em 1em}
-main:after{
-    content:"";
-    display:table;
-    clear:both}
-main article{
-    margin-bottom:1em;
-    padding-left:0.5em}
-main article h3{margin-top:0}
-main article .entry_body{
-    margin:0.5em}
-main aside{float:right}
-main aside .field{
-    margin-bottom:1em}
-main aside .field input,
-main aside .field label,
-main aside .field textarea{
-    vertical-align:top}
-main aside .field label{
-    display:inline-block;
-    width:15%;
-    padding-top:2px}
-main aside .field input,
-main aside .field textarea{
-    width:83%}
-main aside .control_row input{
-    margin-left:16%}
-footer{
-    padding: 1em 0.75em;
-    background: #222;
-    color: #ccc;
-    border-top: 3px solid #fff;
-    border-bottom: 3px solid #fff;}
-.codehilite {padding: 0.25em 1em;}
-/* Pygments code hilight styles */
-.codehilite .hll { background-color: #ffffcc }
-.codehilite  { background: #ffffff; }
-.codehilite .c { color: #888888 } /* Comment */
-.codehilite .err { color: #FF0000; background-color: #FFAAAA } /* Error */
-.codehilite .k { color: #008800; font-weight: bold } /* Keyword */
-.codehilite .o { color: #333333 } /* Operator */
-.codehilite .cm { color: #888888 } /* Comment.Multiline */
-.codehilite .cp { color: #557799 } /* Comment.Preproc */
-.codehilite .c1 { color: #888888 } /* Comment.Single */
-.codehilite .cs { color: #cc0000; font-weight: bold } /* Comment.Special */
-.codehilite .gd { color: #A00000 } /* Generic.Deleted */
-.codehilite .ge { font-style: italic } /* Generic.Emph */
-.codehilite .gr { color: #FF0000 } /* Generic.Error */
-.codehilite .gh { color: #000080; font-weight: bold } /* Generic.Heading */
-.codehilite .gi { color: #00A000 } /* Generic.Inserted */
-.codehilite .go { color: #888888 } /* Generic.Output */
-.codehilite .gp { color: #c65d09; font-weight: bold } /* Generic.Prompt */
-.codehilite .gs { font-weight: bold } /* Generic.Strong */
-.codehilite .gu { color: #800080; font-weight: bold } /* Generic.Subheading */
-.codehilite .gt { color: #0044DD } /* Generic.Traceback */
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-.codehilite .kd { color: #008800; font-weight: bold } /* Keyword.Declaration */
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-.codehilite .na { color: #0000CC } /* Name.Attribute */
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diff --git a/resources/session07/learning_journal/learning_journal/static/theme.css b/resources/session07/learning_journal/learning_journal/static/theme.css
deleted file mode 100644
index be50ad42..00000000
--- a/resources/session07/learning_journal/learning_journal/static/theme.css
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,152 +0,0 @@
-@import url(//fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Open+Sans:300,400,600,700);
-body {
-  font-family: "Open Sans", "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;
-  font-weight: 300;
-  color: #ffffff;
-  background: #bc2131;
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-h1,
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-h3,
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-  font-family: "Open Sans", "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;
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-p {
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-.font-normal {
-  font-weight: 400;
-}
-.font-semi-bold {
-  font-weight: 600;
-}
-.font-bold {
-  font-weight: 700;
-}
-.starter-template {
-  margin-top: 250px;
-}
-.starter-template .content {
-  margin-left: 10px;
-}
-.starter-template .content h1 {
-  margin-top: 10px;
-  font-size: 60px;
-}
-.starter-template .content h1 .smaller {
-  font-size: 40px;
-  color: #f2b7bd;
-}
-.starter-template .content .lead {
-  font-size: 25px;
-  color: #f2b7bd;
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-.starter-template .content .lead .font-normal {
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-.starter-template .links {
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-  margin-top: 125px;
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-.starter-template .links ul {
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-.starter-template .links ul li:first-child {
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-.starter-template .links ul li a {
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-.starter-template .links ul li .icon-muted {
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-@media (max-width: 1199px) {
-  .starter-template .content h1 {
-    font-size: 45px;
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-  .starter-template .content h1 .smaller {
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-  .starter-template .content .lead {
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-@media (max-width: 991px) {
-  .starter-template {
-    margin-top: 0;
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-  .starter-template .logo {
-    margin: 40px auto;
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-  .starter-template .content .lead {
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-  .starter-template .links {
-    margin-top: 40px;
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-  .starter-template .links ul li {
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-  .starter-template .links ul li .icon-muted {
-    display: none;
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-  .starter-template .copyright {
-    margin-top: 20px;
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diff --git a/resources/session07/learning_journal/learning_journal/static/theme.min.css b/resources/session07/learning_journal/learning_journal/static/theme.min.css
deleted file mode 100644
index 2f924bcc..00000000
--- a/resources/session07/learning_journal/learning_journal/static/theme.min.css
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
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diff --git a/resources/session07/learning_journal/learning_journal/templates/detail.jinja2 b/resources/session07/learning_journal/learning_journal/templates/detail.jinja2
deleted file mode 100644
index 8f966471..00000000
--- a/resources/session07/learning_journal/learning_journal/templates/detail.jinja2
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,18 +0,0 @@
-{% extends "layout.jinja2" %}
-{% block body %}
-<article>
-  <h1>{{ entry.title }}</h1>
-  <hr/>
-  <p>{{ entry.body|markdown }}</p>
-  <hr/>
-  <p>Created <strong title="{{ entry.created }}">{{entry.created}}</strong></p>
-</article>
-<p>
-  <a href="{{ request.route_url('home') }}">Go Back</a>
-  {% if logged_in %}
-  ::
-  <a href="{{ request.route_url('action', action='edit', _query=(('id',entry.id),)) }}">
-    Edit Entry</a>
-  {% endif %}
-</p>
-{% endblock %}
diff --git a/resources/session07/learning_journal/learning_journal/templates/edit.jinja2 b/resources/session07/learning_journal/learning_journal/templates/edit.jinja2
deleted file mode 100644
index ebe0f6b9..00000000
--- a/resources/session07/learning_journal/learning_journal/templates/edit.jinja2
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,17 +0,0 @@
-{% extends "templates/layout.jinja2" %}
-{% block body %}
-<h2>Create a Journal Entry</h2>
-<form action="" method="POST">
-{% for field in form %}
-  {% if field.errors %}
-    <ul>
-    {% for error in field.errors %}
-        <li>{{ error }}</li>
-    {% endfor %}
-    </ul>
-  {% endif %}
-    <p>{{ field.label }}: {{ field }}</p>
-{% endfor %}
-    <p><input type="submit" name="submit" value="Submit" /></p>
-</form>
-{% endblock %}
diff --git a/resources/session07/learning_journal/learning_journal/templates/layout.jinja2 b/resources/session07/learning_journal/learning_journal/templates/layout.jinja2
deleted file mode 100644
index a8b27afd..00000000
--- a/resources/session07/learning_journal/learning_journal/templates/layout.jinja2
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,29 +0,0 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
-<html lang="en">
-  <head>
-    <meta charset="utf-8">
-    <title>Python Learning Journal</title>
-    <!--[if lt IE 9]>
-    <script src="http://html5shiv.googlecode.com/svn/trunk/html5.js"></script>
-    <![endif]-->
-    <link href="{{ request.static_path('learning_journal:static/styles.css') }}" rel="stylesheet">
-  </head>
-  <body>
-    <header>
-      <nav>
-        <ul>
-          <li><a href="{{ request.route_url('home') }}">Home</a></li>
-        </ul>
-      </nav>
-    </header>
-    <main>
-      <h1>My Python Journal</h1>
-      <section id="content">
-      {% block body %}{% endblock %}
-      </section>
-    </main>
-    <footer>
-      <p>Created in the UW PCE Python Certificate Program</p>
-    </footer>
-  </body>
-</html>
diff --git a/resources/session07/learning_journal/learning_journal/templates/list.jinja2 b/resources/session07/learning_journal/learning_journal/templates/list.jinja2
deleted file mode 100644
index 7f1e4795..00000000
--- a/resources/session07/learning_journal/learning_journal/templates/list.jinja2
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,31 +0,0 @@
-{% extends "layout.jinja2" %}
-{% block body %}
-{% if login_form %}
-<aside><form action="{{ request.route_url('auth', action='in') }}" method="POST">
-  {% for field in login_form %}
-    {% if field.errors %}
-      <ul>{% for error in field.errors %}
-        <li>{{ error }}</li>
-      {% endfor %}</ul>
-    {% endif %}
-      <p>{{ field.label }}: {{ field }}</p>
-  {% endfor %}
-  <p><input type="submit" name="Log In" value="Log In"/></p>
-</form></aside>
-{% endif %}
-{% if entries %}
-<h2>Journal Entries</h2>
-<ul>
-  {% for entry in entries %}
-    <li>
-    <a href="{{ request.route_url('detail', id=entry.id) }}">{{ entry.title }}</a>
-    </li>
-  {% endfor %}
-</ul>
-{% else %}
-<p>This journal is empty</p>
-{% endif %}
-{% if not login_form %}
-<p><a href="{{ request.route_url('action', action='create') }}">New Entry</a></p>
-{% endif %}
-{% endblock %}
diff --git a/resources/session07/learning_journal/learning_journal/templates/mytemplate.pt b/resources/session07/learning_journal/learning_journal/templates/mytemplate.pt
deleted file mode 100644
index 9e88dc4b..00000000
--- a/resources/session07/learning_journal/learning_journal/templates/mytemplate.pt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,66 +0,0 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
-<html lang="${request.locale_name}">
-  <head>
-    <meta charset="utf-8">
-    <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
-    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
-    <meta name="description" content="pyramid web application">
-    <meta name="author" content="Pylons Project">
-    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="${request.static_url('learning_journal:static/pyramid-16x16.png')}">
-
-    <title>Alchemy Scaffold for The Pyramid Web Framework</title>
-
-    <!-- Bootstrap core CSS -->
-    <link href="//oss.maxcdn.com/libs/twitter-bootstrap/3.0.3/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet">
-
-    <!-- Custom styles for this scaffold -->
-    <link href="${request.static_url('learning_journal:static/theme.css')}" rel="stylesheet">
-
-    <!-- HTML5 shim and Respond.js IE8 support of HTML5 elements and media queries -->
-    <!--[if lt IE 9]>
-      <script src="//oss.maxcdn.com/libs/html5shiv/3.7.0/html5shiv.js"></script>
-      <script src="//oss.maxcdn.com/libs/respond.js/1.3.0/respond.min.js"></script>
-    <![endif]-->
-  </head>
-
-  <body>
-
-    <div class="starter-template">
-      <div class="container">
-        <div class="row">
-          <div class="col-md-2">
-            <img class="logo img-responsive" src="${request.static_url('learning_journal:static/pyramid.png')}" alt="pyramid web framework">
-          </div>
-          <div class="col-md-10">
-            <div class="content">
-              <h1><span class="font-semi-bold">Pyramid</span> <span class="smaller">Alchemy scaffold</span></h1>
-              <p class="lead">Welcome to <span class="font-normal">${project}</span>, an&nbsp;application generated&nbsp;by<br>the <span class="font-normal">Pyramid Web Framework 1.5.2</span>.</p>
-            </div>
-          </div>
-        </div>
-        <div class="row">
-          <div class="links">
-            <ul>
-              <li class="current-version">Generated by v1.5.2</li>
-              <li><i class="glyphicon glyphicon-bookmark icon-muted"></i><a href="http://docs.pylonsproject.org/projects/pyramid/en/1.5-branch/">Docs</a></li>
-              <li><i class="glyphicon glyphicon-cog icon-muted"></i><a href="https://github.com/Pylons/pyramid">Github Project</a></li>
-              <li><i class="glyphicon glyphicon-globe icon-muted"></i><a href="irc://irc.freenode.net#pyramid">IRC Channel</a></li>
-              <li><i class="glyphicon glyphicon-home icon-muted"></i><a href="http://pylonsproject.org">Pylons Project</a></li>
-          </div>
-        </div>
-        <div class="row">
-          <div class="copyright">
-            Copyright &copy; Pylons Project
-          </div>
-        </div>
-      </div>
-    </div>
-
-
-    <!-- Bootstrap core JavaScript
-    ================================================== -->
-    <!-- Placed at the end of the document so the pages load faster -->
-    <script src="//oss.maxcdn.com/libs/jquery/1.10.2/jquery.min.js"></script>
-    <script src="//oss.maxcdn.com/libs/twitter-bootstrap/3.0.3/js/bootstrap.min.js"></script>
-  </body>
-</html>
diff --git a/resources/session07/learning_journal/learning_journal/tests.py b/resources/session07/learning_journal/learning_journal/tests.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 4fc444a6..00000000
--- a/resources/session07/learning_journal/learning_journal/tests.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,55 +0,0 @@
-import unittest
-import transaction
-
-from pyramid import testing
-
-from .models import DBSession
-
-
-class TestMyViewSuccessCondition(unittest.TestCase):
-    def setUp(self):
-        self.config = testing.setUp()
-        from sqlalchemy import create_engine
-        engine = create_engine('sqlite://')
-        from .models import (
-            Base,
-            MyModel,
-            )
-        DBSession.configure(bind=engine)
-        Base.metadata.create_all(engine)
-        with transaction.manager:
-            model = MyModel(name='one', value=55)
-            DBSession.add(model)
-
-    def tearDown(self):
-        DBSession.remove()
-        testing.tearDown()
-
-    def test_passing_view(self):
-        from .views import my_view
-        request = testing.DummyRequest()
-        info = my_view(request)
-        self.assertEqual(info['one'].name, 'one')
-        self.assertEqual(info['project'], 'learning_journal')
-
-
-class TestMyViewFailureCondition(unittest.TestCase):
-    def setUp(self):
-        self.config = testing.setUp()
-        from sqlalchemy import create_engine
-        engine = create_engine('sqlite://')
-        from .models import (
-            Base,
-            MyModel,
-            )
-        DBSession.configure(bind=engine)
-
-    def tearDown(self):
-        DBSession.remove()
-        testing.tearDown()
-
-    def test_failing_view(self):
-        from .views import my_view
-        request = testing.DummyRequest()
-        info = my_view(request)
-        self.assertEqual(info.status_int, 500)
diff --git a/resources/session07/learning_journal/learning_journal/views.py b/resources/session07/learning_journal/learning_journal/views.py
deleted file mode 100644
index d6248a0b..00000000
--- a/resources/session07/learning_journal/learning_journal/views.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,94 +0,0 @@
-from jinja2 import Markup
-import markdown
-from pyramid.httpexceptions import HTTPFound, HTTPNotFound
-from pyramid.security import forget, remember, authenticated_userid
-from pyramid.view import view_config
-
-from .models import (
-    DBSession,
-    MyModel,
-    Entry,
-    User
-    )
-
-from .forms import (
-    EntryCreateForm,
-    EntryEditForm,
-    LoginForm
-)
-
-
-@view_config(route_name='home', renderer='templates/list.jinja2')
-def index_page(request):
-    entries = Entry.all()
-    form = None
-    if not authenticated_userid(request):
-        form = LoginForm()
-    return {'entries': entries, 'login_form': form}
-
-
-@view_config(route_name='detail', renderer='templates/detail.jinja2')
-def view(request):
-    this_id = request.matchdict.get('id', -1)
-    entry = Entry.by_id(this_id)
-    if not entry:
-        return HTTPNotFound()
-    logged_in = authenticated_userid(request)
-    return {'entry': entry, 'logged_in': logged_in}
-
-
-@view_config(route_name='action', match_param='action=create',
-             renderer='templates/edit.jinja2',
-             permission='create')
-def create(request):
-    entry = Entry()
-    form = EntryCreateForm(request.POST)
-    if request.method == 'POST' and form.validate():
-        form.populate_obj(entry)
-        DBSession.add(entry)
-        return HTTPFound(location=request.route_url('home'))
-    return {'form': form, 'action': request.matchdict.get('action')}
-
-
-@view_config(route_name='action', match_param='action=edit',
-             renderer='templates/edit.jinja2',
-             permission='edit')
-def update(request):
-    id = int(request.params.get('id', -1))
-    entry = Entry.by_id(id)
-    if not entry:
-        return HTTPNotFound()
-    form = EntryEditForm(request.POST, entry)
-    if request.method == 'POST' and form.validate():
-        form.populate_obj(entry)
-        return HTTPFound(location=request.route_url('detail', id=entry.id))
-    return {'form': form, 'action': request.matchdict.get('action')}
-
-
-@view_config(route_name='auth', match_param='action=in', renderer='string',
-             request_method='POST')
-@view_config(route_name='auth', match_param='action=out', renderer='string')
-def sign_in(request):
-    login_form = None
-    if request.method == 'POST':
-        login_form = LoginForm(request.POST)
-    if login_form and login_form.validate():
-        user = User.by_name(login_form.username.data)
-        if user and user.verify_password(login_form.password.data):
-            headers = remember(request, user.name)
-        else:
-            headers = forget(request)
-    else:
-        headers = forget(request)
-    return HTTPFound(location=request.route_url('home'),
-                     headers=headers)
-
-
-def render_markdown(content):
-    output = Markup(
-        markdown.markdown(
-            content,
-            extensions=['codehilite(pygments_style=colorful)', 'fenced_code']
-        )
-    )
-    return output
diff --git a/resources/session07/learning_journal/production.ini b/resources/session07/learning_journal/production.ini
deleted file mode 100644
index d203746a..00000000
--- a/resources/session07/learning_journal/production.ini
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,66 +0,0 @@
-###
-# app configuration
-# http://docs.pylonsproject.org/projects/pyramid/en/1.5-branch/narr/environment.html
-###
-
-[app:main]
-use = egg:learning_journal
-
-
-pyramid.reload_templates = false
-pyramid.debug_authorization = false
-pyramid.debug_notfound = false
-pyramid.debug_routematch = false
-pyramid.default_locale_name = en
-pyramid.includes =
-    pyramid_tm
-
-sqlalchemy.url = sqlite:///%(here)s/learning_journal.sqlite
-
-jinja2.filters =
-    markdown = learning_journal.views.render_markdown
-
-[server:main]
-use = egg:waitress#main
-host = 0.0.0.0
-port = 6543
-
-###
-# logging configuration
-# http://docs.pylonsproject.org/projects/pyramid/en/1.5-branch/narr/logging.html
-###
-
-[loggers]
-keys = root, learning_journal, sqlalchemy
-
-[handlers]
-keys = console
-
-[formatters]
-keys = generic
-
-[logger_root]
-level = WARN
-handlers = console
-
-[logger_learning_journal]
-level = WARN
-handlers =
-qualname = learning_journal
-
-[logger_sqlalchemy]
-level = WARN
-handlers =
-qualname = sqlalchemy.engine
-# "level = INFO" logs SQL queries.
-# "level = DEBUG" logs SQL queries and results.
-# "level = WARN" logs neither.  (Recommended for production systems.)
-
-[handler_console]
-class = StreamHandler
-args = (sys.stderr,)
-level = NOTSET
-formatter = generic
-
-[formatter_generic]
-format = %(asctime)s %(levelname)-5.5s [%(name)s][%(threadName)s] %(message)s
diff --git a/resources/session07/learning_journal/requirements.txt b/resources/session07/learning_journal/requirements.txt
deleted file mode 100644
index 871e054a..00000000
--- a/resources/session07/learning_journal/requirements.txt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,34 +0,0 @@
-appnope==0.1.0
-decorator==4.0.6
-ipython==4.0.1
-ipython-genutils==0.1.0
-Jinja2==2.8
-Mako==1.0.3
-Markdown==2.6.5
-MarkupSafe==0.23
-passlib==1.6.5
-PasteDeploy==1.5.2
-path.py==8.1.2
-pexpect==4.0.1
-pickleshare==0.5
-psycopg2==2.6.1
-ptyprocess==0.5
-Pygments==2.0.2
-pyramid==1.5.7
-pyramid-debugtoolbar==2.4.2
-pyramid-jinja2==2.5
-pyramid-mako==1.0.2
-pyramid-tm==0.12.1
-repoze.lru==0.6
-simplegeneric==0.8.1
-SQLAlchemy==1.0.11
-traitlets==4.0.0
-transaction==1.4.4
-translationstring==1.3
-venusian==1.0
-waitress==0.8.10
-WebOb==1.5.1
-WTForms==2.1
-zope.deprecation==4.1.2
-zope.interface==4.1.3
-zope.sqlalchemy==0.7.6
diff --git a/resources/session07/learning_journal/run b/resources/session07/learning_journal/run
deleted file mode 100755
index 3689ebe2..00000000
--- a/resources/session07/learning_journal/run
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-#!/bin/bash
-python setup.py develop
-python runapp.py
diff --git a/resources/session07/learning_journal/runapp.py b/resources/session07/learning_journal/runapp.py
deleted file mode 100644
index df24540c..00000000
--- a/resources/session07/learning_journal/runapp.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,10 +0,0 @@
-import os
-
-from paste.deploy import loadapp
-from waitress import serve
-
-if __name__ == "__main__":
-    port = int(os.environ.get("PORT", 5000))
-    app = loadapp('config:production.ini', relative_to='.')
-
-    serve(app, host='0.0.0.0', port=port)
diff --git a/resources/session07/learning_journal/runtime.txt b/resources/session07/learning_journal/runtime.txt
deleted file mode 100644
index 294a23e9..00000000
--- a/resources/session07/learning_journal/runtime.txt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-python-3.5.0
diff --git a/resources/session07/learning_journal/setup.py b/resources/session07/learning_journal/setup.py
deleted file mode 100644
index f681f70b..00000000
--- a/resources/session07/learning_journal/setup.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,51 +0,0 @@
-import os
-
-from setuptools import setup, find_packages
-
-here = os.path.abspath(os.path.dirname(__file__))
-with open(os.path.join(here, 'README.txt')) as f:
-    README = f.read()
-with open(os.path.join(here, 'CHANGES.txt')) as f:
-    CHANGES = f.read()
-
-requires = [
-    'pyramid',
-    'pyramid_jinja2',
-    'pyramid_debugtoolbar',
-    'pyramid_tm',
-    'SQLAlchemy',
-    'transaction',
-    'zope.sqlalchemy',
-    'waitress',
-    'wtforms',
-    'passlib',
-    'markdown',
-    'pygments',
-    ]
-
-setup(name='learning_journal',
-      version='0.0',
-      description='learning_journal',
-      long_description=README + '\n\n' + CHANGES,
-      classifiers=[
-        "Programming Language :: Python",
-        "Framework :: Pyramid",
-        "Topic :: Internet :: WWW/HTTP",
-        "Topic :: Internet :: WWW/HTTP :: WSGI :: Application",
-        ],
-      author='',
-      author_email='',
-      url='',
-      keywords='web wsgi bfg pylons pyramid',
-      packages=find_packages(),
-      include_package_data=True,
-      zip_safe=False,
-      test_suite='learning_journal',
-      install_requires=requires,
-      entry_points="""\
-      [paste.app_factory]
-      main = learning_journal:main
-      [console_scripts]
-      initialize_learning_journal_db = learning_journal.scripts.initializedb:main
-      """,
-      )
diff --git a/resources/session07/models.py b/resources/session07/models.py
deleted file mode 100644
index a5625056..00000000
--- a/resources/session07/models.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,72 +0,0 @@
-import datetime
-from sqlalchemy import (
-    Column,
-    DateTime,
-    Index,
-    Integer,
-    Text,
-    Unicode,
-    UnicodeText,
-    )
-
-import sqlalchemy as sa
-from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
-
-from sqlalchemy.orm import (
-    scoped_session,
-    sessionmaker,
-    )
-
-from zope.sqlalchemy import ZopeTransactionExtension
-
-DBSession = scoped_session(sessionmaker(extension=ZopeTransactionExtension()))
-Base = declarative_base()
-
-
-class MyModel(Base):
-    __tablename__ = 'models'
-    id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
-    name = Column(Text)
-    value = Column(Integer)
-
-Index('my_index', MyModel.name, unique=True, mysql_length=255)
-
-
-class Entry(Base):
-    __tablename__ = 'entries'
-    id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
-    title = Column(Unicode(255), unique=True, nullable=False)
-    body = Column(UnicodeText, default=u'')
-    created = Column(DateTime, default=datetime.datetime.utcnow)
-    edited = Column(DateTime, default=datetime.datetime.utcnow)
-
-    @classmethod
-    def all(cls, session=None):
-        """return a query with all entries, ordered by creation date reversed
-        """
-        if session is None:
-            session = DBSession
-        return session.query(cls).order_by(sa.desc(cls.created)).all()
-
-    @classmethod
-    def by_id(cls, id, session=None):
-        """return a single entry identified by id
-
-        If no entry exists with the provided id, return None
-        """
-        if session is None:
-            session = DBSession
-        return session.query(cls).get(id)
-
-
-class User(Base):
-    __tablename__ = 'users'
-    id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True)
-    name = Column(Unicode(255), unique=True, nullable=False)
-    password = Column(Unicode(255), nullable=False)
-
-    @classmethod
-    def by_name(cls, name, session=None):
-        if session is None:
-            session = DBSession
-        return DBSession.query(cls).filter(cls.name == name).first()
diff --git a/resources/session07/views.py b/resources/session07/views.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 35e37963..00000000
--- a/resources/session07/views.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,54 +0,0 @@
-from pyramid.httpexceptions import HTTPFound, HTTPNotFound
-from pyramid.view import view_config
-
-from .models import (
-    DBSession,
-    MyModel,
-    Entry,
-    )
-
-from .forms import (
-    EntryCreateForm,
-    EntryEditForm,
-)
-
-
-@view_config(route_name='home', renderer='templates/list.jinja2')
-def index_page(request):
-    entries = Entry.all()
-    return {'entries': entries}
-
-
-@view_config(route_name='detail', renderer='templates/detail.jinja2')
-def view(request):
-    this_id = request.matchdict.get('id', -1)
-    entry = Entry.by_id(this_id)
-    if not entry:
-        return HTTPNotFound()
-    return {'entry': entry}
-
-
-@view_config(route_name='action', match_param='action=create',
-             renderer='templates/edit.jinja2')
-def create(request):
-    entry = Entry()
-    form = EntryCreateForm(request.POST)
-    if request.method == 'POST' and form.validate():
-        form.populate_obj(entry)
-        DBSession.add(entry)
-        return HTTPFound(location=request.route_url('home'))
-    return {'form': form, 'action': request.matchdict.get('action')}
-
-
-@view_config(route_name='action', match_param='action=edit',
-             renderer='templates/edit.jinja2')
-def update(request):
-    id = int(request.params.get('id', -1))
-    entry = Entry.by_id(id)
-    if not entry:
-        return HTTPNotFound()
-    form = EntryEditForm(request.POST, entry)
-    if request.method == 'POST' and form.validate():
-        form.populate_obj(entry)
-        return HTTPFound(location=request.route_url('detail', id=entry.id))
-    return {'form': form, 'action': request.matchdict.get('action')}
diff --git a/resources/session08/django_blog.css b/resources/session08/django_blog.css
deleted file mode 100644
index 45a882de..00000000
--- a/resources/session08/django_blog.css
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,74 +0,0 @@
-body {
-    background-color: #eee;
-    color: #111;
-    font-family: "HelveticaNeue-Light", "Helvetica Neue Light", "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, "Lucida Grande", sans-serif;
-    margin:0;
-    padding:0;
-}
-#container {
-    margin:0;
-    padding:0;
-    margin-top: 0px;
-}
-#header {
-    background-color: #333;
-    border-botton: 1px solid #111;
-    margin:0;
-    padding:0;
-}
-#control-bar {
-    margin: 0em 0em 1em;
-    list-style: none;
-    list-style-type: none;
-    text-align: right;
-    color: #eee;
-    font-size: 80%;
-    padding-bottom: 0.4em;
-}
-#control-bar li {
-    display: inline-block;
-}
-#control-bar li a {
-    color: #eee;
-    padding: 0.5em;
-    text-decoration: none;
-}
-#control-bar li a:hover {
-    color: #cce;
-}
-#content {
-    margin: 0em 1em 1em;
-}
-
-ul#entries {
-    list-style: none;
-    list-style-type: none;
-}
-div.entry {
-    margin-right: 2em;
-    margin-top: 1em;
-    border-top: 1px solid #cecece;
-}
-ul#entries li:first-child div.entry {
-    border-top: none;
-    margin-top: 0em;
-}
-div.entry-body {
-    margin-left: 2em;
-}
-.notification {
-    float: right;
-    text-align: center;
-    width: 25%;
-    padding: 1em;
-}
-.info {
-    background-color: #aae;
-}
-ul.categories {
-    list-style: none;
-    list-style-type: none;
-}
-ul.categories li {
-    display: inline;
-}
diff --git a/resources/session08/myblog_test_fixture.json b/resources/session08/myblog_test_fixture.json
deleted file mode 100644
index bf5269e9..00000000
--- a/resources/session08/myblog_test_fixture.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,38 +0,0 @@
-[
-    {
-        "pk": 1, 
-        "model": "auth.user", 
-        "fields": {
-            "username": "admin", 
-            "first_name": "Mr.", 
-            "last_name": "Administrator", 
-            "is_active": true, 
-            "is_superuser": true, 
-            "is_staff": true, 
-            "last_login": "2013-05-24T05:35:58.628Z", 
-            "groups": [], 
-            "user_permissions": [], 
-            "password": "pbkdf2_sha256$10000$1rQazFNdOfFt$6aw/uIrv2uASkZ7moXMTajSN+ySYuowBnbP6ILNQntE=", 
-            "email": "admin@example.com", 
-            "date_joined": "2013-05-24T05:35:58.628Z"
-        }
-    },
-    {
-        "pk": 2,
-        "model": "auth.user", 
-        "fields": {
-            "username": "noname", 
-            "first_name": "", 
-            "last_name": "", 
-            "is_active": true, 
-            "is_superuser": true, 
-            "is_staff": true, 
-            "last_login": "2013-05-24T05:35:58.628Z", 
-            "groups": [], 
-            "user_permissions": [], 
-            "password": "pbkdf2_sha256$10000$1rQazFNdOfFt$6aw/uIrv2uASkZ7moXMTajSN+ySYuowBnbP6ILNQntE=", 
-            "email": "noname@example.com", 
-            "date_joined": "2013-05-24T05:35:58.628Z"
-        }
-    }
-]
diff --git a/resources/session08/mysite_stage_1/manage.py b/resources/session08/mysite_stage_1/manage.py
deleted file mode 100755
index 8a50ec04..00000000
--- a/resources/session08/mysite_stage_1/manage.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,10 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env python
-import os
-import sys
-
-if __name__ == "__main__":
-    os.environ.setdefault("DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE", "mysite.settings")
-
-    from django.core.management import execute_from_command_line
-
-    execute_from_command_line(sys.argv)
diff --git a/resources/session08/mysite_stage_1/myblog/admin.py b/resources/session08/mysite_stage_1/myblog/admin.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 310e7294..00000000
--- a/resources/session08/mysite_stage_1/myblog/admin.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
-from django.contrib import admin
-
-from myblog.models import Category
-from myblog.models import Post
-
-
-admin.site.register(Category)
-admin.site.register(Post)
diff --git a/resources/session08/mysite_stage_1/myblog/apps.py b/resources/session08/mysite_stage_1/myblog/apps.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 5e29c8d9..00000000
--- a/resources/session08/mysite_stage_1/myblog/apps.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
-from django.apps import AppConfig
-
-
-class MyblogConfig(AppConfig):
-    name = 'myblog'
diff --git a/resources/session08/mysite_stage_1/myblog/fixtures/myblog_test_fixture.json b/resources/session08/mysite_stage_1/myblog/fixtures/myblog_test_fixture.json
deleted file mode 100644
index bf5269e9..00000000
--- a/resources/session08/mysite_stage_1/myblog/fixtures/myblog_test_fixture.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,38 +0,0 @@
-[
-    {
-        "pk": 1, 
-        "model": "auth.user", 
-        "fields": {
-            "username": "admin", 
-            "first_name": "Mr.", 
-            "last_name": "Administrator", 
-            "is_active": true, 
-            "is_superuser": true, 
-            "is_staff": true, 
-            "last_login": "2013-05-24T05:35:58.628Z", 
-            "groups": [], 
-            "user_permissions": [], 
-            "password": "pbkdf2_sha256$10000$1rQazFNdOfFt$6aw/uIrv2uASkZ7moXMTajSN+ySYuowBnbP6ILNQntE=", 
-            "email": "admin@example.com", 
-            "date_joined": "2013-05-24T05:35:58.628Z"
-        }
-    },
-    {
-        "pk": 2,
-        "model": "auth.user", 
-        "fields": {
-            "username": "noname", 
-            "first_name": "", 
-            "last_name": "", 
-            "is_active": true, 
-            "is_superuser": true, 
-            "is_staff": true, 
-            "last_login": "2013-05-24T05:35:58.628Z", 
-            "groups": [], 
-            "user_permissions": [], 
-            "password": "pbkdf2_sha256$10000$1rQazFNdOfFt$6aw/uIrv2uASkZ7moXMTajSN+ySYuowBnbP6ILNQntE=", 
-            "email": "noname@example.com", 
-            "date_joined": "2013-05-24T05:35:58.628Z"
-        }
-    }
-]
diff --git a/resources/session08/mysite_stage_1/myblog/migrations/0001_initial.py b/resources/session08/mysite_stage_1/myblog/migrations/0001_initial.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 18d659f1..00000000
--- a/resources/session08/mysite_stage_1/myblog/migrations/0001_initial.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,31 +0,0 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-# Generated by Django 1.9 on 2015-12-31 19:13
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
-from django.conf import settings
-from django.db import migrations, models
-import django.db.models.deletion
-
-
-class Migration(migrations.Migration):
-
-    initial = True
-
-    dependencies = [
-        migrations.swappable_dependency(settings.AUTH_USER_MODEL),
-    ]
-
-    operations = [
-        migrations.CreateModel(
-            name='Post',
-            fields=[
-                ('id', models.AutoField(auto_created=True, primary_key=True, serialize=False, verbose_name='ID')),
-                ('title', models.CharField(max_length=128)),
-                ('text', models.TextField(blank=True)),
-                ('created_date', models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True)),
-                ('modified_date', models.DateTimeField(auto_now=True)),
-                ('published_date', models.DateTimeField(blank=True, null=True)),
-                ('author', models.ForeignKey(on_delete=django.db.models.deletion.CASCADE, to=settings.AUTH_USER_MODEL)),
-            ],
-        ),
-    ]
diff --git a/resources/session08/mysite_stage_1/myblog/migrations/0002_category.py b/resources/session08/mysite_stage_1/myblog/migrations/0002_category.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 218b1052..00000000
--- a/resources/session08/mysite_stage_1/myblog/migrations/0002_category.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,24 +0,0 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-# Generated by Django 1.9 on 2015-12-31 21:40
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
-from django.db import migrations, models
-
-
-class Migration(migrations.Migration):
-
-    dependencies = [
-        ('myblog', '0001_initial'),
-    ]
-
-    operations = [
-        migrations.CreateModel(
-            name='Category',
-            fields=[
-                ('id', models.AutoField(auto_created=True, primary_key=True, serialize=False, verbose_name='ID')),
-                ('name', models.CharField(max_length=128)),
-                ('description', models.TextField(blank=True)),
-                ('posts', models.ManyToManyField(blank=True, related_name='categories', to='myblog.Post')),
-            ],
-        ),
-    ]
diff --git a/resources/session08/mysite_stage_1/myblog/migrations/__init__.py b/resources/session08/mysite_stage_1/myblog/migrations/__init__.py
deleted file mode 100644
index e69de29b..00000000
diff --git a/resources/session08/mysite_stage_1/myblog/models.py b/resources/session08/mysite_stage_1/myblog/models.py
deleted file mode 100644
index cef1beac..00000000
--- a/resources/session08/mysite_stage_1/myblog/models.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,27 +0,0 @@
-from django.db import models
-from django.contrib.auth.models import User
-
-
-class Post(models.Model):
-    title = models.CharField(max_length=128)
-    text = models.TextField(blank=True)
-    author = models.ForeignKey(User)
-    created_date = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True)
-    modified_date = models.DateTimeField(auto_now=True)
-    published_date = models.DateTimeField(blank=True, null=True)
-
-    def __str__(self):
-        return self.title
-
-
-class Category(models.Model):
-    name = models.CharField(max_length=128)
-    description = models.TextField(blank=True)
-    posts = models.ManyToManyField(
-        Post,
-        blank=True,
-        related_name='categories'
-    )
-
-    def __str__(self):
-        return self.name
diff --git a/resources/session08/mysite_stage_1/myblog/tests.py b/resources/session08/mysite_stage_1/myblog/tests.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 308dd6f1..00000000
--- a/resources/session08/mysite_stage_1/myblog/tests.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,27 +0,0 @@
-from django.test import TestCase
-from django.contrib.auth.models import User
-
-from myblog.models import Category
-from myblog.models import Post
-
-
-class PostTestCase(TestCase):
-    fixtures = ['myblog_test_fixture.json']
-
-    def setUp(self):
-        self.user = User.objects.get(pk=1)
-
-    def test_string_representation(self):
-        expected = "This is a title"
-        p1 = Post(title=expected)
-        actual = str(p1)
-        self.assertEqual(expected, actual)
-
-
-class CategoryTestCase(TestCase):
-
-    def test_string_representation(self):
-        expected = "A Category"
-        c1 = Category(name=expected)
-        actual = str(c1)
-        self.assertEqual(expected, actual)
diff --git a/resources/session08/mysite_stage_1/myblog/views.py b/resources/session08/mysite_stage_1/myblog/views.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 91ea44a2..00000000
--- a/resources/session08/mysite_stage_1/myblog/views.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-from django.shortcuts import render
-
-# Create your views here.
diff --git a/resources/session08/mysite_stage_1/mysite/__init__.py b/resources/session08/mysite_stage_1/mysite/__init__.py
deleted file mode 100644
index e69de29b..00000000
diff --git a/resources/session08/mysite_stage_1/mysite/settings.py b/resources/session08/mysite_stage_1/mysite/settings.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 3753c661..00000000
--- a/resources/session08/mysite_stage_1/mysite/settings.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,122 +0,0 @@
-"""
-Django settings for mysite project.
-
-Generated by 'django-admin startproject' using Django 1.9.
-
-For more information on this file, see
-https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.9/topics/settings/
-
-For the full list of settings and their values, see
-https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.9/ref/settings/
-"""
-
-import os
-
-# Build paths inside the project like this: os.path.join(BASE_DIR, ...)
-BASE_DIR = os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__)))
-
-
-# Quick-start development settings - unsuitable for production
-# See https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.9/howto/deployment/checklist/
-
-# SECURITY WARNING: keep the secret key used in production secret!
-SECRET_KEY = 'i=n^tc%@@gq#8ev6dlymy9+-%@^f!q54sjf0rvikt_k5bl(t1='
-
-# SECURITY WARNING: don't run with debug turned on in production!
-DEBUG = True
-
-ALLOWED_HOSTS = []
-
-
-# Application definition
-
-INSTALLED_APPS = [
-    'django.contrib.admin',
-    'django.contrib.auth',
-    'django.contrib.contenttypes',
-    'django.contrib.sessions',
-    'django.contrib.messages',
-    'django.contrib.staticfiles',
-    'myblog',
-]
-
-MIDDLEWARE_CLASSES = [
-    'django.middleware.security.SecurityMiddleware',
-    'django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware',
-    'django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware',
-    'django.middleware.csrf.CsrfViewMiddleware',
-    'django.contrib.auth.middleware.AuthenticationMiddleware',
-    'django.contrib.auth.middleware.SessionAuthenticationMiddleware',
-    'django.contrib.messages.middleware.MessageMiddleware',
-    'django.middleware.clickjacking.XFrameOptionsMiddleware',
-]
-
-ROOT_URLCONF = 'mysite.urls'
-
-TEMPLATES = [
-    {
-        'BACKEND': 'django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates',
-        'DIRS': [],
-        'APP_DIRS': True,
-        'OPTIONS': {
-            'context_processors': [
-                'django.template.context_processors.debug',
-                'django.template.context_processors.request',
-                'django.contrib.auth.context_processors.auth',
-                'django.contrib.messages.context_processors.messages',
-            ],
-        },
-    },
-]
-
-WSGI_APPLICATION = 'mysite.wsgi.application'
-
-
-# Database
-# https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.9/ref/settings/#databases
-
-DATABASES = {
-    'default': {
-        'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.sqlite3',
-        'NAME': os.path.join(BASE_DIR, 'db.sqlite3'),
-    }
-}
-
-
-# Password validation
-# https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.9/ref/settings/#auth-password-validators
-
-AUTH_PASSWORD_VALIDATORS = [
-    {
-        'NAME': 'django.contrib.auth.password_validation.UserAttributeSimilarityValidator',
-    },
-    {
-        'NAME': 'django.contrib.auth.password_validation.MinimumLengthValidator',
-    },
-    {
-        'NAME': 'django.contrib.auth.password_validation.CommonPasswordValidator',
-    },
-    {
-        'NAME': 'django.contrib.auth.password_validation.NumericPasswordValidator',
-    },
-]
-
-
-# Internationalization
-# https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.9/topics/i18n/
-
-LANGUAGE_CODE = 'en-us'
-
-TIME_ZONE = 'UTC'
-
-USE_I18N = True
-
-USE_L10N = True
-
-USE_TZ = True
-
-
-# Static files (CSS, JavaScript, Images)
-# https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.9/howto/static-files/
-
-STATIC_URL = '/static/'
diff --git a/resources/session08/mysite_stage_1/mysite/urls.py b/resources/session08/mysite_stage_1/mysite/urls.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 40cce1f4..00000000
--- a/resources/session08/mysite_stage_1/mysite/urls.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,22 +0,0 @@
-"""mysite URL Configuration
-
-The `urlpatterns` list routes URLs to views. For more information please see:
-    https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.9/topics/http/urls/
-Examples:
-Function views
-    1. Add an import:  from my_app import views
-    2. Add a URL to urlpatterns:  url(r'^$', views.home, name='home')
-Class-based views
-    1. Add an import:  from other_app.views import Home
-    2. Add a URL to urlpatterns:  url(r'^$', Home.as_view(), name='home')
-Including another URLconf
-    1. Add an import:  from blog import urls as blog_urls
-    2. Import the include() function: from django.conf.urls import url, include
-    3. Add a URL to urlpatterns:  url(r'^blog/', include(blog_urls))
-"""
-from django.conf.urls import url
-from django.contrib import admin
-
-urlpatterns = [
-    url(r'^admin/', admin.site.urls),
-]
diff --git a/resources/session08/mysite_stage_1/mysite/wsgi.py b/resources/session08/mysite_stage_1/mysite/wsgi.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 328bae0f..00000000
--- a/resources/session08/mysite_stage_1/mysite/wsgi.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,16 +0,0 @@
-"""
-WSGI config for mysite project.
-
-It exposes the WSGI callable as a module-level variable named ``application``.
-
-For more information on this file, see
-https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.9/howto/deployment/wsgi/
-"""
-
-import os
-
-from django.core.wsgi import get_wsgi_application
-
-os.environ.setdefault("DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE", "mysite.settings")
-
-application = get_wsgi_application()
diff --git a/resources/session08/mysite_stage_2/manage.py b/resources/session08/mysite_stage_2/manage.py
deleted file mode 100755
index 8a50ec04..00000000
--- a/resources/session08/mysite_stage_2/manage.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,10 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env python
-import os
-import sys
-
-if __name__ == "__main__":
-    os.environ.setdefault("DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE", "mysite.settings")
-
-    from django.core.management import execute_from_command_line
-
-    execute_from_command_line(sys.argv)
diff --git a/resources/session08/mysite_stage_2/myblog/__init__.py b/resources/session08/mysite_stage_2/myblog/__init__.py
deleted file mode 100644
index e69de29b..00000000
diff --git a/resources/session08/mysite_stage_2/myblog/admin.py b/resources/session08/mysite_stage_2/myblog/admin.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 310e7294..00000000
--- a/resources/session08/mysite_stage_2/myblog/admin.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
-from django.contrib import admin
-
-from myblog.models import Category
-from myblog.models import Post
-
-
-admin.site.register(Category)
-admin.site.register(Post)
diff --git a/resources/session08/mysite_stage_2/myblog/apps.py b/resources/session08/mysite_stage_2/myblog/apps.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 5e29c8d9..00000000
--- a/resources/session08/mysite_stage_2/myblog/apps.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
-from django.apps import AppConfig
-
-
-class MyblogConfig(AppConfig):
-    name = 'myblog'
diff --git a/resources/session08/mysite_stage_2/myblog/fixtures/myblog_test_fixture.json b/resources/session08/mysite_stage_2/myblog/fixtures/myblog_test_fixture.json
deleted file mode 100644
index bf5269e9..00000000
--- a/resources/session08/mysite_stage_2/myblog/fixtures/myblog_test_fixture.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,38 +0,0 @@
-[
-    {
-        "pk": 1, 
-        "model": "auth.user", 
-        "fields": {
-            "username": "admin", 
-            "first_name": "Mr.", 
-            "last_name": "Administrator", 
-            "is_active": true, 
-            "is_superuser": true, 
-            "is_staff": true, 
-            "last_login": "2013-05-24T05:35:58.628Z", 
-            "groups": [], 
-            "user_permissions": [], 
-            "password": "pbkdf2_sha256$10000$1rQazFNdOfFt$6aw/uIrv2uASkZ7moXMTajSN+ySYuowBnbP6ILNQntE=", 
-            "email": "admin@example.com", 
-            "date_joined": "2013-05-24T05:35:58.628Z"
-        }
-    },
-    {
-        "pk": 2,
-        "model": "auth.user", 
-        "fields": {
-            "username": "noname", 
-            "first_name": "", 
-            "last_name": "", 
-            "is_active": true, 
-            "is_superuser": true, 
-            "is_staff": true, 
-            "last_login": "2013-05-24T05:35:58.628Z", 
-            "groups": [], 
-            "user_permissions": [], 
-            "password": "pbkdf2_sha256$10000$1rQazFNdOfFt$6aw/uIrv2uASkZ7moXMTajSN+ySYuowBnbP6ILNQntE=", 
-            "email": "noname@example.com", 
-            "date_joined": "2013-05-24T05:35:58.628Z"
-        }
-    }
-]
diff --git a/resources/session08/mysite_stage_2/myblog/migrations/0001_initial.py b/resources/session08/mysite_stage_2/myblog/migrations/0001_initial.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 18d659f1..00000000
--- a/resources/session08/mysite_stage_2/myblog/migrations/0001_initial.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,31 +0,0 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-# Generated by Django 1.9 on 2015-12-31 19:13
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
-from django.conf import settings
-from django.db import migrations, models
-import django.db.models.deletion
-
-
-class Migration(migrations.Migration):
-
-    initial = True
-
-    dependencies = [
-        migrations.swappable_dependency(settings.AUTH_USER_MODEL),
-    ]
-
-    operations = [
-        migrations.CreateModel(
-            name='Post',
-            fields=[
-                ('id', models.AutoField(auto_created=True, primary_key=True, serialize=False, verbose_name='ID')),
-                ('title', models.CharField(max_length=128)),
-                ('text', models.TextField(blank=True)),
-                ('created_date', models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True)),
-                ('modified_date', models.DateTimeField(auto_now=True)),
-                ('published_date', models.DateTimeField(blank=True, null=True)),
-                ('author', models.ForeignKey(on_delete=django.db.models.deletion.CASCADE, to=settings.AUTH_USER_MODEL)),
-            ],
-        ),
-    ]
diff --git a/resources/session08/mysite_stage_2/myblog/migrations/0002_category.py b/resources/session08/mysite_stage_2/myblog/migrations/0002_category.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 218b1052..00000000
--- a/resources/session08/mysite_stage_2/myblog/migrations/0002_category.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,24 +0,0 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-# Generated by Django 1.9 on 2015-12-31 21:40
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
-from django.db import migrations, models
-
-
-class Migration(migrations.Migration):
-
-    dependencies = [
-        ('myblog', '0001_initial'),
-    ]
-
-    operations = [
-        migrations.CreateModel(
-            name='Category',
-            fields=[
-                ('id', models.AutoField(auto_created=True, primary_key=True, serialize=False, verbose_name='ID')),
-                ('name', models.CharField(max_length=128)),
-                ('description', models.TextField(blank=True)),
-                ('posts', models.ManyToManyField(blank=True, related_name='categories', to='myblog.Post')),
-            ],
-        ),
-    ]
diff --git a/resources/session08/mysite_stage_2/myblog/migrations/__init__.py b/resources/session08/mysite_stage_2/myblog/migrations/__init__.py
deleted file mode 100644
index e69de29b..00000000
diff --git a/resources/session08/mysite_stage_2/myblog/models.py b/resources/session08/mysite_stage_2/myblog/models.py
deleted file mode 100644
index cef1beac..00000000
--- a/resources/session08/mysite_stage_2/myblog/models.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,27 +0,0 @@
-from django.db import models
-from django.contrib.auth.models import User
-
-
-class Post(models.Model):
-    title = models.CharField(max_length=128)
-    text = models.TextField(blank=True)
-    author = models.ForeignKey(User)
-    created_date = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True)
-    modified_date = models.DateTimeField(auto_now=True)
-    published_date = models.DateTimeField(blank=True, null=True)
-
-    def __str__(self):
-        return self.title
-
-
-class Category(models.Model):
-    name = models.CharField(max_length=128)
-    description = models.TextField(blank=True)
-    posts = models.ManyToManyField(
-        Post,
-        blank=True,
-        related_name='categories'
-    )
-
-    def __str__(self):
-        return self.name
diff --git a/resources/session08/mysite_stage_2/myblog/templates/list.html b/resources/session08/mysite_stage_2/myblog/templates/list.html
deleted file mode 100644
index e21bc51c..00000000
--- a/resources/session08/mysite_stage_2/myblog/templates/list.html
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,23 +0,0 @@
-{% extends "base.html" %}
-
-{% block content %}
-  <h1>Recent Posts</h1>
-
-  {% comment %} here is where the query happens {% endcomment %}
-  {% for post in posts %}
-  <div class="post">
-    <h2>{{ post }}</h2>
-    <p class="byline">
-      Posted by {{ post.author_name }} &mdash; {{ post.published_date }}
-    </p>
-    <div class="post-body">
-      {{ post.text }}
-    </div>
-    <ul class="categories">
-      {% for category in post.categories.all %}
-        <li>{{ category }}</li>
-      {% endfor %}
-    </ul>
-  </div>
-  {% endfor %}
-{% endblock %}
diff --git a/resources/session08/mysite_stage_2/myblog/tests.py b/resources/session08/mysite_stage_2/myblog/tests.py
deleted file mode 100644
index d9418619..00000000
--- a/resources/session08/mysite_stage_2/myblog/tests.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,60 +0,0 @@
-import datetime
-from django.contrib.auth.models import User
-from django.test import TestCase
-from django.utils.timezone import utc
-
-from myblog.models import Category
-from myblog.models import Post
-
-
-class PostTestCase(TestCase):
-    fixtures = ['myblog_test_fixture.json']
-
-    def setUp(self):
-        self.user = User.objects.get(pk=1)
-
-    def test_string_representation(self):
-        expected = "This is a title"
-        p1 = Post(title=expected)
-        actual = str(p1)
-        self.assertEqual(expected, actual)
-
-
-class CategoryTestCase(TestCase):
-
-    def test_string_representation(self):
-        expected = "A Category"
-        c1 = Category(name=expected)
-        actual = str(c1)
-        self.assertEqual(expected, actual)
-
-
-class FrontEndTestCase(TestCase):
-    """test views provided in the front-end"""
-    fixtures = ['myblog_test_fixture.json', ]
-
-    def setUp(self):
-        self.now = datetime.datetime.utcnow().replace(tzinfo=utc)
-        self.timedelta = datetime.timedelta(15)
-        author = User.objects.get(pk=1)
-        for count in range(1, 11):
-            post = Post(title="Post %d Title" % count,
-                        text="foo",
-                        author=author)
-            if count < 6:
-                # publish the first five posts
-                pubdate = self.now - self.timedelta * count
-                post.published_date = pubdate
-            post.save()
-
-    def test_list_only_published(self):
-        resp = self.client.get('/')
-        # the content of the rendered response is always a bytestring
-        resp_text = resp.content.decode(resp.charset)
-        self.assertTrue("Recent Posts" in resp_text)
-        for count in range(1, 11):
-            title = "Post %d Title" % count
-            if count < 6:
-                self.assertContains(resp, title, count=1)
-            else:
-                self.assertNotContains(resp, title)
diff --git a/resources/session08/mysite_stage_2/myblog/urls.py b/resources/session08/mysite_stage_2/myblog/urls.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 8428ffe4..00000000
--- a/resources/session08/mysite_stage_2/myblog/urls.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,14 +0,0 @@
-from django.conf.urls import url
-
-from myblog.views import stub_view
-from myblog.views import list_view
-
-
-urlpatterns = [
-    url(r'^$',
-        list_view,
-        name="blog_index"),
-    url(r'^posts/(?P<post_id>\d+)/$',
-        stub_view,
-        name='blog_detail'),
-]
diff --git a/resources/session08/mysite_stage_2/myblog/views.py b/resources/session08/mysite_stage_2/myblog/views.py
deleted file mode 100644
index ab45c18b..00000000
--- a/resources/session08/mysite_stage_2/myblog/views.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,23 +0,0 @@
-from django.http import HttpResponse, HttpResponseRedirect, Http404
-from django.shortcuts import render
-from django.template import RequestContext, loader
-
-from myblog.models import Post
-
-
-def stub_view(request, *args, **kwargs):
-    body = "Stub View\n\n"
-    if args:
-        body += "Args:\n"
-        body += "\n".join(["\t%s" % a for a in args])
-    if kwargs:
-        body += "Kwargs:\n"
-        body += "\n".join(["\t%s: %s" % i for i in kwargs.items()])
-    return HttpResponse(body, content_type="text/plain")
-
-
-def list_view(request):
-    published = Post.objects.exclude(published_date__exact=None)
-    posts = published.order_by('-published_date')
-    context = {'posts': posts}
-    return render(request, 'list.html', context)
diff --git a/resources/session08/mysite_stage_2/mysite/__init__.py b/resources/session08/mysite_stage_2/mysite/__init__.py
deleted file mode 100644
index e69de29b..00000000
diff --git a/resources/session08/mysite_stage_2/mysite/settings.py b/resources/session08/mysite_stage_2/mysite/settings.py
deleted file mode 100644
index e81fb826..00000000
--- a/resources/session08/mysite_stage_2/mysite/settings.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,122 +0,0 @@
-"""
-Django settings for mysite project.
-
-Generated by 'django-admin startproject' using Django 1.9.
-
-For more information on this file, see
-https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.9/topics/settings/
-
-For the full list of settings and their values, see
-https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.9/ref/settings/
-"""
-
-import os
-
-# Build paths inside the project like this: os.path.join(BASE_DIR, ...)
-BASE_DIR = os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__)))
-
-
-# Quick-start development settings - unsuitable for production
-# See https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.9/howto/deployment/checklist/
-
-# SECURITY WARNING: keep the secret key used in production secret!
-SECRET_KEY = 'i=n^tc%@@gq#8ev6dlymy9+-%@^f!q54sjf0rvikt_k5bl(t1='
-
-# SECURITY WARNING: don't run with debug turned on in production!
-DEBUG = True
-
-ALLOWED_HOSTS = []
-
-
-# Application definition
-
-INSTALLED_APPS = [
-    'django.contrib.admin',
-    'django.contrib.auth',
-    'django.contrib.contenttypes',
-    'django.contrib.sessions',
-    'django.contrib.messages',
-    'django.contrib.staticfiles',
-    'myblog',
-]
-
-MIDDLEWARE_CLASSES = [
-    'django.middleware.security.SecurityMiddleware',
-    'django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware',
-    'django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware',
-    'django.middleware.csrf.CsrfViewMiddleware',
-    'django.contrib.auth.middleware.AuthenticationMiddleware',
-    'django.contrib.auth.middleware.SessionAuthenticationMiddleware',
-    'django.contrib.messages.middleware.MessageMiddleware',
-    'django.middleware.clickjacking.XFrameOptionsMiddleware',
-]
-
-ROOT_URLCONF = 'mysite.urls'
-
-TEMPLATES = [
-    {
-        'BACKEND': 'django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates',
-        'DIRS': [os.path.join(BASE_DIR, 'mysite/templates')],
-        'APP_DIRS': True,
-        'OPTIONS': {
-            'context_processors': [
-                'django.template.context_processors.debug',
-                'django.template.context_processors.request',
-                'django.contrib.auth.context_processors.auth',
-                'django.contrib.messages.context_processors.messages',
-            ],
-        },
-    },
-]
-
-WSGI_APPLICATION = 'mysite.wsgi.application'
-
-
-# Database
-# https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.9/ref/settings/#databases
-
-DATABASES = {
-    'default': {
-        'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.sqlite3',
-        'NAME': os.path.join(BASE_DIR, 'db.sqlite3'),
-    }
-}
-
-
-# Password validation
-# https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.9/ref/settings/#auth-password-validators
-
-AUTH_PASSWORD_VALIDATORS = [
-    {
-        'NAME': 'django.contrib.auth.password_validation.UserAttributeSimilarityValidator',
-    },
-    {
-        'NAME': 'django.contrib.auth.password_validation.MinimumLengthValidator',
-    },
-    {
-        'NAME': 'django.contrib.auth.password_validation.CommonPasswordValidator',
-    },
-    {
-        'NAME': 'django.contrib.auth.password_validation.NumericPasswordValidator',
-    },
-]
-
-
-# Internationalization
-# https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.9/topics/i18n/
-
-LANGUAGE_CODE = 'en-us'
-
-TIME_ZONE = 'UTC'
-
-USE_I18N = True
-
-USE_L10N = True
-
-USE_TZ = True
-
-
-# Static files (CSS, JavaScript, Images)
-# https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.9/howto/static-files/
-
-STATIC_URL = '/static/'
diff --git a/resources/session08/mysite_stage_2/mysite/templates/base.html b/resources/session08/mysite_stage_2/mysite/templates/base.html
deleted file mode 100644
index 2eacafa0..00000000
--- a/resources/session08/mysite_stage_2/mysite/templates/base.html
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,15 +0,0 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
-<html>
-  <head>
-    <title>My Django Blog</title>
-  </head>
-  <body>
-    <div id="container">
-      <div id="content">
-      {% block content %}
-       [content will go here]
-      {% endblock %}
-      </div>
-    </div>
-  </body>
-</html>
diff --git a/resources/session08/mysite_stage_2/mysite/urls.py b/resources/session08/mysite_stage_2/mysite/urls.py
deleted file mode 100644
index bf31d5d5..00000000
--- a/resources/session08/mysite_stage_2/mysite/urls.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,24 +0,0 @@
-"""mysite URL Configuration
-
-The `urlpatterns` list routes URLs to views. For more information please see:
-    https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.9/topics/http/urls/
-Examples:
-Function views
-    1. Add an import:  from my_app import views
-    2. Add a URL to urlpatterns:  url(r'^$', views.home, name='home')
-Class-based views
-    1. Add an import:  from other_app.views import Home
-    2. Add a URL to urlpatterns:  url(r'^$', Home.as_view(), name='home')
-Including another URLconf
-    1. Add an import:  from blog import urls as blog_urls
-    2. Import the include() function: from django.conf.urls import url, include
-    3. Add a URL to urlpatterns:  url(r'^blog/', include(blog_urls))
-"""
-from django.conf.urls import url
-from django.conf.urls import include
-from django.contrib import admin
-
-urlpatterns = [
-    url(r'^', include('myblog.urls')),
-    url(r'^admin/', admin.site.urls),
-]
diff --git a/resources/session08/mysite_stage_2/mysite/wsgi.py b/resources/session08/mysite_stage_2/mysite/wsgi.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 328bae0f..00000000
--- a/resources/session08/mysite_stage_2/mysite/wsgi.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,16 +0,0 @@
-"""
-WSGI config for mysite project.
-
-It exposes the WSGI callable as a module-level variable named ``application``.
-
-For more information on this file, see
-https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.9/howto/deployment/wsgi/
-"""
-
-import os
-
-from django.core.wsgi import get_wsgi_application
-
-os.environ.setdefault("DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE", "mysite.settings")
-
-application = get_wsgi_application()
diff --git a/resources/session08/mysite_stage_3/manage.py b/resources/session08/mysite_stage_3/manage.py
deleted file mode 100755
index 8a50ec04..00000000
--- a/resources/session08/mysite_stage_3/manage.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,10 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env python
-import os
-import sys
-
-if __name__ == "__main__":
-    os.environ.setdefault("DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE", "mysite.settings")
-
-    from django.core.management import execute_from_command_line
-
-    execute_from_command_line(sys.argv)
diff --git a/resources/session08/mysite_stage_3/myblog/__init__.py b/resources/session08/mysite_stage_3/myblog/__init__.py
deleted file mode 100644
index e69de29b..00000000
diff --git a/resources/session08/mysite_stage_3/myblog/admin.py b/resources/session08/mysite_stage_3/myblog/admin.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 310e7294..00000000
--- a/resources/session08/mysite_stage_3/myblog/admin.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
-from django.contrib import admin
-
-from myblog.models import Category
-from myblog.models import Post
-
-
-admin.site.register(Category)
-admin.site.register(Post)
diff --git a/resources/session08/mysite_stage_3/myblog/apps.py b/resources/session08/mysite_stage_3/myblog/apps.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 5e29c8d9..00000000
--- a/resources/session08/mysite_stage_3/myblog/apps.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
-from django.apps import AppConfig
-
-
-class MyblogConfig(AppConfig):
-    name = 'myblog'
diff --git a/resources/session08/mysite_stage_3/myblog/fixtures/myblog_test_fixture.json b/resources/session08/mysite_stage_3/myblog/fixtures/myblog_test_fixture.json
deleted file mode 100644
index bf5269e9..00000000
--- a/resources/session08/mysite_stage_3/myblog/fixtures/myblog_test_fixture.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,38 +0,0 @@
-[
-    {
-        "pk": 1, 
-        "model": "auth.user", 
-        "fields": {
-            "username": "admin", 
-            "first_name": "Mr.", 
-            "last_name": "Administrator", 
-            "is_active": true, 
-            "is_superuser": true, 
-            "is_staff": true, 
-            "last_login": "2013-05-24T05:35:58.628Z", 
-            "groups": [], 
-            "user_permissions": [], 
-            "password": "pbkdf2_sha256$10000$1rQazFNdOfFt$6aw/uIrv2uASkZ7moXMTajSN+ySYuowBnbP6ILNQntE=", 
-            "email": "admin@example.com", 
-            "date_joined": "2013-05-24T05:35:58.628Z"
-        }
-    },
-    {
-        "pk": 2,
-        "model": "auth.user", 
-        "fields": {
-            "username": "noname", 
-            "first_name": "", 
-            "last_name": "", 
-            "is_active": true, 
-            "is_superuser": true, 
-            "is_staff": true, 
-            "last_login": "2013-05-24T05:35:58.628Z", 
-            "groups": [], 
-            "user_permissions": [], 
-            "password": "pbkdf2_sha256$10000$1rQazFNdOfFt$6aw/uIrv2uASkZ7moXMTajSN+ySYuowBnbP6ILNQntE=", 
-            "email": "noname@example.com", 
-            "date_joined": "2013-05-24T05:35:58.628Z"
-        }
-    }
-]
diff --git a/resources/session08/mysite_stage_3/myblog/migrations/0001_initial.py b/resources/session08/mysite_stage_3/myblog/migrations/0001_initial.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 18d659f1..00000000
--- a/resources/session08/mysite_stage_3/myblog/migrations/0001_initial.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,31 +0,0 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-# Generated by Django 1.9 on 2015-12-31 19:13
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
-from django.conf import settings
-from django.db import migrations, models
-import django.db.models.deletion
-
-
-class Migration(migrations.Migration):
-
-    initial = True
-
-    dependencies = [
-        migrations.swappable_dependency(settings.AUTH_USER_MODEL),
-    ]
-
-    operations = [
-        migrations.CreateModel(
-            name='Post',
-            fields=[
-                ('id', models.AutoField(auto_created=True, primary_key=True, serialize=False, verbose_name='ID')),
-                ('title', models.CharField(max_length=128)),
-                ('text', models.TextField(blank=True)),
-                ('created_date', models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True)),
-                ('modified_date', models.DateTimeField(auto_now=True)),
-                ('published_date', models.DateTimeField(blank=True, null=True)),
-                ('author', models.ForeignKey(on_delete=django.db.models.deletion.CASCADE, to=settings.AUTH_USER_MODEL)),
-            ],
-        ),
-    ]
diff --git a/resources/session08/mysite_stage_3/myblog/migrations/0002_category.py b/resources/session08/mysite_stage_3/myblog/migrations/0002_category.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 218b1052..00000000
--- a/resources/session08/mysite_stage_3/myblog/migrations/0002_category.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,24 +0,0 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-# Generated by Django 1.9 on 2015-12-31 21:40
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
-from django.db import migrations, models
-
-
-class Migration(migrations.Migration):
-
-    dependencies = [
-        ('myblog', '0001_initial'),
-    ]
-
-    operations = [
-        migrations.CreateModel(
-            name='Category',
-            fields=[
-                ('id', models.AutoField(auto_created=True, primary_key=True, serialize=False, verbose_name='ID')),
-                ('name', models.CharField(max_length=128)),
-                ('description', models.TextField(blank=True)),
-                ('posts', models.ManyToManyField(blank=True, related_name='categories', to='myblog.Post')),
-            ],
-        ),
-    ]
diff --git a/resources/session08/mysite_stage_3/myblog/migrations/__init__.py b/resources/session08/mysite_stage_3/myblog/migrations/__init__.py
deleted file mode 100644
index e69de29b..00000000
diff --git a/resources/session08/mysite_stage_3/myblog/models.py b/resources/session08/mysite_stage_3/myblog/models.py
deleted file mode 100644
index cef1beac..00000000
--- a/resources/session08/mysite_stage_3/myblog/models.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,27 +0,0 @@
-from django.db import models
-from django.contrib.auth.models import User
-
-
-class Post(models.Model):
-    title = models.CharField(max_length=128)
-    text = models.TextField(blank=True)
-    author = models.ForeignKey(User)
-    created_date = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True)
-    modified_date = models.DateTimeField(auto_now=True)
-    published_date = models.DateTimeField(blank=True, null=True)
-
-    def __str__(self):
-        return self.title
-
-
-class Category(models.Model):
-    name = models.CharField(max_length=128)
-    description = models.TextField(blank=True)
-    posts = models.ManyToManyField(
-        Post,
-        blank=True,
-        related_name='categories'
-    )
-
-    def __str__(self):
-        return self.name
diff --git a/resources/session08/mysite_stage_3/myblog/static/django_blog.css b/resources/session08/mysite_stage_3/myblog/static/django_blog.css
deleted file mode 100644
index 45a882de..00000000
--- a/resources/session08/mysite_stage_3/myblog/static/django_blog.css
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,74 +0,0 @@
-body {
-    background-color: #eee;
-    color: #111;
-    font-family: "HelveticaNeue-Light", "Helvetica Neue Light", "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, "Lucida Grande", sans-serif;
-    margin:0;
-    padding:0;
-}
-#container {
-    margin:0;
-    padding:0;
-    margin-top: 0px;
-}
-#header {
-    background-color: #333;
-    border-botton: 1px solid #111;
-    margin:0;
-    padding:0;
-}
-#control-bar {
-    margin: 0em 0em 1em;
-    list-style: none;
-    list-style-type: none;
-    text-align: right;
-    color: #eee;
-    font-size: 80%;
-    padding-bottom: 0.4em;
-}
-#control-bar li {
-    display: inline-block;
-}
-#control-bar li a {
-    color: #eee;
-    padding: 0.5em;
-    text-decoration: none;
-}
-#control-bar li a:hover {
-    color: #cce;
-}
-#content {
-    margin: 0em 1em 1em;
-}
-
-ul#entries {
-    list-style: none;
-    list-style-type: none;
-}
-div.entry {
-    margin-right: 2em;
-    margin-top: 1em;
-    border-top: 1px solid #cecece;
-}
-ul#entries li:first-child div.entry {
-    border-top: none;
-    margin-top: 0em;
-}
-div.entry-body {
-    margin-left: 2em;
-}
-.notification {
-    float: right;
-    text-align: center;
-    width: 25%;
-    padding: 1em;
-}
-.info {
-    background-color: #aae;
-}
-ul.categories {
-    list-style: none;
-    list-style-type: none;
-}
-ul.categories li {
-    display: inline;
-}
diff --git a/resources/session08/mysite_stage_3/myblog/templates/detail.html b/resources/session08/mysite_stage_3/myblog/templates/detail.html
deleted file mode 100644
index cd0322ff..00000000
--- a/resources/session08/mysite_stage_3/myblog/templates/detail.html
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,17 +0,0 @@
-{% extends "base.html" %}
-
-{% block content %}
-<a class="backlink" href="/">Home</a>
-<h1>{{ post }}</h1>
-<p class="byline">
-  Posted by {{ post.author_name }} &mdash; {{ post.published_date }}
-</p>
-<div class="post-body">
-  {{ post.text }}
-</div>
-<ul class="categories">
-  {% for category in post.categories.all %}
-    <li>{{ category }}</li>
-  {% endfor %}
-</ul>
-{% endblock %}
diff --git a/resources/session08/mysite_stage_3/myblog/templates/list.html b/resources/session08/mysite_stage_3/myblog/templates/list.html
deleted file mode 100644
index 88920817..00000000
--- a/resources/session08/mysite_stage_3/myblog/templates/list.html
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,25 +0,0 @@
-{% extends "base.html" %}
-
-{% block content %}
-  <h1>Recent Posts</h1>
-
-  {% comment %} here is where the query happens {% endcomment %}
-  {% for post in posts %}
-  <div class="post">
-    <h2>
-      <a href="{% url 'blog_detail' post.pk %}">{{ post }}</a>
-    </h2>
-    <p class="byline">
-      Posted by {{ post.author_name }} &mdash; {{ post.published_date }}
-    </p>
-    <div class="post-body">
-      {{ post.text }}
-    </div>
-    <ul class="categories">
-      {% for category in post.categories.all %}
-        <li>{{ category }}</li>
-      {% endfor %}
-    </ul>
-  </div>
-  {% endfor %}
-{% endblock %}
diff --git a/resources/session08/mysite_stage_3/myblog/tests.py b/resources/session08/mysite_stage_3/myblog/tests.py
deleted file mode 100644
index c4f547bd..00000000
--- a/resources/session08/mysite_stage_3/myblog/tests.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,71 +0,0 @@
-import datetime
-from django.contrib.auth.models import User
-from django.test import TestCase
-from django.utils.timezone import utc
-
-from myblog.models import Category
-from myblog.models import Post
-
-
-class PostTestCase(TestCase):
-    fixtures = ['myblog_test_fixture.json']
-
-    def setUp(self):
-        self.user = User.objects.get(pk=1)
-
-    def test_string_representation(self):
-        expected = "This is a title"
-        p1 = Post(title=expected)
-        actual = str(p1)
-        self.assertEqual(expected, actual)
-
-
-class CategoryTestCase(TestCase):
-
-    def test_string_representation(self):
-        expected = "A Category"
-        c1 = Category(name=expected)
-        actual = str(c1)
-        self.assertEqual(expected, actual)
-
-
-class FrontEndTestCase(TestCase):
-    """test views provided in the front-end"""
-    fixtures = ['myblog_test_fixture.json', ]
-
-    def setUp(self):
-        self.now = datetime.datetime.utcnow().replace(tzinfo=utc)
-        self.timedelta = datetime.timedelta(15)
-        author = User.objects.get(pk=1)
-        for count in range(1, 11):
-            post = Post(title="Post %d Title" % count,
-                        text="foo",
-                        author=author)
-            if count < 6:
-                # publish the first five posts
-                pubdate = self.now - self.timedelta * count
-                post.published_date = pubdate
-            post.save()
-
-    def test_list_only_published(self):
-        resp = self.client.get('/')
-        # the content of the rendered response is always a bytestring
-        resp_text = resp.content.decode(resp.charset)
-        self.assertTrue("Recent Posts" in resp_text)
-        for count in range(1, 11):
-            title = "Post %d Title" % count
-            if count < 6:
-                self.assertContains(resp, title, count=1)
-            else:
-                self.assertNotContains(resp, title)
-
-    def test_details_only_published(self):
-        for count in range(1, 11):
-            title = "Post %d Title" % count
-            post = Post.objects.get(title=title)
-            resp = self.client.get('/posts/%d/' % post.pk)
-            if count < 6:
-                self.assertEqual(resp.status_code, 200)
-                self.assertContains(resp, title)
-            else:
-                self.assertEqual(resp.status_code, 404)
diff --git a/resources/session08/mysite_stage_3/myblog/urls.py b/resources/session08/mysite_stage_3/myblog/urls.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 5caacf17..00000000
--- a/resources/session08/mysite_stage_3/myblog/urls.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,15 +0,0 @@
-from django.conf.urls import url
-
-from myblog.views import stub_view
-from myblog.views import list_view
-from myblog.views import detail_view
-
-
-urlpatterns = [
-    url(r'^$',
-        list_view,
-        name="blog_index"),
-    url(r'^posts/(?P<post_id>\d+)/$',
-        detail_view,
-        name='blog_detail'),
-]
diff --git a/resources/session08/mysite_stage_3/myblog/views.py b/resources/session08/mysite_stage_3/myblog/views.py
deleted file mode 100644
index c1e8c41a..00000000
--- a/resources/session08/mysite_stage_3/myblog/views.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,33 +0,0 @@
-from django.http import HttpResponse, HttpResponseRedirect, Http404
-from django.shortcuts import render
-from django.template import RequestContext, loader
-
-from myblog.models import Post
-
-
-def stub_view(request, *args, **kwargs):
-    body = "Stub View\n\n"
-    if args:
-        body += "Args:\n"
-        body += "\n".join(["\t%s" % a for a in args])
-    if kwargs:
-        body += "Kwargs:\n"
-        body += "\n".join(["\t%s: %s" % i for i in kwargs.items()])
-    return HttpResponse(body, content_type="text/plain")
-
-
-def list_view(request):
-    published = Post.objects.exclude(published_date__exact=None)
-    posts = published.order_by('-published_date')
-    context = {'posts': posts}
-    return render(request, 'list.html', context)
-
-
-def detail_view(request, post_id):
-    published = Post.objects.exclude(published_date__exact=None)
-    try:
-        post = published.get(pk=post_id)
-    except Post.DoesNotExist:
-        raise Http404
-    context = {'post': post}
-    return render(request, 'detail.html', context)
diff --git a/resources/session08/mysite_stage_3/mysite/__init__.py b/resources/session08/mysite_stage_3/mysite/__init__.py
deleted file mode 100644
index e69de29b..00000000
diff --git a/resources/session08/mysite_stage_3/mysite/settings.py b/resources/session08/mysite_stage_3/mysite/settings.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 3fd7eb4c..00000000
--- a/resources/session08/mysite_stage_3/mysite/settings.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,125 +0,0 @@
-"""
-Django settings for mysite project.
-
-Generated by 'django-admin startproject' using Django 1.9.
-
-For more information on this file, see
-https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.9/topics/settings/
-
-For the full list of settings and their values, see
-https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.9/ref/settings/
-"""
-
-import os
-
-# Build paths inside the project like this: os.path.join(BASE_DIR, ...)
-BASE_DIR = os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__)))
-
-
-# Quick-start development settings - unsuitable for production
-# See https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.9/howto/deployment/checklist/
-
-# SECURITY WARNING: keep the secret key used in production secret!
-SECRET_KEY = 'i=n^tc%@@gq#8ev6dlymy9+-%@^f!q54sjf0rvikt_k5bl(t1='
-
-# SECURITY WARNING: don't run with debug turned on in production!
-DEBUG = True
-
-ALLOWED_HOSTS = []
-
-
-# Application definition
-
-INSTALLED_APPS = [
-    'django.contrib.admin',
-    'django.contrib.auth',
-    'django.contrib.contenttypes',
-    'django.contrib.sessions',
-    'django.contrib.messages',
-    'django.contrib.staticfiles',
-    'myblog',
-]
-
-MIDDLEWARE_CLASSES = [
-    'django.middleware.security.SecurityMiddleware',
-    'django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware',
-    'django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware',
-    'django.middleware.csrf.CsrfViewMiddleware',
-    'django.contrib.auth.middleware.AuthenticationMiddleware',
-    'django.contrib.auth.middleware.SessionAuthenticationMiddleware',
-    'django.contrib.messages.middleware.MessageMiddleware',
-    'django.middleware.clickjacking.XFrameOptionsMiddleware',
-]
-
-ROOT_URLCONF = 'mysite.urls'
-
-TEMPLATES = [
-    {
-        'BACKEND': 'django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates',
-        'DIRS': [os.path.join(BASE_DIR, 'mysite/templates')],
-        'APP_DIRS': True,
-        'OPTIONS': {
-            'context_processors': [
-                'django.template.context_processors.debug',
-                'django.template.context_processors.request',
-                'django.contrib.auth.context_processors.auth',
-                'django.contrib.messages.context_processors.messages',
-            ],
-        },
-    },
-]
-
-WSGI_APPLICATION = 'mysite.wsgi.application'
-
-
-# Database
-# https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.9/ref/settings/#databases
-
-DATABASES = {
-    'default': {
-        'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.sqlite3',
-        'NAME': os.path.join(BASE_DIR, 'db.sqlite3'),
-    }
-}
-
-
-# Password validation
-# https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.9/ref/settings/#auth-password-validators
-
-AUTH_PASSWORD_VALIDATORS = [
-    {
-        'NAME': 'django.contrib.auth.password_validation.UserAttributeSimilarityValidator',
-    },
-    {
-        'NAME': 'django.contrib.auth.password_validation.MinimumLengthValidator',
-    },
-    {
-        'NAME': 'django.contrib.auth.password_validation.CommonPasswordValidator',
-    },
-    {
-        'NAME': 'django.contrib.auth.password_validation.NumericPasswordValidator',
-    },
-]
-
-
-# Internationalization
-# https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.9/topics/i18n/
-
-LANGUAGE_CODE = 'en-us'
-
-TIME_ZONE = 'UTC'
-
-USE_I18N = True
-
-USE_L10N = True
-
-USE_TZ = True
-
-
-# Static files (CSS, JavaScript, Images)
-# https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.9/howto/static-files/
-
-STATIC_URL = '/static/'
-
-LOGIN_URL = '/login/'
-LOGIN_REDIRECT_URL = '/'
diff --git a/resources/session08/mysite_stage_3/mysite/templates/base.html b/resources/session08/mysite_stage_3/mysite/templates/base.html
deleted file mode 100644
index 1529aead..00000000
--- a/resources/session08/mysite_stage_3/mysite/templates/base.html
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,27 +0,0 @@
-{% load staticfiles %}
-<!DOCTYPE html>
-<html>
-  <head>
-    <title>My Django Blog</title>
-    <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="{% static 'django_blog.css' %}">
-  </head>
-  <body>
-    <div id="header">
-      <ul id="control-bar">
-      {% if user.is_authenticated %}
-        {% if user.is_staff %}<li><a href="{% url 'admin:index' %}">admin</a></li>{% endif %}
-        <li><a href="{% url 'logout' %}">logout</a></li>
-      {% else %}
-        <li><a href="{% url 'login' %}">login</a></li>
-      {% endif %}
-      </ul>
-    </div>
-    <div id="container">
-      <div id="content">
-      {% block content %}
-       [content will go here]
-      {% endblock %}
-      </div>
-    </div>
-  </body>
-</html>
diff --git a/resources/session08/mysite_stage_3/mysite/templates/login.html b/resources/session08/mysite_stage_3/mysite/templates/login.html
deleted file mode 100644
index 1566d0f7..00000000
--- a/resources/session08/mysite_stage_3/mysite/templates/login.html
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,9 +0,0 @@
-{% extends "base.html" %}
-
-{% block content %}
-<h1>My Blog Login</h1>
-<form action="" method="POST">{% csrf_token %}
-  {{ form.as_p }}
-  <p><input type="submit" value="Log In"></p>
-</form>
-{% endblock %}
diff --git a/resources/session08/mysite_stage_3/mysite/urls.py b/resources/session08/mysite_stage_3/mysite/urls.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 91f7819c..00000000
--- a/resources/session08/mysite_stage_3/mysite/urls.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,33 +0,0 @@
-"""mysite URL Configuration
-
-The `urlpatterns` list routes URLs to views. For more information please see:
-    https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.9/topics/http/urls/
-Examples:
-Function views
-    1. Add an import:  from my_app import views
-    2. Add a URL to urlpatterns:  url(r'^$', views.home, name='home')
-Class-based views
-    1. Add an import:  from other_app.views import Home
-    2. Add a URL to urlpatterns:  url(r'^$', Home.as_view(), name='home')
-Including another URLconf
-    1. Add an import:  from blog import urls as blog_urls
-    2. Import the include() function: from django.conf.urls import url, include
-    3. Add a URL to urlpatterns:  url(r'^blog/', include(blog_urls))
-"""
-from django.conf.urls import url
-from django.conf.urls import include
-from django.contrib import admin
-from django.contrib.auth.views import login, logout
-
-urlpatterns = [
-    url(r'^', include('myblog.urls')),
-    url(r'^login/$',
-        login,
-        {'template_name': 'login.html'},
-        name="login"),
-    url(r'^logout/$',
-        logout,
-        {'next_page': '/'},
-        name="logout"),
-    url(r'^admin/', admin.site.urls),
-]
diff --git a/resources/session08/mysite_stage_3/mysite/wsgi.py b/resources/session08/mysite_stage_3/mysite/wsgi.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 328bae0f..00000000
--- a/resources/session08/mysite_stage_3/mysite/wsgi.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,16 +0,0 @@
-"""
-WSGI config for mysite project.
-
-It exposes the WSGI callable as a module-level variable named ``application``.
-
-For more information on this file, see
-https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.9/howto/deployment/wsgi/
-"""
-
-import os
-
-from django.core.wsgi import get_wsgi_application
-
-os.environ.setdefault("DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE", "mysite.settings")
-
-application = get_wsgi_application()
diff --git a/resources/session09/mysite/manage.py b/resources/session09/mysite/manage.py
deleted file mode 100755
index 8a50ec04..00000000
--- a/resources/session09/mysite/manage.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,10 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env python
-import os
-import sys
-
-if __name__ == "__main__":
-    os.environ.setdefault("DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE", "mysite.settings")
-
-    from django.core.management import execute_from_command_line
-
-    execute_from_command_line(sys.argv)
diff --git a/resources/session09/mysite/myblog/__init__.py b/resources/session09/mysite/myblog/__init__.py
deleted file mode 100644
index e69de29b..00000000
diff --git a/resources/session09/mysite/myblog/admin.py b/resources/session09/mysite/myblog/admin.py
deleted file mode 100644
index d772219e..00000000
--- a/resources/session09/mysite/myblog/admin.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,44 +0,0 @@
-import datetime
-from django.contrib import admin
-from django.core.urlresolvers import reverse
-from myblog.models import Post, Category
-
-
-class CategorizationInline(admin.TabularInline):
-    model = Category.posts.through
-
-
-def make_published(modeladmin, request, queryset):
-    now = datetime.datetime.now()
-    queryset.update(published_date=now)
-make_published.short_description = "Set publication date for selected posts"
-
-
-class PostAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
-    inlines = [
-        CategorizationInline,
-    ]
-    list_display = (
-        '__unicode__', 'author_for_admin', 'created_date', 'modified_date', 'published_date'
-    )
-    readonly_fields = (
-        'created_date', 'modified_date',
-    )
-    actions = [make_published, ]
-
-    def author_for_admin(self, obj):
-        author = obj.author
-        url = reverse('admin:auth_user_change', args=(author.pk,))
-        name = author.get_full_name() or author.username
-        link = '<a href="{}">{}</a>'.format(url, name)
-        return link
-    author_for_admin.short_description = 'Author'
-    author_for_admin.allow_tags = True
-
-
-class CategoryAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
-    exclude = ('posts', )
-
-
-admin.site.register(Post, PostAdmin)
-admin.site.register(Category, CategoryAdmin)
diff --git a/resources/session09/mysite/myblog/fixtures/myblog_test_fixture.json b/resources/session09/mysite/myblog/fixtures/myblog_test_fixture.json
deleted file mode 100644
index bf5269e9..00000000
--- a/resources/session09/mysite/myblog/fixtures/myblog_test_fixture.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,38 +0,0 @@
-[
-    {
-        "pk": 1, 
-        "model": "auth.user", 
-        "fields": {
-            "username": "admin", 
-            "first_name": "Mr.", 
-            "last_name": "Administrator", 
-            "is_active": true, 
-            "is_superuser": true, 
-            "is_staff": true, 
-            "last_login": "2013-05-24T05:35:58.628Z", 
-            "groups": [], 
-            "user_permissions": [], 
-            "password": "pbkdf2_sha256$10000$1rQazFNdOfFt$6aw/uIrv2uASkZ7moXMTajSN+ySYuowBnbP6ILNQntE=", 
-            "email": "admin@example.com", 
-            "date_joined": "2013-05-24T05:35:58.628Z"
-        }
-    },
-    {
-        "pk": 2,
-        "model": "auth.user", 
-        "fields": {
-            "username": "noname", 
-            "first_name": "", 
-            "last_name": "", 
-            "is_active": true, 
-            "is_superuser": true, 
-            "is_staff": true, 
-            "last_login": "2013-05-24T05:35:58.628Z", 
-            "groups": [], 
-            "user_permissions": [], 
-            "password": "pbkdf2_sha256$10000$1rQazFNdOfFt$6aw/uIrv2uASkZ7moXMTajSN+ySYuowBnbP6ILNQntE=", 
-            "email": "noname@example.com", 
-            "date_joined": "2013-05-24T05:35:58.628Z"
-        }
-    }
-]
diff --git a/resources/session09/mysite/myblog/migrations/0001_initial.py b/resources/session09/mysite/myblog/migrations/0001_initial.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 9772455c..00000000
--- a/resources/session09/mysite/myblog/migrations/0001_initial.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,30 +0,0 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
-from django.db import models, migrations
-from django.conf import settings
-
-
-class Migration(migrations.Migration):
-
-    dependencies = [
-        migrations.swappable_dependency(settings.AUTH_USER_MODEL),
-    ]
-
-    operations = [
-        migrations.CreateModel(
-            name='Post',
-            fields=[
-                ('id', models.AutoField(verbose_name='ID', serialize=False, auto_created=True, primary_key=True)),
-                ('title', models.CharField(max_length=128)),
-                ('text', models.TextField(blank=True)),
-                ('created_date', models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True)),
-                ('modified_date', models.DateTimeField(auto_now=True)),
-                ('published_date', models.DateTimeField(null=True, blank=True)),
-                ('author', models.ForeignKey(to=settings.AUTH_USER_MODEL)),
-            ],
-            options={
-            },
-            bases=(models.Model,),
-        ),
-    ]
diff --git a/resources/session09/mysite/myblog/migrations/0002_category.py b/resources/session09/mysite/myblog/migrations/0002_category.py
deleted file mode 100644
index cd06d71e..00000000
--- a/resources/session09/mysite/myblog/migrations/0002_category.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,26 +0,0 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
-from django.db import models, migrations
-
-
-class Migration(migrations.Migration):
-
-    dependencies = [
-        ('myblog', '0001_initial'),
-    ]
-
-    operations = [
-        migrations.CreateModel(
-            name='Category',
-            fields=[
-                ('id', models.AutoField(verbose_name='ID', serialize=False, auto_created=True, primary_key=True)),
-                ('name', models.CharField(max_length=128)),
-                ('description', models.TextField(blank=True)),
-                ('posts', models.ManyToManyField(related_name='categories', null=True, to='myblog.Post', blank=True)),
-            ],
-            options={
-            },
-            bases=(models.Model,),
-        ),
-    ]
diff --git a/resources/session09/mysite/myblog/migrations/__init__.py b/resources/session09/mysite/myblog/migrations/__init__.py
deleted file mode 100644
index e69de29b..00000000
diff --git a/resources/session09/mysite/myblog/models.py b/resources/session09/mysite/myblog/models.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 8b5f59cf..00000000
--- a/resources/session09/mysite/myblog/models.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,27 +0,0 @@
-from django.db import models
-from django.contrib.auth.models import User
-
-
-class Post(models.Model):
-    title = models.CharField(max_length=128)
-    text = models.TextField(blank=True)
-    author = models.ForeignKey(User)
-    created_date = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True)
-    modified_date = models.DateTimeField(auto_now=True)
-    published_date = models.DateTimeField(blank=True, null=True)
-
-    def __unicode__(self):
-        return self.title
-
-
-class Category(models.Model):
-    name = models.CharField(max_length=128)
-    description = models.TextField(blank=True)
-    posts = models.ManyToManyField(Post, blank=True, null=True,
-                                   related_name='categories')
-
-    class Meta:
-        verbose_name_plural = 'Categories'
-
-    def __unicode__(self):
-        return self.name
diff --git a/resources/session09/mysite/myblog/static/django_blog.css b/resources/session09/mysite/myblog/static/django_blog.css
deleted file mode 100644
index 45a882de..00000000
--- a/resources/session09/mysite/myblog/static/django_blog.css
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,74 +0,0 @@
-body {
-    background-color: #eee;
-    color: #111;
-    font-family: "HelveticaNeue-Light", "Helvetica Neue Light", "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, "Lucida Grande", sans-serif;
-    margin:0;
-    padding:0;
-}
-#container {
-    margin:0;
-    padding:0;
-    margin-top: 0px;
-}
-#header {
-    background-color: #333;
-    border-botton: 1px solid #111;
-    margin:0;
-    padding:0;
-}
-#control-bar {
-    margin: 0em 0em 1em;
-    list-style: none;
-    list-style-type: none;
-    text-align: right;
-    color: #eee;
-    font-size: 80%;
-    padding-bottom: 0.4em;
-}
-#control-bar li {
-    display: inline-block;
-}
-#control-bar li a {
-    color: #eee;
-    padding: 0.5em;
-    text-decoration: none;
-}
-#control-bar li a:hover {
-    color: #cce;
-}
-#content {
-    margin: 0em 1em 1em;
-}
-
-ul#entries {
-    list-style: none;
-    list-style-type: none;
-}
-div.entry {
-    margin-right: 2em;
-    margin-top: 1em;
-    border-top: 1px solid #cecece;
-}
-ul#entries li:first-child div.entry {
-    border-top: none;
-    margin-top: 0em;
-}
-div.entry-body {
-    margin-left: 2em;
-}
-.notification {
-    float: right;
-    text-align: center;
-    width: 25%;
-    padding: 1em;
-}
-.info {
-    background-color: #aae;
-}
-ul.categories {
-    list-style: none;
-    list-style-type: none;
-}
-ul.categories li {
-    display: inline;
-}
diff --git a/resources/session09/mysite/myblog/templates/detail.html b/resources/session09/mysite/myblog/templates/detail.html
deleted file mode 100644
index cd0322ff..00000000
--- a/resources/session09/mysite/myblog/templates/detail.html
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,17 +0,0 @@
-{% extends "base.html" %}
-
-{% block content %}
-<a class="backlink" href="/">Home</a>
-<h1>{{ post }}</h1>
-<p class="byline">
-  Posted by {{ post.author_name }} &mdash; {{ post.published_date }}
-</p>
-<div class="post-body">
-  {{ post.text }}
-</div>
-<ul class="categories">
-  {% for category in post.categories.all %}
-    <li>{{ category }}</li>
-  {% endfor %}
-</ul>
-{% endblock %}
diff --git a/resources/session09/mysite/myblog/templates/list.html b/resources/session09/mysite/myblog/templates/list.html
deleted file mode 100644
index 88920817..00000000
--- a/resources/session09/mysite/myblog/templates/list.html
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,25 +0,0 @@
-{% extends "base.html" %}
-
-{% block content %}
-  <h1>Recent Posts</h1>
-
-  {% comment %} here is where the query happens {% endcomment %}
-  {% for post in posts %}
-  <div class="post">
-    <h2>
-      <a href="{% url 'blog_detail' post.pk %}">{{ post }}</a>
-    </h2>
-    <p class="byline">
-      Posted by {{ post.author_name }} &mdash; {{ post.published_date }}
-    </p>
-    <div class="post-body">
-      {{ post.text }}
-    </div>
-    <ul class="categories">
-      {% for category in post.categories.all %}
-        <li>{{ category }}</li>
-      {% endfor %}
-    </ul>
-  </div>
-  {% endfor %}
-{% endblock %}
diff --git a/resources/session09/mysite/myblog/tests.py b/resources/session09/mysite/myblog/tests.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 1f967b24..00000000
--- a/resources/session09/mysite/myblog/tests.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,67 +0,0 @@
-import datetime
-from django.test import TestCase
-from django.contrib.auth.models import User
-from django.utils.timezone import utc
-from myblog.models import Post, Category
-
-
-class PostTestCase(TestCase):
-    fixtures = ['myblog_test_fixture.json', ]
-
-    def setUp(self):
-        self.user = User.objects.get(pk=1)
-
-    def test_unicode(self):
-        expected = u"This is a title"
-        p1 = Post(title=expected)
-        actual = unicode(p1)
-        self.assertEqual(expected, actual)
-
-
-class CategoryTestCase(TestCase):
-
-    def test_unicode(self):
-        expected = "A Category"
-        c1 = Category(name=expected)
-        actual = unicode(c1)
-        self.assertEqual(expected, actual)
-
-
-class FrontEndTestCase(TestCase):
-    """test views provided in the front-end"""
-    fixtures = ['myblog_test_fixture.json', ]
-
-    def setUp(self):
-        self.now = datetime.datetime.utcnow().replace(tzinfo=utc)
-        self.timedelta = datetime.timedelta(15)
-        author = User.objects.get(pk=1)
-        for count in range(1, 11):
-            post = Post(title="Post %d Title" % count,
-                        text="foo",
-                        author=author)
-            if count < 6:
-                # publish the first five posts
-                pubdate = self.now - self.timedelta * count
-                post.published_date = pubdate
-            post.save()
-
-    def test_list_only_published(self):
-        resp = self.client.get('/')
-        self.assertTrue("Recent Posts" in resp.content)
-        for count in range(1, 11):
-            title = "Post %d Title" % count
-            if count < 6:
-                self.assertContains(resp, title, count=1)
-            else:
-                self.assertNotContains(resp, title)
-
-    def test_details_only_published(self):
-        for count in range(1, 11):
-            title = "Post %d Title" % count
-            post = Post.objects.get(title=title)
-            resp = self.client.get('/posts/%d/' % post.pk)
-            if count < 6:
-                self.assertEqual(resp.status_code, 200)
-                self.assertContains(resp, title)
-            else:
-                self.assertEqual(resp.status_code, 404)
diff --git a/resources/session09/mysite/myblog/urls.py b/resources/session09/mysite/myblog/urls.py
deleted file mode 100644
index d31e75c9..00000000
--- a/resources/session09/mysite/myblog/urls.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,12 +0,0 @@
-from django.conf.urls import patterns, url
-
-
-urlpatterns = patterns(
-    'myblog.views',
-    url(r'^$',
-        'list_view',
-        name="blog_index"),
-    url(r'^posts/(?P<post_id>\d+)/$',
-        'detail_view',
-        name="blog_detail"),
-)
diff --git a/resources/session09/mysite/myblog/views.py b/resources/session09/mysite/myblog/views.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 389fa2ed..00000000
--- a/resources/session09/mysite/myblog/views.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,32 +0,0 @@
-from django.shortcuts import render
-from django.http import HttpResponse, HttpResponseRedirect, Http404
-from django.template import RequestContext, loader
-from myblog.models import Post
-
-
-def stub_view(request, *args, **kwargs):
-    body = "Stub View\n\n"
-    if args:
-        body += "Args:\n"
-        body += "\n".join(["\t%s" % a for a in args])
-    if kwargs:
-        body += "Kwargs:\n"
-        body += "\n".join(["\t%s: %s" % i for i in kwargs.items()])
-    return HttpResponse(body, content_type="text/plain")
-
-
-def list_view(request):
-    published = Post.objects.exclude(published_date__exact=None)
-    posts = published.order_by('-published_date')
-    context = {'posts': posts}
-    return render(request, 'list.html', context)
-
-
-def detail_view(request, post_id):
-    published = Post.objects.exclude(published_date__exact=None)
-    try:
-        post = published.get(pk=post_id)
-    except Post.DoesNotExist:
-        raise Http404
-    context = {'post': post}
-    return render(request, 'detail.html', context)
diff --git a/resources/session09/mysite/mysite/__init__.py b/resources/session09/mysite/mysite/__init__.py
deleted file mode 100644
index e69de29b..00000000
diff --git a/resources/session09/mysite/mysite/settings.py b/resources/session09/mysite/mysite/settings.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 8d7e926a..00000000
--- a/resources/session09/mysite/mysite/settings.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,89 +0,0 @@
-"""
-Django settings for mysite project.
-
-For more information on this file, see
-https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.7/topics/settings/
-
-For the full list of settings and their values, see
-https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.7/ref/settings/
-"""
-
-# Build paths inside the project like this: os.path.join(BASE_DIR, ...)
-import os
-BASE_DIR = os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(__file__))
-
-
-# Quick-start development settings - unsuitable for production
-# See https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.7/howto/deployment/checklist/
-
-# SECURITY WARNING: keep the secret key used in production secret!
-SECRET_KEY = 'e@3=0i!#n4l25r*ul*sbx6b$@gh7a6pjee6lr-slw9!ayj#*@f'
-
-# SECURITY WARNING: don't run with debug turned on in production!
-DEBUG = True
-
-TEMPLATE_DEBUG = True
-
-ALLOWED_HOSTS = []
-
-
-# Application definition
-
-INSTALLED_APPS = (
-    'django.contrib.admin',
-    'django.contrib.auth',
-    'django.contrib.contenttypes',
-    'django.contrib.sessions',
-    'django.contrib.messages',
-    'django.contrib.staticfiles',
-    'myblog',
-)
-
-MIDDLEWARE_CLASSES = (
-    'django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware',
-    'django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware',
-    'django.middleware.csrf.CsrfViewMiddleware',
-    'django.contrib.auth.middleware.AuthenticationMiddleware',
-    'django.contrib.auth.middleware.SessionAuthenticationMiddleware',
-    'django.contrib.messages.middleware.MessageMiddleware',
-    'django.middleware.clickjacking.XFrameOptionsMiddleware',
-)
-
-ROOT_URLCONF = 'mysite.urls'
-
-WSGI_APPLICATION = 'mysite.wsgi.application'
-
-
-# Database
-# https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.7/ref/settings/#databases
-
-DATABASES = {
-    'default': {
-        'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.sqlite3',
-        'NAME': os.path.join(BASE_DIR, 'db.sqlite3'),
-    }
-}
-
-# Internationalization
-# https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.7/topics/i18n/
-
-LANGUAGE_CODE = 'en-us'
-
-TIME_ZONE = 'UTC'
-
-USE_I18N = True
-
-USE_L10N = True
-
-USE_TZ = True
-
-
-# Static files (CSS, JavaScript, Images)
-# https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.7/howto/static-files/
-
-STATIC_URL = '/static/'
-
-
-TEMPLATE_DIRS = (os.path.join(BASE_DIR, 'mysite/templates'), )
-LOGIN_URL = '/login/'
-LOGIN_REDIRECT_URL = '/'
diff --git a/resources/session09/mysite/mysite/templates/base.html b/resources/session09/mysite/mysite/templates/base.html
deleted file mode 100644
index eed438f9..00000000
--- a/resources/session09/mysite/mysite/templates/base.html
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,29 +0,0 @@
-{% load staticfiles %}
-<!DOCTYPE html>
-<html>
-  <head>
-    <title>My Django Blog</title>
-    <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="{% static 'django_blog.css' %}">
-  </head>
-  <body>
-    <div id="header">
-      <ul id="control-bar">
-      {% if user.is_authenticated %}
-        {% if user.is_staff %}
-          <li><a href="{% url 'admin:index' %}">admin</a></li>
-        {% endif %}
-        <li><a href="{% url 'logout' %}">logout</a></li>
-      {% else %}
-        <li><a href="{% url 'login' %}">login</a></li>
-      {% endif %}
-      </ul>
-    </div>
-    <div id="container">
-      <div id="content">
-      {% block content %}
-       [content will go here]
-      {% endblock %}
-      </div>
-    </div>
-  </body>
-</html>
diff --git a/resources/session09/mysite/mysite/templates/login.html b/resources/session09/mysite/mysite/templates/login.html
deleted file mode 100644
index 1566d0f7..00000000
--- a/resources/session09/mysite/mysite/templates/login.html
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,9 +0,0 @@
-{% extends "base.html" %}
-
-{% block content %}
-<h1>My Blog Login</h1>
-<form action="" method="POST">{% csrf_token %}
-  {{ form.as_p }}
-  <p><input type="submit" value="Log In"></p>
-</form>
-{% endblock %}
diff --git a/resources/session09/mysite/mysite/urls.py b/resources/session09/mysite/mysite/urls.py
deleted file mode 100644
index bbcf775f..00000000
--- a/resources/session09/mysite/mysite/urls.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,15 +0,0 @@
-from django.conf.urls import patterns, include, url
-from django.contrib import admin
-
-urlpatterns = patterns('',
-    url(r'^', include('myblog.urls')),
-    url(r'^login/$',
-        'django.contrib.auth.views.login',
-        {'template_name': 'login.html'},
-        name="login"),
-    url(r'^logout/$',
-        'django.contrib.auth.views.logout',
-        {'next_page': '/'},
-        name="logout"),
-    url(r'^admin/', include(admin.site.urls)),
-)
diff --git a/resources/session09/mysite/mysite/wsgi.py b/resources/session09/mysite/mysite/wsgi.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 15c7d49c..00000000
--- a/resources/session09/mysite/mysite/wsgi.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,14 +0,0 @@
-"""
-WSGI config for mysite project.
-
-It exposes the WSGI callable as a module-level variable named ``application``.
-
-For more information on this file, see
-https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.7/howto/deployment/wsgi/
-"""
-
-import os
-os.environ.setdefault("DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE", "mysite.settings")
-
-from django.core.wsgi import get_wsgi_application
-application = get_wsgi_application()
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diff --git a/slides/_sources/additional/flask_walkthrough.txt b/slides/_sources/additional/flask_walkthrough.txt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..eb5a408b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/slides/_sources/additional/flask_walkthrough.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,342 @@
+.. slideconf::
+    :autoslides: False
+
+A Quick Flask Walkthrough
+=========================
+
+.. slide:: A Quick Flask Walkthrough
+    :level: 1
+
+    This document contains no slides.
+
+If you've already set up your virtualenv and installed flask, you can simply
+activate it and skip down to **Kicking the Tires**
+
+If not...
+
+Practice Safe Development
+-------------------------
+
+We are going to install Flask, and the packages it requires, into a
+virtualenv.
+
+.. class:: incremental
+
+This will ensure that it is isolated from everything else we do in class (and
+vice versa)
+
+.. container:: incremental
+
+    Remember the basic format for creating a virtualenv:
+
+    .. class:: small
+
+    ::
+
+        $ python virtualenv.py [options] <ENV>
+        <or>
+        $ virtualenv [options] <ENV>
+
+
+Set Up a VirtualEnv
+-------------------
+
+Start by creating your virtualenv::
+
+    $ python virtualenv.py flaskenv
+    <or>
+    $ virtualenv flaskenv
+    ...
+
+.. container:: incremental
+
+    Then, activate it::
+    
+        $ source flaskenv/bin/activate
+        <or>
+        C:\> flaskenv\Scripts\activate
+
+
+Install Flask
+-------------
+
+Finally, install Flask using `setuptools` or `pip`::
+
+    (flaskenv)$ pip install flask
+    Downloading/unpacking flask
+      Downloading Flask-0.10.1.tar.gz (544kB): 544kB downloaded
+    ...
+    Installing collected packages: flask, Werkzeug, Jinja2, 
+      itsdangerous, markupsafe
+    ...
+    Successfully installed flask Werkzeug Jinja2 itsdangerous 
+      markupsafe
+
+
+Kicking the Tires
+-----------------
+
+We've installed the Flask microframework and all of its dependencies.
+
+.. class:: incremental
+
+Now, let's see what it can do
+
+.. class:: incremental
+
+With your flaskenv activated, create a file called ``flask_intro.py`` and
+open it in your text editor.
+
+
+Flask
+-----
+
+Getting started with Flask is pretty straightforward. Here's a complete,
+simple app.  Type it into `flask_intro.py`:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+    :class: small
+
+    from flask import Flask
+    app = Flask(__name__)
+
+    @app.route('/')
+    def hello_world():
+        return 'Hello World!'
+
+    if __name__ == '__main__':
+        app.run()
+
+
+Running our App
+---------------
+
+As you might expect by now, the last block in our ``flask_intro.py`` file
+allows us to run this as a python program. Save your file, and in your
+terminal try this::
+
+    (flaskenv)$ python flask_intro.py
+
+.. class:: incremental
+
+Load ``http://localhost:5000`` in your browser to see it in action.
+
+
+Debugging our App
+-----------------
+
+Last week, ``cgitb`` provided us with useful feedback when building an app.
+Flask has similar functionality. Make the following changes to your
+``flask_intro.py`` file:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+    :class: small
+
+    def hello_world():
+        bar = 1 / 0
+        return 'Hello World!'
+
+    if __name__ == '__main__':
+        app.run(debug=True)
+
+.. class:: incremental
+
+Restart your app and then reload your browser to see what happens.
+
+Click in the stack trace that appears in your browser.  Notice anything fun?
+
+(clean up the error when you're done playing).
+
+
+Your work so far
+----------------
+
+.. class:: incremental
+
+* You instantiated a `Flask` app with a name that represents the package or
+  module containing the app
+
+  * Because our app is a single Python module, this should be ``__name__``
+  * This is used to help the `Flask` app figure out where to look for
+    *resources*
+
+* You defined a function that returned a response body
+* You told the app which requests should use that function with a *route*
+
+.. class:: incremental
+
+Let's take a look at how that last bit works for a moment...
+
+
+URL Routing
+-----------
+
+Remember our bookdb exercise? How did you end up solving the problem of
+mapping an HTTP request to the right function?
+
+.. class:: incremental
+
+Flask solves this problem by using the `route` decorator from your app.
+
+.. class:: incremental
+
+A 'route' takes a URL rule (more on that in a minute) and maps it to an
+*endpoint* and a *function*.
+
+.. class:: incremental
+
+When a request arrives at a URL that matches a known rule, the function is
+called.
+
+
+URL Rules
+---------
+
+URL Rules are strings that represent what environ['PATH_INFO'] will look like.
+
+.. class:: incremental
+
+They are added to a *mapping* on the Flask object called the *url_map*
+
+.. class:: incremental
+
+You can call ``app.add_url_rule()`` to add a new one
+
+.. class:: incremental
+
+Or you can use what we've used, the ``app.route()`` decorator
+
+
+Function or Decorator
+---------------------
+
+.. code-block:: python
+    :class: small
+
+    def index():
+        """some function that returns something"""
+        # ...
+    
+    app.add_url_rule('/', 'homepage', index)
+
+.. container:: incremental
+
+    is identical to
+
+    .. code-block:: python
+        :class: small
+    
+        @app.route('/', 'homepage')
+        def index():
+            """some function that returns something"""
+            # ...
+
+
+Routes Can Be Dynamic
+---------------------
+
+A *placeholder* in a URL rule becomes a named arg to your function (add these
+to ``flask_intro.py``):
+
+.. code-block:: python
+    :class: incremental small
+
+    @app.route('/profile/<username>')
+    def show_profile(username):
+        return "My username is %s" % username
+
+.. class:: incremental
+
+And *converters* ensure the incoming argument is of the correct type.
+
+.. code-block:: python
+    :class: incremental small
+
+    @app.route('/div/<float:val>/')
+    def divide(val):
+        return "%0.2f divided by 2 is %0.2f" % (val, val / 2)
+
+
+Routes Can Be Filtered
+----------------------
+
+You can also determine which HTTP *methods* a given route will accept:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+    :class: small
+
+    @app.route('/blog/entry/<int:id>/', methods=['GET',])
+    def read_entry(id):
+        return "reading entry %d" % id
+
+    @app.route('/blog/entry/<int:id>/', methods=['POST', ])
+    def write_entry(id):
+        return 'writing entry %d' % id
+
+.. class:: incremental
+
+After adding that to ``flask_intro.py`` and saving, try loading
+``http://localhost:5000/blog/entry/23/`` into your browser. Which was called?
+
+Routes Can Be Reversed
+----------------------
+
+Reversing a URL means the ability to generate the url that would result in a
+given endpoint being called.
+
+.. class:: incremental
+
+This means *you don't have to hard-code your URLs when building links*
+
+.. class:: incremental
+
+That means *you can change the URLs for your app without changing code or
+templates*
+
+.. class:: incremental
+
+This is called **decoupling** and it is a good thing
+
+Reversing URLs in Flask
+-----------------------
+
+In Flask, you reverse a url with the ``url_for`` function.
+
+.. class:: incremental
+
+* ``url_for`` requires an HTTP request context to work
+* You can fake an HTTP request when working in a terminal (or testing)
+* Use the ``test_request_context`` method of your app object
+* This is a great chance to use the Python ``with`` statement
+* **Don't type this**
+
+.. code-block:: python
+    :class: small incremental
+
+    from flask import url_for
+    with app.test_request_context():
+      print url_for('endpoint', **kwargs)
+
+Reversing in Action
+-------------------
+
+Quit your Flask app with ``^C``.  Then start a python interpreter in that same
+terminal and import your ``flask_intro.py`` module:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    >>> from flask_intro import app
+    >>> from flask import url_for
+    >>> with app.test_request_context():
+    ...     print url_for('show_profile', username="cris")
+    ...     print url_for('divide', val=23.7)
+    ... 
+    '/profile/cris/'
+    '/div/23.7/'
+    >>>
+
+Enough for Now
+--------------
+
+That will give you plenty to think about before class.  We'll put this all to
+good use building a real flask app in our next session.
diff --git a/slides/_sources/additional/git_cleanup.txt b/slides/_sources/additional/git_cleanup.txt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..35338f79
--- /dev/null
+++ b/slides/_sources/additional/git_cleanup.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,219 @@
+.. slideconf::
+    :autoslides: False
+
+Steps to get a clean master branch for your git fork
+====================================================
+
+.. slide:: Steps to get a clean master branch for your git fork
+    :level: 1
+
+    This document contains no slides.
+
+Command line instructions for getting back to a pristine master branch
+
+
+1.  Make sure that you have the UWPCE repostitory set up as an additional
+    remote for your local repository::
+
+    $ git remote add uwpce git@github.com:UWPCE-PythonCert/training.python_web.git
+
+This will give you direct access to the original copy of the repository from
+the command line.
+
+2.  Verify this worked by checking your remotes::
+
+    $ git remote
+    origin
+    uwpce
+
+Now you have *two* remote repositories connected to your local repository.
+
+* *Origin* represents the copy of your fork of the UW PCE repository *on
+  github's servers*.
+* *Uwpce* is the original UW PCE repository *on github's servers*.
+
+State the Problem
+-----------------
+
+You have a series of changes *you* have made to the *master* branch of your
+repository, both the local and the *origin* remote.
+
+Every time you make new changes for a homework and then submit a pull request,
+all these old changes are included in the pull request.
+
+State the Goal
+--------------
+
+You would like to get a *master* branch of your repository that exactly matches
+the *master* branch of the UW PCE remote (*uwpce*).
+
+Once you have this, you can then keep that branch up to date with the UW PCE
+copy
+
+And you can continue to make clean branches for each homework *starting from
+that clean master*.
+
+Steps to get there
+------------------
+
+Preserve your Old Work
+++++++++++++++++++++++
+
+First, make a branch on your local machine of your current *master*, this will
+be a branch you keep that contains all your homework up until today::
+
+    $ git branch -a
+    * master
+      remotes/origin/HEAD -> origin/master
+      remotes/origin/gh-pages
+      remotes/origin/instructor
+      remotes/origin/master
+      remotes/origin/week-long-format
+      remotes/uwpce/master
+    $ git branch keep-old-work
+    $ git branch -a
+    keep-old-work
+    * master
+      remotes/origin/HEAD -> origin/master
+      remotes/origin/gh-pages
+      remotes/origin/instructor
+      remotes/origin/master
+      remotes/origin/week-long-format
+      remotes/uwpce/master
+
+Now, you have a copy of all the work you've done to date.  It's on the
+*keep-old-work* branch. You have not yet pushed this branch up to your github
+account, so let's do that next, making it safe::
+
+    $ git push -u origin keep-old-work
+    Total 0 (delta 0), reused 0 (delta 0)
+    To git@github.com:cewing/training.python_web.git
+     * [new branch]      keep-old-work -> keep-old-work
+    Branch keep-old-work set up to track remote branch keep-old-work from origin.
+
+Okay, now there's a copy of your old work safe in a branch on *your* github
+repository.
+
+Revert Your Master
+++++++++++++++++++
+
+The next step is to *roll back your master* to a point *before you made any
+changes to it*.
+
+The key here is understanding that every change you commit to a repository in
+git is associated with a *hash*, which is a big, unique identification number
+you can use to refer to that specific change.  You can see these numbers when
+you look at the list of commits in github.
+
+You need to find the number of a commit by me that happened before you began
+making changes.
+
+First, open the 'commits' page on github of your fork of the class repository.
+
+Then, scroll down until you find your first commit, which should be part of
+work for session01 homework.
+
+Then, find the last commit *before* that commit, and click on the number in the
+far right of that commit listing (it should be something like `b60ea2bb70`)
+
+This will open up that specific commit, and in the URL for that commit you will
+find the full hash: `b60ea2bb7052a5bd300772d7d9d40b19b27f7a1b`.  Copy that value.
+
+Now, we are going to reset your local *master* branch to that commit,
+abandoning all the changes you (and I) have made between then and now::
+
+    $ git branch
+    keep-old-work
+    * master
+    $ git reset --hard b60ea2bb7052a5bd300772d7d9d40b19b27f7a1b
+
+Now, your *local master* has been reverted to a state before you did any work.
+All your changes have been deleted, but so have all the changes I've made since
+the start of class.
+
+Luckily, we can fix that.  Our next step is to fetch the *uwpce* *master*
+branch, which contains all those changes I've made, but none of the changes you
+made:
+
+    $ git fetch uwpce master
+    remote: Counting objects: 10, done.
+    remote: Compressing objects: 100% (10/10), done.
+    remote: Total 10 (delta 3), reused 7 (delta 0)
+    Unpacking objects: 100% (10/10), done.
+    From github.com:UWPCE-PythonCert/training.python_web
+     * branch            master     -> FETCH_HEAD
+       8873ba1..75a8462  master     -> uwpce/master
+
+And finally, we can merge the changes in the *uwpce* master into our local
+*master*::
+
+    $ git branch
+    keep-old-work
+    * master
+    $ git merge uwpce/master
+    Merge made by the 'recursive' strategy.
+     source/presentations/session04.rst |    7 +
+     source/presentations/session06.rst | 1624 +-----------------------------------
+     2 files changed, 40 insertions(+), 1591 deletions(-)
+
+
+Forcibly Update
++++++++++++++++
+
+Now, what we have is a situation where your local master has a history that is
+completely different from the *origin* to which it is attached.  Your
+*origin/master* still has your work on it, interleaved with the changes I've
+made along the way, but your *local* master contains only my work.
+
+If you were to try to push these changes up to *origin* (your repository) it would
+fail because there's no way to reconcile the two histories.
+
+But we don't care about the history on your *origin*, we only want to keep the
+history that is represented by what is currently in your *local* master branch.
+To do that, we can push with the `--force` option::
+
+    $ git push --force origin master
+    Counting objects: 25, done.
+    Delta compression using up to 8 threads.
+    Compressing objects: 100% (11/11), done.
+    Writing objects: 100% (11/11), 2.04 KiB | 0 bytes/s, done.
+    Total 11 (delta 7), reused 0 (delta 0)
+    To git@github.com:cewing/training.python_web.git
+     + 782d17e...5fb97f3 master -> master (forced update)
+
+Okay.  This means that now *master* both on your local machine and on the
+*origin* remote (your github repository) is identical to (and up to date with)
+the master in the *uwpce* repository.
+
+
+Going Forward
+-------------
+
+From now on, when you want to get the very latest copies of the *uwpce*
+repository, you can issue these commands::
+
+    $ git checkout master
+    $ git fetch uwpce master
+    $ git merge uwpce/master
+    $ git push origin master
+
+That will fetch the changes from the *uwpce* remote *master* branch, merge them
+into your *local* repository *master* branch, and then push those changes up to
+your *origin* repository *master* branch.
+
+And when you are ready to start work on a new homework assignment, you can
+simply start a new branch::
+
+    $ git checkout -b session05-homework
+
+Once you've completed your homework, and committed all the changes to your
+*local* homework branch, you can push that branch up to your *origin*
+repository::
+
+    $ git push origin session05-homework
+
+And then, when you open a pull request for me to review your homework, you can
+select your *homework branch* as the source of the pull request, and my
+*master* branch as the destination. The request will contain only those changes
+that are germane to your homework.
+
diff --git a/slides/_sources/additional/sql_persistence_tutorial.txt b/slides/_sources/additional/sql_persistence_tutorial.txt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5e47ba99
--- /dev/null
+++ b/slides/_sources/additional/sql_persistence_tutorial.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,625 @@
+.. slideconf::
+    :autoslides: False
+
+SQL Persistence in Python
+=========================
+
+.. slide:: SQL Persistence in Python
+    :level: 1
+
+    This document contains no slides.
+
+In this tutorial, you'll walk through some basic concepts of data persistence
+using the Python stdlib implementation of DB API 2, `sqlite3`
+
+Data Persistence
+----------------
+
+There are many models for persistance of data.
+
+.. class:: incremental
+
+* Flat files
+* Relational Database (SQL RDBMs like PostgreSQL, MySQL, SQLServer, Oracle)
+* Object Stores (Pickle, ZODB)
+* NoSQL Databases (CouchDB, MongoDB, etc)
+
+.. class:: incremental
+
+It's also one of the most contentious issues in app design.
+
+.. class:: incremental
+
+For this reason, it's one of the things that most Small Frameworks leave
+undecided.
+
+
+Simple SQL
+----------
+
+`PEP 249 <http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0249/>`_ describes a
+common API for database connections called DB-API 2.
+
+.. container:: incremental
+
+    The goal was to
+
+        achieve a consistency leading to more easily understood modules, code
+        that is generally more portable across databases, and a broader reach
+        of database connectivity from Python
+
+        .. class:: image-credit
+
+        source: http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0248/
+
+
+A Note on DB API
+----------------
+
+.. class:: incremental center
+
+It is important to remember that PEP 249 is **only a specification**.
+
+.. class:: incremental
+
+There is no code or package for DB-API 2 on it's own.
+
+.. class:: incremental
+
+Since 2.5, the Python Standard Library has provided a `reference
+implementation of the api <http://docs.python.org/2/library/sqlite3.html>`_
+based on SQLite3
+
+.. class:: incremental
+
+Before Python 2.5, this package was available as ``pysqlite``
+
+
+Using DB API
+------------
+
+To use the DB API with any database other than SQLite3, you must have an
+underlying API package available.
+
+.. container:: incremental
+
+    Implementations are available for:
+
+    * PostgreSQL (**psycopg2**, txpostgres, ...)
+    * MySQL (**mysql-python**, PyMySQL, ...)
+    * MS SQL Server (**adodbapi**, pymssql, mxODBC, pyodbc, ...)
+    * Oracle (**cx_Oracle**, mxODBC, pyodbc, ...)
+    * and many more...
+
+    .. class:: image-credit
+
+    source: http://wiki.python.org/moin/DatabaseInterfaces
+
+
+Installing API Packages
+-----------------------
+
+Most db api packages can be installed using typical Pythonic methods::
+
+    $ easy_install psycopg2
+    $ pip install mysql-python
+    ...
+
+.. class:: incremental
+
+Most api packages will require that the development headers for the underlying
+database system be available. Without these, the C symbols required for
+communication with the db are not present and the wrapper cannot work.
+
+
+Not Today
+---------
+
+We don't want to spend the next hour getting a package installed, so let's use
+``sqlite3`` instead.
+
+.. class:: incremental
+
+I **do not** recommend using sqlite3 for production web applications, there are
+too many ways in which it falls short
+
+.. class:: incremental
+
+But it will provide a solid learning tool
+
+
+Getting Started
+---------------
+
+In the class resources folder, you'll find an ``sql`` directory. Copy that to
+your working directory.
+
+.. class:: incremental
+
+Open the file ``createdb.py`` in your text editor.  Edit ``main`` like so:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+    :class: incremental small
+
+    def main():
+        conn =  sqlite3.connect(DB_FILENAME)
+        if DB_IS_NEW:
+            print 'Need to create database and schema'
+        else:
+            print 'Database exists, assume schema does, too.'
+        conn.close()
+
+
+Try It Out
+----------
+
+Run the ``createdb.py`` script to see it in effect::
+
+    $ python createdb.py
+    Need to create database and schema
+    $ python createdb.py
+    Database exists, assume schema does, too.
+    $ ls
+    books.db
+    ...
+
+.. class:: incremental
+
+Sqlite3 will automatically create a new database when you connect for the
+first time, if one does not exist.
+
+
+Set Up A Schema
+---------------
+
+Make the following changes to ``createdb.py``:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+    :class: small
+
+    DB_FILENAME = 'books.db'
+    SCHEMA_FILENAME = 'ddl.sql' # <- this is new
+    DB_IS_NEW = not os.path.exists(DB_FILENAME)
+
+    def main():
+        with sqlite3.connect(DB_FILENAME) as conn: # <- context mgr
+            if DB_IS_NEW: # A whole new if clause:
+                print 'Creating schema'
+                with open(SCHEMA_FILENAME, 'rt') as f:
+                    schema = f.read()
+                conn.executescript(schema)
+            else:
+                print 'Database exists, assume schema does, too.'
+        # delete the `conn.close()` that was here.
+
+
+Verify Your Work
+----------------
+
+Quit your python interpreter and delete the file ``books.db``
+
+.. container:: incremental
+
+    Then run the script from the command line again to try it out::
+
+        $ python createdb.py
+        Creating schema
+        $ python createdb.py
+        Database exists, assume schema does, too.
+
+Introspect the Database
+-----------------------
+
+Add the following to ``createdb.py``:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+    :class: small
+
+    # in the imports, add this line:
+    from utils import show_table_metadata
+
+    else:
+        # in the else clause, replace the print statement with this:
+        print "Database exists, introspecting:"
+        tablenames = ['author', 'book']
+        cursor = conn.cursor()
+        for name in tablenames:
+            print "\n"
+            show_table_metadata(cursor, name)
+
+.. class:: incremental
+
+Then try running ``python createdb.py`` again
+
+My Results
+----------
+
+.. class:: small
+
+::
+
+    $ python createdb.py
+    Table Metadata for 'author':
+    cid        | name       | type       | notnull    | dflt_value | pk         |
+    -----------+------------+------------+------------+------------+------------+-
+    0          | authorid   | INTEGER    | 1          | None       | 1          |
+    -----------+------------+------------+------------+------------+------------+-
+    1          | name       | TEXT       | 0          | None       | 0          |
+    -----------+------------+------------+------------+------------+------------+-
+
+
+    Table Metadata for 'book':
+    cid        | name       | type       | notnull    | dflt_value | pk         |
+    -----------+------------+------------+------------+------------+------------+-
+    0          | bookid     | INTEGER    | 1          | None       | 1          |
+    -----------+------------+------------+------------+------------+------------+-
+    1          | title      | TEXT       | 0          | None       | 0          |
+    -----------+------------+------------+------------+------------+------------+-
+    2          | author     | INTEGER    | 1          | None       | 0          |
+    -----------+------------+------------+------------+------------+------------+-
+
+
+Inserting Data
+--------------
+
+Let's load up some data. Fire up your interpreter and type:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+    :class: small
+
+    >>> import sqlite3
+    >>> insert = """
+    ... INSERT INTO author (name) VALUES("Iain M. Banks");"""
+    >>> with sqlite3.connect("books.db") as conn:
+    ...     cur = conn.cursor()
+    ...     cur.execute(insert)
+    ...     cur.rowcount
+    ...     cur.close()
+    ...     
+    <sqlite3.Cursor object at 0x10046e880>
+    1
+    >>> 
+
+.. class:: incremental
+
+Did that work?
+
+
+Querying Data
+-------------
+
+Let's query our database to find out:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+    :class: small
+
+    >>> query = """
+    ... SELECT * from author;"""
+    >>> with sqlite3.connect("books.db") as conn:
+    ...     cur = conn.cursor()
+    ...     cur.execute(query)
+    ...     rows = cur.fetchall()
+    ...     for row in rows:
+    ...         print row
+    ...
+    <sqlite3.Cursor object at 0x10046e8f0>
+    (1, u'Iain M. Banks')
+
+.. class:: incremental
+
+Alright!  We've got data in there.  Let's make it more efficient
+
+
+Parameterized Statements
+------------------------
+
+Try this:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+    :class: small
+
+    >>> insert = """
+    ... INSERT INTO author (name) VALUES(?);"""
+    >>> authors = [["China Mieville"], ["Frank Herbert"],
+    ... ["J.R.R. Tolkien"], ["Susan Cooper"], ["Madeline L'Engle"]]
+    >>> with sqlite3.connect("books.db") as conn:
+    ...     cur = conn.cursor()
+    ...     cur.executemany(insert, authors)
+    ...     print cur.rowcount
+    ...     cur.close()
+    ...
+    <sqlite3.Cursor object at 0x10046e8f0>
+    5
+
+
+Check Your Work
+---------------
+
+Again, query the database:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+    :class: small
+
+    >>> query = """
+    ... SELECT * from author;"""
+    >>> with sqlite3.connect("books.db") as conn:
+    ...     cur = conn.cursor()
+    ...     cur.execute(query)
+    ...     rows = cur.fetchall()
+    ...     for row in rows:
+    ...         print row
+    ...
+    <sqlite3.Cursor object at 0x10046e8f0>
+    (1, u'Iain M. Banks')
+    ...
+    (4, u'J.R.R. Tolkien')
+    (5, u'Susan Cooper')
+    (6, u"Madeline L'Engle")
+
+
+Transactions
+------------
+
+Transactions group operations together, allowing you to verify them *before*
+the results hit the database.
+
+.. class:: incremental
+
+In SQLite3, data-altering statements require an explicit ``commit`` unless
+auto-commit has been enabled.
+
+.. class:: incremental
+
+The ``with`` statements we've used take care of committing when the context
+manager closes.
+
+.. class:: incremental
+
+Let's change that so we can see what happens explicitly
+
+
+Populating the Database
+-----------------------
+
+Let's start by seeing what happens when you try to look for newly added data
+before the ``insert`` transaction is committed.
+
+.. class:: incremental
+
+Begin by quitting your interpreter and deleting ``books.db``.  
+
+.. container:: incremental
+
+    Then re-create the database, empty::
+
+        $ python createdb.py
+        Creating schema
+
+
+Setting Up the Test
+-------------------
+
+.. class:: small
+
+Open ``populatedb.py`` in your editor, replace the final ``print``:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+    :class: small
+
+    conn1 = sqlite3.connect(DB_FILENAME)
+    conn2 = sqlite3.connect(DB_FILENAME)
+    print "\nOn conn1, before insert:"
+    show_authors(conn1)
+    authors = ([author] for author in AUTHORS_BOOKS.keys())
+    cur = conn1.cursor()
+    cur.executemany(author_insert, authors)
+    print "\nOn conn1, after insert:"
+    show_authors(conn1)
+    print "\nOn conn2, before commit:"
+    show_authors(conn2)
+    conn1.commit()
+    print "\nOn conn2, after commit:"
+    show_authors(conn2)
+    conn1.close()
+    conn2.close()
+
+
+Running the Test
+----------------
+
+.. class:: small
+
+Quit your python interpreter and run the ``populatedb.py`` script:
+
+.. class:: small incremental
+
+::
+
+    On conn1, before insert:
+    no rows returned
+    On conn1, after insert:
+    (1, u'China Mieville')
+    (2, u'Frank Herbert')
+    (3, u'Susan Cooper')
+    (4, u'J.R.R. Tolkien')
+    (5, u"Madeline L'Engle")
+
+    On conn2, before commit:
+    no rows returned
+    On conn2, after commit:
+    (1, u'China Mieville')
+    (2, u'Frank Herbert')
+    (3, u'Susan Cooper')
+    (4, u'J.R.R. Tolkien')
+    (5, u"Madeline L'Engle")
+
+
+Rollback
+--------
+
+That's all well and good, but what happens if an error occurs?
+
+.. class:: incremental
+
+Transactions can be rolled back in order to wipe out partially completed work.
+
+.. class:: incremental
+
+Like with commit, using ``connect`` as a context manager in a ``with``
+statement will automatically rollback for exceptions.
+
+.. class:: incremental
+
+Let's rewrite our populatedb script so it explicitly commits or rolls back a
+transaction depending on exceptions occurring
+
+
+Edit populatedb.py (slide 1)
+----------------------------
+
+.. class:: small
+
+First, add the following function above the ``if __name__ == '__main__'``
+block:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+    :class: small
+
+    def populate_db(conn):
+        authors = ([author] for author in AUTHORS_BOOKS.keys())
+        cur = conn.cursor()
+        cur.executemany(author_insert, authors)
+
+        for author in AUTHORS_BOOKS.keys():
+            params = ([book, author] for book in AUTHORS_BOOKS[author])
+            cur.executemany(book_insert, params)
+
+
+Edit populatedb.py (slide 2)
+----------------------------
+
+.. class:: small
+
+Then, in the runner:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+    :class: small
+
+    with sqlite3.connect(DB_FILENAME) as conn1:
+        with sqlite3.connect(DB_FILENAME) as conn2:
+            try:
+                populate_db(conn1)
+                print "\nauthors and books on conn2 before commit:"
+                show_authors(conn2)
+                show_books(conn2)
+            except sqlite3.Error:
+                conn1.rollback()
+                print "\nauthors and books on conn2 after rollback:"
+                show_authors(conn2)
+                show_books(conn2)
+                raise
+            else:
+                conn1.commit()
+                print "\nauthors and books on conn2 after commit:"
+                show_authors(conn2)
+                show_books(conn2)
+
+
+Try it Out
+----------
+
+Remove ``books.db`` and recrete the database, then run our script:
+
+.. class:: small
+
+::
+
+    $ rm books.db
+    $ python createdb.py
+    Creating schema
+    $ python populatedb.py
+
+.. class:: small incremental
+
+::
+
+    authors and books on conn2 after rollback:
+    no rows returned
+    no rows returned
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+      File "populatedb.py", line 57, in <module>
+        populate_db(conn1)
+      File "populatedb.py", line 46, in populate_db
+        cur.executemany(book_insert, params)
+    sqlite3.InterfaceError: Error binding parameter 0 - probably unsupported type.
+
+Oooops, Fix It
+--------------
+
+.. class:: small
+
+Okay, we got an error, and the transaction was rolled back correctly.
+
+.. container:: incremental small
+
+    Open ``utils.py`` and find this:
+
+    .. code-block:: python 
+
+        'Susan Cooper': ["The Dark is Rising", ["The Greenwitch"]],
+
+.. container:: incremental small
+
+    Fix it like so:
+
+    .. code-block:: python
+
+        'Susan Cooper': ["The Dark is Rising", "The Greenwitch"],
+
+.. class:: small incremental
+
+It appears that we were attempting to bind a list as a parameter.  Ooops.
+
+
+Try It Again
+------------
+
+.. container:: small
+
+    Now that the error in our data is repaired, let's try again::
+
+        $ python populatedb.py
+
+.. class:: small incremental
+
+::
+
+    Reporting authors and books on conn2 before commit:
+    no rows returned
+    no rows returned
+    Reporting authors and books on conn2 after commit:
+    (1, u'China Mieville')
+    (2, u'Frank Herbert')
+    (3, u'Susan Cooper')
+    (4, u'J.R.R. Tolkien')
+    (5, u"Madeline L'Engle")
+    (1, u'Perdido Street Station', 1)
+    (2, u'The Scar', 1)
+    (3, u'King Rat', 1)
+    (4, u'Dune', 2)
+    (5, u"Hellstrom's Hive", 2)
+    (6, u'The Dark is Rising', 3)
+    (7, u'The Greenwitch', 3)
+    (8, u'The Hobbit', 4)
+    (9, u'The Silmarillion', 4)
+    (10, u'A Wrinkle in Time', 5)
+    (11, u'A Swiftly Tilting Planet', 5)
+
+Congratulations
+---------------
+
+You've just created a small database of books and authors. The transactional
+protections you've used let you rest comfortable, knowing that so long as the
+process completed, you've got the data you sent.
+
+We'll see more of this when we build our flask app.
diff --git a/slides/_sources/additional/template_tutorial.txt b/slides/_sources/additional/template_tutorial.txt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7eaa8065
--- /dev/null
+++ b/slides/_sources/additional/template_tutorial.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,244 @@
+.. slideconf::
+    :autoslides: False
+
+Jinja2 Template Introduction
+============================
+
+.. slide:: Jinja2 Template Introduction
+    :level: 1
+
+    This document contains no slides.
+
+
+When you installed ``flask`` into your virtualenv, along with it came a
+Python-based templating engine called ``Jinja2``.
+
+In this walkthrough, you'll see some basics about how templates work, and get
+to know what sorts of options they provide you for creating HTML from a Python
+process.
+
+Generating HTML
+---------------
+
+.. class:: big-centered
+
+"I enjoy writing HTML in Python"
+
+.. class:: incremental right
+
+-- nobody, ever
+
+
+Templating
+----------
+
+A good framework will provide some way of generating HTML with a templating
+system.
+
+.. class:: incremental
+
+There are nearly as many templating systems as there are frameworks
+
+.. class:: incremental
+
+Each has advantages and disadvantages
+
+.. class:: incremental
+
+Flask includes the *Jinja2* templating system (perhaps because it's built by
+the same folks)
+
+
+Jinja2 Template Basics
+----------------------
+
+Let's start with the absolute basics.
+
+.. container:: incremental
+
+    Fire up a Python interpreter, using your flask virtualenv:
+    
+    .. code-block:: python
+        :class: small
+    
+        (flaskenv)$ python
+        >>> from jinja2 import Template
+
+.. container:: incremental
+
+    A template is built of a simple string:
+    
+    .. code-block:: python
+        :class: small
+
+        >>> t1 = Template("Hello {{ name }}, how are you?")
+
+
+Rendering a Template
+--------------------
+
+Call the ``render`` method, providing some *context*:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+    :class: incremental small
+
+    >>> t1.render(name="Freddy")
+    u'Hello Freddy, how are you?'
+    >>> t1.render({'name': "Roberto"})
+    u'Hello Roberto, how are you?'
+    >>>
+
+.. class:: incremental
+
+*Context* can either be keyword arguments, or a dictionary
+
+
+Dictionaries in Context
+-----------------------
+
+Dictionaries passed in as part of the *context* can be addressed with *either*
+subscript or dotted notation:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+    :class: incremental small
+
+    >>> person = {'first_name': 'Frank',
+    ...           'last_name': 'Herbert'}
+    >>> t2 = Template("{{ person.last_name }}, {{ person['first_name'] }}")
+    >>> t2.render(person=person)
+    u'Herbert, Frank'
+
+.. class:: incremental
+
+* Jinja2 will try the *correct* way first (attr for dotted, item for
+  subscript).
+* If nothing is found, it will try the opposite.
+* If nothing is found, it will return an *undefined* object.
+
+
+Objects in Context
+------------------
+
+The exact same is true of objects passed in as part of *context*:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+    :class: incremental small
+
+    >>> t3 = Template("{{ obj.x }} + {{ obj['y'] }} = Fun!")
+    >>> class Game(object):
+    ...   x = 'babies'
+    ...   y = 'bubbles'
+    ...
+    >>> bathtime = Game()
+    >>> t3.render(obj=bathtime)
+    u'babies + bubbles = Fun!'
+
+.. class:: incremental
+
+This means your templates can be a bit agnostic as to the nature of the things
+in *context*
+
+
+Filtering values in Templates
+-----------------------------
+
+You can apply *filters* to the data passed in *context* with the pipe ('|')
+operator:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+    :class: incremental small
+
+    t4 = Template("shouted: {{ phrase|upper }}")
+    >>> t4.render(phrase="this is very important")
+    u'shouted: THIS IS VERY IMPORTANT'
+
+.. container:: incremental
+
+    You can also chain filters together:
+    
+    .. code-block:: python
+        :class: small
+    
+        t5 = Template("confusing: {{ phrase|upper|reverse }}")
+        >>> t5.render(phrase="howdy doody")
+        u'confusing: YDOOD YDWOH'
+
+
+Control Flow
+------------
+
+Logical control structures are also available:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+    :class: incremental small
+
+    tmpl = """
+    ... {% for item in list %}{{ item }}, {% endfor %}
+    ... """
+    >>> t6 = Template(tmpl)
+    >>> t6.render(list=[1,2,3,4,5,6])
+    u'\n1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, '
+
+.. class:: incremental
+
+Any control structure introduced in a template **must** be paired with an 
+explicit closing tag ({% for %}...{% endfor %})
+
+
+Template Tests
+--------------
+
+There are a number of specialized *tests* available for use with the
+``if...elif...else`` control structure:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+    :class: incremental small
+
+    >>> tmpl = """
+    ... {% if phrase is upper %}
+    ...   {{ phrase|lower }}
+    ... {% elif phrase is lower %}
+    ...   {{ phrase|upper }}
+    ... {% else %}{{ phrase }}{% endif %}"""
+    >>> t7 = Template(tmpl)
+    >>> t7.render(phrase="FOO")
+    u'\n\n  foo\n'
+    >>> t7.render(phrase="bar")
+    u'\n\n  BAR\n'
+    >>> t7.render(phrase="This should print as-is")
+    u'\nThis should print as-is'
+
+
+Basic Python Expressions
+------------------------
+
+Basic Python expressions are also supported:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+    :class: incremental small
+
+    tmpl = """
+    ... {% set sum = 0 %}
+    ... {% for val in values %}
+    ... {{ val }}: {{ sum + val }}
+    ...   {% set sum = sum + val %}
+    ... {% endfor %}
+    ... """
+    >>> t8 = Template(tmpl)
+    >>> t8.render(values=range(1,11))
+    u'\n\n\n1: 1\n  \n\n2: 3\n  \n\n3: 6\n  \n\n4: 10\n
+      \n\n5: 15\n  \n\n6: 21\n  \n\n7: 28\n  \n\n8: 36\n
+      \n\n9: 45\n  \n\n10: 55\n  \n'
+
+
+Much, Much More
+---------------
+
+There's more that Jinja2 templates can do, and you'll see more in class
+when we write templates for our Flask app.
+
+.. container:: incremental
+
+    Make sure that you bookmark the Jinja2 documentation for later use::
+
+        http://jinja.pocoo.org/docs/templates/
diff --git a/slides/_sources/index.txt b/slides/_sources/index.txt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..828e3a66
--- /dev/null
+++ b/slides/_sources/index.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
+.. Internet Programming with Python documentation master file, created by
+   sphinx-quickstart on Sat Nov  3 13:22:19 2012.
+
+.. slideconf::
+    :autoslides: False
+
+`UW PCE Certificate Program in Python Programming
+<http://www.pce.uw.edu/certificates/python-programming.html>`_
+
+================================
+Internet Programming with Python
+================================
+
+.. slide:: Internet Programming with Python
+    :level: 1
+
+    .. rst-class:: large center
+    .. container::
+    
+        No Content
+
+.. sidebar:: In This Class
+
+    .. toctree::
+       :maxdepth: 2
+
+       outline
+       presentations/index
+       readings
+
+Winter Term, 2016 (10 sessions)
+
+Tuesdays, 6-9 pm, January 5 - March 8
+
+
+Overview
+========
+
+This course emphasizes network-based programming and Web applications, how they
+work and how to program them in Python. Explore the underlying principles and
+their expression in the Python libraries. Learn contrasting approaches in
+creating applications: programming with the low-level libraries versus using
+highly integrated frameworks
+
+
+Prerequisites
+=============
+
+To attend this course you should have a working knowledge of the basic syntax
+and structures of the Python programming language. You will also need to be
+comfortable working at the command line to navigate a file system, create and
+delete files, and execute commands. Finally, you should have some basic
+knowledge of HTML.
+
+
+Requirements
+============
+
+This workshop does not provide a computer laboratory. You will have to have a
+portable computer in order to participate. Network access is provided, but you
+will need to know how to operate the network settings for your computer.
+
+Your computer must have Python version 3.4 or later installed. No additional
+libraries will be required, but we will be installing some as the workshop
+progresses.
+
+To keep clean and isolated development environments, we will make use in class
+of the `venv`_ module, a standard library module used to create and maintain
+lightweight sandbox environments.
+
+.. _venv: https://docs.python.org/3/library/venv.html
+
+What to Expect
+==============
+
+This course will cover the fundamental concepts of networked programming in
+Python. You'll learn everything, starting from the sockets that enable
+communications between processes and machines and the basic protocols that
+govern this communication, right up to the full-stack frameworks that enable
+developers to build rich applications efficiently.
+
+Along the way, you'll learn through a combination of lecture and activity.
+Historical information will be combined with exercises designed to help you
+learn the Pythonic way to create programs that interact with each-other across
+networks. Each module will include reading lists for more information.
+Homework assignments will allow you to dive more deeply into the concepts
+introduced in class.
+
+**This class is** intended to give students a solid grounding in the
+fundamentals of network programming. You will gain a basic understanding of a
+broad range of Pythonic tools and learn to choose the right tool for a given
+task.
+
+**This class is not** an in-depth course in any single Python web framework.
+The intention is to give you the information needed to select the right
+framework for your task. To that end, you will learn the basics of the
+frameworks covered as well as the choices and compromises that shape them.
+
+
+References
+==========
+
+`Python 3 Documentation <https://docs.python.org/3/>`_: Complete
+documentation of the language.
+
+`Python 3 Language Reference <https://docs.python.org/3/reference/>`_: Terse
+and complete reference to the language structures of Python 3.
+
+Python Standard Library -
+`Internet Protocols and Support <https://docs.python.org/3/library/internet.html>`_:
+All the supported internet protocols as implemented in Python.
+
+Python Module of the Week (`py2`_, `py3`_): A fantastic reference for many
+modules in Python 2 and 3. Examples and usage are provided throughout. Don't be
+shy about trying the Python 2 docs in Python 3, often they will work still.
+
+.. _py2: https://pymotw.com/2/contents.html
+.. _py3: https://pymotw.com/3/
+
+`Lecture Presentations <presentations/index.html>`_: Slides from the course
+presentations.
+
+
+Search
+======
+
+* :ref:`search`
+
diff --git a/slides/_sources/outline.txt b/slides/_sources/outline.txt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..13e5f514
--- /dev/null
+++ b/slides/_sources/outline.txt
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+.. slideconf::
+    :autoslides: False
+
+Course Outline
+==============
+
+.. slide:: Course Outline
+    :level: 1
+
+    This document contains no slides.
+
+This course takes place over 10 sessions. Each session is three hours long.
+Each session contains lecture material and exercises you will type at a python
+prompt. Each session has associated assignments which you will complete
+between sessions.
+
+
+Session 1 - TCP/IP and Sockets
+------------------------------
+
+We will begin with a disucssion of the fundamental concepts and structures
+that underly the internet and networked computing. We'll learn about the
+TCP/IP stack (Internet Protocol Suite) and gain some insights into how that
+model manifests in real life. We will then dive into sockets and learn how to
+use them to communicate between processes on a single machine, or across a
+network.
+
+Along the way, we'll build a basic Echo server and client to demonstrate the
+processes we've learned. By the end of the session, we'll be sending messages
+and receiving replies.
+
+References
+**********
+
+* `Python Library - socket <http://docs.python.org/2/library/socket.html>`_
+* `Socket Programming How-to <http://docs.python.org/2/howto/sockets.html>`_
+* `Python Module of the Week - socket <http://pymotw.com/2/socket/>`_
+
+
+Session 2 - Web Protocols
+-------------------------
+
+Protocols are the languages of the Internet. They govern how machines speak to
+one another. We will focus on finding both the similarities and differences
+between protocols. Can you use the inherent qualities of each to determine
+which is appropriate for a given purpose?
+
+Along the way, we'll build a simple web server. Using the HTTP protocol and
+extending what we learned in the previous session we'll create an HTTP server
+that allows us to serve files and directories from our own computers. By the
+end of the day, you'll be browsing your filesystem with your own web browser.
+
+References
+**********
+
+* `smtplib <http://docs.python.org/2/library/smtplib.html>`_
+* `imaplib <http://docs.python.org/2/library/imaplib.html>`_
+* `httplib <http://docs.python.org/2/library/httplib.html>`_
+* `urllib <http://docs.python.org/2/library/urllib.html>`_
+* `urllib2 <http://docs.python.org/2/library/urllib2.html>`_
+
+If you have more curiosity about other Python Standard Library implementations
+of internet protocols, you should read Doug Hellmann's Python Module Of The
+Week on `Internet Protocols and Support`_. His entries on these libraries are
+clear and concise and have some great code examples.
+
+.. _Internet Protocols and Support: http://pymotw.com/2/internet_protocols.html
+
+Session 3 - CGI and WSGI
+------------------------
+
+In this class we will explore ways of moving data from HTTP requests into the
+dynamic scripts that process data. We will begin by looking at the original
+specification for passing data, CGI (Common Gateway Interface). We'll look at
+the benefits and drawbacks of the specification, and use it to create some
+simple interactions.
+
+Then we will investigate a more modern take on the same problem, WSGI (Web
+Services Gateway Interface). We'll see the ways in which WSGI is similar to
+CGI, and look at the ways in which it differs. We'll create a simple interaction
+using WSGI and see what benefits and drawbacks it confers.
+
+
+Session 4 - APIs and Mashups
+----------------------------
+
+The internet is a treasure trove of information. But meaning can be hard to
+find among all that data. Mashups offer a way to combine data from disparate
+sources in order to derive meaning. Data online can be offered in forms ripe
+for consumption. APIs built in XMLRPC, SOAP or REST offer rich tools for
+extraction, but even simple websites can be scraped using tools like
+BeautifulSoup.
+
+We'll explore the differences between various 'Web Services' formats, learning
+how to serve information and consume it. We'll also explore using BeautifulSoup
+to help extract information from the sea of HTML in the wild.
+
+Along the way, we'll create a mashup of our own, using the tools we learn to
+build a script that can produce derived meaning out of data we find online.
+
+References
+**********
+
+* `BeautifulSoup <http://www.crummy.com/software/BeautifulSoup/bs4/doc/>`_
+* `requests <http://requests.readthedocs.org/en/latest/>`_
+* `json <http://docs.python.org/2/library/json.html>`_
+* `geocoder <http://geocoder.readthedocs.org/en/latest/>`_
+* `httplib <http://docs.python.org/2/library/httplib.html>`_
+* `htmlparser <http://docs.python.org/2/library/htmlparser.html>`_
+* `xmlrpclib <http://docs.python.org/2/library/xmlrpclib.html>`_
+* `DocXMLRPCServer <http://docs.python.org/2/library/docxmlrpcserver.html>`_
+
+
+Session 5 - MVC Applications and Data Persistence
+-------------------------------------------------
+
+In this session we will begin by introducing the idea of an MVC (*Model View
+Controller*) application.  We'll discuss this popular application design
+pattern and talk about the ways in which it does and does not apply to the
+world of web applications.
+
+We'll get started with our first application, a learning journal written in the
+lignt but powerful *Pyramid* web framework. We'll set up a development
+environment and install the framework and dependencies. We'll create our first
+*models* and experiment with persisting data to a database.
+
+References
+**********
+
+
+Preparation for Session 6
+*************************
+
+In preparation for session 6, please read the following materials:
+
+* `Jinja2 Template Tutorial
+  <presentations/template_tutorial-plain.html>`_
+* `HTML5 Site Layout Tutorial
+  <http://www.smashingmagazine.com/2009/08/04/designing-a-html-5-layout-from-scratch/>`_
+
+Session 6 - Pyramid Views, Renderers and Forms
+----------------------------------------------
+
+In this session we extend our understanding of the MVC design pattern by
+learning how Pyramid implements the *view* and *controller* aspects.
+
+Pyramid *views* represent the *controller* part of the MVC pattern, and we'll
+create a number of them. We'll also learn how Pyramid uses *routes* to properly
+connect the *path* requested by a client to the *views* run by a server.
+
+We'll meet with Pyramid's *renderers*, the *view* in MVC.  We'll start by using
+a built-in renderer that simply turns view data into strings sent back to the
+client as plain text responses.  We'll then install a template-based renderer
+and use the *jinja2* template language to create visible HTML pages the brower
+can load to show our learning journal entries.
+
+Prepraration for Session 7
+**************************
+
+In preparation for session 7, please read up on getting started with `Heroku
+and Python`_.  We'll be deploying our learning journal to Heroku by the end of
+that session.
+
+.. _Heroku and Python: https://devcenter.heroku.com/articles/getting-started-with-python#introduction
+
+Sesstion 7 - Pyramid Authentication and Deployment
+--------------------------------------------------
+
+In this session we will learn the basic elements of access control:
+authentication and authorization. We'll learn how Pyramid implements these two
+aspects of security, and will implement a basic security policy for our
+learning journal.
+
+Once complete, we will deploy our application to Heroku.  We'll make a few
+changes to how our app is configured to fit with the Heroku model and will be
+able to see our application in action by the end of the session.
+
+Time permitting, we will enhance our application with a few special features
+such as Markdown formatting, and code highlighting. A list of potential future
+enhancements will give you plenty to think about for the rest of the week.
+
+
+Preparation for Session 8
+*************************
+
+Please walk through this tutorial before session 8 begins.
+
+* `An Introduction to Django <presentations/django_intro.html>`_
+
+
+Session 8 - Basic Django
+------------------------
+
+In this class we'll get introduced to arguably the most popular full-stack
+Python web framework, Django. We'll install the framework, learn about how to
+get it running and how to get started creating your very own app.
+
+We'll be learning about the Django ORM and how Django Models can help shield
+developers from much of the complexity of SQL.
+
+During the week leading up to this session, we'll `get started building`_ a
+blog app in Django. We'll learn how to use the tools Django provides to explore
+and interact with your models while designing them. We'll also get a brief
+introduction to the Django admin, Django's *killer feature*.
+
+.. _get started building: presentations/django_intro.html
+
+
+Along the way, we'll build a nicely functional blog application.  We'll learn
+about model relationships, customizing the Django admin, and adding front-end
+views so users can see our work. We'll even learn how we can update our
+database code and keep it in sync with our progressing development work.
+
+Along the way we'll learn that the Django template language is quite similar
+to the Jinja2 language (in fact, Jinja2 was modelled on the Django version).
+We'll also get a chance to learn a bit more about the features that the Django
+test framework provides over and above the standard Python ``unittest``
+library.
+
+
+Session 9 - Extending Django
+----------------------------
+
+During this session, we will continue our exploration of Django, and of pair
+programming. Students will pair up and work together to implement one or more
+feature extending the basic Django app we created previously.
+
+Finally, we'll discuss some of the strengths and weaknesses of Django.  What
+makes it a good choice for some projects but not for others.
+
+Preparation for Session 10
+**************************
+
+In preparation for session 10, you'll need to sign up for an account with
+Amazon Web Services.
+
+
+Session 10 - Deploying Django
+-----------------------------
+
+During this session, we will deploy our Django application to Amazon Web
+Services. To do so, we'll use a popular Python-based configuration management
+tool, Ansible.
+
diff --git a/slides/_sources/presentations/django_intro.txt b/slides/_sources/presentations/django_intro.txt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c0ee5100
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+.. slideconf::
+    :autoslides: False
+
+*************************
+An Introduction To Django
+*************************
+
+.. slide:: Internet Programming with Python
+    :level: 1
+
+    This document contains no slides.
+
+In this tutorial, you'll walk through creating a very simple microblog
+application using Django.
+
+Practice Safe Development
+=========================
+
+We'll install Django and any other packages we use with it in a virtualenv.
+
+This will ensure that it is isolated from everything else we do in class
+(and vice versa)
+
+Remember the basic format for creating a virtualenv::
+
+    $ python -m venv [options] <ENV>
+    <or>
+    $ pyvenv [options] <ENV>
+
+
+Set Up a VirtualEnv
+-------------------
+
+Start by creating your virtualenv::
+
+    $ python -m venv djangoenv
+    <or>
+    $ pyvenv djangoenv
+    ...
+
+Then, activate it::
+
+    $ source djangoenv/bin/activate
+    <or>
+    C:\> djangoenv\Scripts\activate.bat
+
+
+Install Django
+--------------
+
+Finally, install Django 1.7.4 using ``pip``::
+
+    (djangoenv)$ pip install Django==1.9
+    Collecting Django==1.9
+      Downloading Django-1.9-py2.py3-none-any.whl (6.6MB)
+        100% |████████████████████████████████| 6.6MB 47kB/s
+    Installing collected packages: Django
+    Successfully installed Django-1.9
+    (djangoenv)$
+
+
+Our Project
+===========
+
+Everything in Django stems from the *project*. To get started learning, we'll
+create one. We'll use a script installed by Django, ``django-admin.py``:
+
+.. code-block:: bash
+
+    (djangoenv)$ django-admin startproject mysite
+
+If you're on windows, that command is slightly different:
+
+.. code-block:: bash
+
+    django-admin.exe startproject mysite
+
+.. note:: If you run into trouble at this stage, please consult the
+          `installation documentation`_. For windows users, see also
+          `this guide to installation on Windows`_
+
+.. _installation documentation: https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.9/intro/install/
+.. _this guide to installation on Windows: https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.9/howto/windows/
+
+
+This will create a folder called 'mysite'. The folder contains the following
+structure::
+
+    mysite
+    ├── manage.py
+    └── mysite
+        ├── __init__.py
+        ├── settings.py
+        ├── urls.py
+        └── wsgi.py
+
+If what you see doesn't match that, you're using an older version of Django.
+Make sure you've installed 1.7.4
+
+
+What Got Created
+----------------
+
+* **outer *mysite* folder**: this is just a container and can be renamed or
+  moved at will
+* **inner *mysite* folder**: this is your project directory. It should not be
+  renamed.
+* **__init__.py**: magic file that makes *mysite* a python package.
+* **settings.py**: file which holds configuration for your project, more soon.
+* **urls.py**: file which holds top-level URL configuration for your project,
+  more soon.
+* **wsgi.py**: binds a wsgi application created from your project to the
+  symbol ``application``
+* **manage.py**: a management control script.
+
+*django-admin* provides a hook for administrative tasks and abilities:
+
+* creating a new project or app
+* running the development server
+* executing tests
+* entering a python interpreter
+* entering a database shell session with your database
+* much much more (run ``django-admin`` without an argument)
+
+*manage.py* wraps this functionality, adding the full environment of your
+project.
+
+
+How *manage.py* Works
+---------------------
+
+Look in the ``manage.py`` script Django created for you. You'll see this:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    #!/usr/bin/env python
+    import os
+    import sys
+
+    if __name__ == "__main__":
+        os.environ.setdefault("DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE", "mysite.settings")
+
+        from django.core.management import execute_from_command_line
+
+        execute_from_command_line(sys.argv)
+
+The environmental var ``DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE`` is how the ``manage.py``
+script is made aware of your project's environment. This is why you shouldn't
+rename the project package.
+
+
+Development Server
+------------------
+
+At this point, you should be ready to use the development server::
+
+    (djangoenv)$ cd mysite
+    (djangoenv)$ ./manage.py runserver
+    ...
+
+You'll see a scary warning about unapplied migrations.  Ignore it for a moment.
+Instead, load ``http://localhost:8000`` in your browser. You should see this:
+
+.. figure:: /_static/django-start.png
+    :align: center
+    :width: 98%
+
+.. rst-class:: build center
+
+**Do you?**
+
+
+Connecting A Database
+---------------------
+
+Django supplies its own ORM (Object-Relational Mapper). This ORM sits on top of
+the DB-API implementation you choose. You must provide connection information
+through Django configuration.
+
+All Django configuration takes place in ``settings.py`` in your project
+folder.
+
+Edit your ``settings.py`` to match:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+
+    DATABASES = {
+        'default': {
+            'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.sqlite3',
+            'NAME': 'mysite.db',
+        }
+    }
+
+There are other database settings, but they are not used with sqlite3, we'll
+ignore them for now.
+
+Django's ORM provides a layer of *abstraction* between you and SQL. You write
+Python classes called *models* describing the objects that make up your system.
+The ORM handles converting data from these objects into SQL statements (and
+back). We'll learn much more about this in a bit.
+
+The final step in preparing to work is to set up the database. You do this by
+running *migrations*.  These migrations create the tables needed to support the
+models that are required by Django out of the box.
+
+Run the following command:
+
+.. code-block:: bash
+
+    (djangoenv)$ ./manage.py migrate
+    Operations to perform:
+      Apply all migrations: admin, contenttypes, auth, sessions
+    Running migrations:
+      Applying contenttypes.0001_initial... OK
+      Applying auth.0001_initial... OK
+      Applying admin.0001_initial... OK
+      Applying sessions.0001_initial... OK
+
+Great!  Now we can set up an initial user who'll be able to do anything, a
+*superuser*.  Again, we'll use ``manage.py``:
+
+.. code-block:: bash
+
+    (djangoenv)$ ./manage.py createsuperuser
+    Username (leave blank to use 'cewing'):
+    Email address: cris@crisewing.com
+    Password:
+    Password (again):
+    Superuser created successfully.
+
+Notice that as you type your password, it will not appear on the screen.  Don't
+worry, it's actually being recorded.  You just can't see it (and neither can
+that snoopy git looking over your shoulder).
+
+Projects and Apps
+=================
+
+We've created a Django *project*. In Django a project represents a whole
+website:
+
+* global configuration settings
+* inclusion points for additional functionality
+* master list of URL endpoints
+
+A Django *app* encapsulates a unit of functionality:
+
+* A blog section
+* A discussion forum
+* A content tagging system
+
+.. important:: One *project* can (and likely will) consist of many *apps*
+
+Django already includes some *apps* for you.
+
+.. container:: incremental
+
+    They're in ``settings.py`` in the ``INSTALLED_APPS`` setting:
+
+    .. code-block:: python
+
+
+        INSTALLED_APPS = (
+            'django.contrib.admin',
+            'django.contrib.auth',
+            'django.contrib.contenttypes',
+            'django.contrib.sessions',
+            'django.contrib.messages',
+            'django.contrib.staticfiles',
+        )
+
+
+Our Class App
+-------------
+
+We are going to build an *app* to add to our *project*. To start with our app
+will be a simple blog. As stated above, an *app* represents a unit within a
+system, the *project*. We have a project, we need to create an *app*
+
+This is accomplished using ``manage.py``. In your terminal, make sure you are
+in the *outer* mysite directory, where the file ``manage.py`` is located.
+Then:
+
+.. code-block:: bash
+
+    (djangoenv)$ ./manage.py startapp myblog
+
+This should leave you with the following structure:
+
+.. class:: small
+
+::
+
+    mysite
+    ├── db.sqlite3
+    ├── manage.py
+    ├── myblog
+    │   ├── __init__.py
+    │   ├── admin.py
+    │   ├── migrations
+    │   │   └── __init__.py
+    │   ├── models.py
+    │   ├── tests.py
+    │   └── views.py
+    └── mysite
+        ├── __init__.py
+        ├── settings.py
+        ├── urls.py
+        └── wsgi.py
+
+Like our Pyramid site, Django divides up functionality by module. You'll create
+ORM model classes in the ``models.py`` file, view code in the ``views.py``
+file, and so on.
+
+We'll start by defining the main Python class for our blog system, a ``Post``.
+
+
+Django Models
+-------------
+
+Any Python class in Django that is meant to be persisted *must* inherit from
+the Django ``Model`` class. This base class hooks in to the ORM functionality
+converting Python code to SQL. You can override methods from the base ``Model``
+class to alter how this works or write new methods to add functionality.
+
+Learn more about `models <https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.9/topics/db/models/>`_
+
+
+Our Post Model
+--------------
+
+Open the ``models.py`` file created in our ``myblog`` package. Add the
+following:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    from django.db import models #<-- This is already in the file
+    from django.contrib.auth.models import User
+
+    class Post(models.Model):
+        title = models.CharField(max_length=128)
+        text = models.TextField(blank=True)
+        author = models.ForeignKey(User)
+        created_date = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True)
+        modified_date = models.DateTimeField(auto_now=True)
+        published_date = models.DateTimeField(blank=True, null=True)
+
+This code defines a subclass of the Django ``Model`` class and added a bunch of
+attributes.
+
+* These attributes are all instances of ``Field`` classes defined in Django
+* Field attributes on a model map to columns in a database table
+* The arguments you provide to each Field customize how it works
+
+  * This means *both* how it operates in Django *and* how it is defined in SQL
+
+* There are arguments shared by all Field types
+* There are also arguments specific to individual types
+
+You can read much more about
+`Model Fields and options <https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.9/ref/models/fields/>`_
+
+There are some features of our fields worth mentioning in specific. Notice we
+have no field that is designated as the *primary key*
+
+* You *can* make a field the primary key by adding ``primary_key=True`` in the
+  arguments
+* If you do not, Django will **automatically** create one. This field is always
+  called ``id``
+* No matter what the primary key field is called, its *value* is always
+  available on a model instance as the ``pk`` attribute: ``instance.pk``
+
+
+Field Details
+-------------
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    title = models.CharField(max_length=128)
+
+* The required ``max_length`` argument is specific to ``CharField`` fields.
+* It affects *both* the Python and SQL behavior of a field.
+* In python, it is used to *validate* supplied values during *model validation*
+* In SQL it is used in the column definition: ``VARCHAR(128)``
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    author = models.ForeignKey(User)
+
+* Django also models SQL *relationships* as specific field types.
+* The required positional argument is the class of the related Model.
+* By default, the reverse relation is implemented as the attribute
+  ``<fieldname>_set``.
+* You can override this by providing the ``related_name`` argument.
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    created_date = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True)
+    modified_date = models.DateTimeField(auto_now=True)
+
+* ``auto_now_add`` is available on all date and time fields. It sets the value
+  of the field to *now* when an instance is first saved.
+* ``auto_now`` is similar, but sets the value anew each time an instance is
+  saved.
+* Setting either of these will cause the ``editable`` attribute of a field to
+  be set to ``False``.
+* This does not mean you can't update these values, only that they will not
+  show in forms by default.
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    text = models.TextField(blank=True)
+    # ...
+    published_date = models.DateTimeField(blank=True, null=True)
+
+* The argument ``blank`` is shared across all field types. The default is
+  ``False``
+* This argument affects only the Python behavior of a field, determining if the
+  field is *required*
+* The related ``null`` argument affects the SQL definition of a field: is the
+  column NULL or NOT NULL
+* Django recommends that you **not** use the ``null`` option for text fields.
+  It will automatically insert an empty string into the database if the field
+  is left blank.
+
+
+Installing Apps
+---------------
+
+In order to use our new model, we need Django to know about our *app*. This is
+accomplished by configuration in the ``settings.py`` file. Open that file now,
+in your editor, and find the INSTALLED_APPS setting.
+
+You extend Django functionality by *installing apps*. This is pretty simple:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+
+    INSTALLED_APPS = (
+        'django.contrib.admin',
+        'django.contrib.auth',
+        'django.contrib.contenttypes',
+        'django.contrib.sessions',
+        'django.contrib.messages',
+        'django.contrib.staticfiles',
+        'myblog', # <- YOU ADD THIS PART
+    )
+
+Once Django is made aware of the existence of this new app, it can  make a new
+*migration* that will set up the tables for this new class automatically.
+
+.. code-block:: bash
+
+    (djangoenv)$ ./manage.py makemigrations myblog
+    Migrations for 'myblog':
+      0001_initial.py:
+        - Create model Post
+
+And now you can run that migration to make the changes to your database:
+
+.. code-block:: bash
+
+    (djangoenv)$ ./manage.py migrate
+    Operations to perform:
+      Apply all migrations: sessions, myblog, contenttypes, auth, admin
+    Running migrations:
+      Rendering model states... DONE
+      Applying myblog.0001_initial... OK
+
+
+The Django Shell
+================
+
+Django provides a management command ``shell``:
+
+* Shares the same ``sys.path`` as your project, so all installed python
+  packages are present.
+* Imports the ``settings.py`` file from your project, and so shares all
+  installed apps and other settings.
+* Handles connections to your database, so you can interact with live data
+  directly.
+
+The Django ``shell`` will use more advanced Python interpreters such as
+``iPython`` if they are available. Let's go ahead and install iPython in our
+``djangoenv`` to get this advantage:
+
+.. code-block:: bash
+
+    (djangoenv)$ pip install ipython
+    ...
+
+Let's explore the Model Instance API directly using this shell:
+
+::
+
+    (djangoenv)$ ./manage.py shell
+
+Instances of our model can be created by simple instantiation:
+
+.. code-block:: ipython
+
+    In [1]: from myblog.models import Post
+    In [2]: p1 = Post(title='My First Post',
+       ...:           text='This is the first post I\'ve written')
+    In [3]: p1
+    Out[3]: <Post: Post object>
+
+We can also validate that our new object is okay before we try to save it:
+
+.. code-block:: ipython
+
+    In [4]: p1.full_clean()
+    ...
+
+    ValidationError: {'author': ['This field cannot be null.']}
+
+
+Django Model Managers
+---------------------
+
+We have to hook our ``Post`` to an author, which must be a ``User``. To do
+this, we need to have an instance of the ``User`` class. We can use the
+``User`` *model manager* to run table-level operations like ``SELECT``.
+
+
+All Django models have a *manager*. By default it is accessed through the
+``objects`` class attribute.
+
+Let's use the *manager* to get an instance of the ``User`` class:
+
+.. code-block:: ipython
+
+    In [5]: from django.contrib.auth.models import User
+    In [6]: all_users = User.objects.all()
+    In [7]: all_users
+    Out[7]: [<User: cewing>]
+    In [8]: p1.author = all_users[0]
+
+And now our instance should validate properly:
+
+.. code-block:: ipython
+
+    In [9]: p1.full_clean()
+    In [10]:
+
+
+Saving New Objects
+------------------
+
+Our model has three date fields, two of which are supposed to be
+auto-populated:
+
+.. code-block:: ipython
+
+    In [11]: print(p1.created_date)
+    None
+    In [12]: print(p1.modified_date)
+    None
+
+Although we've instantiated a Post object, it doesn't have these values yet.
+That's because a model is not *created* until it's saved into the database.
+When we save our post, these fields will get values assigned:
+
+.. code-block:: ipython
+
+    In [13]: p1.save()
+    In [14]: print(p1.created_date)
+    2015-12-31 19:24:29.019293+00:00
+    In [15]: print(p1.modified_date)
+    2015-12-31 19:24:29.019532+00:00
+
+
+Updating An Instance
+--------------------
+
+Models operate much like 'normal' python objects. To change the value of a
+field, simply set the instance attribute to a new value. Call ``save()`` to
+persist the change:
+
+.. code-block:: ipython
+
+    In [16]: p1.title = p1.title + " (updated)"
+    In [17]: p1.save()
+    In [18]: p1.title
+    Out[18]: 'My First Post (updated)'
+
+
+Create a Few Posts
+------------------
+
+Let's create a few more posts so we can explore the Django model manager query
+API:
+
+.. code-block:: ipython
+
+    In [20]: p2 = Post(title="Another post",
+       ....:           text="The second one created",
+       ....:           author=all_users[0]).save()
+    In [21]: p3 = Post(title="The third one",
+       ....:           text="With the word 'heffalump'",
+       ....:           author=all_users[0]).save()
+    In [22]: p4 = Post(title="Posters are a great decoration",
+       ....:           text="When you are a poor college student",
+       ....:           author=all_users[0]).save()
+       ....: Post.objects.count()
+    Out[22]: 4
+
+
+The Django Query API
+--------------------
+
+The *manager* on each model class supports a full-featured query API. API
+methods take keyword arguments, where the keywords are special constructions
+combining field names with field *lookups*.  The double-underscore character
+separates the name of a field from the *lookup* value.
+
+.. rst-class:: build small
+
+* title__exact="The exact title"
+* text__contains="decoration"
+* id__in=range(1,4)
+* published_date__lte=datetime.datetime.now()
+
+Each keyword argument adds to the query that will be used to find matching
+objects.
+
+
+QuerySets
+---------
+
+A ``QuerySet`` is a special type of object that maintains a relationship to the
+database. Query API methods can be divided into two basic groups: methods that
+return ``QuerySets`` and those that do not.
+
+The former may be chained without hitting the database:
+
+.. code-block:: ipython
+
+    In [24]: a = Post.objects.all()  #<-- no query yet
+    In [25]: b = a.filter(title__icontains="post")  #<- not yet
+    In [26]: c = b.exclude(text__contains="created")  #<-- nope
+    In [27]: [(p.title, p.text) for p in c]  #<-- This will issue the query
+    Out[27]:
+    [('My First Post (updated)', "This is the first post I've written"),
+     ('Posters are a great decoration', 'When you are a poor college student')]
+
+Conversely, the latter will issue an SQL query when executed.
+
+.. code-block:: ipython
+
+    In [28]: a.count()  #<-- immediately executes an SQL query
+    Out[28]: 4 
+
+
+QuerySets and SQL
+-----------------
+
+If you are curious, you can see the SQL that a given QuerySet will use:
+
+.. code-block:: ipython
+
+    In [29]: print(c.query)
+    SELECT "myblog_post"."id", "myblog_post"."title", "myblog_post"."text",
+           "myblog_post"."author_id", "myblog_post"."created_date",
+           "myblog_post"."modified_date", "myblog_post"."published_date" 
+    FROM "myblog_post" 
+    WHERE (
+        "myblog_post"."title" LIKE %post% ESCAPE '\' 
+        AND NOT ("myblog_post"."text" LIKE %created% ESCAPE '\')
+    )
+
+The SQL will vary depending on which DBAPI backend you use (yay ORM!!!)
+
+.. note:: Incidentally, using this as a way to learn SQL is not a bad idea.
+
+
+Exploring the QuerySet API
+--------------------------
+
+See https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.9/ref/models/querysets
+
+
+.. code-block:: ipython
+
+    In [3]: [p.pk for p in Post.objects.all().order_by('created_date')]
+    Out[3]: [1, 2, 3, 4]
+    In [4]: [p.pk for p in Post.objects.all().order_by('-created_date')]
+    Out[4]: [4, 3, 2, 1]
+    In [5]: [p.pk for p in Post.objects.filter(title__contains='post')]
+    Out[5]: [1, 2, 4]
+    In [6]: [p.pk for p in Post.objects.exclude(title__contains='post')]
+    Out[6]: [3]
+    In [7]: qs = Post.objects.exclude(title__contains='post')
+    In [8]: qs = qs.exclude(id__exact=3)
+    In [9]: [p.pk for p in qs]
+    Out[9]: []
+    In [10]: qs = Post.objects.exclude(title__contains='post', id__exact=3)
+    In [11]: [p.pk for p in qs]
+    Out[11]: [1, 2, 3, 4]
+
+Do all of those make sense to you?  Especially consider the difference between
+those last two results? Can you explain that?
+
+
+Updating via QuerySets
+----------------------
+
+You can update all the objects in a QuerySet at the same time. Changes are persisted
+without calling the ``save`` instance method:
+
+.. code-block:: ipython
+
+    In [12]: qs = Post.objects.all()
+    In [13]: [p.published_date for p in qs]
+    Out[13]: [None, None, None, None]
+    In [14]: from datetime import datetime
+    In [15]: from django.utils.timezone import UTC
+    In [16]: utc = UTC()
+    In [17]: now = datetime.now(utc)
+    In [18]: qs.update(published_date=now)
+    Out[18]: 4
+    In [19]: [p.published_date for p in qs]
+    Out[19]:
+    [datetime.datetime(2015, 12, 31, 19, 50, 4, 99980, tzinfo=<UTC>),
+     datetime.datetime(2015, 12, 31, 19, 50, 4, 99980, tzinfo=<UTC>),
+     datetime.datetime(2015, 12, 31, 19, 50, 4, 99980, tzinfo=<UTC>),
+     datetime.datetime(2015, 12, 31, 19, 50, 4, 99980, tzinfo=<UTC>)]
+
+
+Testing Our Model
+=================
+
+As with any project, we want to test our work. Django provides a testing
+framework to allow this. Django supports both *unit tests* and *doctests*. I
+strongly suggest using *unit tests*. You add tests for your *app* to the file
+``tests.py``, which should be at the same package level as ``models.py``.
+
+Locate and open this file in your editor.
+
+
+Django TestCase Classes
+-----------------------
+
+**SimpleTestCase** is for basic unit testing with no ORM requirements
+
+**TransactionTestCase** is useful if you need to test transactional
+actions (commit and rollback) in the ORM
+
+**TestCase** is used when you require ORM access and a test client
+
+**LiveServerTestCase** launches the django server during test runs for
+front-end acceptance tests.
+
+Sometimes testing requires base data to be present. We need a User for ours.
+Django provides *fixtures* to handle this need. Create a directory called
+``fixtures`` inside your ``myblog`` app directory. This new folder should be
+adjacent to the ``tests.py`` file.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+
+Copy the file ``myblog_test_fixture.json`` from the ``resources/session08``
+into this directory, it contains users for our tests.
+
+Now that we have a fixture, we need to instruct our tests to use it.
+
+Edit ``tests.py`` to look like this:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+
+    from django.test import TestCase
+    from django.contrib.auth.models import User
+
+    class PostTestCase(TestCase):
+        fixtures = ['myblog_test_fixture.json', ]
+
+        def setUp(self):
+            self.user = User.objects.get(pk=1)
+
+
+Our First Enhancement
+---------------------
+
+Look at the way our Post represents itself in the Django shell:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    In [2]: [p for p in Post.objects.all()]
+    Out[2]:
+    [<Post: Post object>,
+     <Post: Post object>,
+     <Post: Post object>,
+     <Post: Post object>]
+
+Wouldn't it be nice if the posts showed their titles instead? In Django, the
+``__str__`` method is used to determine how a Model instance represents
+itself. Then, calling ``str(instance)`` gives the desired result.
+
+Let's write a test that demonstrates our desired outcome:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    # add this import at the top
+    from myblog.models import Post
+
+    # and this test method to the PostTestCase
+    def test_string_representation(self):
+        expected = "This is a title"
+        p1 = Post(title=expected)
+        actual = str(p1)
+        self.assertEqual(expected, actual)
+
+
+To run tests, use the ``test`` management command. Without arguments, it will
+run all TestCases it finds in all installed *apps*. You can pass the name of a
+single app to focus on those tests.
+
+Quit your Django shell and in your terminal run the test we wrote:
+
+.. code-block:: bash
+
+    (djangoenv)$ ./manage.py test myblog
+
+We have yet to implement this enhancement, so our test should fail:
+
+::
+
+    Creating test database for alias 'default'...
+    F
+    ======================================================================
+    FAIL: test_string_representation (myblog.tests.PostTestCase)
+    ----------------------------------------------------------------------
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+      File "/Users/cewing/projects/training/uw_pce/training.python_web/scripts/session07/mysite/myblog/tests.py", line 15, in test_string_representation
+        self.assertEqual(expected, actual)
+    AssertionError: 'This is a title' != u'Post object'
+
+    ----------------------------------------------------------------------
+    Ran 1 test in 0.007s
+
+    FAILED (failures=1)
+    Destroying test database for alias 'default'...
+
+Let's add an appropriate ``__str__`` method to our Post class.
+
+* It will take ``self`` as its only argument
+* And it should return its own title as the result
+* Go ahead and take a stab at this in ``models.py``
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    class Post(models.Model):
+        #...
+
+        def __str__(self):
+            return self.title
+
+Re-run the tests to see if that worked::
+
+    (djangoenv)$ ./manage.py test myblog
+    Creating test database for alias 'default'...
+    .
+    ----------------------------------------------------------------------
+    Ran 1 test in 0.007s
+
+    OK
+    Destroying test database for alias 'default'...
+
+.. rst-class:: centered
+
+**YIPEEEE!**
+
+
+What to Test
+------------
+
+In any framework, the question arises of what to test. Much of your app's
+functionality is provided by framework tools. Does that need testing? I
+*usually* don't write tests covering features provided directly by the
+framework. I *do* write tests for functionality I add, and for places where I
+make changes to how the default functionality works. This is largely a matter
+of style and taste (and of budget).
+
+We've only begun to test our blog app. We'll be adding many more tests later.
+In between, you might want to take a look at the `Django testing documentation`_:
+
+.. _Django testing documentation: https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.9/topics/testing/
+
+
+The Django Admin
+================
+
+There are some who believe that Django has been Python's *killer app*. And
+without doubt the Django Admin is a *killer feature* for Django. To demonstrate
+this, we are going to set up the admin for our blog
+
+The Django Admin is, itself, an *app*, installed by default (as of 1.6). Open
+the ``settings.py`` file from our ``mysite`` project package and verify that
+you see it in the list:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    INSTALLED_APPS = (
+        'django.contrib.admin', # <- already present
+        # ...
+    )
+
+What we need now is to allow the admin to be seen through a web browser. To do
+that, we'll have to add some URLs to our project.
+
+
+Django URL Resolution
+---------------------
+
+Like Pyramid, Django has a system for dispatching requests to code: the *urlconf*.
+
+* A urlconf is an iterable of calls to the ``django.conf.urls.url`` function
+* This function takes:
+
+  * a regexp *rule*, representing the URL
+  * a ``callable`` to be invoked (or a name identifying one)
+  * an optional *name* kwarg, used to *reverse* the URL
+  * other optional arguments we will skip for now
+
+* The function returns a *resolver* that matches the request path to the
+  callable
+
+I said above that a urlconf is an iterable. That iterable is generally built by
+calling the ``django.conf.urls.patterns`` function. It's best to build it that
+way, but in reality, any iterable will do.
+
+However, the name you give this iterable is **not flexible**. Django will load
+the urlconf named ``urlpatterns`` that it finds in the file named in
+``settings.ROOT_URLCONF``.
+
+Many Django add-on *apps*, like the Django Admin, come with their own urlconf.
+It is standard to include these urlconfs by rooting them at some path in your
+site.
+
+You can do this by using the ``django.conf.urls.include`` function as the
+callable in a ``url`` call:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    url(r'^forum/', include('random.forum.app.urls'))
+
+
+Including the Admin
+-------------------
+
+We can use this to add *all* the URLs provided by the Django admin in one
+stroke.
+
+    verify the following lines in ``urls.py``:
+
+    .. code-block:: python
+
+
+        from django.contrib import admin # <- should be present already
+
+        urlpatterns = [
+            ...
+            url(r'^admin/', include(admin.site.urls)), #<- this should be too
+        ]
+
+We can now view the admin.  We'll use the Django development server.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+
+In your terminal, use the ``runserver`` management command to start the
+development server:
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+
+::
+
+    (djangoenv)$ ./manage.py runserver
+    Validating models...
+
+    0 errors found
+    Django version 1.4.3, using settings 'mysite.settings'
+    Development server is running at http://127.0.0.1:8000/
+    Quit the server with CONTROL-C.
+
+
+Viewing the Admin
+-----------------
+
+Load ``http://localhost:8000/admin/``.  You should see this:
+
+.. figure:: /_static/django-admin-login.png
+    :align: center
+    :width: 50%
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+
+Login with the name and password you created before.
+
+
+The Admin Index
+---------------
+
+The index will provide a list of all the installed *apps* and each model
+registered.  You should see this:
+
+.. image:: /_static/admin_index.png
+    :align: center
+    :width: 90%
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+
+Click on ``Users``. Find yourself? Edit yourself, but **don't** uncheck
+``superuser``.
+
+
+Add Posts to the Admin
+----------------------
+
+Okay, let's add our app model to the admin. Find the ``admin.py`` file in the
+``myblog`` package. Open it, add the following and save the file:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    from django.contrib import admin # <- this is already there.
+    from myblog.models import Post
+
+    admin.site.register(Post)
+
+Reload the admin index page in your browser. You should now see a listing for
+the Myblog app, and an entry for Posts.
+
+Visit the admin page for Posts. You should see the posts we created earlier in
+the Django shell. Look at the listing of Posts. Because of our ``__str__``
+method we see a nice title.
+
+Are there other fields you'd like to see listed? Click on a Post, note what is
+and is not shown.
+
+
+Next Steps
+----------
+
+We've learned a great deal about Django's ORM and Models. We've also spent some
+time getting to know the Query API provided by model managers and QuerySets.
+
+We've also hooked up the Django Admin and noted some shortcomings.
+
+In class we'll learn how to put a front end on this, add new models, and
+customize the admin experience.
+
+
diff --git a/slides/_sources/presentations/index.txt b/slides/_sources/presentations/index.txt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..79588fbb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/slides/_sources/presentations/index.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+.. slideconf::
+    :autoslides: False
+
+Course Presentations
+====================
+
+.. slide:: Course Presentations
+    :level: 1
+
+    This document contains no slides.
+
+Each presentation is the material presented in class for a session of this
+course.
+
+.. toctree::
+   :maxdepth: 2
+
+   session01
+   session02
+   session03
+   session04
+   session05
+   session06
+   session07
+   session08
+   session09
+   session10
diff --git a/slides/_sources/presentations/session01.txt b/slides/_sources/presentations/session01.txt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f28b6346
--- /dev/null
+++ b/slides/_sources/presentations/session01.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1297 @@
+**********
+Session 01
+**********
+
+.. figure:: /_static/python.png
+    :align: center
+    :width: 50%
+
+    **Networking and Sockets**
+
+Computer Communications
+=======================
+
+.. rst-class:: large centered
+
+Wherein we learn about how computers speak to each-other over a network.
+
+But First
+---------
+
+.. rst-class:: left
+.. container::
+
+    Class presentations are available online for your use
+
+    .. rst-class:: small
+
+    https://github.com/UWPCE-PythonCert/training.python_web
+
+    .. rst-class:: build
+    .. container::
+
+        Licensed with Creative Commons BY-NC-SA
+
+        .. rst-class:: build
+
+        * You must attribute the work
+        * You may not use the work for commercial purposes
+        * You have to share your versions just like this one
+
+        Find mistakes? See improvements? Make a pull request.
+
+.. nextslide::
+
+The rendered documentation is available as well:
+
+http://uwpce-pythoncert.github.io
+
+Please check frequently. I will update with great regularity
+
+.. nextslide::
+
+**Classroom Protocol**
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    Questions to ask:
+
+    .. rst-class:: build
+
+    * What did you just say?
+    * Please explain what we just did again?
+    * How did that work?
+    * Why didn't that work for me?
+    * Is that a typo?
+
+.. nextslide::
+
+**Classroom Protocol**
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    Questions **not** to ask:
+
+    .. rst-class:: build
+
+    * **Hypotheticals**: What happens if I do X?
+    * **Research**: Can Python do Y?
+    * **Syllabus**: Are we going to cover Z in class?
+    * **Marketing questions**: please just don't.
+    * **Performance questions**: Is Python fast enough?
+    * **Unpythonic**: Why doesn't Python do it some other way?
+    * **Show off**: Look what I just did!
+
+.. nextslide::
+
+.. rst-class:: large center
+
+Introductions
+
+
+TCP/IP
+------
+
+.. figure:: /_static/network_topology.png
+    :align: left
+
+    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocol_Suite
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+
+* processes can communicate
+* inside one machine
+* between two machines
+* among many machines
+
+
+.. nextslide::
+
+.. figure:: /_static/data_in_tcpip_stack.png
+    :align: left
+    :width: 100%
+
+    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocol_Suite
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+
+* Process divided into 'layers'
+* 'Layers' are mostly arbitrary
+* Different descriptions have different layers
+* Most common is the 'TCP/IP Stack'
+
+
+The TCP/IP Stack - Link
+-----------------------
+
+The bottom layer is the 'Link Layer'
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+
+* Deals with the physical connections between machines, 'the wire'
+
+* Packages data for physical transport
+
+* Executes transmission over a physical medium
+
+  .. rst-class:: build
+
+  * what that medium is is arbitrary
+
+* Implemented in the Network Interface Card(s) (NIC) in your computer
+
+
+The TCP/IP Stack - Internet
+---------------------------
+
+Moving up, we have the 'Internet Layer'
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+
+* Deals with addressing and routing
+
+  .. rst-class:: build
+
+  * Where are we going and how do we get there?
+
+* Agnostic as to physical medium (IP over Avian Carrier - IPoAC)
+
+* Makes no promises of reliability
+
+* Two addressing systems
+
+  .. rst-class:: build
+
+  * IPv4 (current, limited '192.168.1.100')
+
+  * IPv6 (future, 3.4 x 10^38 addresses, '2001:0db8:85a3:0042:0000:8a2e:0370:7334')
+
+
+.. nextslide::
+
+.. rst-class:: large center
+
+That's 4.3 x 10^28 addresses *per person alive today*
+
+
+The TCP/IP Stack - Transport
+----------------------------
+
+Next up is the 'Transport Layer'
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+
+* Deals with transmission and reception of data
+
+  * error correction, flow control, congestion management
+
+* Common protocols include TCP & UDP
+
+  * TCP: Tranmission Control Protocol
+
+  * UDP: User Datagram Protocol
+
+* Not all Transport Protocols are 'reliable'
+
+  .. rst-class:: build
+
+  * TCP ensures that dropped packets are resent
+
+  * UDP makes no such assurance
+
+  * Reliability is slow and expensive
+
+
+.. nextslide::
+
+The 'Transport Layer' also establishes the concept of a **port**
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    .. rst-class:: build
+
+    * IP Addresses designate a specific *machine* on the network
+
+    * A **port** provides addressing for individual *applications* in a single
+      host
+
+    * 192.168.1.100:80  (the *:80* part is the **port**)
+
+    * [2001:db8:85a3:8d3:1319:8a2e:370:7348]:443 (*:443* is the **port**)
+
+    This means that you don't have to worry about information intended for your
+    web browser being accidentally read by your email client.
+
+
+.. nextslide::
+
+There are certain **ports** which are commonly understood to belong to given
+applications or protocols:
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    .. rst-class:: build
+
+    * 80/443 - HTTP/HTTPS
+    * 20 - FTP
+    * 22 - SSH
+    * 23 - Telnet
+    * 25 - SMTP
+    * ...
+
+    These ports are often referred to as **well-known ports**
+
+    .. rst-class:: small
+
+    (see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_TCP_and_UDP_port_numbers)
+
+.. nextslide::
+
+Ports are grouped into a few different classes
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+
+* Ports numbered 0 - 1023 are *reserved*
+
+* Ports numbered 1024 - 65535 are *open*
+
+* Ports numbered 1024 - 49151 may be *registered*
+
+* Ports numbered 49152 - 65535 are called *ephemeral*
+
+
+The TCP/IP Stack - Application
+------------------------------
+
+The topmost layer is the 'Application Layer'
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    .. rst-class:: build
+
+    * Deals directly with data produced or consumed by an application
+
+    * Reads or writes data using a set of understood, well-defined **protocols**
+
+      * HTTP, SMTP, FTP etc.
+
+    * Does not know (or need to know) about lower layer functionality
+
+      * The exception to this rule is **endpoint** data (or IP:Port)
+
+    .. rst-class:: centered
+
+    **this is where we live and work**
+
+
+Sockets
+-------
+
+Think back for a second to what we just finished discussing, the TCP/IP stack.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    .. rst-class:: build
+
+    * The *Internet* layer gives us an **IP Address**
+
+    * The *Transport* layer establishes the idea of a **port**.
+
+    * The *Application* layer doesn't care about what happens below...
+
+    * *Except for* **endpoint data** (IP:Port)
+
+    A **Socket** is the software representation of that endpoint.
+
+    Opening a **socket** creates a kind of transceiver that can send and/or
+    receive *bytes* at a given IP address and Port.
+
+
+Sockets in Python
+-----------------
+
+Python provides a standard library module which provides socket functionality.
+It is called **socket**.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    The library is really just a very thin wrapper around the system
+    implementation of *BSD Sockets*
+
+    Let's spend a few minutes getting to know this module.
+
+    We're going to do this next part together, so open up a terminal and start
+    an iPython interpreter
+
+
+.. nextslide::
+
+The Python sockets library allows us to find out what port a *service* uses:
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    .. code-block:: ipython
+
+        In [1]: import socket
+
+        In [2]: socket.getservbyname('ssh')
+        Out[2]: 22
+
+    You can also do a *reverse lookup*, finding what service uses a given *port*:
+
+    .. code-block:: ipython
+
+        In [3]: socket.getservbyport(80)
+        Out[3]: 'http'
+
+
+.. nextslide::
+
+The sockets library also provides tools for finding out information about
+*hosts*. For example, you can find out about the hostname and IP address of
+the machine you are currently using:
+
+.. code-block:: ipython
+
+    In [4]: socket.gethostname()
+    Out[4]: 'Banks'
+
+    In [5]: socket.gethostbyname(socket.gethostname())
+    Out[5]: '127.0.0.1'
+
+.. nextslide::
+
+You can also find out about machines that are located elsewhere, assuming you
+know their hostname. For example:
+
+.. code-block:: ipython
+
+    In [6]: socket.gethostbyname('google.com')
+    Out[6]: '173.194.33.100'
+
+    In [7]: socket.gethostbyname('uw.edu')
+    Out[7]: '128.95.155.134'
+
+    In [8]: socket.gethostbyname('crisewing.com')
+    Out[8]: '108.168.213.86'
+
+
+.. nextslide::
+
+The ``gethostbyname_ex`` method of the ``socket`` library provides more
+information about the machines we are exploring:
+
+.. code-block:: ipython
+
+    In [9]: socket.gethostbyname_ex('crisewing.com')
+    Out[9]: ('crisewing.com', [], ['108.168.213.86'])
+
+    In [10]: socket.gethostbyname_ex('google.com')
+    Out[10]:
+    ('google.com',
+     [],
+     ['173.194.33.100', '173.194.33.103',
+      ...
+      '173.194.33.97', '173.194.33.104'])
+
+.. nextslide::
+
+To create a socket, you use the **socket** method of the ``socket`` library.
+It takes up to three optional positional arguments (here we use none to get
+the default behavior):
+
+.. code-block:: ipython
+
+    In [11]: foo = socket.socket()
+
+    In [12]: foo
+    Out[12]: <socket.socket fd=10, family=AddressFamily.AF_INET,
+              type=SocketKind.SOCK_STREAM, proto=0, laddr=('0.0.0.0', 0)>
+
+.. nextslide::
+
+A socket has some properties that are immediately important to us. These
+include the *family*, *type* and *protocol* of the socket:
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    .. code-block:: ipython
+
+        In [13]: foo.family
+        Out[13]: <AddressFamily.AF_INET: 2>
+
+        In [14]: foo.type
+        Out[14]: <SocketKind.SOCK_STREAM: 1>
+
+        In [15]: foo.proto
+        Out[15]: 0
+
+    You might notice that the values for these properties are integers.  In
+    fact, these integers are **constants** defined in the socket library.
+
+
+.. nextslide:: A quick utility method
+
+Let's define a method in place to help us see these constants. It will take a
+single argument, the shared prefix for a defined set of constants:
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    (you can also find this in ``resources/session01/socket_tools.py``)
+
+    .. code-block:: ipython
+
+        In [37]: def get_constants(prefix):
+           ....:     """mapping of socket module constants to their names"""
+           ....:     return {getattr(socket, n): n
+           ....:             for n in dir(socket)
+           ....:             if n.startswith(prefix)
+           ....:     }
+           ....:
+
+
+Socket Families
+---------------
+
+Think back a moment to our discussion of the *Internet* layer of the TCP/IP
+stack.  There were a couple of different types of IP addresses:
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    .. rst-class:: build
+
+    * IPv4 ('192.168.1.100')
+
+    * IPv6 ('2001:0db8:85a3:0042:0000:8a2e:0370:7334')
+
+
+    The **family** of a socket corresponds to the *addressing system* it uses
+    for connecting.
+
+.. nextslide::
+
+Families defined in the ``socket`` library are prefixed by ``AF_``:
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    .. code-block:: ipython
+
+        In [39]: families = get_constants('AF_')
+
+        In [40]: families
+        Out[40]:
+        {<AddressFamily.AF_UNSPEC: 0>: 'AF_UNSPEC',
+         <AddressFamily.AF_UNIX: 1>: 'AF_UNIX',
+         <AddressFamily.AF_INET: 2>: 'AF_INET',
+         ...
+         <AddressFamily.AF_INET6: 30>: 'AF_INET6',
+         <AddressFamily.AF_SYSTEM: 32>: 'AF_SYSTEM'}
+
+    *Your results may vary*
+
+    Of all of these, the ones we care most about are ``2`` (IPv4) and ``30``
+    (IPv6).
+
+
+.. nextslide:: Unix Domain Sockets
+
+
+When you are on a machine with an operating system that is Unix-like, you will
+find another generally useful socket family: ``AF_UNIX``, or Unix Domain
+Sockets. Sockets in this family:
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+
+* connect processes **on the same machine**
+
+* are generally a bit slower than IPC connnections
+
+* have the benefit of allowing the same API for programs that might run on one
+  machine __or__ across the network
+
+* use an 'address' that looks like a pathname ('/tmp/foo.sock')
+
+
+.. nextslide:: Test your skills
+
+What is the *default* family for the socket we created just a moment ago?
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    (remember we bound the socket to the symbol ``foo``)
+
+    How did you figure this out?
+
+
+Socket Types
+------------
+
+The socket *type* determines the semantics of socket communications.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    Look up socket type constants with the ``SOCK_`` prefix:
+
+    .. code-block:: ipython
+
+        In [42]: types = get_constants('SOCK_')
+
+        In [43]: types
+        Out[43]:
+        {<SocketKind.SOCK_STREAM: 1>: 'SOCK_STREAM',
+         <SocketKind.SOCK_DGRAM: 2>: 'SOCK_DGRAM',
+         <SocketKind.SOCK_RAW: 3>: 'SOCK_RAW',
+         <SocketKind.SOCK_RDM: 4>: 'SOCK_RDM',
+         <SocketKind.SOCK_SEQPACKET: 5>: 'SOCK_SEQPACKET'}
+
+    The most common are ``1`` (Stream communication (TCP)) and ``2`` (Datagram
+    communication (UDP)).
+
+
+.. nextslide:: Test your skills
+
+What is the *default* type for our generic socket, ``foo``?
+
+
+Socket Protocols
+----------------
+
+A socket also has a designated *protocol*. The constants for these are
+prefixed by ``IPPROTO_``:
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    .. code-block:: ipython
+
+        In [45]: protocols = get_constants('IPPROTO_')
+
+        In [46]: protocols
+        Out[46]:
+        {0: 'IPPROTO_IP',
+         ...
+         6: 'IPPROTO_TCP',
+         ...
+         17: 'IPPROTO_UDP',
+         ...}
+
+    The choice of which protocol to use for a socket is determined by the
+    *internet layer* protocol you intend to use. ``TCP``? ``UDP``? ``ICMP``?
+    ``IGMP``?
+
+
+.. nextslide:: Test your skills
+
+What is the *default* protocol used by our generic socket, ``foo``?
+
+
+Customizing Sockets
+-------------------
+
+These three properties of a socket correspond to the three positional
+arguments you may pass to the socket constructor.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    Using them allows you to create sockets with specific communications
+    profiles:
+
+    .. code-block:: ipython
+
+        In [3]: socket.socket(socket.AF_INET,
+           ...:               socket.SOCK_DGRAM,
+           ...:               socket.IPPROTO_UDP)
+        Out[3]: <socket.socket fd=7,
+                    family=AddressFamily.AF_INET,
+                    type=SocketKind.SOCK_DGRAM,
+                    proto=17,
+                    laddr=('0.0.0.0', 0)>
+
+
+Break Time
+----------
+
+So far we have:
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    .. rst-class:: build
+
+    * learned about the "layers" of the TCP/IP Stack
+    * discussed *families*, *types* and *protocols* in sockets
+    * learned how to create sockets with a specific communications profile.
+
+    When we return we'll learn how to find the communcations profiles of remote
+    sockets, how to connect to them, and how to send and receive messages.
+
+    Take a few minutes now to clear your head (do not quit your python
+    interpreter).
+
+
+Address Information
+-------------------
+
+When you are creating a socket to communicate with a remote service, the
+remote socket will have a specific communications profile.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    The local socket you create must match that communications profile.
+
+    How can you determine the *correct* values to use?
+
+    .. rst-class:: centered
+
+    **You ask.**
+
+.. nextslide::
+
+The function ``socket.getaddrinfo`` provides information about available
+connections on a given host.
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    socket.getaddrinfo('127.0.0.1', 80)
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    This provides all you need to make a proper connection to a socket on a
+    remote host. The value returned is a tuple of:
+
+    .. rst-class:: build
+
+    * socket family
+    * socket type
+    * socket protocol
+    * canonical name (usually empty, unless requested by flag)
+    * socket address (tuple of IP and Port)
+
+
+.. nextslide:: A quick utility method
+
+Again, let's create a utility method in-place so we can see this in action:
+
+.. code-block:: ipython
+
+    In [10]: def get_address_info(host, port):
+       ....:     for response in socket.getaddrinfo(host, port):
+       ....:         fam, typ, pro, nam, add = response
+       ....:         print('family: {}'.format(families[fam]))
+       ....:         print('type: {}'.format(types[typ]))
+       ....:         print('protocol: {}'.format(protocols[pro]))
+       ....:         print('canonical name: {}'.format(nam))
+       ....:         print('socket address: {}'.format(add))
+       ....:         print('')
+       ....:
+
+(you can also find this in ``resources/session01/socket_tools.py``)
+
+
+.. nextslide:: On Your Own Machine
+
+Now, ask your own machine what possible connections are available for 'http':
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    .. code-block:: ipython
+
+        In [11]: get_address_info(socket.gethostname(), 'http')
+        family: AF_INET
+        type: SOCK_DGRAM
+        protocol: IPPROTO_UDP
+        canonical name:
+        socket address: ('127.0.0.1', 80)
+
+        family: AF_INET
+        type: SOCK_STREAM
+        protocol: IPPROTO_TCP
+        canonical name:
+        socket address: ('127.0.0.1', 80)
+
+    What answers do you get?
+
+
+.. nextslide:: On the Internet
+
+.. code-block:: ipython
+
+    In [12]: get_address_info('crisewing.com', 'http')
+    family: AF_INET
+    type: SOCK_DGRAM
+    protocol: IPPROTO_UDP
+    canonical name:
+    socket address: ('108.168.213.86', 80)
+
+    family: AF_INET
+    type: SOCK_STREAM
+    protocol: IPPROTO_TCP
+    canonical name:
+    socket address: ('108.168.213.86', 80)
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    Try a few other servers you know about.
+
+
+Client Side
+===========
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    .. rst-class:: large
+
+    Let's put this to use
+
+    We'll communicate with a remote server as a *client*
+
+
+Construct a Socket
+------------------
+
+We've already made a socket ``foo`` using the generic constructor without any
+arguments.  We can make a better one now by using real address information from
+a real server online [**do not type this yet**]:
+
+.. code-block:: ipython
+
+    In [13]: streams = [info
+       ....:     for info in socket.getaddrinfo('crisewing.com', 'http')
+       ....:     if info[1] == socket.SOCK_STREAM]
+       ....:
+    In [14]: streams
+    Out[14]:
+    [(<AddressFamily.AF_INET: 2>,
+      <SocketKind.SOCK_STREAM: 1>,
+      6,
+      '',
+      ('108.168.213.86', 80))]
+    In [15]: info = streams[0]
+    In [16]: cewing_socket = socket.socket(*info[:3])
+
+
+Connecting a Socket
+-------------------
+
+Once the socket is constructed with the appropriate *family*, *type* and
+*protocol*, we can connect it to the address of our remote server:
+
+.. code-block:: ipython
+
+    In [18]: cewing_socket.connect(info[-1])
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+
+* a successful connection returns ``None``
+
+* a failed connection raises an error
+
+* you can use the *type* of error returned to tell why the connection failed.
+
+
+Sending a Message
+-----------------
+
+Send a message to the server on the other end of our connection (we'll
+learn in session 2 about the message we are sending):
+
+.. code-block:: ipython
+
+    In [19]: msg = "GET / HTTP/1.1\r\n"
+    In [20]: msg += "Host: crisewing.com\r\n\r\n"
+    In [21]: msg = msg.encode('utf8')
+    In [22]: msg
+    Out[22]: b'GET / HTTP/1.1\r\nHost: crisewing.com\r\n\r\n'
+    In [23]: cewing_socket.sendall(msg)
+
+.. rst-class:: build small
+
+* the transmission continues until all data is sent or an error occurs
+* success returns ``None``
+* failure to send raises an error
+* the type of error can tell you why the transmission failed
+* but you **cannot** know how much, if any, of your data was sent
+
+
+Messages Are Bytes
+------------------
+
+One detail from the previous code should stand out:
+
+.. code-block:: ipython
+
+    In [21]: msg = msg.encode('utf8')
+    In [22]: msg
+    Out[22]: b'GET / HTTP/1.1\r\nHost: crisewing.com\r\n\r\n'
+
+You can **only** send bytes through a socket, **never** unicode
+
+.. code-block:: ipython
+
+    In [35]: cewing_socket.sendall(msg.decode('utf8'))
+    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    TypeError                                 Traceback (most recent call last)
+    <ipython-input-35-8178ec7f234d> in <module>()
+    ----> 1 cewing_socket.sendall(msg.decode('utf8'))
+
+    TypeError: 'str' does not support the buffer interface
+
+
+Receiving a Reply
+-----------------
+
+Whatever reply we get is received by the socket we created. We can read it
+back out (again, **do not type this yet**):
+
+.. code-block:: ipython
+
+    In [24]: response = cewing_socket.recv(4096)
+    In [25]: response[:60]
+    Out[25]: b'HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\nServer: nginx\r\nDate: Sun, 20 Sep 2015 03:38'
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+
+* The sole required argument is ``buffer_size`` (an integer). It should be a
+  power of 2 and smallish (~4096)
+* It returns a byte string of ``buffer_size`` (or smaller if less data was
+  received)
+* If the response is longer than ``buffer size``, you can call the method
+  repeatedly. The last bunch will be less than ``buffer size``.
+
+
+Cleaning Up
+-----------
+
+When you are finished with a connection, you should always close it::
+
+    cewing_socket.close()
+
+
+Putting it all together
+-----------------------
+
+First, connect and send a message:
+
+.. code-block:: ipython
+
+    In [55]: info = socket.getaddrinfo('crisewing.com', 'http')
+    In [56]: streams = [i for i in info if i[1] == socket.SOCK_STREAM]
+    In [57]: sock_info = streams[0]
+    In [58]: msg = "GET / HTTP/1.1\r\n"
+    In [59]: msg += "Host: crisewing.com\r\n\r\n"
+    In [60]: msg = msg.encode('utf8')
+    In [61]: cewing_socket = socket.socket(*sock_info[:3])
+    In [62]: cewing_socket.connect(sock_info[-1])
+    In [63]: cewing_socket.sendall(msg)
+
+
+.. nextslide::
+
+Then, receive a reply, iterating until it is complete:
+
+.. code-block:: ipython
+
+    In [65]: buffsize = 4096
+    In [66]: response = b''
+    In [67]: done = False
+    In [68]: while not done:
+       ....:     msg_part = cewing_socket.recv(buffsize)
+       ....:     if len(msg_part) < buffsize:
+       ....:         done = True
+       ....:         cewing_socket.close()
+       ....:     response += msg_part
+       ....:
+    In [69]: len(response)
+    Out[69]: 19464
+
+
+Server Side
+===========
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    .. rst-class:: large
+
+    What about the other half of the equation?
+
+    Let's build a server and see how that part works.
+
+Construct a Socket
+------------------
+
+**For the moment, stop typing this into your interpreter.**
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    Again, we begin by constructing a socket. Since we are actually the server
+    this time, we get to choose family, type and protocol:
+
+    .. code-block:: ipython
+
+        In [70]: server_socket = socket.socket(
+           ....:     socket.AF_INET,
+           ....:     socket.SOCK_STREAM,
+           ....:     socket.IPPROTO_TCP)
+
+        In [71]: server_socket
+        Out[71]: <socket.socket fd=12, family=AddressFamily.AF_INET,
+                    type=SocketKind.SOCK_STREAM, proto=6, laddr=('0.0.0.0', 0)>
+
+
+Bind the Socket
+---------------
+
+Our server socket needs to be **bound** to an address. This is the IP Address
+and Port to which clients must connect:
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    .. code-block:: ipython
+
+        In [72]: address = ('127.0.0.1', 50000)
+        In [73]: server_socket.bind(address)
+
+    **Terminology Note**: In a server/client relationship, the server *binds*
+    to an address and port. The client *connects*
+
+Listen for Connections
+----------------------
+
+Once our socket is bound to an address, we can listen for attempted
+connections:
+
+.. code-block:: ipython
+
+    In [74]: server_socket.listen(1)
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+
+* The argument to ``listen`` is the *backlog*
+* The *backlog* is the **maximum** number of connection requests that the
+  socket will queue
+* Once the limit is reached, the socket refuses new connections.
+
+
+Accept A Connection
+-------------------
+
+When a socket is listening, it can receive incoming connection requests:
+
+.. code-block:: ipython
+
+    In [75]: connection, client_address = server_socket.accept()
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+
+* The call to ``socket.accept()`` is a *blocking* call.  It will not return
+  values until a client *connects*
+* The ``connection`` returned by a call to ``accept`` is a **new socket**.
+  This new socket is used to communicate with the client
+* The ``client_address`` is a two-tuple of IP Address and Port for the client
+  socket
+* When a connection request is 'accepted', it is removed from the backlog
+  queue.
+
+
+Communicate
+-----------
+
+The ``connection`` socket can now be used to receive messages from the client
+which made the connection:
+
+.. code-block:: ipython
+
+    In [76]: connection.recv(buffsize)
+
+It may also be used to return a reply:
+
+.. code-block:: ipython
+
+    In [77]: connection.sendall("message received")
+
+
+Clean Up
+--------
+
+Once a transaction between the client and server is complete, the
+``connection`` socket should be closed:
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    .. code-block:: ipython
+
+        In [78]: connection.close()
+
+    At this point, the ``server_socket`` can again accept a new client
+    connection.
+
+    Note that the ``server_socket`` is *never* closed as long as the server
+    continues to run.
+
+
+Getting the Flow
+================
+
+.. rst-class:: left
+.. container::
+
+    The flow of this interaction can be a bit confusing.  Let's see it in
+    action step-by-step.
+
+    .. rst-class:: build
+    .. container::
+
+        .. container::
+
+            Open a second iPython interpreter and place it next to your first so
+            you can see both of them at the same time.
+
+
+Create a Server
+---------------
+
+In your first python interpreter, create a server socket and prepare it for
+connections:
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    .. code-block:: ipython
+
+        In [81]: server_socket = socket.socket(
+           ....:     socket.AF_INET,
+           ....:     socket.SOCK_STREAM,
+           ....:     socket.IPPROTO_IP)
+        In [82]: server_socket.bind(('127.0.0.1', 50000))
+        In [83]: server_socket.listen(1)
+        In [84]: conn, addr = server_socket.accept()
+
+
+    At this point, you should **not** get back a prompt. The server socket is
+    waiting for a connection to be made.
+
+
+Create a Client
+---------------
+
+In your second interpreter, create a client socket and prepare to send a
+message:
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    .. code-block:: ipython
+
+        In [1]: import socket
+        In [2]: client_socket = socket.socket(
+           ...:     socket.AF_INET,
+           ...:     socket.SOCK_STREAM,
+           ...:     socket.IPPROTO_IP)
+
+    Before connecting, keep your eye on the server interpreter:
+
+    .. code-block:: ipython
+
+        In [3]: client_socket.connect(('127.0.0.1', 50000))
+
+
+Send a Message Client->Server
+-----------------------------
+
+As soon as you made the connection above, you should have seen the prompt
+return in your server interpreter. The ``accept`` method finally returned a
+new connection socket.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    When you're ready, type the following in the *client* interpreter:
+
+    .. code-block:: ipython
+
+        In [4]: client_socket.sendall('Hey, can you hear me?'.encode('utf8'))
+
+
+Receive and Respond
+-------------------
+
+Back in your server interpreter, go ahead and receive the message from your
+client:
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    .. code-block:: ipython
+
+        In [87]: msg = conn.recv(4096)
+        In [88]: msg
+        Out[88]: b'Hey, can you hear me?'
+
+    Send a message back, and then close up your connection:
+
+    .. code-block:: ipython
+
+        In [89]: conn.sendall('Yes, I can hear you.'.encode('utf8'))
+        In [90]: conn.close()
+
+Finish Up
+---------
+
+Back in your client interpreter, take a look at the response to your message,
+then be sure to close your client socket too:
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    .. code-block:: ipython
+
+        In [5]: from_server = client_socket.recv(4096)
+        In [6]: from_server
+        Out[6]: b'Yes, I can hear you.'
+        In [7]: client_socket.close()
+
+    And now that we're done, we can close up the server socket too (back in the
+    server interpreter):
+
+    .. code-block:: ipython
+
+        In [91]: server_socket.close()
+
+
+.. nextslide:: Congratulations!
+
+.. rst-class:: large center
+
+You've run your first client-server interaction
+
+
+Homework
+========
+
+.. rst-class:: left
+.. container::
+
+    Your homework assignment for this week is to take what you've learned here
+    and build a simple "echo" server.
+
+    .. rst-class:: build
+    .. container::
+
+        The server should automatically return to any client that connects *exactly*
+        what it receives (it should **echo** all messages).
+
+        You will also write a python script that, when run, will send a message to the
+        server and receive the reply, printing it to ``stdout``.
+
+        Finally, you'll do all of this so that it can be tested.
+
+
+Your Task
+---------
+
+In our class repository, there is a folder ``resources/session01``.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    Inside that folder, you should find:
+
+    .. rst-class:: build
+
+    * A file ``tasks.txt`` that contains these instructions
+
+    * A skeleton for your server in ``echo_server.py``
+
+    * A skeleton for your client script in ``echo_client.py``
+
+    * Some simple tests in ``tests.py``
+
+    Your task is to make the tests pass.
+
+
+Running the Tests
+-----------------
+
+To run the tests, you'll have to set the server running in one terminal:
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    .. code-block:: bash
+
+        $ python echo_server.py
+
+    Then, in a second terminal, you will execute the tests:
+
+    .. code-block:: bash
+
+        $ python tests.py
+
+    You should see output like this:
+
+    .. code-block:: bash
+
+        [...]
+        FAILED (failures=2)
+
+
+Submitting Your Homework
+------------------------
+
+To submit your homework:
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    .. rst-class:: build
+
+    * Create a new repository in GitHub.  Call it ``echo_sockets``.
+
+    * Put the ``echo_server.py``, ``echo_client.py`` and ``tests.py`` files in
+      this repository.
+
+    * Send us an email with a link to your repository when you are
+      done.
+
+    We will clone your repository and run the tests as described above.
+
+    And we'll make comments inline on your repository.
+
+
+Going Further
+-------------
+
+In ``resources/session01/tasks.txt`` you'll find a few extra problems to try.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    If you finish the first part of the homework in less than 3-4 hours give
+    one or more of these a whirl.
+
+    They are not required, but if you include solutions in your repository,
+    we'll review your work.
diff --git a/slides/_sources/presentations/session02.txt b/slides/_sources/presentations/session02.txt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3dc36eac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/slides/_sources/presentations/session02.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1680 @@
+.. |br| raw:: html
+
+    <br />
+
+**********
+Session 02
+**********
+
+.. figure:: /_static/protocol.png
+    :align: center
+    :width: 40%
+
+    Web Protocols
+
+The Languages Computers Speak
+=============================
+
+.. rst-class:: build left
+.. container::
+
+    Programming languages like Python are the languages we speak to computers.
+
+    *Protocols* are the languages that computers speak to each-other.
+
+    This sesson we'll look at a few of them and
+
+    .. rst-class:: build
+
+    * Learn what makes them similar
+    * Learn what makes them different
+    * Learn about Python's tools for speaking them
+    * Learn how to speak one (HTTP) ourselves
+
+
+But First
+----------
+
+.. rst-class:: large centered
+
+Questions from the Homework?
+
+
+.. nextslide::
+
+.. rst-class:: large centered
+
+Examples of an echo server using ``select``
+
+
+What is a Protocol?
+-------------------
+
+.. rst-class:: build large centered
+.. container::
+
+    **a set of rules or conventions**
+
+    **governing communications**
+
+
+.. nextslide:: Protocols IRL
+
+Life has lots of sets of rules for how to do things.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+
+* What do you say when you get on the elevator?
+
+* What do you do on a first date?
+
+* What do you wear to a job interview?
+
+* What do (and don't) you talk about at a dinner party?
+
+* ...?
+
+
+.. nextslide:: Protocols IRL
+
+.. figure:: /_static/icup.png
+    :align: center
+    :width: 65%
+
+    http://blog.xkcd.com/2009/09/02/urinal-protocol-vulnerability/
+
+
+.. nextslide:: Protocols In Computers
+
+Digital life has lots of rules too:
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+
+* how to say hello
+
+* how to identify yourself
+
+* how to ask for information
+
+* how to provide answers
+
+* how to say goodbye
+
+
+Real Protocol Examples
+----------------------
+
+What does this look like in practice?
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+
+* SMTP (Simple Message Transfer Protocol) |br|
+  http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5321#appendix-D
+
+* POP3 (Post Office Protocol) |br|
+  http://www.faqs.org/docs/artu/ch05s03.html
+
+* IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol) |br|
+  http://www.faqs.org/docs/artu/ch05s03.html
+
+* HTTP (Hyper-Text Transfer Protocol) |br|
+  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol
+
+
+.. nextslide:: A Word on Typography
+
+Over the next few slides we'll be looking at server/client interactions.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    Each interaction is line-based, each line represents one message.
+
+    Messages from the Server to the Client are prefaced with ``S (<--)``
+
+    Messages from the Client to the Server are prefaced with ``C (-->)``
+
+    **All** lines end with the character sequence ``<CRLF>`` (``\r\n``)
+
+
+SMTP
+----
+
+What does SMTP look like?
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    SMTP (Say hello and identify yourself)::
+
+        S (<--): 220 foo.com Simple Mail Transfer Service Ready
+        C (-->): EHLO bar.com
+        S (<--): 250-foo.com greets bar.com
+        S (<--): 250-8BITMIME
+        S (<--): 250-SIZE
+        S (<--): 250-DSN
+        S (<--): 250 HELP
+
+
+.. nextslide::
+
+.. ifslides::
+
+    What does SMTP look like?
+
+SMTP (Ask for information, provide answers)::
+
+    C (-->): MAIL FROM:<Smith@bar.com>
+    S (<--): 250 OK
+    C (-->): RCPT TO:<Jones@foo.com>
+    S (<--): 250 OK
+    C (-->): RCPT TO:<Green@foo.com>
+    S (<--): 550 No such user here
+    C (-->): DATA
+    S (<--): 354 Start mail input; end with <CRLF>.<CRLF>
+    C (-->): Blah blah blah...
+    C (-->): ...etc. etc. etc.
+    C (-->): .
+    S (<--): 250 OK
+
+.. nextslide::
+
+.. ifslides::
+
+    What does SMTP look like?
+
+SMTP (Say goodbye)::
+
+    C (-->): QUIT
+    S (<--): 221 foo.com Service closing transmission channel
+
+
+.. nextslide:: SMTP Characteristics
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+
+* Interaction consists of commands and replies
+* Each command or reply is *one line* terminated by <CRLF> |br|
+  (there are exceptions, see the ``250`` reply to ``EHLO`` above)
+* The exception is message payload, terminated by <CRLF>.<CRLF>
+* Each command has a *verb* and one or more *arguments*
+* Each reply has a formal *code* and an informal *explanation*
+
+
+POP3
+----
+
+What does POP3 look like?
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    POP3 (Say hello and identify yourself)::
+
+        C (-->): <client connects to service port 110>
+        S (<--): +OK POP3 server ready <1896.6971@mailgate.dobbs.org>
+        C (-->): USER bob
+        S (<--): +OK bob
+        C (-->): PASS redqueen
+        S (<--): +OK bob's maildrop has 2 messages (320 octets)
+
+
+.. nextslide::
+
+.. ifslides::
+
+    What does POP3 look like?
+
+POP3 (Ask for information, provide answers)::
+
+    C (-->): STAT
+    S (<--): +OK 2 320
+    C (-->): LIST
+    S (<--): +OK 1 messages (120 octets)
+    S (<--): 1 120
+    S (<--): .
+
+
+.. nextslide::
+
+.. ifslides::
+
+    What does POP3 look like?
+
+POP3 (Ask for information, provide answers)::
+
+    C (-->): RETR 1
+    S (<--): +OK 120 octets
+    S (<--): <server sends the text of message 1>
+    S (<--): .
+    C (-->): DELE 1
+    S (<--): +OK message 1 deleted
+
+
+.. nextslide::
+
+.. ifslides::
+
+    What does POP3 look like?
+
+POP3 (Say goodbye)::
+
+    C (-->): QUIT
+    S (<--): +OK dewey POP3 server signing off (maildrop empty)
+    C (-->): <client hangs up>
+
+
+.. nextslide:: POP3 Characteristics
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    .. rst-class:: build
+
+    * Interaction consists of commands and replies
+    * Each command or reply is *one line* terminated by <CRLF>
+    * The exception is message payload, terminated by <CRLF>.<CRLF>
+    * Each command has a *verb* and one or more *arguments*
+    * Each reply has a formal *code* and an informal *explanation*
+
+    The codes don't really look the same, though, do they?
+
+
+.. nextslide:: One Other Difference
+
+The exception to the one-line-per-message rule is *payload*
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    In both SMTP and POP3 this is terminated by <CRLF>.<CRLF>
+
+    In SMTP, the *client* has this ability
+
+    But in POP3, it belongs to the *server*.
+
+    .. rst-class:: large centered
+
+        Why?
+
+IMAP
+----
+
+What does IMAP look like?
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    IMAP (Say hello and identify yourself)::
+
+        C (-->): <client connects to service port 143>
+        S (<--): * OK example.com IMAP4rev1 v12.264 server ready
+        C (-->): A0001 USER "frobozz" "xyzzy"
+        S (<--): * OK User frobozz authenticated
+
+
+.. nextslide::
+
+.. ifslides::
+
+    What does IMAP look like?
+
+IMAP (Ask for information, provide answers [connect to an inbox])::
+
+    C (-->): A0002 SELECT INBOX
+    S (<--): * 1 EXISTS
+    S (<--): * 1 RECENT
+    S (<--): * FLAGS (\Answered \Flagged \Deleted \Draft \Seen)
+    S (<--): * OK [UNSEEN 1] first unseen message in /var/spool/mail/esr
+    S (<--): A0002 OK [READ-WRITE] SELECT completed
+
+
+.. nextslide::
+
+.. ifslides::
+
+    What does IMAP look like?
+
+IMAP (Ask for information, provide answers [Get message sizes])::
+
+    C (-->): A0003 FETCH 1 RFC822.SIZE
+    S (<--): * 1 FETCH (RFC822.SIZE 2545)
+    S (<--): A0003 OK FETCH completed
+
+
+.. nextslide::
+
+.. ifslides::
+
+    What does IMAP look like?
+
+IMAP (Ask for information, provide answers [Get first message header])::
+
+    C (-->): A0004 FETCH 1 BODY[HEADER]
+    S (<--): * 1 FETCH (RFC822.HEADER {1425}
+    <server sends 1425 octets of message payload>
+    S (<--): )
+    S (<--): A0004 OK FETCH completed
+
+
+.. nextslide::
+
+.. ifslides::
+
+    What does IMAP look like?
+
+IMAP (Ask for information, provide answers [Get first message body])::
+
+    C (-->): A0005 FETCH 1 BODY[TEXT]
+    S (<--): * 1 FETCH (BODY[TEXT] {1120}
+    <server sends 1120 octets of message payload>
+    S (<--): )
+    S (<--): * 1 FETCH (FLAGS (\Recent \Seen))
+    S (<--): A0005 OK FETCH completed
+
+.. nextslide::
+
+.. ifslides::
+
+    What does IMAP look like?
+
+IMAP (Say goodbye)::
+
+    C (-->): A0006 LOGOUT
+    S (<--): * BYE example.com IMAP4rev1 server terminating connection
+    S (<--): A0006 OK LOGOUT completed
+    C (-->): <client hangs up>
+
+
+.. nextslide:: IMAP Characteristics
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+
+* Interaction consists of commands and replies
+* Each command or reply is *one line* terminated by <CRLF>
+* Each command has a *verb* and one or more *arguments*
+* Each reply has a formal *code* and an informal *explanation*
+
+
+.. nextslide:: IMAP Differences
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    .. rst-class:: build
+
+    * Commands and replies are prefixed by 'sequence identifier'
+    * Payloads are prefixed by message size, rather than terminated by reserved
+      sequence
+
+    Compared with POP3, what do these differences suggest?
+
+
+Using IMAP in Python
+--------------------
+
+Let's try this out for ourselves!
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    .. container::
+
+        Fire up your python interpreters and prepare to type.
+
+
+.. nextslide::
+
+Begin by importing the ``imaplib`` module from the Python Standard Library:
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    .. code-block:: ipython
+
+        In [1]: import imaplib
+        In [2]: dir(imaplib)
+        Out[2]:
+        ['AllowedVersions',
+         'CRLF',
+         'Commands',
+        ...
+         'timedelta',
+         'timezone']
+        In [3]: imaplib.Debug = 4
+
+    Setting ``imap.Debug`` shows us what is sent and received
+
+
+.. nextslide::
+
+I've prepared a server for us to use, but we'll need to set up a client to
+speak to it.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    Our server requires SSL (Secure Socket Layer) for connecting to IMAP
+    servers, so let's initialize an IMAP4_SSL client and authenticate:
+
+    .. code-block:: ipython
+
+        In [4]: conn = imaplib.IMAP4_SSL('mail.webfaction.com')
+          22:40.32 imaplib version 2.58
+          22:40.32 new IMAP4 connection, tag=b'IMKC'
+          22:40.38 < b'* OK [CAPABILITY IMAP4rev1 LITERAL+ SASL-IR LOGIN-REFERRALS ID ENABLE IDLE AUTH=PLAIN] Dovecot ready.'
+          22:40.38 > b'IMKC0 CAPABILITY'
+          22:40.45 < b'* CAPABILITY IMAP4rev1 LITERAL+ SASL-IR LOGIN-REFERRALS ID ENABLE IDLE AUTH=PLAIN'
+          22:40.45 < b'IMKC0 OK Capability completed.'
+          22:40.45 CAPABILITIES: ('IMAP4REV1', 'LITERAL+', 'SASL-IR', 'LOGIN-REFERRALS', 'ID', 'ENABLE', 'IDLE', 'AUTH=PLAIN')
+        In [5]: conn.login('crisewing_demobox', 's00p3rs3cr3t')
+          22:59.92 > b'IMKC1 LOGIN crisewing_demobox "s00p3rs3cr3t"'
+          23:01.79 < b'* CAPABILITY IMAP4rev1 SASL-IR SORT THREAD=REFERENCES MULTIAPPEND UNSELECT LITERAL+ IDLE CHILDREN NAMESPACE LOGIN-REFERRALS STARTTLS AUTH=PLAIN'
+          23:01.79 < b'IMKC1 OK Logged in.'
+        Out[5]: ('OK', [b'Logged in.'])
+
+.. nextslide::
+
+We can start by listing the mailboxes we have on the server:
+
+.. code-block:: ipython
+
+    In [6]: conn.list()
+      26:30.64 > b'IMKC2 LIST "" *'
+      26:30.72 < b'* LIST (\\HasNoChildren) "." "Trash"'
+      26:30.72 < b'* LIST (\\HasNoChildren) "." "Drafts"'
+      26:30.72 < b'* LIST (\\HasNoChildren) "." "Sent"'
+      26:30.72 < b'* LIST (\\HasNoChildren) "." "Junk"'
+      26:30.72 < b'* LIST (\\HasNoChildren) "." "INBOX"'
+      26:30.72 < b'IMKC2 OK List completed.'
+    Out[6]:
+    ('OK',
+     [b'(\\HasNoChildren) "." "Trash"',
+      b'(\\HasNoChildren) "." "Drafts"',
+      b'(\\HasNoChildren) "." "Sent"',
+      b'(\\HasNoChildren) "." "Junk"',
+      b'(\\HasNoChildren) "." "INBOX"'])
+
+
+.. nextslide::
+
+To interact with our email, we must select a mailbox from the list we received
+earlier:
+
+.. code-block:: ipython
+
+    In [7]: conn.select('INBOX')
+      27:20.96 > b'IMKC3 SELECT INBOX'
+      27:21.04 < b'* FLAGS (\\Answered \\Flagged \\Deleted \\Seen \\Draft)'
+      27:21.04 < b'* OK [PERMANENTFLAGS (\\Answered \\Flagged \\Deleted \\Seen \\Draft \\*)] Flags permitted.'
+      27:21.04 < b'* 1 EXISTS'
+      27:21.04 < b'* 0 RECENT'
+      27:21.04 < b'* OK [UNSEEN 1] First unseen.'
+      27:21.04 < b'* OK [UIDVALIDITY 1357449499] UIDs valid'
+      27:21.04 < b'* OK [UIDNEXT 24] Predicted next UID'
+      27:21.04 < b'IMKC3 OK [READ-WRITE] Select completed.'
+    Out[7]: ('OK', [b'1'])
+
+
+.. nextslide::
+
+We can search our selected mailbox for messages matching one or more criteria.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    The return value is a list of bytestrings containing the UIDs of messages
+    that match our search:
+
+    .. code-block:: ipython
+
+        In [8]: conn.search(None, '(FROM "cris")')
+          28:43.02 > b'IMKC4 SEARCH (FROM "cris")'
+          28:43.09 < b'* SEARCH 1'
+          28:43.09 < b'IMKC4 OK Search completed.'
+        Out[8]: ('OK', [b'1'])
+
+.. nextslide::
+
+Once we've found a message we want to look at, we can use the ``fetch``
+command to read it from the server.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    IMAP allows fetching each part of a message independently:
+
+    .. code-block:: ipython
+
+        In [9]: conn.fetch('1', 'BODY[HEADER]')
+          ...
+        Out[9]: ('OK', ...)
+
+        In [10]: conn.fetch('1', 'FLAGS')
+          ...
+        Out[10]: ('OK', [b'1 (FLAGS (\\Seen))'])
+
+        In [11]: conn.fetch('1', 'BODY[TEXT]')
+          ...
+        Out[11]: ('OK', ...)
+
+    What does the message say?
+
+.. nextslide:: Batteries Included
+
+Python even includes an *email* library that would allow us to interact with
+this message in an *OO* style.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+
+.. container::
+
+    *Neat, Huh?*
+
+What Have We Learned?
+---------------------
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    .. rst-class:: build
+
+    * Protocols are just a set of rules for how to communicate
+
+    * Protocols tell us how to parse and delimit messages
+
+    * Protocols tell us what messages are valid
+
+    * If we properly format request messages to a server, we can get response
+      messages
+
+    * Python supports a number of these protocols
+
+    * So we don't have to remember how to format the commands ourselves
+
+    But in every case we've seen, we could do the same thing with a socket and
+    some strings
+
+
+Break Time
+----------
+
+Let's take a few minutes here to clear our heads.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    When we return, we'll learn about the king of protocols,
+
+    .. rst-class:: large centered
+
+    HTTP
+
+
+HTTP
+====
+
+.. rst-class:: left
+.. container::
+
+    HTTP is no different
+
+    .. rst-class:: build
+    .. container::
+
+        HTTP is also message-centered, with two-way communications:
+
+        .. rst-class:: build
+
+        * Requests (Asking for information)
+        * Responses (Providing answers)
+
+
+What does HTTP look like?
+-------------------------
+
+HTTP (Ask for information):
+
+.. code-block:: http
+
+    GET /index.html HTTP/1.1<CRLF>
+    Host: www.example.com<CRLF>
+    <CRLF>
+
+.. ifnotslides::
+
+    .. note:: the ``<CRLF>`` you see here is a visualization of the ``\r\n``
+              character sequence.
+
+.. ifslides::
+
+    **note**: the ``<CRLF>`` you see here is a visualization of the ``\r\n``
+    character sequence.
+
+
+.. nextslide::
+
+HTTP (Provide answers):
+
+.. code-block:: http
+
+    HTTP/1.1 200 OK
+    Date: Mon, 23 May 2005 22:38:34 GMT
+    Server: Apache/1.3.3.7 (Unix) (Red-Hat/Linux)
+    Last-Modified: Wed, 08 Jan 2003 23:11:55 GMT
+    Etag: "3f80f-1b6-3e1cb03b"
+    Accept-Ranges:  none
+    Content-Length: 438
+    Connection: close
+    Content-Type: text/html; charset=UTF-8
+    <CRLF>
+    <!DOCTYPE html>\n<html>\n  <head>\n    <title>This is a .... </html>
+
+Pay particular attention to the ``<CRLF>`` on a line by itself.
+
+
+.. nextslide:: HTTP Core Format
+
+In HTTP, both *request* and *response* share a common basic format:
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+
+* Line separators are <CRLF> (familiar, no?)
+* A required initial line (a command or a response code)
+* A (mostly) optional set of headers, one per line
+* A blank line
+* An optional body
+
+
+Implementing HTTP
+-----------------
+
+Let's investigate the HTTP protocol a bit in real life.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    We'll do so by building a simplified HTTP server, one step at a time.
+
+    There is a copy of the echo server from last time in
+    ``resources/session02``. It's called ``http_server.py``.
+
+    In a terminal, move into that directory. We'll be doing our work here for
+    the rest of the session
+
+
+.. nextslide:: TDD IRL (a quick aside)
+
+Test Driven Development (TDD) is all the rage these days.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    It means that before you write code, you first write tests demonstrating
+    what you want your code to do.
+
+    When all your tests pass, you are finished. You did this for your last
+    assignment.
+
+    We'll be doing it again today.
+
+
+.. nextslide:: Run the Tests
+
+From inside ``resources/session02`` start a second python interpreter and run
+``$ python http_server.py``
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    In your first interpreter run the tests. You should see similar output:
+
+    .. code-block:: bash
+
+        $ python tests.py
+        [...]
+        Ran 10 tests in 0.054s
+
+        FAILED (failures=3, errors=7)
+
+    Let's take a few minutes here to look at these tests and understand them.
+
+
+.. nextslide:: Viewing an HTTP Request
+
+Our job is to make all those tests pass.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    First, though, let's pretend this server really is a functional HTTP
+    server.
+
+    This time, instead of using the echo client to make a connection to the
+    server, let's use a web browser!
+
+    Point your favorite browser at ``http://localhost:10000``
+
+
+.. nextslide:: A Bad Interaction
+
+First, look at the printed output from your echo server.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    Second, note that your browser is still waiting to finish loading the page
+
+    Moreover, your server should also be hung, waiting for more from the
+    'client'
+
+    This is because the server is waiting for the browser to respond
+
+    And at the same time, the browser is waiting for the server to indicate it
+    is done.
+
+    Our server does not yet speak the HTTP protocol, but the browser is
+    expecting it.
+
+.. nextslide:: Echoing A Request
+
+Kill your server with ``ctrl-c`` (the keyboard interrupt) and you should see
+some printed content in your browser:
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    .. code-block:: http
+
+        GET / HTTP/1.1
+        Host: localhost:10000
+        User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10.6; rv:22.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/22.0
+        Accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8
+        Accept-Language: en-US,en;q=0.5
+        Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate
+        DNT: 1
+        Cookie: __utma=111872281.383966302.1364503233.1364503233.1364503233.1; __utmz=111872281.1364503233.1.1.utmcsr=(direct)|utmccn=(direct)|utmcmd=(none); csrftoken=uiqj579iGRbReBHmJQNTH8PFfAz2qRJS
+        Connection: keep-alive
+        Cache-Control: max-age=0
+
+    Your server is simply echoing what it receives, so this is an *HTTP
+    Request* as sent by your browser.
+
+.. nextslide:: HTTP Debugging
+
+
+When working on HTTP applications, it's nice to be able to see all this going back
+and forth.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    Good browsers support this with a set of developer tools built-in.
+
+    .. rst-class:: build
+
+    * firefox -> ctrl-shift-K or cmd-opt-K (os X)
+    * safari -> enable in preferences:advanced then cmd-opt-i
+    * chrome -> ctrl-shift-i or cmd-opt-i (os X)
+    * IE (7.0+) -> F12 or tools menu -> developer tools
+
+    The 'Net(work)' pane of these tools can show you both request and response,
+    headers and all. Very useful.
+
+
+.. nextslide:: Stop! Demo Time
+
+.. rst-class:: centered
+
+**Let's take a quick look**
+
+
+.. nextslide:: Other Debugging Options
+
+Sometimes you need or want to debug http requests that are not going through
+your browser.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    Or perhaps you need functionality that is not supported by in-browser tools
+    (request munging, header mangling, decryption of https request/responses)
+
+    Then it might be time for an HTTP debugging proxy:
+
+    .. rst-class:: build
+
+    * windows: http://www.fiddler2.com/fiddler2/
+    * win/osx/linux: http://www.charlesproxy.com/
+
+    We won't cover any of these tools here today.  But you can check them out
+    when you have the time.
+
+
+Step 1: Basic HTTP Protocol
+---------------------------
+
+In HTTP 1.0, the only required line in an HTTP request is this:
+
+.. code-block:: http
+
+    GET /path/to/index.html HTTP/1.0<CRLF>
+    <CRLF>
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    As virtual hosting grew more common, that was not enough, so HTTP 1.1 adds
+    a single required *header*, **Host**:
+
+    .. code-block:: http
+
+        GET /path/to/index.html HTTP/1.1<CRLF>
+        Host: www.mysite1.com:80<CRLF>
+        <CRLF>
+
+
+.. nextslide:: HTTP Responses
+
+In both HTTP 1.0 and 1.1, a proper response consists of an intial line,
+followed by optional headers, a single blank line, and then optionally a
+response body:
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    .. code-block:: http
+
+        HTTP/1.1 200 OK<CRLF>
+        Content-Type: text/plain<CRLF>
+        <CRLF>
+        this is a pretty minimal response
+
+    Let's update our server to return such a response.
+
+.. nextslide:: Returning a Canned HTTP Response
+
+Begin by implementing a new function in your ``http_server.py`` script called
+`response_ok`.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    It can be super-simple for now.  We'll improve it later.
+
+    .. container::
+
+        It needs to return our minimal response from above:
+
+        .. code-block:: http
+
+            HTTP/1.1 200 OK<CRLF>
+            Content-Type: text/plain<CRLF>
+            <CRLF>
+            this is a pretty minimal response
+
+    **Remember, <CRLF> is a placeholder for the** ``\r\n`` **character sequence**
+
+
+.. nextslide:: My Solution
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    def response_ok():
+        """returns a basic HTTP response"""
+        resp = []
+        resp.append(b"HTTP/1.1 200 OK")
+        resp.append(b"Content-Type: text/plain")
+        resp.append(b"")
+        resp.append(b"this is a pretty minimal response")
+        return b"\r\n".join(resp)
+
+Did you remember that sockets only accept bytes?
+
+
+.. nextslide:: Run The Tests
+
+We've now implemented a function that is tested by our tests. Let's run them
+again:
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    .. code-block:: bash
+
+        $ python tests.py
+        [...]
+        ----------------------------------------------------------------------
+        Ran 10 tests in 0.002s
+
+        FAILED (failures=3, errors=3)
+
+    Great!  We've now got 4 tests that pass.  Good work.
+
+.. nextslide:: Server Modifications
+
+Next, we need to rebuild the server loop from our echo server for it's new
+purpose:
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    It should now wait for an incoming request to be *finished*, *then* send a
+    response back to the client.
+
+    The response it sends can be the result of calling our new ``response_ok``
+    function for now.
+
+    We could also bump up the ``recv`` buffer size to something more reasonable
+    for HTTP traffic, say 1024.
+
+.. nextslide:: My Solution
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    # ...
+    try:
+        while True:
+            print('waiting for a connection', file=log_buffer)
+            conn, addr = sock.accept()  # blocking
+            try:
+                print('connection - {0}:{1}'.format(*addr), file=log_buffer)
+                while True:
+                    data = conn.recv(1024)
+                    if len(data) < 1024:
+                        break
+                print('sending response', file=log_buffer)
+                response = response_ok()
+                conn.sendall(response)
+            finally:
+                conn.close()
+    # ...
+
+
+.. nextslide:: Run The Tests
+
+Once you've got that set, restart your server::
+
+    $ python http_server.py
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    Then you can re-run your tests:
+
+    .. code-block:: bash
+
+        $ python tests.py
+        [...]
+        ----------------------------------------------------------------------
+        Ran 10 tests in 0.003s
+
+        FAILED (failures=2, errors=3)
+
+    Five tests now pass!
+
+Step 2: Handling HTTP Methods
+-----------------------------
+
+Every HTTP request **must** begin with a single line, broken by whitespace into
+three parts:
+
+.. code-block:: http
+
+    GET /path/to/index.html HTTP/1.1
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    The three parts are the *method*, the *URI*, and the *protocol*
+
+    Let's look at each in turn.
+
+
+.. nextslide:: HTTP Methods
+
+**GET** ``/path/to/index.html HTTP/1.1``
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+
+* Every HTTP request must start with a *method*
+* There are four main HTTP methods:
+
+  .. rst-class:: build
+
+  * GET
+  * POST
+  * PUT
+  * DELETE
+
+* There are others, notably HEAD, but you won't see them too much
+
+
+.. nextslide:: HTTP Methods
+
+These four methods are mapped to the four basic steps (*CRUD*) of persistent
+storage:
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+
+* POST = Create
+* GET = Read
+* PUT = Update
+* DELETE = Delete
+
+
+.. nextslide:: Methods: Safe <--> Unsafe
+
+HTTP methods can be categorized as **safe** or **unsafe**, based on whether
+they might change something on the server:
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    .. rst-class:: build
+
+    * Safe HTTP Methods
+
+      * GET
+
+    * Unsafe HTTP Methods
+
+      * POST
+      * PUT
+      * DELETE
+
+    This is a *normative* distinction, which is to say **be careful**
+
+
+.. nextslide:: Methods: Idempotent <--> ???
+
+HTTP methods can be categorized as **idempotent**.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    This means that a given request will always have the same result:
+
+    .. rst-class:: build
+
+    * Idempotent HTTP Methods
+
+      * GET
+      * PUT
+      * DELETE
+
+    * Non-Idempotent HTTP Methods
+
+      * POST
+
+    Again, *normative*. The developer is responsible for ensuring that it is true.
+
+
+.. nextslide:: HTTP Method Handling
+
+Let's keep things simple, our server will only respond to *GET* requests.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    We need to create a function that parses a request and determines if we can
+    respond to it: ``parse_request``.
+
+    If the request method is not *GET*, our method should raise an error
+
+    Remember, although a request is more than one line long, all we care about
+    here is the first line
+
+
+.. nextslide:: My Solution
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    def parse_request(request):
+        first_line = request.split("\r\n", 1)[0]
+        method, uri, protocol = first_line.split()
+        if method != "GET":
+            raise NotImplementedError("We only accept GET")
+        print('request is okay', file=sys.stderr)
+
+
+.. nextslide:: Update the Server
+
+We'll also need to update the server code. It should
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+
+* save the request as it comes in
+* check the request using our new function
+* send an OK response if things go well
+
+
+.. nextslide:: My Solution
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    # ...
+    conn, addr = sock.accept() # blocking
+    try:
+        print('connection - {0}:{1}'.format(*addr), file=log_buffer)
+        request = ""
+        while True:
+            data = conn.recv(1024)
+            request += data.decode('utf8')
+            if len(data) < 1024 or not data:
+                break
+
+        parse_request(request)
+        print('sending response', file=log_buffer)
+        response = response_ok()
+        conn.sendall(response)
+    finally:
+        conn.close()
+    # ...
+
+
+.. nextslide:: Run The Tests
+
+Quit and restart your server now that you've updated the code::
+
+    $ python http_server.py
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    At this point, we should have seven tests passing:
+
+    .. code-block:: bash
+
+        $ python tests.py
+        Ran 10 tests in 0.002s
+
+        FAILED (failures=1, errors=2)
+
+
+.. nextslide:: What About a Browser?
+
+The server quit during the tests, but an HTTP request from the browser should
+work fine now.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    Restart the server and reload your browser.  You should see your OK
+    response.
+
+    We can use the ``simple_client.py`` script in our resources to test our
+    error condition.  In a second terminal window run the script like so::
+
+        $ python simple_client.py "POST / HTTP/1.0\r\n\r\n"
+
+    This should cause the server to crash.
+
+
+Step 3: Error Responses
+-----------------------
+
+Okay, so the outcome there was pretty ugly. The client went off the rails, and
+our server has terminated as well.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    .. rst-class:: centered
+
+        **why?**
+
+    The HTTP protocol allows us to handle errors like this more gracefully.
+
+    .. rst-class:: centered
+
+    **Enter the Response Code**
+
+
+.. nextslide:: HTTP Response Codes
+
+``HTTP/1.1`` **200 OK**
+
+All HTTP responses must include a **response code** indicating the outcome of
+the request.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    .. rst-class:: build
+
+    * 1xx (HTTP 1.1 only) - Informational message
+    * 2xx - Success of some kind
+    * 3xx - Redirection of some kind
+    * 4xx - Client Error of some kind
+    * 5xx - Server Error of some kind
+
+    The text bit makes the code more human-readable
+
+
+.. nextslide:: Common Response Codes
+
+There are certain HTTP response codes you are likely to see (and use) most
+often:
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    .. rst-class:: build
+
+    * ``200 OK`` - Everything is good
+    * ``301 Moved Permanently`` - You should update your link
+    * ``304 Not Modified`` - You should load this from cache
+    * ``404 Not Found`` - You've asked for something that doesn't exist
+    * ``500 Internal Server Error`` - Something bad happened
+
+    Do not be afraid to use other, less common codes in building good apps.
+    There are a lot of them for a reason.
+
+    See http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec10.html
+
+
+.. nextslide:: Handling our Error
+
+Luckily, there's an error code that is tailor-made for this situation.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    The client has made a request using a method we do not support
+
+    ``405 Method Not Allowed``
+
+    Let's add a new function that returns this error code. It should be called
+    ``response_method_not_allowed``
+
+    Remember, it must be a complete HTTP Response with the correct *code*
+
+
+.. nextslide:: My Solution
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    def response_method_not_allowed():
+        """returns a 405 Method Not Allowed response"""
+        resp = []
+        resp.append(b"HTTP/1.1 405 Method Not Allowed")
+        resp.append(b"")
+        return b"\r\n".join(resp)
+
+
+.. nextslide:: Server Updates
+
+Again, we'll need to update the server to handle this error condition
+correctly.  It should
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+
+* catch the exception raised by the ``parse_request`` function
+* create our new error response as a result
+* if no exception is raised, then create the OK response
+* return the generated response to the user
+
+.. nextslide:: My Solution
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    # ...
+    while True:
+        data = conn.recv(1024)
+        request += data.decode('utf8')
+        if len(data) < 1024:
+            break
+
+    try:
+        parse_request(request)
+    except NotImplementedError:
+        response = response_method_not_allowed()
+    else:
+        response = response_ok()
+
+    print('sending response', file=log_buffer)
+    conn.sendall(response)
+    # ...
+
+
+.. nextslide:: Run The Tests
+
+Start your server (or restart it if by some miracle it's still going).
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    Then run the tests again::
+
+        $ python tests.py
+        [...]
+        Ran 10 tests in 0.002s
+
+        OK
+
+    Wahoo! All our tests are passing. That means we are done writing code for
+    now.
+
+
+Step 4: Serving Resources
+-------------------------
+
+We've got a very simple server that accepts a request and sends a response.
+But what happens if we make a different request?
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    .. container::
+
+        In your web browser, enter the following URL::
+
+            http://localhost:10000/page
+
+    .. container::
+
+        What happened? What happens if you use this URL::
+
+            http://localhost:10000/section/page?
+
+
+.. nextslide:: Determining a Resource
+
+We expect different urls to result in different responses.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    Each separate *path* provided should map to a *resource*
+
+    But this isn't happening with our server, for obvious reasons.
+
+    It brings us back to the second element of that first line of an HTTP
+    request.
+
+    .. rst-class:: centered
+
+    **The Return of the URI**
+
+
+.. nextslide:: HTTP Requests: URI
+
+``GET`` **/path/to/index.html** ``HTTP/1.1``
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+
+* Every HTTP request must include a **URI** used to determine the **resource** to
+  be returned
+
+* URI??
+  http://stackoverflow.com/questions/176264/whats-the-difference-between-a-uri-and-a-url/1984225#1984225
+
+* Resource?  Files (html, img, .js, .css), but also:
+
+  .. rst-class:: build
+
+  * Dynamic scripts
+  * Raw data
+  * API endpoints
+
+.. nextslide:: Parsing a Request
+
+Our ``parse_request`` method actually already finds the ``uri`` in the first
+line of a request
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    All we need to do is update the method so that it *returns* that uri
+
+    Then we can use it.
+
+.. nextslide:: My Solution
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    def parse_request(request):
+        first_line = request.split("\r\n", 1)[0]
+        method, uri, protocol = first_line.split()
+        if method != "GET":
+            raise NotImplementedError("We only accept GET")
+        print >>sys.stderr, 'request is okay'
+        # add the following line:
+        return uri
+
+.. nextslide:: Pass It Along
+
+Now we can update our server code so that it uses the return value of
+``parse_request``.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    That's a pretty simple change:
+
+    .. code-block:: python
+
+        try:
+            uri = parse_request(request)  # update this line
+        except NotImplementedError:
+            response = response_method_not_allowed()
+        else:
+            # and modify this block
+            try:
+                content, mime_type = resolve_uri(url)
+            except NameError:
+                response = response_not_found()
+            else:
+                response = response_ok(content, mime_type)
+
+Homework
+========
+
+.. rst-class:: left
+.. container::
+
+    You may have noticed that we just added calls to functions that don't yet
+    exist
+
+    .. rst-class:: build
+    .. container::
+
+        It's a program that shows you what you want to do, but won't actually
+        run.
+
+        For your homework this week you will create these functions, completing
+        the HTTP server.
+
+        Your starting point will be what we've made here in class.
+
+        I've added a directory to ``resources/session02`` called ``homework``.
+
+        In it, you'll find this ``http_server.py`` file we've just written in
+        class.
+
+        That file also contains enough stub code for the missing functions to
+        let the server run.
+
+        And there are more tests for you to make pass!
+
+One Step At A Time
+------------------
+
+Take the following steps one at a time. Run the tests in
+``assignments/session02/homework`` between to ensure that you are getting it
+right.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+
+* Complete the stub ``resolve_uri`` function so that it handles looking up
+  resources on disk using the URI returned by ``parse_request``.
+
+* Make sure that if the URI does not map to a file that exists, it raises an
+  appropriate error for our server to handle.
+
+* Complete the ``response_not_found`` function stub so that it returns a 404
+  response.
+
+* Update ``response_ok`` so that it uses the values returned by ``resolve_uri``
+  by the URI. (these have already been added to the function signature)
+
+* You'll plug those values into the response you generate in the way required
+  by the protocol
+
+
+HTTP Headers
+------------
+
+Along the way, you'll discover that simply returning the content of a file as
+an HTTP response body is insufficient. Different *types* of content need to
+be identified to your browser
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    We can fix this by passing information about exactly what we are returning
+    as part of the response.
+
+    HTTP provides for this type of thing with the generic idea of *Headers*
+
+
+HTTP Headers
+------------
+
+Both requests and responses can contain **headers** of the form ``Name: Value``
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    .. rst-class:: build
+
+    * HTTP 1.0 has 16 valid headers, 1.1 has 46
+    * Any number of spaces or tabs may separate the *name* from the *value*
+    * If a header line starts with spaces or tabs, it is considered part of the
+      value for the previous header
+    * Header *names* are **not** case-sensitive, but *values* may be
+
+    read more about HTTP headers: http://www.cs.tut.fi/~jkorpela/http.html
+
+
+Content-Type Header
+-------------------
+
+A very common header used in HTTP responses is ``Content-Type``. It tells the
+client what to expect.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    .. rst-class:: build
+
+    * uses **mime-type** (Multi-purpose Internet Mail Extensions)
+    * foo.jpeg - ``Content-Type: image/jpeg``
+    * foo.png - ``Content-Type: image/png``
+    * bar.txt - ``Content-Type: text/plain``
+    * baz.html - ``Content-Type: text/html``
+
+    There are *many* mime-type identifiers:
+    http://www.freeformatter.com/mime-types-list.html
+
+
+Mapping Mime-types
+------------------
+
+By mapping a given file to a mime-type, we can write a header.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    The standard lib module ``mimetypes`` does just this.
+
+    We can guess the mime-type of a file based on the filename or map a file
+    extension to a type:
+
+    .. code-block:: pycon
+
+        >>> import mimetypes
+        >>> mimetypes.guess_type('file.txt')
+        ('text/plain', None)
+        >>> mimetypes.types_map['.txt']
+        'text/plain'
+
+
+Resolving a URI
+---------------
+
+Your ``resolve_uri`` function will need to accomplish the following tasks:
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+
+* It should take a URI as the sole argument
+
+* It should map the pathname represented by the URI to a filesystem location.
+
+* It should have a 'home directory', and look only in that location.
+
+* If the URI is a directory, it should return a plain-text listing of the
+  directory contents and the mimetype ``text/plain``.
+
+* If the URI is a file, it should return the contents of that file and its
+  correct mimetype.
+
+* If the URI does not map to a real location, it should raise an exception
+  that the server can catch to return a 404 response.
+
+
+Use Your Tests
+--------------
+
+One of the benefits of test-driven development is that the tests that are
+failing should tell you what code you need to write.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    As you work your way through the steps outlined above, look at your tests.
+    Write code that makes them pass.
+
+    If all the tests in ``assignments/session02/tests.py`` are passing, you've
+    completed the assignment.
+
+
+Submitting Your Homework
+------------------------
+
+To submit your homework:
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    .. rst-class:: build
+
+    * Do your work in the ``assignments/session02`` directory of **your fork** of
+      the class respository
+
+    * When you have all tests passing, push your work to **your fork** in github.
+
+    * Using the github web interface, send me a pull request.
+
+    I will review your work when I receive your pull requests, make comments on
+    it there, and then close the pull request.
+
+
+A Few Steps Further
+-------------------
+
+If you are able to finish the above in less than 4-6 hours, consider taking on
+one or more of the following challenges:
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+
+* Format directory listings as HTML, so you can link to files.
+* Add a GMT ``Date:`` header in the proper format (RFC-1123) to responses.
+  *hint: see email.utils.formatdate in the python standard library*
+* Add a ``Content-Length:`` header for ``OK`` responses that provides a
+  correct value.
+* Protect your server against errors by providing, and using, a function that
+  returns a ``500 Internal Server Error`` response.
+* Instead of returning the python script in ``webroot`` as plain text, execute
+  the file and return the results as HTML.
diff --git a/slides/_sources/presentations/session03.txt b/slides/_sources/presentations/session03.txt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6a2cdbb5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/slides/_sources/presentations/session03.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1400 @@
+.. |br| raw:: html
+
+    <br />
+
+**********
+Session 03
+**********
+
+.. figure:: /_static/gateway.jpg
+    :align: center
+    :width: 50%
+
+    The Wandering Angel http://www.flickr.com/photos/wandering_angel/1467802750/ - CC-BY
+
+CGI, WSGI and Living Online
+===========================
+
+Wherein we discover the gateways to dynamic processes on a server.
+
+
+But First
+---------
+
+.. rst-class:: large centered
+
+Homework Review and Questions
+
+
+Previously
+----------
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+
+* You've learned about passing messages back and forth with sockets
+* You've created a simple HTTP server using sockets
+* You may even have made your server *dynamic* by returning the output of a
+  python script.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    What if you want to pass information to that script?
+
+    How can you give the script access to information about the HTTP request
+    itself?
+
+
+Stepping Away: The Environment
+------------------------------
+
+A computer has an *environment*:
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    in \*nix, you can see this in a shell:
+
+    .. code-block:: bash
+
+        $ printenv
+        TERM_PROGRAM=iTerm.app
+        ...
+
+    or in Windows at the command prompt:
+
+    .. code-block:: posh
+
+        C:\> set
+        ALLUSERSPROFILE=C:\ProgramData
+        ...
+
+    or in PowerShell:
+
+    .. code-block:: posh
+    
+        PS C:\> Get-ChildItem Env:
+        ALLUSERSPROFILE             C:\ProgramData
+        ...
+
+
+
+.. nextslide:: Setting The Environment
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    In a ``bash`` shell we can do this:
+
+    .. code-block:: bash
+
+        $ export VARIABLE='some value'
+        $ echo $VARIABLE
+        some value
+
+    or at a Windows command prompt:
+
+    .. code-block:: posh
+
+        C:\Users\Administrator\> set VARIABLE='some value'
+        C:\Users\Administrator\> echo %VARIABLE%
+        'some value'
+
+    or in PowerShell:
+
+    .. code-block:: posh
+    
+        PS C:\> $env:VARIABLE = "some value"
+        PS C:\> Get-ChildItem Env:VARIABLE
+        'some value'
+
+
+.. nextslide:: Viewing the Results
+
+These new values are now part of the *environment*
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    \*nix:
+
+    .. code-block:: bash
+
+        $ printenv
+        ...
+        VARIABLE=some value
+
+    Windows:
+
+    .. code-block:: posh
+
+        C:\> set
+        ...
+        VARIABLE='some value'
+
+    PowerShell:
+
+    .. code-block:: posh
+    
+        PS C:\> Get-ChildItem Env:
+        ...
+        VARIABLE                    'some value'
+
+.. nextslide:: Environment in Python
+
+We can see this *environment* in Python, too::
+
+    $ python
+
+.. code-block:: pycon
+
+    >>> import os
+    >>> print(os.environ['VARIABLE'])
+    some_value
+    >>> print(os.environ.keys())
+    ['VERSIONER_PYTHON_PREFER_32_BIT', 'VARIABLE',
+     'LOGNAME', 'USER', 'PATH', ...]
+
+
+.. nextslide:: Altering the Environment
+
+You can alter os environment values while in Python:
+
+.. code-block:: pycon
+
+    >>> os.environ['VARIABLE'] = 'new_value'
+    >>> print(os.environ['VARIABLE'])
+    new_value
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    But that doesn't change the original value, *outside* Python:
+
+    .. code-block:: bash
+
+        >>> ^D
+
+        $ echo this is the value: $VARIABLE
+        this is the value: some_value
+        <OR>
+        C:\> \Users\Administrator\> echo %VARIABLE%
+        'some value'
+
+.. nextslide:: Lessons Learned
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    .. rst-class:: build
+
+    * Subprocesses inherit their environment from their Parent
+    * Parents do not see changes to environment in subprocesses
+    * In Python, you can actually set the environment for a subprocess explicitly
+
+    .. code-block:: python
+
+        subprocess.Popen(args, bufsize=0, executable=None,
+                         stdin=None, stdout=None, stderr=None,
+                         preexec_fn=None, close_fds=False,
+                         shell=False, cwd=None, env=None, # <-------
+                         universal_newlines=False, startupinfo=None,
+                         creationflags=0)
+
+
+CGI - The Web Environment
+=========================
+
+.. rst-class:: large centered
+
+CGI is little more than a set of standard environmental variables
+
+
+What is CGI
+-----------
+
+First discussed in 1993, formalized in 1997, the current version (1.1) has
+been in place since 2004.
+
+From the preamble::
+
+    This memo provides information for the Internet community. It does not
+    specify an Internet standard of any kind.
+
+    -- RFC 3875 - CGI Version 1.1: http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3875
+
+
+.. nextslide:: Meta-Variables
+
+::
+
+    4.  The CGI Request . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
+        4.1. Request Meta-Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
+             4.1.1.  AUTH_TYPE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
+             4.1.2.  CONTENT_LENGTH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
+             4.1.3.  CONTENT_TYPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
+             4.1.4.  GATEWAY_INTERFACE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13
+             4.1.5.  PATH_INFO. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13
+             4.1.6.  PATH_TRANSLATED. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
+             4.1.7.  QUERY_STRING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  15
+             4.1.8.  REMOTE_ADDR. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  15
+             4.1.9.  REMOTE_HOST. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  16
+             4.1.10. REMOTE_IDENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  16
+             4.1.11. REMOTE_USER. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  16
+             4.1.12. REQUEST_METHOD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  17
+             4.1.13. SCRIPT_NAME. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  17
+             4.1.14. SERVER_NAME. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  17
+             4.1.15. SERVER_PORT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  18
+             4.1.16. SERVER_PROTOCOL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  18
+             4.1.17. SERVER_SOFTWARE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  19
+
+
+Running CGI
+-----------
+
+You have a couple of options:
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    .. rst-class:: build
+
+    * Python Standard Library CGIHTTPServer
+    * Apache
+    * IIS (on Windows)
+    * Some other HTTP server that implements CGI (lighttpd, ...?)
+
+    Let's keep it simple by using the Python module
+
+
+.. nextslide:: Preparations
+
+In the class resources for this session, you'll find a directory named ``cgi``.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    Make a copy of that folder in your class working directory.
+
+    Windows Users, you may have to edit the first line of
+    ``cgi/cgi-bin/cgi_1.py`` to point to your python executable.
+
+    .. rst-class:: build
+
+    * Open *two* terminal windows in this ``cgi`` directory
+    * In the first terminal, run ``python -m http.server --cgi``
+    * Open a web browser and load ``http://localhost:8000/``
+    * Click on *CGI Test 1*
+
+
+.. nextslide:: Did that work?
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+
+* Your browser might show a 404 or 403 error
+* If you see something like that, check the permissions for ``cgi-bin`` *and*
+  ``cgi_1.py``
+* The file must be executable, the ``cgi-bin`` directory needs to be readable
+  *and* executable.
+
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    Remember that you can use the bash ``chmod`` command to change permissions
+    in \*nix: ``chmod a+x cgi-bin/cgi_1.py``
+
+    Windows users, use the 'properties' context menu to get to permissions,
+    just grant 'full'
+
+
+.. nextslide:: Break It
+
+Problems with permissions can lead to failure. So can scripting errors
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    .. rst-class:: build
+
+    * Open ``cgi/cgi-bin/cgi_1.py`` in an editor
+    * Before where it says ``cgi.test()``, add a single line:
+
+    .. code-block:: python
+
+        1 / 0
+
+    Reload your browser, what happens now?
+
+
+.. nextslide:: Errors in CGI
+
+CGI is famously difficult to debug.  There are reasons for this:
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+
+* CGI is designed to provide access to runnable processes to *the internet*
+* The internet is a wretched hive of scum and villainy
+* Revealing error conditions can expose data that could be exploited
+
+
+.. nextslide:: Viewing Errors in Python CGI
+
+Back in your editor, add the following lines, just below ``import cgi``:
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    .. code-block:: python
+
+        import cgitb
+        cgitb.enable()
+
+    Now, reload again.
+
+.. nextslide:: cgitb Output
+
+.. figure:: /_static/cgitb_output.png
+    :align: center
+    :width: 100%
+
+
+.. nextslide:: Repair the Error
+
+Let's fix the error from our traceback.  Edit your ``cgi_1.py`` file to match:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    #!/usr/bin/env python
+    import cgi
+    import cgitb
+
+    cgitb.enable()
+
+    cgi.test()
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    Notice the first line of that script: ``#!/usr/bin/env python``.
+
+    This is called a *shebang* (short for hash-bang)
+
+    It tells the system what executable program to use when running the script.
+
+
+CGI Process Execution
+---------------------
+
+Servers like ``http.server --cgi`` run CGI scripts as a system user called
+``nobody``.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    This is just like you calling::
+
+        $ ./cgi_bin/cgi_1.py
+
+    In fact try that now in your second terminal (use the real path), what do
+    you get?
+
+    Windows folks, you may need ``C:\>python cgi-bin/cgi_1.py``
+
+    Notice what is missing?
+
+
+.. nextslide::
+
+There are a couple of important facts about CGI that derive from this:
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+
+* The script **must** include a *shebang* so that the system knows how to run
+  it.
+* The script **must** be executable.
+* The *executable* named in the *shebang* will be called as the *nobody* user.
+* This is a security feature to prevent CGI scripts from running as a user
+  with any privileges.
+* This means that the *executable* from the script *shebang* must be one that
+  *anyone* can run.
+
+
+.. nextslide:: The CGI Environment
+
+CGI is largely a set of agreed-upon environmental variables.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    We've seen how environmental variables are found in python in
+    ``os.environ``
+
+    We've also seen that at least some of the variables in CGI are **not** part
+    of the system environment.
+
+    Where do they come from?
+
+
+.. nextslide:: CGI Servers
+
+Let's find 'em.  In a terminal fire up python:
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    .. code-block:: ipython
+
+        In [1]: from http import server
+        In [2]: server.__file__
+        Out[2]: '/Users/cewing/pythons/parts/opt/lib/python3.5/http/server.py'
+        In [3]: !subl '/Users/cewing/pythons/parts/opt/lib/python3.5/http/server.py'
+
+    If you don't have the ``subl`` command, or another one that starts your
+    editor, copy this path and open it in your text editor.
+
+
+.. nextslide:: Environmental Set Up
+
+From ``http/server.py``, in the ``CGIHTTPRequestHandler`` class, in the
+``run_cgi`` method:
+
+.. rst-class:: tiny
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    env = copy.deepcopy(os.environ)
+    env['SERVER_SOFTWARE'] = self.version_string()
+    env['SERVER_NAME'] = self.server.server_name
+    env['GATEWAY_INTERFACE'] = 'CGI/1.1'
+    ...
+    if self.have_fork:
+        # Unix -- fork as we should
+        ...
+        pid = os.fork()
+        ...
+        try:
+            ...
+            os.execve(scriptfile, args, env)
+        ...
+    else:
+        # Non-Unix -- use subprocess
+        import subprocess
+        ...
+        p = subprocess.Popen(cmdline,
+                             ...
+                             env = env
+                             )
+    ...
+
+
+.. nextslide:: CGI Scripts
+
+And that's it, the big secret. The server takes care of setting up the
+environment so it has what is needed.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    Now, in reverse. How does the information that a script creates end up in
+    your browser?
+
+    A CGI Script must print its results to stdout.
+
+    Use the same method as above to import and open the source file for the
+    ``cgi`` module. Note what ``test`` does for an example of this.
+
+    .. rst-class:: tiny
+    .. code-block:: python
+    
+        def test(environ=os.environ):
+            ...
+            print("Content-type: text/html")
+            print()
+            try:
+                form = FieldStorage()   # Replace with other classes to test those
+                print_directory()
+                print_arguments()
+                print_form(form)
+                ...
+            except:
+                print_exception()
+
+
+.. nextslide:: Recap
+
+What the Server Does:
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+
+* parses the request
+* sets up the environment, including HTTP and SERVER variables
+* sends a ``HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\n`` first line to the client 
+* figures out if the URI points to a CGI script and runs it
+* appends what comes from the script on stdout and sends that back
+
+What the Script Does:
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+
+* names appropriate *executable* in the *shebang* line
+* uses os.environ to read information from the HTTP request
+* builds *any and all* extra **HTTP Headers** |br| 
+  (Content-type:, Content-length:, ...)
+* prints the headers, empty line and script output (body) to stdout
+
+
+In-Class Exercise I
+-------------------
+
+You've seen the output from the ``cgi.test()`` method from the ``cgi`` module.
+Let's make our own version of this.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    .. rst-class:: build
+
+    * In the directory ``cgi-bin`` you will find the file ``cgi_2.py``.
+    * Open that file in your editor.
+    * The script contains some html with text containing placeholders.
+    * You should use Python and the CGI environment to fill the the blanks.
+    * You can view the results of your work by loading
+      ``http://localhost:8000/`` and clicking on *Exercise One*
+
+    **GO**
+
+
+Getting Data from Users
+-----------------------
+
+All this is well and good, but where's the *dynamic* stuff?
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    It'd be nice if a user could pass form data to our script for it to use.
+
+    In HTTP, data is often passed to the server as a part of a URL called the
+    *query string*
+
+    The URL query string is formatted as ``name=value`` pairs, separated by the
+    ampersand (``&``) character
+
+    The entire query string is separated from other parts of the URL by a
+    question mark::
+
+        http://localhost:8000/cgi_bin/somescript.py?a=23&b=46&b=92
+
+
+.. nextslide:: The Query String in CGI
+
+In the ``cgi`` module, we get access to the query string with the
+``FieldStorage`` class:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    import cgi
+
+    form = cgi.FieldStorage()
+    stringval = form.getvalue('a', None)
+    listval = form.getlist('b')
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+
+* The values in the ``FieldStorage`` are *always* strings
+* ``getvalue`` allows you to return a default, in case the field isn't present
+* ``getlist`` always returns a list: empty, one-valued, or as many values as
+  are present
+
+
+In-Class Exercise II
+--------------------
+
+Let's create a dynamic adding machine.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+
+* In the ``cgi-bin`` directory you'll find ``cgi_sums.py``.
+* In the ``index.html`` file in the ``cgi`` directory, the third link leads to
+  this file.
+* You will use the structure of that link, and what you learned just now about
+  ``cgi.FieldStorage``.
+* Complete the cgi script in ``cgi_sums.py`` so that the result of adding all
+  operands sent via the url query is returned.
+* Return the results as plain text, with the appropriate ``Content-Type``
+  header.
+
+
+.. nextslide:: My Solution
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    form = cgi.FieldStorage()
+    operands = form.getlist('operand')
+    msg = "your total is {total}"
+    try:
+        total = sum(map(int, operands))
+        msg = msg.format(total=total)
+    except (ValueError, TypeError):
+        msg = "Unable to calculate a sum, please provide integer operands"
+
+    print("Content-Type: text/plain")
+    print("Content-Length: %s" % len(msg))
+    print()
+    print(msg)
+
+
+.. nextslide:: Break Time
+
+.. rst-class:: centered
+
+Let's take a break here, before continuing
+
+
+WSGI
+====
+
+.. rst-class:: center large
+
+The Web Server Gateway Interface
+
+CGI Problems
+------------
+
+CGI is great, but there are problems:
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    .. rst-class:: build
+
+    * Code is executed *in a new process*
+    * **Every** call to a CGI script starts a new process on the server
+    * Starting a new process is expensive in terms of server resources
+    * *Especially for interpreted languages like Python*
+
+    How do we overcome this problem?
+
+.. nextslide:: Alternatives to CGI
+
+The most popular approach is to have a long-running process *inside* the
+server that handles CGI scripts.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    FastCGI and SCGI are existing implementations of CGI in this fashion.
+
+    The PHP scripting language works in much the same way.
+
+    The Apache module **mod_python** offers a similar capability for Python
+    code.
+
+    .. rst-class:: build
+
+    * Each of these options has a specific API
+    * None are compatible with each-other
+    * Code written for one is **not portable** to another
+
+    This makes it much more difficult to *share resources*
+
+
+A Solution
+----------
+
+Enter WSGI, the Web Server Gateway Interface.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    Other alternatives are specific implementations of the CGI standard.
+
+    WSGI is itself a new standard, not an implementation.
+
+    WSGI is generalized to describe a set of interactions.
+
+    Developers can write WSGI-capable apps and deploy them on any WSGI server.
+
+    Read the original WSGI spec: http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0333
+
+    There is also an update for Python 3: |br| https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-3333
+
+
+Apps and Servers
+----------------
+
+WSGI consists of two parts, a *server* and an *application*.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    .. container::
+
+        A WSGI Server must:
+
+        .. rst-class:: build
+
+        * set up an environment, much like the one in CGI
+        * provide a method ``start_response(status, headers, exc_info=None)``
+        * build a response body by calling an *application*, passing
+          ``environment`` and ``start_response`` as args
+        * return a response with the status, headers and body
+
+    .. container::
+
+        A WSGI Appliction must:
+
+        .. rst-class:: build
+
+        * Be a callable (function, method, class)
+        * Take an environment and a ``start_response`` callable as arguments
+        * Call the ``start_response`` method.
+        * Return an *iterable* of 0 or more strings, which are treated as the
+          body of the response.
+
+
+.. nextslide:: Simplified WSGI Server
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    from some_application import simple_app
+
+    def build_env(request):
+        # put together some environment info from the reqeuest
+        return env
+
+    def handle_request(request, app):
+        environ = build_env(request)
+        iterable = app(environ, start_response)
+        for data in iterable:
+            # send data to client here
+
+    def start_response(status, headers):
+        # start an HTTP response, sending status and headers
+
+    # listen for HTTP requests and pass on to handle_request()
+    serve(simple_app)
+
+
+.. nextslide:: Simple WSGI Application
+
+Where the simplified server above is **not** functional, this *is* a complete
+app:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    def application(environ, start_response)
+        status = "200 OK"
+        body = "Hello World\n"
+        response_headers = [('Content-type', 'text/plain'),
+                            ('Content-length', len(body))]
+        start_response(status, response_headers)
+        return [body]
+
+
+.. nextslide:: WSGI Middleware
+
+A third part of the puzzle is something called WSGI *middleware*
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    .. rst-class:: build
+
+    * Middleware implements both the *server* and *application* interfaces
+    * Middleware acts as a server when viewed from an application
+    * Middleware acts as an application when viewed from a server
+
+    .. figure:: /_static/wsgi_middleware_onion.png
+        :align: center
+        :width: 38%
+
+
+.. nextslide:: WSGI Data Flow
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    .. container::
+
+        WSGI Servers:
+
+        .. rst-class:: large centered
+
+        **HTTP <---> WSGI**
+
+    .. container::
+
+        WSGI Applications:
+
+        .. rst-class:: large centered
+
+        **WSGI <---> app code**
+
+
+.. nextslide:: The WSGI Stack
+
+The WSGI *Stack* can thus be expressed like so:
+
+.. rst-class:: build large centered
+
+**HTTP <---> WSGI <---> app code**
+
+
+.. nextslide:: Using wsgiref
+
+The Python standard lib provides a reference implementation of WSGI:
+
+.. figure:: /_static/wsgiref_flow.png
+    :align: center
+    :width: 80%
+
+
+.. nextslide:: Apache mod_wsgi
+
+You can also deploy with Apache as your HTTP server, using **mod_wsgi**:
+
+.. figure:: /_static/mod_wsgi_flow.png
+    :align: center
+    :width: 80%
+
+
+.. nextslide:: Proxied WSGI Servers
+
+Finally, it is also common to see WSGI apps deployed via a proxied WSGI
+server:
+
+.. figure:: /_static/proxy_wsgi.png
+    :align: center
+    :width: 80%
+
+
+The WSGI Environment
+--------------------
+
+REQUEST_METHOD:
+  The HTTP request method, such as "GET" or "POST". This cannot ever be an
+  empty string, and so is always required.
+SCRIPT_NAME:
+  The initial portion of the request URL's "path" that corresponds to the
+  application object, so that the application knows its virtual "location".
+  This may be an empty string, if the application corresponds to the "root" of
+  the server.
+PATH_INFO:
+  The remainder of the request URL's "path", designating the virtual
+  "location" of the request's target within the application. This may be an
+  empty string, if the request URL targets the application root and does not
+  have a trailing slash.
+QUERY_STRING:
+  The portion of the request URL that follows the "?", if any. May be empty or
+  absent.
+CONTENT_TYPE:
+  The contents of any Content-Type fields in the HTTP request. May be empty or
+  absent.
+
+
+.. nextslide:: The WSGI Environment
+
+CONTENT_LENGTH:
+  The contents of any Content-Length fields in the HTTP request. May be empty
+  or absent.
+SERVER_NAME, SERVER_PORT:
+  When combined with SCRIPT_NAME and PATH_INFO, these variables can be used to
+  complete the URL. Note, however, that HTTP_HOST, if present, should be used
+  in preference to SERVER_NAME for reconstructing the request URL. See the URL
+  Reconstruction section below for more detail. SERVER_NAME and SERVER_PORT
+  can never be empty strings, and so are always required.
+SERVER_PROTOCOL:
+  The version of the protocol the client used to send the request. Typically
+  this will be something like "HTTP/1.0" or "HTTP/1.1" and may be used by the
+  application to determine how to treat any HTTP request headers. (This
+  variable should probably be called REQUEST_PROTOCOL, since it denotes the
+  protocol used in the request, and is not necessarily the protocol that will
+  be used in the server's response. However, for compatibility with CGI we
+  have to keep the existing name.)
+
+
+.. nextslide:: The WSGI Environment
+
+HTTP\_ Variables:
+  Variables corresponding to the client-supplied HTTP request headers (i.e.,
+  variables whose names begin with "HTTP\_"). The presence or absence of these
+  variables should correspond with the presence or absence of the appropriate
+  HTTP header in the request.
+
+.. rst-class:: build large centered
+
+**Seem Familiar?**
+
+
+In-Class Exercise III
+---------------------
+
+Let's start simply.  We'll begin by repeating our first CGI exercise in WSGI
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+
+* Find the ``wsgi`` directory in the class resources. Copy it to your working
+  directory.
+* Open the file ``wsgi_1.py`` in your text editor.
+* We will fill in the missing values using Python and the wsgi ``environ``,
+  just as we use ``os.environ`` in cgi
+
+.. rst-class:: build centered
+
+**But First**
+
+
+.. nextslide:: Orientation
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    if __name__ == '__main__':
+        from wsgiref.simple_server import make_server
+        srv = make_server('localhost', 8080, application)
+        srv.serve_forever()
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    Note that we pass our ``application`` function to the server factory
+
+    We don't have to write a server, ``wsgiref`` does that for us.
+
+    In fact, you should *never* have to write a WSGI server.
+
+
+.. nextslide:: Orientation
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    def application(environ, start_response):
+        response_body = body % (
+             environ.get('SERVER_NAME', 'Unset'), # server name
+                ...
+             )
+        status = '200 OK'
+        response_headers = [('Content-Type', 'text/html'),
+                            ('Content-Length', str(len(response_body)))]
+        start_response(status, response_headers)
+        return [response_body.encode('utf8')]
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    We do not define ``start_response``, the application does that.
+
+    We *are* responsible for determining the HTTP status.
+
+    And the content we hand back *must* be ``bytes``, not unicode.
+
+.. nextslide:: Running a WSGI Script
+
+You can run this script with python::
+
+    $ python wsgi_1.py
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    This will start a wsgi server. What host and port will it use?
+
+    Point your browser at ``http://localhost:8080/``. Did it work?
+
+    Go ahead and fill in the missing bits. Use the ``environ`` passed into
+    ``application``
+
+
+.. nextslide:: Some Tips
+
+WSGI is a long-running process.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    The file you are editing is *not* reloaded after you edit it.
+
+    You'll need to quit and re-run the script between edits.
+
+    Notice the use of ``pprint.pprint``, check your terminal for useful output.
+
+
+A WSGI Application
+------------------
+
+So now we've learned a bit about the WSGI specification and how a WSGI
+application can get data that comes in via an HTTP request.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    Let's create a multi-page wsgi application.
+
+    It will serve a small database of python books.
+
+    The database (with a very simple api) can be found in ``wsgi/bookdb.py``
+
+    .. rst-class:: build
+
+    * We'll need a listing page that shows the titles of all the books
+    * Each title will link to a details page for that book
+    * The details page for each book will display all the information and have
+      a link back to the list
+
+
+.. nextslide:: Some Questions to Ponder
+
+When viewing our first wsgi app, do we see the name of the wsgi application
+script anywhere in the URL?
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    In our wsgi application script, how many applications did we actually have?
+
+    How are we going to serve different types of information out of a single
+    application?
+
+
+.. nextslide:: Dispatch
+
+We have to write an app that will map our incoming request path to some code
+that can handle that request.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    This process is called ``dispatch``. There are many possible approaches.
+
+    Let's begin by designing this piece of our app.
+
+    Open ``bookapp.py`` from the ``wsgi`` folder.  We'll do our work here.
+
+
+.. nextslide:: PATH
+
+The wsgi environment gives us access to *PATH_INFO*.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    This value is the URI from the client's HTTP request.
+
+    We can design the URLs that our app will use to assist us in routing.
+
+    Let's declare that any request for ``/`` will map to the list page.
+
+    .. container::
+
+        We can also say that the URL for a book will look like this::
+
+            http://localhost:8080/book/<identifier>
+
+Writing ``resolve_path``
+------------------------
+
+Let's write a function, called ``resolve_path`` in our application file.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+
+* It should take the *PATH_INFO* value from environ as an argument.
+* It should return the function that will be called.
+* It should also return any arguments needed to call that function.
+* This implies of course that the arguments should be part of the PATH
+
+
+.. nextslide:: My Solution
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    def resolve_path(path):
+        urls = [(r'^$', books),
+                (r'^book/(id[\d]+)$', book)]
+        matchpath = path.lstrip('/')
+        for regexp, func in urls:
+            match = re.match(regexp, matchpath)
+            if match is None:
+                continue
+            args = match.groups([])
+            return func, args
+        # we get here if no url matches
+        raise NameError
+
+
+.. nextslide:: Application Updates
+
+We need to hook our new dispatch function into the application.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+
+* The path should be extracted from ``environ``.
+* The dispatch function should be used to get a function and arguments
+* The body to return should come from calling that function with those
+  arguments
+* If an error is raised by calling the function, an appropriate response
+  should be returned
+* If the router raises a NameError, the application should return a 404
+  response
+
+
+.. nextslide:: My Solution
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    def application(environ, start_response):
+        headers = [("Content-type", "text/html")]
+        try:
+            path = environ.get('PATH_INFO', None)
+            if path is None:
+                raise NameError
+            func, args = resolve_path(path)
+            body = func(*args)
+            status = "200 OK"
+        except NameError:
+            status = "404 Not Found"
+            body = "<h1>Not Found</h1>"
+        except Exception:
+            status = "500 Internal Server Error"
+            body = "<h1>Internal Server Error</h1>"
+        finally:
+            headers.append(('Content-length', str(len(body))))
+            start_response(status, headers)
+            return [body.encode('utf8')]
+
+
+Test Your Work
+--------------
+
+Once you've got your script settled, run it::
+
+    $ python bookapp.py
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    Then point your browser at ``http://localhost:8080/``
+
+    .. rst-class:: build
+
+    * ``http://localhost/book/id3``
+    * ``http://localhost/book/id73/``
+    * ``http://localhost/sponge/damp``
+
+    Did that all work as you would have expected?
+
+
+Building the Book List
+----------------------
+
+The function ``books`` should return an html list of book titles where each
+title is a link to the detail page for that book
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+
+* You'll need all the ids and titles from the book database.
+* You'll need to build a list in HTML using this information
+* Each list item should have the book title as a link
+* The href for the link should be of the form ``/book/<id>``
+
+
+.. nextslide:: My Solution
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    def books():
+        all_books = DB.titles()
+        body = ['<h1>My Bookshelf</h1>', '<ul>']
+        item_template = '<li><a href="/book/{id}">{title}</a></li>'
+        for book in all_books:
+            body.append(item_template.format(**book))
+        body.append('</ul>')
+        return '\n'.join(body)
+
+
+Test Your Work
+--------------
+
+Quit and then restart your application script::
+
+    $ python bookapp.py
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    .. container::
+
+        Then reload the root of your application::
+
+            http://localhost:8080/
+
+    You should see a nice list of the books in the database. Do you?
+
+    Click on a link to view the detail page. Does it load without error?
+
+
+Showing Details
+---------------
+
+The next step of course is to polish up those detail pages.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    .. rst-class:: build
+
+    * You'll need to retrieve a single book from the database
+    * You'll need to format the details about that book and return them as HTML
+    * You'll need to guard against ids that do not map to books
+
+    In this last case, what's the right HTTP response code to send?
+
+
+.. nextslide:: My Solution
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    def book(book_id):
+        page = """
+    <h1>{title}</h1>
+    <table>
+        <tr><th>Author</th><td>{author}</td></tr>
+        <tr><th>Publisher</th><td>{publisher}</td></tr>
+        <tr><th>ISBN</th><td>{isbn}</td></tr>
+    </table>
+    <a href="/">Back to the list</a>
+    """
+        book = DB.title_info(book_id)
+        if book is None:
+            raise NameError
+        return page.format(**book)
+
+
+.. nextslide:: Revel in Your Success
+
+Quit and restart your script one more time
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    Then poke around at your application and see the good you've made
+
+    And your application is portable and sharable
+
+    It should run equally well under any `wsgi server <http://wsgi.readthedocs.org/en/latest/servers.html>`_
+
+
+.. nextslide:: A Few Steps Further
+
+Next steps for an app like this might be:
+
+* Create a shared full page template and incorporate it into your app
+* Improve the error handling by emitting error codes other than 404 and 500
+* Swap out the basic backend here with a different one, maybe a Web Service?
+* Think about ways to make the application less tightly coupled to the pages
+  it serves
+
+
+Homework
+========
+
+.. rst-class:: left
+.. container::
+
+    For your homework this week, you'll be creating a wsgi application of your
+    own.
+
+    .. rst-class:: build
+    .. container::
+
+        You'll create an online calculator that can perform several operations
+
+        You'll need to support:
+
+        .. rst-class:: build
+
+        * Addition
+        * Subtraction
+        * Multiplication
+        * Division
+
+        .. container::
+
+            Your users should be able to send appropriate requests and get back
+            proper responses::
+
+                http://localhost:8080/multiply/3/5  => 15
+                http://localhost:8080/add/23/42     => 65
+                http://localhost:8080/divide/6/0    => HTTP "400 Bad Request"
+
+
+.. nextslide:: Submitting Your Homework
+
+.. rst-class:: left
+.. container::
+
+    To submit your homework:
+
+    .. rst-class:: build
+
+    * Create a new github repository.  Call it ``wsgi-calc``.
+    * Add a python script to it called ``calculator.py``.
+    * Your script should be runnable using ``$ python calculator.py``
+    * When the script is running, I should be able to view your application in
+      my browser.
+    * I should be able to see a home page that explains how to perform
+      calculations.
+
+    .. rst-class:: build
+    .. container::
+
+        Your repository should include a README.md file.
+
+        Include all instructions I need to successfully run and view your
+        script.
+
+        When you are done, send Maria and I an email with a link to your
+        repository.
+
+One Last Task
+-------------
+
+Next week we will be installing Python packages that are not part of the
+standard library.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    This is a common occurence in web development.  But it can be hazardous.
+
+    In order to practice safe development I am going to ask you to read and
+    follow through a `brief tutorial`_ I've created on the subject.
+
+    If you have any trouble, or if things do not work the way they are supposed
+    to, please reach out.  We will need this to be working next week.
+
+.. _brief tutorial: ../../html/presentations/venv_intro.html
+
+Wrap-Up
+-------
+
+For educational purposes, you might wish to take a look at the source code for
+the ``wsgiref`` module. It's the canonical example of a simple wsgi server
+
+    >>> import wsgiref
+    >>> wsgiref.__file__
+    '/full/path/to/your/copy/of/wsgiref.py'
+    ...
+
+.. rst-class:: build centered
+
+**See you Next Time**
diff --git a/slides/_sources/presentations/session04.txt b/slides/_sources/presentations/session04.txt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..eed0bf73
--- /dev/null
+++ b/slides/_sources/presentations/session04.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1889 @@
+**********
+Session 04
+**********
+
+.. figure:: /_static/granny_mashup.png
+    :align: center
+    :width: 70%
+
+    Paul Downey http://www.flickr.com/photos/psd/492139935/ - CC-BY
+
+Scraping, APIs and Mashups
+==========================
+
+Wherein we learn how to make order from the chaos of the wild internet.
+
+
+A Dilemma
+---------
+
+The internet makes a vast quantity of data available.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    But not always in the form or combination you want.
+
+    It would be nice to be able to combine data from different sources to
+    create *meaning*.
+
+
+The Big Question
+----------------
+
+.. rst-class:: large centered
+
+But How?
+
+
+The Big Answer
+--------------
+
+.. rst-class:: large centered
+
+Mashups
+
+
+Mashups
+-------
+
+A mashup is::
+
+    a web page, or web application, that uses and combines data, presentation
+    or functionality from two or more sources to create new services.
+
+    -- wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mashup_(web_application_hybrid))
+
+
+Data Sources
+------------
+
+The key to mashups is the idea of data sources.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    These come in many flavors:
+
+    .. rst-class:: build
+
+    * Simple websites with data in HTML
+    * Web services providing structured data
+    * Web services providing tranformative service (geocoding)
+    * Web services providing presentation (mapping)
+
+Web Scraping
+============
+
+.. rst-class:: left
+.. container::
+
+    It would be nice if all online data were available in well-structured formats.
+
+    .. rst-class:: build
+    .. container::
+
+        The reality is that much data is available only in HTML.
+
+        Still we can get at it, with some effort.
+
+        By scraping the data from the web pages.
+
+
+HTML
+----
+
+.. ifnotslides::
+
+    Ideally, it looks like this:
+
+.. code-block:: html
+
+    <!DOCTYPE html>
+    <html>
+      <head>
+      </head>
+      <body>
+        <p>A nice clean paragraph</p>
+        <p>And another nice clean paragraph</p>
+      </body>
+    </html>
+
+
+.. nextslide:: HTML... IRL
+
+.. ifnotslides::
+
+    But in real life, it's more often like this:
+
+.. code-block:: html
+
+    <html>
+     <form>
+      <table>
+       <td><input name="input1">Row 1 cell 1
+       <tr><td>Row 2 cell 1
+      </form>
+      <td>Row 2 cell 2<br>This</br> sure is a long cell
+     </body>
+    </html>
+
+
+.. nextslide:: FFFFFFFFFUUUUUUUUUUUUU!!!!
+
+.. figure:: /_static/scream.jpg
+    :align: center
+    :width: 32%
+
+    Photo by Matthew via Flickr (http://www.flickr.com/photos/purplemattfish/3918004964/) - CC-BY-NC-ND
+
+
+.. nextslide:: The Law of The Internet
+
+.. rst-class:: large centered
+
+"Be strict in what you send and tolerant in what you receive"
+
+
+Taming the Mess
+---------------
+
+Luckily, there are tools to help with this.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    In python there are several candidates, but I like ``BeautifulSoup``.
+
+    BeautifulSoup is a great tool, but it's not in the Standard Library.
+
+    We'll need to install it.
+
+    Create a virtualenv to do so:
+
+    .. code-block:: bash
+
+        $ pyvenv soupenv
+        ...
+        $ source soupenv/bin/activate
+
+    (remember, for Windows users that should be ``soupenv/Scripts/activate.bat``)
+
+
+.. nextslide:: Install BeautifulSoup
+
+Once the virtualenv is activated, you can simply use pip or easy_install to
+install the libraries you want:
+
+.. code-block:: bash
+
+    (soupenv)$ pip install beautifulsoup4
+
+
+.. nextslide:: Choose a Parsing Engine
+
+BeautifulSoup is built to use the Python HTMLParser.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+
+* Batteries Included.  It's already there
+* It's not great, especially before Python 2.7.3
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    BeautifulSoup also supports using other parsers.
+
+    There are two good choices: ``lxml`` and ``html5lib``.
+
+    ``lxml`` is better, but much harder to install.  Let's use ``html5lib``.
+
+
+.. nextslide:: Install a Parsing Engine
+
+Again, this is pretty simple::
+
+    (soupenv)$ pip install html5lib
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    Once installed, BeautifulSoup will choose it automatically.
+
+    BeautifulSoup will choose the "best" available.
+
+    You can specify the parser if you need to for some reason.
+
+    In fact, in recent versions of BeautifulSoup, you'll be warned if you don't
+    (though you can ignore the warning).
+
+
+.. nextslide:: Install Requests
+
+Python provides tools for opening urls and communicating with servers. It's
+spread across the ``urllib`` and ``urllib2`` packages.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    These packages have pretty unintuitive APIs.
+
+    The ``requests`` library is becoming the de-facto standard for this type of
+    work.  Let's install it too.
+
+    .. code-block:: bash
+
+        (soupenv)$ pip install requests
+
+
+Our Class Mashup
+----------------
+
+We're going to explore some tools for making a mashup today
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    We'll be starting by scraping restaurant health code data for
+    a given ZIP code
+
+    Then, we'll look up the geographic location of those zipcodes using Google
+
+    Finally, we'll display the results of our work on a map
+
+    Start by opening a new file in your editor: ``mashup.py``.
+
+
+.. nextslide:: Getting Some HTML
+
+The source for the data we'll be displaying is a search tool provided by King
+County.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    It's supposed to have a web service, but the service is broken.
+
+    Luckily, the HTML search works just fine.
+
+    Open `the search form`_ in your browser.
+
+    Fill in a ZIP code (perhaps 98101).
+
+    Add a start and end date (perhaps about 1 or 2 years apart).
+
+    Submit the form, and take a look at what you get.
+
+.. _the search form: http://info.kingcounty.gov/health/ehs/foodsafety/inspections/search.aspx
+
+
+.. nextslide:: Repeat, But Automate
+
+Next we want to automate the process.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    Copy the domain and path of the url into your new ``mashup.py`` file like
+    so:
+
+    .. code-block:: python
+
+        INSPECTION_DOMAIN = "http://info.kingcounty.gov"
+        INSPECTION_PATH = "/health/ehs/foodsafety/inspections/Results.aspx"
+
+.. nextslide:: Repeat, But Automate
+
+Next, copy the query parameters from the URL and convert them to a dictionary:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    INSPECTION_PARAMS = {
+        'Output': 'W',
+        'Business_Name': '',
+        'Business_Address': '',
+        'Longitude': '',
+        'Latitude': '',
+        'City': '',
+        'Zip_Code': '',
+        'Inspection_Type': 'All',
+        'Inspection_Start': '',
+        'Inspection_End': '',
+        'Inspection_Closed_Business': 'A',
+        'Violation_Points': '',
+        'Violation_Red_Points': '',
+        'Violation_Descr': '',
+        'Fuzzy_Search': 'N',
+        'Sort': 'H'
+    }
+
+
+Fetching Search Results
+-----------------------
+
+Next we'll use the ``requests`` library to write a function to fetch these
+results on demand.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    In ``requests``, each HTTP method has a module-level function:
+
+    .. rst-class:: build
+
+    * ``GET`` == ``requests.get(url, **kwargs)``
+    * ``POST`` == ``requests.post(url, **kwargs)``
+    * ...
+
+    ``kwargs`` represent other parts of an HTTP request:
+
+    .. rst-class:: build
+
+    * ``params``: a dict of url parameters (?foo=bar&baz=bim)
+    * ``headers``: a dict of headers to send with the request
+    * ``data``: the body of the request, if any (form data for POST goes here)
+    * ...
+
+
+.. nextslide:: Handling Requests Responses
+
+The return value from one of these functions is a ``response`` object which
+provides:
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    .. rst-class:: build
+
+    * ``response.status_code``: see the HTTP Status Code returned
+    * ``response.ok``: True if ``response.status_code`` is not an error
+    * ``response.raise_for_status()``: call to raise a python error if it is
+    * ``response.headers``: The headers sent from the server
+    * ``response.text``: Body of the response, decoded to unicode
+    * ``response.encoding``: The encoding used to decode
+    * ``response.content``: The original encoded response body as bytes
+
+    ``requests documentation``: http://docs.python-requests.org/en/latest/
+
+.. nextslide:: Fetch Search Results
+
+We'll start by writing a function ``get_inspection_page``
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    .. rst-class:: build
+
+    * It will accept keyword arguments for each of the possible query values
+    * It will build a dictionary of request query parameters from incoming
+      keywords, using INSPECTION_PARAMS as a template
+    * It will make a request to the inspection service search page using this
+      query
+    * It will return the encoded content and the encoding used as a tuple
+
+    Try writing this function. Put it in ``mashup.py``
+
+
+My Solution
+-----------
+
+Here's the one I created:
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    import requests
+
+    def get_inspection_page(**kwargs):
+        url = INSPECTION_DOMAIN + INSPECTION_PATH
+        params = INSPECTION_PARAMS.copy()
+        for key, val in kwargs.items():
+            if key in INSPECTION_PARAMS:
+                params[key] = val
+        resp = requests.get(url, params=params)
+        resp.raise_for_status()
+        return resp.text
+
+
+Parse the Results
+-----------------
+
+Next, we'll need to parse the results we get when we call that function
+
+But before we start, a word about parsing HTML with BeautifulSoup
+
+
+.. nextslide:: Parsing HTML with BeautifulSoup
+
+The BeautifulSoup object can be instantiated with a string or a file-like
+object as the sole argument:
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    .. code-block:: python
+
+        from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
+        parsed = BeautifulSoup('<h1>Some HTML</h1>')
+
+        fh = open('a_page.html', 'r')
+        parsed = BeautifulSoup(fh)
+
+        page = urllib2.urlopen('http://site.com/page.html')
+        parsed = BeautifulSoup(page)
+
+    You might want to open the documentation as reference
+    (http://www.crummy.com/software/BeautifulSoup/bs4/doc)
+
+
+My Solution
+-----------
+
+Take a shot at writing this new function in ``mashup.py``
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    # add this import at the top
+    from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
+
+    # then add this function lower down
+    def parse_source(html):
+        parsed = BeautifulSoup(html)
+        return parsed
+
+
+Put It Together
+---------------
+
+We'll need to make our script do something when run.
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    if __name__ == '__main__':
+        # do something
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    .. rst-class:: build
+
+    * Fetch a search results page
+    * Parse the resulting HTML
+    * For now, print out the results so we can see what we get
+
+    .. container::
+
+        Use the ``prettify`` method on a BeautifulSoup object::
+
+            print(parsed.prettify())
+
+
+My Solution
+-----------
+
+Try to come up with the proper code on your own.  Add it to ``mashup.py``
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    if __name__ == '__main__':
+        use_params = {
+            'Inspection_Start': '2/1/2013',
+            'Inspection_End': '2/1/2015',
+            'Zip_Code': '98101'
+        }
+        html = get_inspection_page(**use_params)
+        parsed = parse_source(html)
+        print(parsed.prettify())
+
+
+.. nextslide:: Test The Results
+
+Assuming your virtualenv is still active, you should be able to execute the
+script.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    .. code-block:: bash
+    
+        (soupenv)$ python mashup.py
+        ...
+           <script src="http://www.kingcounty.gov/kcscripts/kcPageAnalytics.js" type="text/javascript">
+           </script>
+           <script type="text/javascript">
+             //<![CDATA[
+             var usasearch_config = { siteHandle:"kingcounty" };
+             var script = document.createElement("script");
+             script.type = "text/javascript";
+             script.src = "http://search.usa.gov/javascripts/remote.loader.js";
+             document.getElementsByTagName("head")[0].appendChild(script);
+             //]]>
+           </script>
+          </form>
+         </body>
+        </html>
+
+    This script is available as ``resources/session04/mashup_1.py``
+
+
+
+.. nextslide:: Preserve the Results
+
+Now, let's re-run the script, saving the output to a file so we can use it
+later::
+
+    $ python mashup.py > inspection_page.html
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    Then add a quick function to our script that will use these saved results:
+
+    .. code-block:: python
+
+        def load_inspection_page(name):
+            file_path = pathlib.Path(name)
+            return file_path.read_text(encoding='utf8')
+
+    Finally, bolt that in to your script to use it:
+
+    .. code-block:: python
+
+        # COMMENT OUT THIS LINE AND REPLACE IT
+        # html = get_inspection_page(**use_params)
+        html = load_inspection_page('inspection_page.html')
+
+
+Extracting Data
+---------------
+
+Next we find the bits of this pile of HTML that matter to us.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    Open the page you just wrote to disk in your web browser and open the
+    developer tools to inspect the page source.
+
+    You'll want to start by finding the element in the page that contains all
+    our search results.
+
+    Look at the source and identify the single element we are looking for.
+
+.. nextslide:: Tags and Searching
+
+Having found it visually, we can now search for it automatically. In
+BeautifulSoup:
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    .. rst-class:: build
+
+    * All HTML elements (including the parsed document itself) are ``tags``
+    * A ``tag`` can be searched using its ``find`` or ``find_all`` methods
+    * This searches the descendents of the tag on which it is called.
+    * It takes arguments which act as *filters* on the search results
+
+    .. container::
+
+        like so::
+
+            tag.find(name, attrs, recursive, text, **kwargs)
+            tag.find_all(name, attrs, recursive, text, limit, **kwargs)
+
+
+.. nextslide:: Searching by Attribute
+
+The ``find`` method allows us to pass *kwargs*.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    Keywords that are not among the named parameters will be considered an HTML
+    attribute.
+
+    We can use this to find the column that holds our search results:
+
+    .. code-block:: python
+
+        content_col = parsed.find('td', id="contentcol")
+
+    Add that line to our mashup script and try it out:
+
+    .. code-block:: python
+
+        #...
+        parsed = parse_source(html)
+        content_col = parsed.find("td", id="contentcol")
+        print content_col.prettify()
+
+    .. code-block:: bash
+
+        (soupenv)$ python mashup.py
+        <td id="contentcol">
+            ...
+        </td>
+
+
+.. nextslide:: Filtering By Regular Expression
+
+The next job is to find the inspection data we can see when we click on the
+restaurant names in our page.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    Do you notice a pattern in how that data is structured?
+
+    For each restaurant in our results, there are *two* ``<div>`` tags.
+
+    The first contains the content you see at first, the second the content
+    that displays when we click.
+
+    What can you see that identifies these items?
+
+    ``<div id="PR0084952"...>`` and ``<div id="PR0084952~"...>``
+
+    Each pair shares an ID, and the stuff we want is in the second one
+
+    Each number is different for each restaurant
+
+    We can use a regular expression to help us here.
+
+.. nextslide:: Getting the Information Divs
+
+Let's write a function in ``mashup.py`` that will find all the divs in our
+column with the right kind of id:
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    .. rst-class:: build
+
+    * It should match ``<div>`` tags only
+    * It should match ids that start with ``PR``
+    * It should match ids that contain some number of *digits* after that
+    * It should match ids that end with a *tilde* (``~``) character
+
+    .. code-block:: python
+
+        # add an import up top
+        import re
+
+        # and add this function
+        def restaurant_data_generator(html):
+            id_finder = re.compile(r'PR[\d]+~')
+            return html.find_all('div', id=id_finder)
+
+
+.. nextslide:: Verify It Works
+
+Let's add that step to the *main* block at the bottom of ``mashup.py`` (only
+print the first of the many divs that match):
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    .. code-block:: python
+
+        html, encoding = load_inspection_page('inspection_page.html')
+        parsed = parse_source(html, encoding)
+        content_col = parsed.find("td", id="contentcol")
+        data_list = restaurant_data_generator(content_col)
+        print data_list[0].prettify()
+
+
+    Finally, test it out:
+
+    .. code-block:: bash
+
+        (soupenv)$ python mashup.py
+        <div id="PR0001203~" name="PR0001203~" onclick="toggleShow(this.id);"...>
+         <table style="width: 635px;">
+         ...
+         </table>
+        </div>
+
+    This code is available as ``/resources/session04/mashup_2.py``
+
+
+Parsing Restaurant Data
+-----------------------
+
+Now that we have the records we want, we need to parse them.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    We'll start by extracting information about the restaurants:
+
+    .. rst-class:: build
+
+    * Name
+    * Address
+    * Location
+
+    How is this information contained in our records?
+
+
+.. nextslide:: Complex Filtering
+
+Each record consists of a table with a series of *rows* (``<tr>``).
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    The rows we want at this time all have two *cells* inside them.
+
+    The first contains the *label* of the data, the second contains the *value*
+
+    We'll need a function in ``mashup.py`` that:
+
+    .. rst-class:: build
+
+    * takes an HTML element as an argument
+    * verifies that it is a ``<tr>`` element
+    * verifies that it has two immediate children that are ``<td>`` elements
+
+    My solution:
+
+    .. code-block:: python
+
+        def has_two_tds(elem):
+            is_tr = elem.name == 'tr'
+            td_children = elem.find_all('td', recursive=False)
+            has_two = len(td_children) == 2
+            return is_tr and has_two
+
+.. nextslide:: Test It Out
+
+Let's try this out in an interpreter:
+
+.. code-block:: ipython
+
+    In [1]: from mashup_3 import load_inspection_page, parse_source,
+            restaurant_data_generator, has_two_tds
+    In [2]: html = load_inspection_page('inspection_page.html')
+    In [3]: parsed = parse_source(html)
+    ...
+    In [4]: content_col = parsed.find('td', id='contentcol')
+    In [5]: records = restaurant_data_generator(content_col)
+    In [6]: rec = records[4]
+
+.. nextslide:: Test It Out
+
+We'd like to find all table rows in that div that contain *two* cells
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    The table rows are all contained in a ``<tbody>`` tag.
+
+    We only want the ones at the top of that tag (ones nested more deeply
+    contain other data)
+
+    .. code-block:: ipython
+
+        In [13]: data_rows = rec.find('tbody').find_all(has_two_tds, recursive=False)
+        In [14]: len(data_rows)
+        Out[14]: 7
+        In [15]: print(data_rows[0].prettify())
+        <tr>
+         <td class="promptTextBox" style="width: 125px; font-weight: bold">
+          - Business Name
+         </td>
+         <td class="promptTextBox" style="width: 520px; font-weight: bold">
+          SPICE ORIENT
+         </td>
+        </tr>
+
+.. nextslide:: Extracting Labels and Values
+
+Now we have a list of the rows that contain our data.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    Next we have to collect the data they contain
+
+    The *label/value* structure of this data should suggest the right container
+    to store the information.
+
+    Let's start by trying to get at the first label
+
+    .. code-block:: ipython
+    
+        In [18]: row1 = data_rows[0]
+        In [19]: cells = row1.find_all('td')
+        In [20]: cell1 = cells[0]
+        In [21]: cell1.text
+        Out[21]: '\n            - Business Name\n           '
+
+    That works well enough, but all that extra stuff is nasty
+
+    We need a method to clean up the text we get from these cells
+
+    It should strip extra whitespace, and characters like ``-`` and ``:`` we
+    don't want.
+
+.. nextslide:: My Solution
+
+Try writing such a function for yourself now in ``mashup.py``
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    .. code-block:: python
+
+        def clean_data(td):
+            return td.text.strip(" \n:-")
+
+    Add it to your interpreter and test it out:
+
+    .. code-block:: ipython
+    
+        In [25]: def clean_data(td):
+           ....:     return td.text.strip(" \n:-")
+           ....:
+        In [26]: clean_data(cell1)
+        Out[26]: 'Business Name'
+        In [27]:
+
+    Ahhh, much better
+
+.. nextslide:: The Complete Function
+
+So we can get a list of the rows that contain label/value pairs.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    And we can extract clean values from the cells in these rows
+
+    Now we need a function in ``mashup.py`` that will iterate through the rows
+    we find and build a dictionary of the pairs.
+
+    We have to be cautious because some rows don't have a label.
+
+    The values in these rows should go with the label from the previous row.
+
+.. nextslide:: My Solution
+
+Here's the version I came up with:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    def extract_restaurant_metadata(elem):
+        restaurant_data_rows = elem.find('tbody').find_all(
+            has_two_tds, recursive=False
+        )
+        rdata = {}
+        current_label = ''
+        for data_row in restaurant_data_rows:
+            key_cell, val_cell = data_row.find_all('td', recursive=False)
+            new_label = clean_data(key_cell)
+            current_label = new_label if new_label else current_label
+            rdata.setdefault(current_label, []).append(clean_data(val_cell))
+        return rdata
+
+
+.. nextslide:: Testing It Out
+
+Add it to our script:
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    .. code-block:: python
+    
+        # ...
+        data_list = restaurant_data_generator(content_col)
+        for data_div in data_list:
+            metadata = extract_restaurant_metadata(data_div)
+            print metadata
+
+    And then try it out:
+
+    .. code-block:: bash
+    
+        (soupenv)$ python mashup.py
+        ...
+        {u'Business Category': [u'Seating 0-12 - Risk Category III'],
+         u'Longitude': [u'122.3401786000'], u'Phone': [u'(206) 501-9554'],
+         u'Business Name': [u"ZACCAGNI'S"], u'Address': [u'97B PIKE ST', u'SEATTLE, WA 98101'],
+         u'Latitude': [u'47.6086651300']}
+
+    This script is available as ``resources/session04/mashup_3.py``
+
+
+Extracting Inspection Data
+--------------------------
+
+The final step is to extract the inspection data for each restaurant.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    We want to capture only the score from each inspection, details we can
+    leave behind.
+
+    We'd like to calculate the average score for all known inspections.
+
+    We'd also like to know how many inspections there were in total.
+
+    Finally, we'd like to preserve the highest score of all inspections for a
+    restaurant.
+
+    We'll add this information to our metadata about the restaurant.
+
+
+.. nextslide:: Finding the Data
+
+Let's start by getting our bearings. Return to viewing the
+``inspection_page.html`` you saved in a browser.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    Find a restaurant that has had an inspection or two.
+
+    What can you say about the HTML that contains the scores for these
+    inspections?
+
+    I notice four characteristics that let us isolate the information we want:
+
+    .. rst-class:: build
+
+    * Inspection data is containd in ``<tr>`` elements
+    * Rows with inspection data in them have four ``<td>`` children
+    * The text in the first cell contains the word "inspection"
+    * But the text does not *start* with the word "inspection"
+    
+    Let's try to write a filter function like the one above that will catch
+    these rows for us.
+
+.. nextslide:: The filter
+
+Add this new function ``is_inspection_data_row`` to ``mashup.py``
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    def is_inspection_data_row(elem):
+        is_tr = elem.name == 'tr'
+        if not is_tr:
+            return False
+        td_children = elem.find_all('td', recursive=False)
+        has_four = len(td_children) == 4
+        this_text = clean_data(td_children[0]).lower()
+        contains_word = 'inspection' in this_text
+        does_not_start = not this_text.startswith('inspection')
+        return is_tr and has_four and contains_word and does_not_start
+
+.. nextslide:: Test It Out
+
+We can test this function by adding it into our script:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    for data_div in data_list:
+        metadata = extract_restaurant_metadata(data_div)
+        # UPDATE THIS BELOW HERE
+        inspection_rows = data_div.find_all(is_inspection_data_row)
+        print(metadata)
+        print(len(inspection_rows))
+        print('*'*10)
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    And try running the script in your terminal:
+
+    .. code-block:: bash
+    
+        (soupenv)$ python mashup.py
+        {u'Business Category': [u'Seating 0-12 - Risk Category III'],
+         u'Longitude': [u'122.3401786000'], u'Phone': [u'(206) 501-9554'],
+         u'Business Name': [u"ZACCAGNI'S"], u'Address': [u'97B PIKE ST', u'SEATTLE, WA 98101'],
+         u'Latitude': [u'47.6086651300']}
+        0
+        **********
+
+.. nextslide:: Building Inspection Data
+
+Now we can isolate a list of the rows that contain inspection data.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    Next we need to calculate the average score, total number and highest score
+    for each restaurant.
+
+    Let's add a function to ``mashup.py`` that will:
+
+    .. rst-class:: build
+
+    * Take a div containing a restaurant record
+    * Extract the rows containing inspection data
+    * Keep track of the highest score recorded
+    * Sum the total of all inspections
+    * Count the number of inspections made
+    * Calculate the average score for inspections
+    * Return the three calculated values in a dictionary
+
+.. nextslide:: My Solution
+
+Try writing this routine yourself.
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    def get_score_data(elem):
+        inspection_rows = elem.find_all(is_inspection_data_row)
+        samples = len(inspection_rows)
+        total = high_score = average = 0
+        for row in inspection_rows:
+            strval = clean_data(row.find_all('td')[2])
+            try:
+                intval = int(strval)
+            except (ValueError, TypeError):
+                samples -= 1
+            else:
+                total += intval
+                high_score = intval if intval > high_score else high_score
+        if samples:
+            average = total/float(samples)
+        return {'Average Score': average, 'High Score': high_score,
+                'Total Inspections': samples}
+
+.. nextslide:: Test It Out
+
+We can now incorporate this new routine into our ``mashup`` script.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    We'll want to add the data it produces to the metadata we've already
+    extracted.
+
+    .. code-block:: python
+
+        for data_div in data_list:
+            metadata = extract_restaurant_metadata(data_div)
+            inspection_data = get_score_data(data_div)
+            metadata.update(inspection_data)
+            print metadata
+
+    And test it out at the command line:
+
+    .. code-block:: bash
+
+        (soupenv)$ python mashup.py
+        ...
+        {u'Business Category': [u'Seating 0-12 - Risk Category III'],
+         u'Longitude': [u'122.3401786000'], u'High Score': 0,
+         u'Phone': [u'(206) 501-9554'], u'Business Name': [u"ZACCAGNI'S"],
+         u'Total Inspections': 0, u'Address': [u'97B PIKE ST', u'SEATTLE, WA 98101'],
+         u'Latitude': [u'47.6086651300'], u'Average Score': 0}
+
+Break Time
+----------
+
+Once you have this working, take a break.
+
+When we return, we'll try a saner approach to getting data from online
+
+
+
+Another Approach
+================
+
+.. rst-class:: left
+.. container::
+
+    Scraping web pages is tedious and inherently brittle
+
+    .. rst-class:: build
+    .. container::
+
+        The owner of the website updates their layout, your code breaks
+
+        But there is another way to get information from the web in a more normalized
+        fashion
+
+        .. rst-class:: centered
+
+        **Web Services**
+
+
+Web Services
+------------
+
+"a software system designed to support interoperable machine-to-machine
+interaction over a network" - W3C
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+
+* provides a defined set of calls
+* returns structured data
+
+
+.. nextslide:: Early Web Services
+
+**RSS** is one of the earliest forms of Web Services
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    A single web-based *endpoint* provides a dynamically updated listing of
+    content
+
+    Implemented in pure HTTP.  Returns XML
+
+    **Atom** is a competing, but similar standard
+
+    There's a solid Python library for consuming RSS: `feedparser`_.
+
+.. _feedparser: https://pythonhosted.org/feedparser/
+
+.. nextslide:: XML-RPC
+
+XML-RPC extended the essentially static nature of RSS by allowing users to call
+procedures and pass arguments.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    .. rst-class:: build
+
+    * Calls are made via HTTP GET, by passing an XML document
+    * Returns from a call are sent to the client in XML
+
+    In python, you can access XML-RPC services using `xmlrpc`_ from the
+    standard library. It has two libraries, ``xmlrpc.client`` and
+    ``xmlrpc.server``
+
+.. _xmlrpc: https://docs.python.org/3.5/library/xmlrpc.html
+
+.. nextslide:: SOAP
+
+SOAP extends XML-RPC in a couple of useful ways:
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+
+* It uses Web Services Description Language (WSDL) to provide meta-data about
+  an entire service in a machine-readable format (Automatic introspection)
+
+* It establishes a method for extending available data types using XML
+  namespaces
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    There is no standard library module that supports SOAP directly.
+
+    .. rst-class:: build
+
+    * The best-known and best-supported module available is **Suds**
+    * The homepage is https://fedorahosted.org/suds/
+    * It can be installed using ``easy_install`` or ``pip install``
+    * A `fork of the library`_ compatible with Python 3 does exist
+
+    **I HATE SOAP**
+
+.. _fork of the library: https://github.com/cackharot/suds-py3
+
+.. nextslide:: What about WSDL?
+
+SOAP was invented in part to provide completely machine-readable
+interoperability.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    *Does that really work in real life?*
+
+    .. rst-class:: centered
+
+    **Hardly ever**
+
+    Another reason was to provide extensibility via custom types
+
+    *Does that really work in real life?*
+
+    .. rst-class:: centered
+
+    **Hardly ever**
+
+.. nextslide:: I have to write XML?
+
+In addition, XML is a pretty inefficient medium for transmitting data.  There's
+a lot of extra characters transmitted that lack any meaning.
+
+.. code-block:: xml
+
+    <?xml version="1.0"?>
+    <soap:Envelope xmlns:soap="http://www.w3.org/2003/05/soap-envelope">
+      <soap:Header>
+      </soap:Header>
+      <soap:Body>
+        <m:GetStockPrice xmlns:m="http://www.example.org/stock/Surya">
+          <m:StockName>IBM</m:StockName>
+        </m:GetStockPrice>
+      </soap:Body>
+    </soap:Envelope>
+
+.. nextslide:: Why Do All The Work?
+
+So, if neither of the original goals is really achieved by using SOAP
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    And if the transmission medium is too bloated to use
+
+    why pay all the overhead required to use the protocol?
+
+    Is there another way we could consider approaching the problem?
+
+    .. rst-class:: centered
+
+    **Enter REST**
+
+
+REST
+----
+
+.. rst-class:: centered
+
+**Representational State Transfer**
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    .. rst-class:: build
+
+    * Originally described by Roy T. Fielding (worth reading)
+    * Use HTTP for what it can do
+    * Read more in `RESTful Web Services <http://www.crummy.com/writing/RESTful-Web-Services/>`_\*
+
+    \* Seriously. Buy it and read it
+
+.. nextslide:: A Comparison
+
+The XML-RCP/SOAP way:
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+
+* POST /getComment HTTP/1.1
+* POST /getComments HTTP/1.1
+* POST /addComment HTTP/1.1
+* POST /editComment HTTP/1.1
+* POST /deleteComment HTTP/1.1
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    The RESTful way:
+
+    .. rst-class:: build
+
+    * GET /comment/<id> HTTP/1.1
+    * GET /comment HTTP/1.1
+    * POST /comment HTTP/1.1
+    * PUT /comment/<id> HTTP/1.1
+    * DELETE /comment/<id> HTTP/1.1
+
+
+.. nextslide:: ROA
+
+REST is a **Resource Oriented Architecture**
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    The URL represents the *resource* we are working with
+
+    The HTTP Method indicates the ``action`` to be taken
+
+    The HTTP Code returned tells us the ``result`` (whether success or failure)
+
+.. nextslide:: HTTP Codes Revisited
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    POST /comment HTTP/1.1  (creating a new comment):
+
+    .. rst-class:: build
+
+    * Success: ``HTTP/1.1 201 Created``
+    * Failure (unauthorized): ``HTTP/1.1 401 Unauthorized``
+    * Failure (NotImplemented): ``HTTP/1.1 405 Not Allowed``
+    * Failure (ValueError): ``HTTP/1.1 406 Not Acceptable``
+
+    PUT /comment/<id> HTTP/1.1 (edit comment):
+
+    .. rst-class:: build
+
+    * Success: ``HTTP/1.1 200 OK``
+    * Failure: ``HTTP/1.1 409 Conflict``
+
+    DELETE /comment/<id> HTTP/1.1 (delete comment):
+
+    .. rst-class:: build
+
+    * Success: ``HTTP/1.1 204 No Content``
+
+REST uses JSON
+--------------
+
+JavaScript Object Notation:
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    .. rst-class:: build
+
+    * a lightweight data-interchange format
+    * easy for humans to read and write
+    * easy for machines to parse and generate
+
+    Based on Two Structures:
+
+    * object: ``{ string: value, ...}``
+    * array: ``[value, value, ]``
+
+    .. rst-class:: centered
+
+    pythonic, no?
+
+
+.. nextslide:: JSON Data Types
+
+JSON provides a few basic data types (see http://json.org/):
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    .. rst-class:: build
+
+    * string: unicode, anything but ", \\ and control characters
+    * number: any number, but json does not use octal or hexadecimal
+    * object, array (we've seen these above)
+    * true
+    * false
+    * null
+
+    .. rst-class:: centered
+
+    **No date type? OMGWTF??!!1!1**
+
+.. nextslide:: Dates in JSON
+
+You have two options:
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    .. container::
+
+        Option 1 - Unix Epoch Time (number):
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            >>> import time
+            >>> time.time()
+            1358212616.7691269
+
+    .. container::
+
+        Option 2 - ISO 8661 (string):
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            >>> import datetime
+            >>> datetime.datetime.now().isoformat()
+            '2013-01-14T17:18:10.727240'
+
+
+JSON in Python
+--------------
+
+You can encode python to json, and decode json back to python:
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    .. code-block:: python
+
+        In [1]: import json
+        In [2]: array = [1, 2, 3]
+        In [3]: json.dumps(array)
+        Out[3]: '[1, 2, 3]'
+        In [4]: orig = {'foo': [1,2,3], 'bar': 'my resumé', 'baz': True}
+        In [5]: encoded = json.dumps(orig)
+        In [6]: encoded
+        Out[6]: '{"foo": [1, 2, 3], "bar": "my resum\\u00e9", "baz": true}'
+        In [7]: decoded = json.loads(encoded)
+        In [8]: decoded == orig
+        Out[8]: True
+
+    Customizing the encoder or decoder class allows for specialized serializations
+
+
+.. nextslide::
+
+the json module also supports reading and writing to *file-like objects* via
+``json.dump(fp)`` and ``json.load(fp)`` (note the missing 's')
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    Remember duck-typing. Anything with a ``.write`` and a ``.read`` method is
+    *file-like*
+
+    This usage can be much more memory-friendly with large files/sources
+
+
+Playing With REST
+-----------------
+
+Let's take a moment to play with REST.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    We'll use a common, public API provided by Google.
+
+    .. rst-class:: centered
+
+    **Geocoding**
+
+.. nextslide:: Geocoding with Google APIs
+
+https://developers.google.com/maps/documentation/geocoding
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    Open a python interpreter using our virtualenv::
+
+        (soupenv)$ python
+
+    .. code-block:: ipython
+
+        In [1]: import requests
+        In [2]: import json
+        In [3]: from pprint import pprint
+        In [4]: url = 'http://maps.googleapis.com/maps/api/geocode/json'
+        In [5]: addr = '1325 4th Ave, Seattle, 98101'
+        In [6]: parameters = {'address': addr, 'sensor': 'false'}
+        In [7]: resp = requests.get(url, params=parameters)
+        In [8]: data = resp.json()
+
+
+.. nextslide:: Reverse Geocoding
+
+You can do the same thing in reverse, supply latitude and longitude and get
+back address information:
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    .. code-block:: ipython
+
+        In [15]: if data['status'] == 'OK':
+           ....:     pprint(data['results'])
+           ....:
+        [{'address_components': [{'long_name': '1325',
+                                  'short_name': '1325',
+          ...
+          'types': ['street_address']}]
+
+    Notice that there may be a number of results returned, ordered from most
+    specific to least.
+
+
+Mashing It Up
+-------------
+
+Google's geocoding data is quite nice.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    But it's not in a format we can use directly to create a map
+
+    For that we need `geojson`
+
+    Moreover, formatting the data for all those requests is going to get
+    tedious.
+
+    Luckily, people create *wrappers* for popular REST apis like google's
+    geocoding service.
+
+    Once such wrapper is `geocoder`_, which provides not only google's service,
+    but many others under a single umbrella.
+
+.. _geocoder: http://geocoder.readthedocs.org/en/latest/
+.. _geojson: http://geojson.org
+
+.. nextslide:: Install ``geocoder``
+
+Install geocoder into your ``soupenv`` so that it's available to use:
+
+.. code-block:: bash
+
+    (soupenv)$ pip install geocoder
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    Our final step for tonight will be to geocode the results we have scraped
+    from the inspection site.
+
+    We'll then convert that to ``geojson``, insert our own properties and map
+    the results.
+
+    Let's begin by converting our script so that what we have so far is
+    contained in a generator function
+
+    We'll eventually sort our results and generate the top 10 or so for
+    geocoding.
+
+    Open up ``mashup.py`` and copy everthing in the ``main`` block.
+
+.. nextslide:: Make a Generator Function
+
+Add a new function ``result_generator`` to the ``mashup.py`` script. Paste the
+code you copied from the ``main`` block and then update it a bit:
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    def result_generator(count):
+        use_params = {
+            'Inspection_Start': '2/1/2013',
+            'Inspection_End': '2/1/2015',
+            'Zip_Code': '98101'
+        }
+        # html, encoding = get_inspection_page(**use_params)
+        html, encoding = load_inspection_page('inspection_page.html')
+        parsed = parse_source(html, encoding)
+        content_col = parsed.find("td", id="contentcol")
+        data_list = restaurant_data_generator(content_col)
+        for data_div in data_list[:count]:
+            metadata = extract_restaurant_metadata(data_div)
+            inspection_data = get_score_data(data_div)
+            metadata.update(inspection_data)
+            yield metadata
+
+
+.. nextslide:: Test It Out
+
+Update the ``main`` block of your ``mashup.py`` script to use the new function:
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    .. code-block:: python
+
+        if __name__ == '__main__':
+            for result in result_generator(10):
+                print result
+
+    Then run your script and verify that the only thing that has changed is the
+    number of results that print.
+
+    .. code-block:: bash
+    
+        (soupenv)$ python mashup.py
+        # you should see 10 dictionaries print here.
+
+Add Geocoding
+-------------
+
+The API for geocoding with ``geocoder`` is the same for all providers.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    You give an address, it returns geocoded data.
+
+    You provide latitude and longitude, it provides address data
+
+    .. code-block:: ipython
+    
+        In [1]: response = geocoder.google(<address>)
+        In [2]: response.json
+        Out[2]: # json result data
+        In [3]: response.geojson
+        Out[3]: # geojson result data
+
+.. nextslide:: Adding The Function
+
+Let's add a new function ``get_geojson`` to ``mashup.py``
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    It will 
+
+    .. rst-class:: build
+
+    * Take a result from our search as it's input
+    * Get geocoding data from google using the address of the restaurant
+    * Return the geojson representation of that data
+
+    Try to write this function on your own
+
+    .. code-block:: python
+    
+        def get_geojson(result):
+            address = " ".join(result.get('Address', ''))
+            if not address:
+                return None
+            geocoded = geocoder.google(address)
+            return geocoded.geojson
+
+.. nextslide:: Testing It Out
+
+Next, update our ``main`` block to get the geojson for each result and print
+it:
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    .. code-block:: python
+
+        if __name__ == '__main__':
+            for result in result_generator(10):
+                geojson = get_geojson(result)
+                print geojson
+
+    Then test your results by running your script:
+
+    .. code-block:: bash
+    
+        (soupenv)$ python mashup.py
+        {'geometry': {'type': 'Point', 'coordinates': [-122.3393005, 47.6134378]},
+         'type': 'Feature', 'properties': {'neighborhood': 'Belltown',
+         'encoding': 'utf-8', 'county': 'King County', 'city_long': 'Seattle',
+         'lng': -122.3393005, 'quality': u'street_address', 'city': 'Seattle',
+         'confidence': 9, 'state': 'WA', 'location': u'1933 5TH AVE SEATTLE, WA 98101',
+         'provider': 'google', 'housenumber': '1933', 'accuracy': 'ROOFTOP',
+         'status': 'OK', 'state_long': 'Washington',
+         'address': '1933 5th Avenue, Seattle, WA 98101, USA', 'lat': 47.6134378,
+         'postal': '98101', 'ok': True, 'road_long': '5th Avenue', 'country': 'US',
+         'country_long': 'United States', 'street': '5th Ave'},
+         'bbox': [-122.3406494802915, 47.6120888197085, -122.3379515197085, 47.6147867802915]}
+
+.. nextslide:: Update Geojson Properties
+
+The ``properties`` of our geojson records are filled with data we don't really
+care about.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    Let's replace that information with some of the metadata from our
+    inspection results.
+
+    We'll update our ``get_geojson`` function so that it:
+
+    .. rst-class:: build
+
+    * Builds a dictionary containing only the values we want from our
+      inspection record.
+    * Converts list values to strings (geojson requires this)
+    * Replaces the 'properties' of our geojson with this new data
+    * Returns the modified geojson record
+
+.. nextslide:: Write the Function
+
+See if you can make the updates on your own.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    def get_geojson(result):
+        # ...
+        geocoded = geocoder.google(address)
+        geojson = geocoded.geojson
+        inspection_data = {}
+        use_keys = (
+            'Business Name', 'Average Score', 'Total Inspections', 'High Score'
+        )
+        for key, val in result.items():
+            if key not in use_keys:
+                continue
+            if isinstance(val, list):
+                val = " ".join(val)
+            inspection_data[key] = val
+        geojson['properties'] = inspection_data
+        return geojson
+
+.. nextslide:: Making Mappable Data
+
+We are now generating a series of ``geojson`` *Feature* objects.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    To map these objects, we'll need to create a file which contains a
+    ``geojson`` *FeatureCollection*.
+
+    The structure of such a collection looks like this:
+
+    .. code-block:: json
+    
+        {'type': 'FeatureCollection', 'features': [...]}
+
+    Let's update our ``main`` function to append each feature to such a
+    structure.
+
+    Then we can dump the structure as ``json`` to a file.
+
+.. nextslide:: Update the Script
+
+In ``mashup.py`` update the ``main`` block like so:
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    .. code-block:: python
+
+        # add an import at the top:
+        import json
+
+        if __name__ == '__main__':
+            total_result = {'type': 'FeatureCollection', 'features': []}
+            for result in result_generator(10):
+                geojson = get_geojson(result)
+                total_result['features'].append(geojson)
+            with open('my_map.json', 'w') as fh:
+                json.dump(total_result, fh)
+
+    When you run the script nothing will print, but the new file will appear.
+
+    .. code-block:: bash
+
+        (soupenv)$ python mashup.py
+
+    This script is available as ``resources/session04/mashup_5.py``
+
+Display the Results
+-------------------
+
+Once the new file is written you are ready to display your results.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    Open your web browser and go to http://geojson.io
+
+    Then drag and drop the new file you wrote onto the map you see there.
+
+    .. figure:: /_static/geojson-io.png
+        :align: center
+        :width: 75%
+
+Wrap Up
+-------
+
+We've built a simple mashup combining data from different sources.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    We scraped health inspection data from the King County government site.
+
+    We geocoded that data.
+
+    And we've displayed the results on a map.
+
+    What other sources of data might we choose to combine?
+
+    Check out `programmable web <http://www.programmableweb.com/apis/directory>`_
+    to see some of the possibilities
+
+
+
+
+Homework
+========
+
+.. rst-class:: left
+.. container::
+
+    For your homework this week, you'll be polishing this mashup.
+
+    .. rst-class:: build
+    .. container::
+
+        Begin by sorting the results of our search by the average score (can
+        you do this and still use a generator for getting the geojson?).
+
+        Then, update your script to allow the user to choose how to sort, by
+        average, high score or most inspections::
+
+            (soupenv)$ python mashup.py highscore
+
+        Next, allow the user to choose how many results to map::
+
+            (soupenv)$ python mashup.py highscore 25
+
+        Or allow them to reverse the results, showing the lowest scores first::
+
+            (soupenv)$ python mashup.py highscore 25 reverse
+
+        If you're feeling particularly adventurous, see if you can use the
+        `argparse`_ module from the standard library to handle command line
+        arguments
+
+.. _argparse: https://docs.python.org/2/library/argparse.html#module-argparse
+
+More Fun
+--------
+
+Next, try adding a bit of information to your map by setting the
+``marker-color`` property. This will display a marker with the provided
+css-style color (``#FF0000``)
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    See if you can make the color change according to the values used for the
+    sorting of the list.  Either vary the intensity of the color, or the hue.
+
+    Finally, if you are feeling particularly frisky, you can update your script
+    to automatically open a browser window with your map loaded on
+    *geojson.io*.
+
+    To do this, you'll want to read about the `webbrowser`_ module from the
+    standard library.
+
+    In addition, you'll want to read up on using the URL parameters API for
+    *geojson.io*.  Click on the **help** tab in the sidebar to view the
+    information.
+
+    You will also need to learn about how to properly quote special characters
+    for a URL, using the `urllib.parse`_ ``quote`` function.
+
+.. _urllib.parse: https://docs.python.org/3/library/urllib.parse.html#urllib.parse.quote
+.. _webbrowser: https://docs.python.org/3/library/webbrowser.html
+
+Submitting Your Work
+--------------------
+
+Create a github repository to contain your mashup work. Start by populating it
+with the script as we finished it today (mashup_5.py).
+
+As you implement the above features, commit early and commit often.
+
+When you're ready for us to look it over, email a link to your repository to
+Maria and I.
+
diff --git a/slides/_sources/presentations/session05.txt b/slides/_sources/presentations/session05.txt
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+.. slideconf::
+    :autoslides: True
+
+**********
+Session 05
+**********
+
+.. image:: /_static/python.png
+    :align: center
+    :width: 43%
+
+
+
+MVC Applications
+================
+
+Wherin we learn about the Model View Controller approach to app design and
+explore data persistence in Python.
+
+.. figure:: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/40/MVC_passive_view.png
+    :align: center
+    :width: 40%
+
+    By Alan Evangelista (Own work) [CC0], via Wikimedia Commons
+
+Separation of Concerns
+----------------------
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    In the first part of this course, you were introduced to the concept of
+    *Object Oriented Programming*
+
+    OOP was `first formalized`_ in the 1970s in *Smalltalk*, invented by Alan
+    Kay at *Xerox PARC*
+
+    *Smalltalk* was also the first language which utilized the
+    `Model View Controller`_ design pattern.
+
+    This pattern (like all `design patterns`_) seeks to provide a *way of
+    thinking* that helps to make software design easier.
+
+    In this case, the goal is to help clarify the high-level *separation of
+    concerns* in a system.
+
+.. _first formalized: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object-oriented_programming#History
+.. _Model View Controller: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model–view–controller
+.. _design patterns: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_design_pattern
+
+Three Components
+----------------
+
+The pattern divides the elements of a system into three parts:
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+
+Model:
+  This component represents the *data* that comprises the system, and the
+  *logic* used to manipulate that data.
+
+View:
+  This component can be any *representation* of the data to the outside world:
+  a chart, diagram, table, user interface, etc.
+
+  It also includes representations of the *actions* available in the system.
+
+Controller:
+  This component coordinates the Model and the View in a system.
+
+  It accepts input from a user and channels that input into the Model.
+
+  It accepts information about the current state of the Model and transmits
+  that information to the View.
+
+On the Web
+----------
+
+This pattern has proven useful for thinking about the applications we build for
+the web.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    A web browser provides a convenient container for *views* of data.
+
+    These *views* are created by *controller* software hosted on a server.
+
+    This *controller* software accepts input from users via *HTTP requests*,
+    channeling it into a *data model*, often stored in some database.
+
+    The *controller* returns information about the state of the *data model* to
+    the user via *HTTP responses*
+
+.. nextslide::
+
+This approach is so common, that it has been formalized into any number of *web
+frameworks*
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    *Web frameworks* abstract away the specifics of the *HTTP request/response
+    cycle*, leaving simple MVC components for the developer to use.
+
+    *Web frameworks* exist in nearly all modern languages.
+
+    Python has scores of them.
+
+    Over the weeks to come, we'll learn about two of them, `Pyramid`_ and
+    `Django`_.
+
+.. _Pyramid: http://www.pylonsproject.org/projects/pyramid/about
+.. _Django: https://www.djangoproject.com/
+
+A Word About Terminology
+------------------------
+
+Although the MVC pattern is a useful abstraction, there are a few differences
+in how things are named in Python web frameworks
+
+.. rst-class:: build centered
+.. container::
+
+    model <--> model
+
+    controller <--> view
+
+    view <--> template (or even HTTP response)
+
+    .. rst-class:: left
+
+    For more on this difference, you can `read this`_ from the Pyramid design
+    documentation.
+
+.. _read this: http://docs.pylonsproject.org/projects/pyramid/en/latest/designdefense.html#pyramid-gets-its-terminology-wrong-mvc
+
+Our First Application
+=====================
+
+.. rst-class:: left
+
+But enough abstract blabbering.
+
+.. rst-class:: build left
+.. container::
+
+    There's no better way to make concepts like these concrete than to build
+    something using them.
+
+    Let's make an application!
+
+    We're going to build a Learning Journal.
+
+    When we're done, you'll have a live, online application you can use to keep
+    note of the things you are learning about Python development.
+
+    We'll use one of our Python web framework to do this: `Pyramid`_
+
+Pyramid
+-------
+
+First published in 2010, `Pyramid`_ is a powerful, flexible web framework.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    You can create compelling one-page applications, much like in
+    microframeworks like Flask
+
+    You can also create powerful, scalable applications using the full
+    power of Python
+
+    Created by the combined powers of the teams behind Pylons and Zope
+
+    It represents the first true second-generation web framework in
+    existence.
+
+Starting the Project
+--------------------
+
+The first step is to prepare for the project.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    Begin by creating a location where you'll do your work.
+
+    I generally put all my work in a folder called ``projects`` in my home
+    directory:
+
+    .. code-block:: bash
+
+        $ cd
+        $ mkdir projects
+        $ cd projects
+        $ mkdir learning-journal
+        $ cd learning-journal
+        $ pwd
+        /Users/cewing/project/learning-journal
+
+.. nextslide:: Creating an Environment
+
+We continue our preparations by creating the virtual environment we will use
+for our project.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    Again, this will help us to keep our work here isolated from anything else
+    we do.
+
+    Remember how to make a new venv?
+
+    .. code-block:: bash
+
+        $ pyvenv ljenv
+
+    .. code-block:: posh
+
+        c:\Temp>python -m venv myenv
+
+    And then, how to activate it?
+
+    .. code-block:: bash
+
+        $ source ljenv/bin/activate
+        (ljenv)$
+
+    .. code-block:: posh
+
+        C:> ljenv/Scripts/activate.bat
+
+.. nextslide:: Installing Pyramid
+
+Next, we install the Pyramid web framework into our new virtualenv.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    We can do this with the ``pip`` in our active ``ljenv``:
+
+    .. code-block:: bash
+
+        (ljenv)$ pip install pyramid
+        Collecting pyramid
+          Downloading pyramid-1.5.2-py2.py3-none-any.whl (545kB)
+            100% |################################| 548kB 172kB/s
+        ...
+        Successfully installed PasteDeploy-1.5.2 WebOb-1.4
+        pyramid-1.5.2 repoze.lru-0.6 translationstring-1.3
+        venusian-1.0 zope.deprecation-4.1.1 zope.interface-4.1.2
+
+    Once that is complete, we are ready to create a *scaffold* for our project.
+
+Working with Pyramid
+--------------------
+
+Many web frameworks require at least a bit of *boilerplate* code to get
+started.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    Pyramid does not.
+
+    However, our application will require a database and handling that does
+    require some.
+
+    Pyramid provides a system for creating boilerplate called ``pcreate``.
+
+    You use it to generate the skeleton for a project based on some pattern:
+
+    .. code-block:: bash
+
+        (ljenv)$ pcreate -s alchemy learning_journal
+        Creating directory /Users/cewing/projects/learning-journal/learning_journal
+        ...
+        Welcome to Pyramid.  Sorry for the convenience.
+        ===============================================================================
+
+    Let's take a quick look at what that did
+
+.. nextslide:: What You Get
+
+.. code-block:: bash
+
+    ...
+    ├── development.ini
+    ├── learning_journal
+    │   ├── __init__.py
+    │   ├── models.py
+    │   ├── scripts
+    │   │   ├── __init__.py
+    │   │   └── initializedb.py
+    │   ├── static
+    ...
+    │   ├── templates
+    │   │   └── mytemplate.pt
+    │   ├── tests.py
+    │   └── views.py
+    ├── production.ini
+    └── setup.py
+
+.. nextslide:: Saving Your Work
+
+You've now created something worth saving.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    Start by initializing a new git repository in the `learning_journal` folder
+    you just created:
+
+    .. code-block:: bash
+
+        (ljenv)$ cd learning_journal
+        (ljenv)$ git init
+        Initialized empty Git repository in
+         /Users/cewing/projects/learning-journal/learning_journal/.git/
+
+.. nextslide:: Saving Your Work
+
+Check ``git status`` to see where things stand:
+
+.. code-block:: bash
+
+    (ljenv)$ git status
+    On branch master
+
+    Initial commit
+
+    Untracked files:
+      (use "git add <file>..." to include in what will be committed)
+
+        CHANGES.txt
+        MANIFEST.in
+        README.txt
+        development.ini
+        learning_journal/
+        production.ini
+        setup.py
+
+.. nextslide:: Add the Project Code
+
+Add your work to this new repository:
+
+.. code-block:: bash
+
+    (ljenv)$ git add .
+    (ljenv)$ git status
+    ...
+    Changes to be committed:
+      (use "git rm --cached <file>..." to unstage)
+
+        new file:   CHANGES.txt
+        new file:   MANIFEST.in
+        ...
+        new file:   production.ini
+        new file:   setup.py
+
+.. nextslide:: Ignore Irrelevant Files
+
+Python creates ``.pyc`` files when it executes your code.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    There are many other files you don't want or need in your repository
+
+    You can ignore this in ``git`` with the ``.gitignore`` file.
+
+    Create one now, in this same directory, and add the following basic lines::
+
+        *.pyc
+        .DS_Store
+
+    Finally, add this new file to your repository, too.
+
+    .. code-block:: bash
+    
+        (ljenv)$ git add .gitignore
+
+.. nextslide:: Make It Permanent
+
+To preserve all these changes, you'll need to commit what you've done:
+
+.. code-block:: bash
+
+    (ljenv)$ git commit -m "initial commit of the Pyramid learning journal"
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    This will make a first commit here in this local repository.
+
+    For homework, you'll put this into GitHub, but this is enough for now.
+
+    Let's move on to learning about what we've built so far.
+
+.. nextslide:: Project Structure
+
+When you ran the ``pcreate`` command, a new folder was created:
+``learning_journal``.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    This folder contains your *project*.
+
+    At the top level, you have *configuration* (.ini files)
+
+    You also have a file called ``setup.py``
+
+    This file turns this collection of Python code and configuration into an
+    *installable Python distribution*
+
+    Let's take a moment to look over the code in that file
+
+.. nextslide:: ``setup.py``
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    from setuptools import setup, find_packages
+    ...
+    requires = [
+        'pyramid',
+        ... # packages on which this software depends (dependencies)
+        ]
+    setup(name='learning_journal',
+          version='0.0',
+          ... # package metadata (used by PyPI)
+          install_requires=requires,
+          # Entry points are ways that we can run our code once installed
+          entry_points="""\
+          [paste.app_factory]
+          main = learning_journal:main
+          [console_scripts]
+          initialize_learning_journal_db = learning_journal.scripts.initializedb:main
+          """,
+          )
+
+Pyramid is Python
+-----------------
+
+In the ``__init__.py`` file of your app *package*, you'll find a ``main``
+function:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    def main(global_config, **settings):
+        """ This function returns a Pyramid WSGI application.
+        """
+        engine = engine_from_config(settings, 'sqlalchemy.')
+        DBSession.configure(bind=engine)
+        Base.metadata.bind = engine
+        config = Configurator(settings=settings)
+        config.include('pyramid_chameleon')
+        config.add_static_view('static', 'static', cache_max_age=3600)
+        config.add_route('home', '/')
+        config.scan()
+        return config.make_wsgi_app()
+
+Let's take a closer look at this, line by line.
+
+.. nextslide:: System Configuration
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    def main(global_config, **settings):
+
+Configuration is passed in to an application after being read from the
+``.ini`` file we saw above.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    These files contain sections (``[app:main]``) containing ``name = value``
+    pairs of *configuration data*
+
+    This data is parsed with the Python
+    `ConfigParser <http://docs.python.org/2/library/configparser.html>`_ module.
+
+    The result is a dict of values:
+
+    .. code-block:: python
+
+        {'app:main': {'pyramid.reload_templates': True, ...}, ...}
+
+    The default section of the file is passed in as ``global_config``, the
+    section for *this app* as ``settings``.
+
+.. nextslide:: Database Configuration
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    from sqlalchemy import engine_from_config
+    from .models import DBSession, Base
+    ...
+    engine = engine_from_config(settings, 'sqlalchemy.')
+    DBSession.configure(bind=engine)
+    Base.metadata.bind = engine
+
+We will use a package called ``SQLAlchemy`` to interact with our database.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    Our connection is set up using settings read from the ``.ini`` file.
+
+    Can you find the settings for the database?
+
+    The ``DBSession`` ensures that each *database transaction* is tied to HTTP
+    requests.
+
+    The ``Base`` provides a parent class that will hook our *models* to the
+    database.
+
+.. nextslide:: App Configuration
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    config = Configurator(settings=settings)
+    config.include('pyramid_chameleon')
+    config.add_static_view('static', 'static', cache_max_age=3600)
+    config.add_route('home', '/')
+    config.scan()
+
+Pyramid controlls application-level configuration using a ``Configurator`` class.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    It uses app-specific settings passed in from the ``.ini`` file
+
+    We can also ``include`` configuration from other add-on packages
+
+    Additionally, we can configure *routes* and *views* needed to connect our
+    application to the outside world here (more on this next week).
+
+    Finally, the ``Configurator`` instance performs a ``scan`` to ensure there
+    are no problems with what we've created.
+
+.. nextslide:: A Last Word on Configuration
+
+We will return to the configuration of our application repeatedly over the next
+sessions.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    Pyramid configuration is powerful and flexible.
+
+    We'll use a few of its features
+
+    But there's a lot more you could (and should) learn.
+
+    Read about it in the `configuration chapter`_ of the Pyramid documentation.
+
+.. _configuration chapter: http://docs.pylonsproject.org/projects/pyramid/en/latest/api/config.html
+
+.. nextslide:: Break Time
+
+Let's take a moment to rest up and absorb what we've learned.
+
+When we return, we'll see how we can create *models* that will embody the data
+for our Learning Journal application.
+
+.. rst-class:: centered
+
+**Pyramid Models**
+
+
+Models in Pyramid
+=================
+
+.. rst-class:: left
+.. container::
+
+    The central component of MVC, the model, captures the behavior of the
+    application in terms of its problem domain, independent of the user
+    interface. The model directly manages the data, logic and rules of the
+    application
+
+    -- from the Wikipedia article on `Model-view-controller`_
+
+.. _Model-view-controller: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model–view–controller
+
+Models and ORMs
+---------------
+
+In an MVC application, we define the *problem domain* by creating one or more
+*Models*.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    These capture relevant details about the information we want to preserve
+    and how we want to interact with it.
+
+    In Python-based MVC applications, these *Models* are implemented as Python
+    classes.
+
+    The individual bits of data we want to know about are *attributes* of our
+    classes.
+
+    The actions we want to take using that data are *methods* of our classes.
+
+    Together, we can refer to this as the *API* of our system.
+
+.. nextslide:: Persistence
+
+It's all well and good to have a set of Python classes that represent your
+system.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    But what happens when you want to *save* information.
+
+    What happens to a instance of a Python class when you quit the interprer?
+
+    When your script stops running?
+
+    The code in a website runs when an HTTP request comes in from a client.
+
+    It stops running when an HTTP response goes back out to the client.
+
+    So what happens to the data in your system in-between these moments?
+
+    The data must be *persisted*
+
+.. nextslide:: Alternatives
+
+In the last class from part one of this series, you explored a number of
+alternatives for persistence
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+
+* Python Literals
+* Pickle/Shelf
+* Interchange Files (CSV, XML, INI)
+* Object Stores (ZODB, Durus)
+* NoSQL Databases (MongoDB, CouchDB)
+* SQL Databases (sqlite, MySQL, PostgreSQL, Oracle, SQLServer)
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    Any of these might be useful for certain types of applications.
+
+    On the web, you tend to see two used the most:
+
+    .. rst-class:: build
+
+    * NoSQL
+    * SQL
+
+.. nextslide:: Choosing One
+
+How do you choose one over the other?
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    In general, the telling factor is going to be how you intend to use your
+    data.
+
+    In systems where the dominant feature is viewing/interacting with
+    individual objects, a NoSQL storage solution might be the best way to go.
+
+    In systems with objects that are related to eachother, SQL-based Relational
+    Databases are a better choice.
+
+    Our system is more like this latter type (trust me on that one for now).
+
+    We'll be using SQL (sqlite to start with).
+
+
+.. nextslide:: Objects and Tables
+
+So we have a system where our data is captured in Python *objects*
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    And a storage system where our data must be rendered as database *tables*
+
+    Python provides a specification for interacting directly with databases:
+    `dbapi2`_
+
+    And there are multiple Python packages that implement this specification
+    for various databases:
+
+    .. rst-class:: build
+
+    * sqlite3
+    * python-mysql
+    * psycopg2
+    * ...
+
+    With these, you can write SQL to save your Python objects into your
+    database.
+
+.. _dbapi2: https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0249/
+
+.. nextslide:: ORMs
+
+But that's a pain.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    SQL, while not impossible, is yet another language to learn.
+
+    And there is a viable alternative in using an *Object Relational Manager*
+    (ORM)
+
+    An ORM provides a layer of *abstraction* between you and SQL
+
+    You instantiate Python objects and set attributes on them
+
+    The ORM handles converting data from these objects into SQL statements (and
+    back)
+
+SQLAlchemy
+----------
+
+In our project we will be using the `SQLAlchemy`_ ORM.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    You can find SQLAlchemy among the packages in ``requires`` in ``setup.py``
+    in our new ``learning_journal`` package.
+
+    However, we don't yet have that code installed.
+
+    To do so, we will need to "install" our own package
+
+    Make sure your ``ljenv`` virtualenv is active and then type the following:
+
+    .. code-block:: bash
+
+        (ljenv)$ python setup.py develop
+        running develop
+        running egg_info
+        creating learning_journal.egg-info
+        ...
+        Finished processing dependencies for learning-journal==0.0
+
+.. nextslide::
+
+Once that is complete, all the *dependencies* listed in our ``setup.py`` will
+be installed.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    You can also install the package using ``python setup.py install``
+
+    But using ``develop`` allows us to continue developing our package without
+    needing to re-install it every time we change something.
+
+    It is very similar to using the ``-e`` option to ``pip``
+
+    Now, we'll only need to re-run this command if we change ``setup.py``
+    itself.
+
+.. nextslide::
+
+We also need to adjust our ``.gitignore`` file:
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. code-block:: bash
+
+    (ljenv)$ git status
+    ...
+    Untracked files:
+      (use "git add <file>..." to include in what will be committed)
+
+        learning_journal.egg-info/
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    The ``egg-info`` directory that was just created is an artifact of
+    installing a Python egg.
+
+    It should never be committed to a repository.
+
+    Let's add ``*.egg-info`` to our ``.gitignore`` file and then commit that
+    change
+
+    Remember how?
+
+.. nextslide:: Our First Model
+
+Our project skeleton contains up a first, basic model created for us:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    # in models.py
+    Base = declarative_base()
+
+    class MyModel(Base):
+        __tablename__ = 'models'
+        id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+        name = Column(Text)
+        value = Column(Integer)
+    Index('my_index', MyModel.name, unique=True, mysql_length=255)
+
+.. _SQLAlchemy: http://docs.sqlalchemy.org/en/rel_0_9/
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    Our class inherits from ``Base``
+
+    We ran into ``Base`` earlier when discussing configuration.
+
+    We were binding it to the database we wanted to use (the ``engine``)
+
+.. nextslide:: ``Base``
+
+Any class we create that inherits from this ``Base`` becomes a *model*
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    It will be connected through the ORM to a table in our database.
+
+    The name of the table is determined by the ``__tablename__`` special
+    attribute.
+
+    Other aspects of table configuration can also be controlled through special
+    attributes
+
+    Instances of the class, once saved, will become rows in the table.
+
+    Attributes of the model that are instances of ``Column`` will become
+    columns in the table.
+
+    You can learn much more in the `Declarative`_ chapter of the SQLAlchemy docs
+
+.. _Declarative: http://docs.sqlalchemy.org/en/rel_0_9/orm/extensions/declarative/
+
+.. nextslide:: Columns
+
+Each attribute of your model that will be persisted must be an instance of
+`Column`_.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    Each instance requires *at least* a specific `data type`_ (such as
+    Integer).
+
+    Additionally, you can control other aspects of the column such as it being
+    a primary key.
+
+    In the *declarative* style we are using, the name of the column in the
+    database will default to the attribute name you assigned.
+
+    If you wish, you may provide a name specifically.  It must be the first
+    argument and must be a string.
+
+.. _Column: http://docs.sqlalchemy.org/en/rel_0_9/core/metadata.html#sqlalchemy.schema.Column
+.. _data type: http://docs.sqlalchemy.org/en/rel_0_9/core/types.html
+
+Creating The Database
+---------------------
+
+We have a *model* which allows us to persist Python objects to an SQL database.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    But we're still missing one ingredient here.
+
+    We need to create our database, or there will be nowhere for our data to
+    go.
+
+    Luckily, our ``pcreate`` scaffold also gave us a convenient way to handle
+    this:
+
+    .. code-block:: python
+
+        # in setup.py
+        entry_points="""\
+        [paste.app_factory]
+        main = learning_journal:main
+        [console_scripts]
+        initialize_learning_journal_db = learning_journal.scripts.initializedb:main
+        """,
+
+    The ``console_script`` set up as an entry point will help us.
+
+.. nextslide:: Initializing the Database
+
+Let's look at that code for a moment.
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    # in scripts/intitalizedb.py
+    from ..models import DBSession, MyModel, Base
+    # ...
+    def main(argv=sys.argv):
+        if len(argv) < 2:
+            usage(argv)
+        config_uri = argv[1]
+        options = parse_vars(argv[2:])
+        setup_logging(config_uri)
+        settings = get_appsettings(config_uri, options=options)
+        engine = engine_from_config(settings, 'sqlalchemy.')
+        DBSession.configure(bind=engine)
+        Base.metadata.create_all(engine)
+        with transaction.manager:
+            model = MyModel(name='one', value=1)
+            DBSession.add(model)
+
+.. nextslide:: Console Scripts
+
+By connecting this function as a ``console script``, our Python package makes
+this command available to us when we install it.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    When we exectute the script at the command line, we will be running this
+    function.
+
+    But before we try it out, let's update the name we use so we don't have to
+    type that whole big mess.
+
+    In ``setup.py`` change ``initialize_learning_journal_db`` to ``setup_db``:
+
+    .. code-block:: python
+        
+        entry_points="""\
+        [paste.app_factory]
+        main = learning_journal:main
+        [console_scripts]
+        setup_db = learning_journal.scripts.initializedb:main
+        """,
+
+    Then, as you have changed ``setup.py``, re-install your package:
+
+    .. code-block:: bash
+    
+        (ljenv)$ python setup.py develop
+        ...
+
+.. nextslide:: Running the Script
+
+Now that the script has been renamed, let's try it out.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    We'll need to provide a configuration file name, let's use
+    ``development.ini``:
+
+    .. code-block:: bash
+
+        (ljenv)$ setup_db development.ini
+        2015-01-05 18:59:55,426 INFO  [sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine][MainThread] SELECT CAST('test plain returns' AS VARCHAR(60)) AS anon_1
+        ...
+        2015-01-05 18:59:55,434 INFO  [sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine][MainThread] COMMIT
+
+    The ``[loggers]`` configuration in our ``.ini`` file sends a stream of
+    INFO-level logging to sys.stdout as the console script runs.
+
+.. nextslide:: A Bit More Cleanup
+
+So what was the outcome of running that script?
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    .. code-block:: bash
+
+        (ljenv)$ ls
+        ...
+        learning_journal.sqlite
+        ...
+
+    We've now created an sqlite database.
+
+    You'll need to add ``*.sqlite`` to ``.gitignore`` so you don't
+    inadvertently add that file to your repository.
+
+    Once you've done so, commit the change to your repository
+
+Interacting with SQLA Models
+----------------------------
+
+It's pretty easy to play with your models from in an interpreter.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    But before we do so, let's make a nicer interpreter available for our
+    project
+
+    You've been using iPython in class, we can use it here too.
+
+    Just install it with ``pip``:
+
+    .. code-block:: bash
+    
+        (ljenv)$ pip install ipython pyramid_ipython
+
+    Once that finishes, you'll be able to use iPython as your interpreter for
+    this project.
+
+    And ``Pyramid`` provides a way to connect your interpreter to the
+    application code you are writing:
+
+    The ``pshell`` command
+
+.. nextslide:: The ``pshell`` command
+
+Let's fire up ``pshell`` and explore for a moment to see what we have at our
+disposal:
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    .. code-block:: bash
+    
+        (ljenv)$ pshell development.ini
+        Python 3.5.0 (default, Sep 16 2015, 10:42:55)
+        Type "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
+
+        IPython 4.0.1 -- An enhanced Interactive Python.
+        ?         -> Introduction and overview of IPython's features.
+        %quickref -> Quick reference.
+        help      -> Python's own help system.
+        object?   -> Details about 'object', use 'object??' for extra details.
+
+        Environment:
+          app          The WSGI application.
+          registry     Active Pyramid registry.
+          request      Active request object.
+          root         Root of the default resource tree.
+          root_factory Default root factory used to create `root`.
+
+.. nextslide::
+
+The ``environment`` created by ``pshell`` provides us with a few useful tools. 
+
+.. code-block:: bash
+
+    app          The WSGI application.
+    registry     Active Pyramid registry.
+    request      Active request object.
+    root         Root of the default resource tree.
+    root_factory Default root factory used to create `root`.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+
+* The ``app`` is our new learning journal application
+* The ``registry`` provides us with access to settings and other useful
+  information
+* The ``request`` is an artificial HTTP request we can use if we need to
+  pretend we are listening to clients
+* ...
+  
+.. nextslide:: 
+
+Let's use this environment to build a database session and interact with our
+data:
+
+.. code-block:: ipython
+
+    In [1]: from sqlalchemy import engine_from_config
+    In [2]: engine = engine_from_config(registry.settings, 'sqlalchemy.')
+    In [3]: from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker
+    In [4]: Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine)
+    In [5]: session = Session()
+    In [6]: from learning_journal.models import MyModel
+    In [7]: session.query(MyModel).all()
+    ...
+    2015-12-21 18:06:05,179 INFO  [sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine][MainThread] SELECT models.id AS models_id, models.name AS models_name, models.value AS models_value
+    FROM models
+    2015-12-21 18:06:05,179 INFO  [sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine][MainThread] ()
+    Out[7]: [<learning_journal.models.MyModel at 0x105f30208>]
+
+We've stolen a lot of this from the ``initializedb.py`` script
+
+.. nextslide:: Basic Interactions
+
+Any interaction with the database requires a ``session``.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    This object represents the connection to the database.
+
+    All database queries are phrased as methods of the session.
+
+    .. container::
+
+        .. code-block:: ipython
+
+            In [8]: query = session.query(MyModel)
+            In [9]: type(query)
+            Out[9]: sqlalchemy.orm.query.Query
+
+        The ``query`` method of the session object returns a ``Query`` object
+
+    Arguments to the ``query`` method can be a *model* class or *columns* from
+    a model class.
+
+.. nextslide:: Queries are Iterators
+
+You can iterate over a query object. The result depends on the args you passed.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    .. code-block:: ipython
+
+        In [10]: q1 = session.query(MyModel)
+        In [11]: for row in q1:
+           ....:     print(row)
+           ....:     print(type(row))
+           ....:
+        <learning_journal.models.MyModel object at 0x105f30208>
+        <class 'learning_journal.models.MyModel'>
+
+.. nextslide:: Queries are Iterators
+
+You can iterate over a query object. The result depends on the args you passed.
+
+    .. code-block:: ipython
+
+        In [12]: q2 = session.query(MyModel.name, MyModel.id, MyModel.value)
+        In [13]: for name, id, val in q2:
+           ....:     print(name)
+           ....:     print(type(name))
+           ....:     print(id)
+           ....:     print(type(id))
+           ....:     print(val)
+           ....:     print(type(val))
+           ....:
+        one
+        <class 'str'>
+        1
+        <class 'int'>
+        1
+        <class 'int'>
+
+.. nextslide:: Queries have SQL
+
+You can view the SQL that your query will use:
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    .. code-block:: ipython
+
+        In [14]: str(q1)
+        Out[14]: 'SELECT models.id AS models_id, models.name AS models_name, models.value AS models_value \nFROM models'
+
+        In [15]: str(q2)
+        Out[15]: 'SELECT models.name AS models_name, models.id AS models_id, models.value AS models_value \nFROM models'
+
+    You can use this to check that the query the ORM is constructing looks like
+    you expect.
+
+    It can be helpful in debugging.
+
+.. nextslide:: Methods of the Query Object
+
+The methods of the ``Query`` object fall into two rough categories
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    .. rst-class:: build
+
+    1.  Methods that return a new ``Query`` object
+    2.  Methods that return *scalar* values or *model* instances
+
+    Let's start by looking quickly at a few methods from the second category
+
+.. nextslide:: ``query.get()``
+
+A good example of this category of methods is ``get``, which returns one
+instance only.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    It takes a primary key as an argument:
+
+    .. code-block:: ipython
+
+        In [16]: session.query(MyModel).get(1)
+        Out[16]: <learning_journal.models.MyModel at 0x105f30208>
+        In [17]: session.query(MyModel).get(10)
+        In [18]: 
+
+
+    If no item with that primary key is present, then the method returns
+    ``None``
+
+.. nextslide:: ``query.all()``
+
+Another example is one we've already seen.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    ``query.all()`` returns a list of all rows returned by the database:
+
+    .. code-block:: ipython
+
+        In [18]: q1.all()
+        Out[18]: [<learning_journal.models.MyModel at 0x105f30208>]
+
+        In [19]: type(q1.all())
+        Out[19]: list
+
+    ``query.count()`` returns the number of rows that would have been returned
+    by the query:
+
+    .. code-block:: ipython
+
+        In [20]: q1.count()
+        Out[20]: 1
+
+.. nextslide:: Creating New Objects
+
+Before getting into the other category, let's learn how to create new objects.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    .. container::
+
+        We can create new instances of our *model* just like normal Python
+        objects:
+
+        .. code-block:: ipython
+
+            In [21]: new_model = MyModel(name='fred', value=3)
+            In [22]: new_model
+            Out[22]: <learning_journal.models.MyModel at 0x105f4af28>
+
+    .. container::
+
+        In this state, the instance is *ephemeral*, our ``session`` knows
+        nothing about it:
+
+        .. code-block:: pycon
+
+            In [23]: session.new
+            Out[23]: IdentitySet([])
+
+.. nextslide:: Adding Objects to the Session
+
+For the database to know about our new object, we must ``add`` it to the
+session:
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    .. code-block:: ipython
+
+        In [24]: session.add(new_model)
+        In [25]: session.new
+        Out[25]: IdentitySet([<learning_journal.models.MyModel object at 0x105f4af28>])
+
+    We can even bulk-add new objects:
+
+    .. code-block:: ipython
+
+        In [26]: new = []
+        In [27]: for name, val in [('bob', 34), ('tom', 13)]:
+           ....:     new.append(MyModel(name=name, value=val))
+           ....:
+        In [28]: session.add_all(new)
+        In [29]: session.new
+        Out[29]: IdentitySet([<learning_journal.models.MyModel object at 0x105f4af28>,
+                              <learning_journal.models.MyModel object at 0x105f4a4a8>,
+                              <learning_journal.models.MyModel object at 0x105f30550>])
+
+.. nextslide:: Committing Changes
+
+Up until now, the changes you've made are not permanent.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    In order for these new objects to be saved to the database, the session
+    must be ``committed``:
+
+    .. code-block:: ipython
+
+        In [30]: other_session = Session()
+        In [31]: other_session.query(MyModel).count()
+        Out[31]: 1
+        In [32]: session.commit()
+        In [33]: other_session.query(MyModel).count()
+        Out[33]: 4
+
+    When you are using a ``scoped_session`` in Pyramid, this action is
+    automatically handled for you.
+
+    The session that is bound to a particular HTTP request is committed when a
+    response is sent back.
+
+    (don't worry if this seems confusing, more to come next week)
+
+.. nextslide:: Altering Objects
+
+You can edit objects that are already part of a session, or that are fetched by
+a query.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    Simply change the values of a persisted attribute, the session will know
+    it's been updated:
+
+    .. code-block:: ipython
+    
+        In [34]: new_model
+        Out[34]: <learning_journal.models.MyModel at 0x105f4af28>
+        In [35]: new_model.name
+        Out[35]: 'fred'
+        In [36]: new_model.name = 'larry'
+        In [37]: session.dirty
+        Out[37]: IdentitySet([<learning_journal.models.MyModel object at 0x105f4af28>])
+
+    Commit the session to persist the changes:
+
+    .. code-block:: ipython
+    
+        In [38]: session.commit()
+        In [39]: [model.name for model in other_session.query(MyModel)]
+        Out[39]: ['one', 'larry', 'bob', 'tom']
+
+.. nextslide:: Methods Returning Queries
+
+Returning to query methods, a good example of the second type is the ``filter``
+method.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    This method allows you to reduce the number of results, based on criteria:
+
+    .. code-block:: ipython
+    
+        In [40]: [(o.name, o.value) for o in session.query(MyModel).filter(MyModel.value < 20)]
+        Out[40]: [('one', 1), ('larry', 3), ('tom', 13)]
+
+.. nextslide:: ``order_by``
+
+Another typical method in this category is ``order_by``:
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    .. code-block:: ipython
+    
+        In [41]: [o.value for o in session.query(MyModel).order_by(MyModel.value)]
+        Out[41]: [1, 3, 13, 34]
+
+        In [42]: [o.name for o in session.query(MyModel).order_by(MyModel.name)]
+        Out[42]: ['bob', 'larry', 'one', 'tom']
+
+.. nextslide:: Method Chaining
+
+Since methods in this category return ``Query`` objects, they can be safely
+*chained* to build more complex queries:
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    .. code-block:: ipython
+
+        In [43]: q1 = session.query(MyModel).filter(MyModel.value < 20)
+        In [44]: q1 = q1.order_by(MyModel.name)
+        In [45]: [(o.name, o.value) for o in q1]
+        Out[45]: [('larry', 3), ('one', 1), ('tom', 13)]
+
+    Note that you can do this inline as well
+    (``s.query(Model).filter().order_by()``)
+
+    Also note that when using chained queries like this, no query is actually
+    sent to the database until you require a result.
+
+
+Cleaning Up After Ourselves
+---------------------------
+
+When you are experimenting with a new system, you often create data that is
+messy or incomplete.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    It's good to remember that none of the information we've persisted to our
+    database is vital to us.
+
+    For homework this week we'll be making new models, and the data we have in
+    our current database will only get in the way.
+
+    Until you have real production data it is always safe simply to delete the
+    database and start over:
+
+    .. code-block:: bash
+    
+        $ rm learning_journal.sqlite
+
+    You can always re-create it by executing ``setup_db``
+
+Homework
+========
+
+.. rst-class:: left
+
+Okay, that's enough for the moment.
+
+.. rst-class:: build left
+.. container::
+
+    You've learned quite a bit about how *models* work in SQLAlchemy
+
+    It's time to put that knowledge to good use.
+
+    For the first part of your assignment this week you will begin to define
+    the data model for our learning journal application.
+
+    I'll provide a specification, you define the model required to do the job.
+
+    I'll also ask you to define a few methods to complete the first part of our
+    API.
+
+The Model
+---------
+
+Our model will be called an ``Entry``. Here's what you need to know:
+
+* It should be stored in a database table called ``entries``
+* It should have a primary key field called ``id``
+* It should have a ``title`` field which accepts unicode text up to 255 characters in length
+* The ``title`` should be unique and it should be impossible to save an
+  ``entry`` without a ``title``.
+* It should have a ``body`` field which accepts unicode text of any length
+  (including none)
+* It should have a ``created`` field which stores the date and time the object
+  was created.
+* It should have an ``edited`` field which stores the date and time the object
+  was last edited.
+
+.. nextslide::
+
+* Both the ``created`` and ``edited`` field should default to ``now`` if not
+  provided when a new instance is constructed.
+* The ``entry`` class should support a classmethod ``all`` that returns all the
+  entries in the database, ordered so that the most recent entry is first.
+* The ``entry`` class should support a classmethod ``by_id`` that returns a
+  single entry, given an ``id``.
+
+Remember that in order to have your new model table created, you will have to
+re-run the ``initialize_learning_journal_db`` script after creating your model.
+
+.. nextslide:: Words of Advice
+
+Use the documentation linked in this presentation to assist you.  SQLAlchemy
+has fantastic documentation, but it can be a bit overwhelming.  Everything you
+require for this assignment is on one or more of the pages linked above.
+
+As you define this new model for our application, make frequent commits to your
+github repository. Remember to write meaningful commit messages.
+
+Don't be afraid to start up a Python interpreter and play with your model. Try
+things out. Learn how this all works by making mistakes. Remember the
+``pshell`` command and how we set up a session once the shell is running.
+
+Errors at the SQL level can sometimes leave your session unusable. To restore
+it, use the ``session.rollback()`` method.  You'll lose uncommitted changes,
+but you'll gain a session that can be used again.
+
+.. nextslide:: Submitting Your Work
+
+I want to be able to review your code (and you want to be able to share it).
+
+To submit this assignment, you'll need to add this learning_journal repository
+to GitHub.
+
+On the GitHub website you can create a new repository.  Set it up to be
+completely empty. Name it ``learning_journal`` and give it any description you
+like.
+
+When you've created an empty repository in GitHub, you should see a set of
+directions for connecting it to a repository that you've already built. Follow
+those instructions to connect your emtpy GitHub repository as the ``origin``
+remote to your ``learning_journal`` repository on your machine.
+
+Finally, push your ``master`` branch to your new ``origin`` remote on GitHub.
+
+When you are done, send me an email with the URL for your new repository.
+
+.. nextslide::
+
+**Our work next week will assume that you have completed this assignment**
+
+Do not delay working on this until the last moment.
+
+Do not skip this assignment.
+
+Do ask questions frequently via email (use the `class google group`_).
+
+See you next week!
+
+.. _class google group: https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/programming-in-python
diff --git a/slides/_sources/presentations/session06.txt b/slides/_sources/presentations/session06.txt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..652e1af8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/slides/_sources/presentations/session06.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1588 @@
+.. slideconf::
+    :autoslides: True
+
+**********
+Session 06
+**********
+
+.. image:: /_static/lj_entry.png
+    :width: 65%
+    :align: center
+
+Interacting with Data
+=====================
+
+**Wherein we learn to display our data, and to create and edit it too!**
+
+
+But First
+---------
+
+Last week we discussed the **model** part of the *MVC* application design
+pattern.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    We set up a project using the `Pyramid`_ web framework and the `SQLAlchemy`_
+    library for persisting our data to a database.
+
+    We looked at how to define a simple model by investigating the demo model
+    created on our behalf.
+
+    And we went over, briefly, the way we can interact with this model at the
+    command line to make sure we've got it right.
+
+    Finally, we defined what attributes a learning journal entry would have,
+    and a pair of methods we think we will need to make the model complete.
+
+.. _Pyramid: http://www.pylonsproject.org/projects/pyramid/about
+.. _SQLAlchemy: http://docs.sqlalchemy.org/en/rel_0_9/
+
+Our Data Model
+--------------
+
+Over the last week, your assignment was to create the new model.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    Did you get that done?
+
+    If not, what stopped you?
+
+    Let's take a few minutes here to answer questions about this task so you
+    are more comfortable.
+
+    Questions?
+
+.. nextslide:: A Complete Example
+
+I've added a working ``models.py`` file to our `class repository`_ in the
+``resources/session06/`` folder.
+
+Let's review how it works.
+
+.. _class repository: https://github.com/UWPCE-PythonCert/training.python_web/tree/master/resources/session06
+
+.. nextslide:: Demo Interaction
+
+I've also made a few small changes to make the ``pshell`` command a bit more
+helpful.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    In ``learning_journal/__init__.py`` I added the following function:
+
+    .. code-block:: python
+
+        def create_session(settings):
+            from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker
+            engine = engine_from_config(settings, 'sqlalchemy.')
+            Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine)
+            return Session()
+
+    Then, in ``development.ini`` I added the following configuration:
+
+    .. code-block:: ini
+
+        [pshell]
+        create_session = learning_journal.create_session
+        entry = learning_journal.models.Entry
+
+.. nextslide:: Using the new ``pshell``
+
+Here's a demo interaction using ``pshell`` with these new features:
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    First ``cd`` to your project code, fire up your project virtualenv and
+    start python:
+
+    .. code-block:: bash
+
+        $ cd projects/learning-journal/learning_journal
+        $ source ../ljenv/bin/activate
+        (ljenv)$ pshell development.ini
+        Python 3.5.0 (default, Sep 16 2015, 10:42:55)
+        ...
+        Environment:
+          app          The WSGI application.
+          ...
+        Custom Variables:
+          create_session learning_journal.create_session
+          entry        learning_journal.models.Entry
+        
+        In [1]: session = create_session(registry.settings)
+
+    [demo]
+
+The MVC Controller
+==================
+
+.. rst-class:: left
+.. container::
+
+    Let's go back to thinking for a bit about the *Model-View-Controller*
+    pattern.
+
+    .. figure:: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/40/MVC_passive_view.png
+        :align: center
+        :width: 25%
+
+        By Alan Evangelista (Own work) [CC0], via Wikimedia Commons
+
+    .. rst-class:: build
+    .. container::
+
+        We talked last week (and today) about the *model*
+
+        Today, we'll dig into *controllers* and *views*
+
+        or as we will know them in Pyramid: *views* and *renderers*
+
+
+HTTP Request/Response
+---------------------
+
+Internet software is driven by the HTTP Request/Response cycle.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    A *client* (perhaps a user with a web browser) makes a **request**
+
+    A *server* receives and handles that request and returns a **response**
+
+    The *client* receives the response and views it, perhaps making a new
+    **request**
+
+    And around and around it goes.
+
+.. nextslide:: URLs
+
+An HTTP request arrives at a server through the magic of a **URL**
+
+.. code-block:: bash
+
+    http://uwpce-pythoncert.github.io/training.python_web/html/index.html
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    Let's break that up into its constituent parts:
+
+    .. rst-class:: build
+
+    \http://:
+      This part is the *protocol*, it determines how the request will be sent
+
+    uwpce-pythoncert.github.io:
+      This is a *domain name*.  It's the human-facing address for a server
+      somewhere.
+
+    /training.python_web/html/index.html:
+      This part is the *path*.  It serves as a locator for a resource *on the
+      server*
+
+.. nextslide:: Paths
+
+In a static website (like our documentation) the *path* identifies a **physical
+location** in the server's filesystem.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    Some directory on the server is the *home* for the web process, and the
+    *path* is looked up there.
+
+    Whatever resource (a file, an image, whatever) is located there is returned
+    to the user as a response.
+
+    If the path leads to a location that doesn't exist, the server responds
+    with a **404 Not Found** error.
+
+    In the golden days of yore, this was the only way content was served via
+    HTTP.
+
+.. nextslide:: Paths in an MVC System
+
+In todays world we have dynamic systems, server-side web frameworks like
+Pyramid.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    The requests that you send to a server are handled by a software process
+    that assembles a response instead of looking up a physical location.
+
+    But we still have URLs, with *protocol*, *domain* and *path*.
+
+    What is the role for a path in a process that doesn't refer to a physical
+    file system?
+
+    Most web frameworks now call the *path* a **route**.
+
+    They provide a way of matching *routes* to the code that will be run to
+    handle requests.
+
+Routes in Pyramid
+-----------------
+
+In Pyramid, routes are handled as *configuration* and are set up in the *main*
+function in ``__init__.py``:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    # learning_journal/__init__.py
+    def main(global_config, **settings):
+        # ...
+        config.add_route('home', '/')
+        # ...
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    Our code template created a sample route for us, using the ``add_route``
+    method of the ``Configurator`` class.
+
+    The ``add_route`` method has two required arguments: a *name* and a
+    *pattern*
+
+    In our sample route, the *name* is ``'home'``
+
+    In our sample route, the *pattern* is ``'/'``
+
+.. nextslide::
+
+When a request comes in to a Pyramid application, the framework looks at all
+the *routes* that have been configured.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    One by one, in order, it tries to match the *path* of the incoming request
+    against the *pattern* of the route.
+
+    As soon as a *pattern* matches the *path* from the incoming request, that
+    route is used and no further matching is performed.
+
+    If no route is found that matches, then the request will automatically get
+    a **404 Not Found** error response.
+
+    In our sample app, we have one sample *route* named ``'home'``, with a
+    pattern of ``/``.
+
+    This means that any request that comes in for ``/`` will be matched to this
+    route, and any other request will be **404**.
+
+.. nextslide:: Routes as API
+
+In a very real sense, the *routes* defined in an application *are* the public
+API.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    Any route that is present represents something the user can do.
+
+    Any route that is not present is something the user cannot do.
+
+    You can use the proper definition of routes to help conceptualize what your
+    app will do.
+
+    What routes might we want for a learning journal application?
+
+    What will our application do?
+
+.. nextslide:: Defining our Routes
+
+Let's add routes for our application.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    Open ``learning_journal/__init__.py``.
+
+    For our list page, the existing ``'home'`` route will do fine, leave it.
+
+    Add the following two routes:
+
+    .. code-block:: python
+
+        config.add_route('home', '/') # already there
+        config.add_route('detail', '/journal/{id:\d+}')
+        config.add_route('action', '/journal/{action}')
+
+    The ``'detail'`` route will serve a single journal entry, identified by an
+    ``id``.
+
+    The ``action`` route will serve ``create`` and ``edit`` views, depending on
+    the ``action`` specified.
+
+    In both cases, we want to capture a portion of the matched path to use
+    information it provides.
+
+.. nextslide:: Matching an ID
+
+In a pattern, you can capture a ``path segment`` *replacement
+marker*, a valid Python symbol surrounded by curly braces:
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    ::
+
+        /home/{foo}/
+
+    If you want to match a particular pattern, like digits only, add a
+    *regular expression*::
+
+        /journal/{id:\d+}
+
+    Matched path segments are captured in a ``matchdict``::
+
+        # pattern          # actual url   # matchdict
+        /journal/{id:\d+}  /journal/27    {'id': '27'}
+
+    The ``matchdict`` is made available as an attribute of the *request object*
+
+    (more on that soon)
+
+
+.. nextslide:: Connecting Routes to Views
+
+In Pyramid, a *route* is connected by configuration to a *view*.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    In our app, a sample view has been created for us, in ``views.py``:
+
+    .. code-block:: python
+
+        @view_config(route_name='home', renderer='templates/mytemplate.pt')
+        def my_view(request):
+            # ...
+
+    The order in which *routes* are configured *is important*, so that must be
+    done in ``__init__.py``.
+
+    The order in which views are connected to routes *is not important*, so the
+    *declarative* ``@view_config`` decorator can be used.
+
+    When ``config.scan`` is called, all files in our application are searched
+    for such *declarative configuration* and it is added.
+
+The Pyramid View
+----------------
+
+Let's imagine that a *request* has come to our application for the path
+``'/'``.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    The framework made a match of that path to a *route* with the pattern ``'/'``.
+
+    Configuration connected that route to a *view* in our application.
+
+    Now, the view that was connected will be *called*, which brings us to the
+    nature of *views*
+
+    .. rst-class:: centered
+
+    --A Pyramid view is a *callable* that takes *request* as an argument--
+
+    Remember what a *callable* is?
+
+.. nextslide:: What the View Does
+
+So, a *view* is a callable that takes the *request* as an argument.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    It can then use information from that request to build appropriate data,
+    perhaps using the application's *models*.
+
+    Then, it returns the data it assembled, passing it on to a `renderer`_.
+
+    Which *renderer* to use is determined, again, by configuration:
+
+    .. code-block:: python
+
+        @view_config(route_name='home', renderer='templates/mytemplate.pt')
+        def my_view(request):
+            # ...
+
+    More about this in a moment.
+
+    The *view* stands at the intersection of *input data*, the application
+    *model* and *renderers* that offer rendering of the results.
+
+    It is the *Controller* in our MVC application.
+
+.. _renderer: http://docs.pylonsproject.org/projects/pyramid/en/1.5-branch/narr/renderers.html
+
+
+.. nextslide:: Adding Stub Views
+
+Add temporary views to our application in ``views.py`` (and comment out the
+sample view):
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    @view_config(route_name='home', renderer='string')
+    def index_page(request):
+        return 'list page'
+
+    @view_config(route_name='detail', renderer='string')
+    def view(request):
+        return 'detail page'
+
+    @view_config(route_name='action', match_param='action=create', renderer='string')
+    def create(request):
+        return 'create page'
+
+    @view_config(route_name='action', match_param='action=edit', renderer='string')
+    def update(request):
+        return 'edit page'
+
+.. nextslide:: Testing Our Views
+
+Now we can verify that our view configuration has worked.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    Make sure your virtualenv is properly activated, and start the web server:
+
+    .. code-block:: bash
+
+        (ljenv)$ pserve development.ini
+        Starting server in PID 84467.
+        serving on http://0.0.0.0:6543
+
+    Then try viewing some of the expected application urls:
+
+    .. rst-class:: build
+
+    * http://localhost:6543/
+    * http://localhost:6543/journal/1
+    * http://localhost:6543/journal/create
+    * http://localhost:6543/journal/edit
+
+    What happens if you visit a URL that *isn't* in our configuration?
+
+.. nextslide:: Interacting With the Model
+
+Now that we've got temporary views that work, we can fix them to get
+information from our database
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    We'll begin with the list view.
+
+    We need some code that will fetch all the journal entries we've written, in
+    reverse order, and hand that collection back for rendering.
+
+    .. code-block:: python
+
+        from .models import (
+            DBSession,
+            MyModel,
+            Entry, # <- Add this import
+        )
+
+        # and update this view function
+        def index_page(request):
+            entries = Entry.all()
+            return {'entries': entries}
+
+.. nextslide:: Using the ``matchdict``
+
+Next, we want to write the view for a single entry.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    We'll need to use the ``id`` value our route captures into the
+    ``matchdict``.
+
+    Remember that the ``matchdict`` is an attribute of the request.
+
+    We'll get the ``id`` from there, and use it to get the correct entry.
+
+    .. code-block:: python
+
+        # add this import at the top
+        from pyramid.httpexceptions import HTTPNotFound
+
+        # and update this view function:
+        def view(request):
+            this_id = request.matchdict.get('id', -1)
+            entry = Entry.by_id(this_id)
+            if not entry:
+                return HTTPNotFound()
+            return {'entry': entry}
+
+.. nextslide:: Testing Our Views
+
+We can now verify that these views work correctly.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    Make sure your virtualenv is properly activated, and start the web server:
+
+    .. code-block:: bash
+
+        (ljenv)$ pserve development.ini
+        Starting server in PID 84467.
+        serving on http://0.0.0.0:6543
+
+    Then try viewing the list page and an entry page:
+
+    * http://localhost:6543
+    * http://localhost:6543/journal/1
+
+    What happens when you request an entry with an id that isn't in the
+    database?
+
+    * http://localhost:6543/journal/100
+
+The MVC View
+============
+
+.. rst-class:: left
+.. container::
+
+    Again, back to the *Model-View-Controller* pattern.
+
+    .. figure:: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/40/MVC_passive_view.png
+        :align: center
+        :width: 25%
+
+        By Alan Evangelista (Own work) [CC0], via Wikimedia Commons
+
+    .. rst-class:: build
+    .. container::
+
+        We've built a *model* and we've created some *controllers* that use it.
+
+        In Pyramid, we call *controllers* **views** and they are callables that
+        take *request* as an argument.
+
+        Let's turn to the last piece of the *MVC* patter, the *view*
+
+Presenting Data
+---------------
+
+The job of the *view* in the *MVC* pattern is to present data in a format that
+is readable to the user of the system.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    There are many ways to present data.
+
+    Some are readable by humans (tables, charts, graphs, HTML pages, text
+    files).
+
+    Some are more for machines (xml files, csv, json).
+
+    Which of these formats is the *right one* depends on your purpose.
+
+    What is the purpose of our learning journal?
+
+Pyramid Renderers
+-----------------
+
+In Pyramid, the job of presenting data is performed by a *renderer*.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    So we can consider the Pyramid **renderer** to be the *view* in our *MVC*
+    app.
+
+    We've already seen how we can connect a *renderer* to a Pyramid *view* with
+    configuration.
+
+    In fact, we have already done so, using a built-in renderer called
+    ``'string'``.
+
+    This renderer converts the return value of its *view* to a string and sends
+    that back to the client as an HTTP response.
+
+    But the result isn't so nice looking.
+
+.. nextslide:: Template Renderers
+
+The `built-in renderers` (``'string'``, ``'json'``, ``'jsonp'``) in Pyramid are
+not the only ones available.
+
+.. _built-in renderers: http://docs.pylonsproject.org/projects/pyramid/en/1.5-branch/narr/renderers.html#built-in-renderers
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    There are add-ons to Pyramid that support using various *template
+    languages* as renderers.
+
+    In fact, one of these was installed by default when you created this
+    project.
+
+.. nextslide:: Configuring a Template Renderer
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    # in setup.py
+    requires = [
+        # ...
+        'pyramid_chameleon',
+        # ...
+    ]
+
+    # in learning_journal/__init__.py
+    def main(global_config, **settings):
+        # ...
+        config.include('pyramid_chameleon')
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    The `pyramid_chameleon` package supports using the `chameleon` template
+    language.
+
+    The language is quite nice and powerful, but not so easy to learn.
+
+    Let's use a different one, *jinja2*
+
+.. nextslide:: Changing Template Renderers
+
+Change ``pyramid_chameleon`` to ``pyramid_jinja2`` in both of these files:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    # in setup.py
+    requires = [
+        # ...
+        'pyramid_jinja2',
+        # ...
+    ]
+
+    # in learning_journal/__init__.py
+    def main(global_config, **settings):
+        # ...
+        config.include('pyramid_jinja2')
+
+.. nextslide:: Picking up the Changes
+
+We've changed the dependencies for our Pyramid project.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    As a result, we will need to re-install it so the new dependencies are also
+    installed:
+
+    .. code-block:: bash
+
+        (ljenv)$ python setup.py develop
+        ...
+        Finished processing dependencies for learning-journal==0.0
+        (ljenv)$
+
+    Now, we can use *Jinja2* templates in our project.
+
+    Let's learn a bit about how `Jinja2 templates`_ work.
+
+.. _Jinja2 templates: http://jinja.pocoo.org/docs/templates/
+
+Jinja2 Template Basics
+----------------------
+
+We'll start with the absolute basics.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    Fire up an iPython interpreter, using your `ljenv` virtualenv:
+
+    .. code-block:: bash
+
+        (ljenv)$ ipython
+        ...
+        In [1]:
+
+    Then import the ``Template`` class from the ``jinja2`` package:
+
+    .. code-block:: ipython
+
+        In [1]: from jinja2 import Template
+
+.. nextslide:: Templates are Strings
+
+A template is constructed with a simple string:
+
+.. code-block:: ipython
+
+    In [2]: t1 = Template("Hello {{ name }}, how are you")
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    Here, we've simply typed the string directly, but it is more common to
+    build a template from the contents of a *file*.
+
+    Notice that our string has some odd stuff in it: ``{{ name }}``.
+
+    This is called a *placeholder* and when the template is *rendered* it is
+    replaced.
+
+.. nextslide:: Rendering a Template
+
+Call the ``render`` method, providing *context*:
+
+.. code-block:: ipython
+
+    In [3]: t1.render(name="Freddy")
+    Out[3]: 'Hello Freddy, how are you'
+    In [4]: t1.render(name="Gloria")
+    Out[4]: 'Hello Gloria, how are you'
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    *Context* can either be keyword arguments, or a dictionary
+
+    Note the resemblance to something you've seen before:
+
+    .. code-block:: python
+    
+        >>> "This is {owner}'s string".format(owner="Cris")
+        'This is Cris's string'
+
+
+.. nextslide:: Dictionaries in Context
+
+Dictionaries passed in as part of the *context* can be addressed with *either*
+subscript or dotted notation:
+
+.. code-block:: ipython
+
+    In [5]: person = {'first_name': 'Frank',
+       ...:           'last_name': 'Herbert'}
+    In [6]: t2 = Template("{{ person.last_name }}, {{ person['first_name'] }}")
+    In [7]: t2.render(person=person)
+    Out[7]: 'Herbert, Frank'
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+
+* Jinja2 will try the *correct* way first (attr for dotted, item for
+  subscript).
+* If nothing is found, it will try the opposite.
+* If nothing is found, it will return an *undefined* object.
+
+
+.. nextslide:: Objects in Context
+
+The exact same is true of objects passed in as part of *context*:
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    .. code-block:: ipython
+
+        In [8]: t3 = Template("{{ obj.x }} + {{ obj['y'] }} = Fun!")
+        In [9]: class Game(object):
+           ...:     x = 'babies'
+           ...:     y = 'bubbles'
+           ...:
+        In [10]: bathtime = Game()
+        In [11]: t3.render(obj=bathtime)
+        Out[11]: 'babies + bubbles = Fun!'
+
+    This means your templates can be agnostic as to the nature of the
+    things found in *context*
+
+.. nextslide:: Filtering values in Templates
+
+You can apply `filters`_ to the data passed in *context* with the pipe ('|')
+operator:
+
+.. _filters: http://jinja.pocoo.org/docs/dev/templates/#filters
+
+.. code-block:: ipython
+
+    In [12]: t4 = Template("shouted: {{ phrase|upper }}")
+    In [13]: t4.render(phrase="this is very important")
+    Out[13]: 'shouted: THIS IS VERY IMPORTANT'
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    You can also chain filters together:
+
+    .. code-block:: ipython
+
+        In [14]: t5 = Template("confusing: {{ phrase|upper|reverse }}")
+        In [15]: t5.render(phrase="howdy doody")
+        Out[15]: 'confusing: YDOOD YDWOH'
+
+.. nextslide:: Control Flow
+
+Logical `control structures`_ are also available:
+
+.. _control structures: http://jinja.pocoo.org/docs/dev/templates/#list-of-control-structures
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    .. code-block:: ipython
+
+        In [16]: tmpl = """
+           ....: {% for item in list %}{{ item}}, {% endfor %}
+           ....: """
+        In [17]: t6 = Template(tmpl)
+        In [18]: t6.render(list=['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e'])
+        Out[18]: '\na, b, c, d, e, '
+
+    Any control structure introduced in a template **must** be paired with an
+    explicit closing tag (``{% for %}...{% endfor %}``)
+
+    Remember, although template tags like ``{% for %}`` or ``{% if %}`` look a
+    lot like Python, *they are not*.
+
+    The syntax is specific and must be followed correctly.
+
+.. nextslide:: Template Tests
+
+There are a number of specialized *tests* available for use with the
+``if...elif...else`` control structure:
+
+.. code-block:: ipython
+
+    In [19]: tmpl = """
+       ....: {% if phrase is upper %}
+       ....:   {{ phrase|lower }}
+       ....: {% elif phrase is lower %}
+       ....:   {{ phrase|upper }}
+       ....: {% else %}{{ phrase }}{% endif %}"""
+    In [20]: t7 = Template(tmpl)
+    In [21]: t7.render(phrase="FOO")
+    Out[21]: '\n\n  foo\n'
+    In [22]: t7.render(phrase='bar')
+    Out[22]: '\n\n  BAR\n'
+    In [23]: t7.render(phrase='This should print as-is')
+    Out[23]: '\nThis should print as-is'
+
+
+.. nextslide:: Basic Expressions
+
+Basic `Python-like expressions`_ are also supported:
+
+.. _Python-like expressions: http://jinja.pocoo.org/docs/dev/templates/#expressions
+
+.. code-block:: ipython
+
+    In [24]: tmpl = """
+       ....: {% set sum = 0 %}
+       ....: {% for val in values %}
+       ....: {{ val }}: {{ sum + val }}
+       ....:   {% set sum = sum + val %}
+       ....: {% endfor %}
+       ....: """
+    In [25]: t8 = Template(tmpl)
+    In [26]: t8.render(values=range(1, 11))
+    Out[26]: '\n\n\n1: 1\n  \n\n2: 3\n  \n\n3: 6\n  \n\n4: 10\n
+              \n\n5: 15\n  \n\n6: 21\n  \n\n7: 28\n  \n\n8: 36\n
+              \n\n9: 45\n  \n\n10: 55\n  \n\n'
+
+
+Our Templates
+-------------
+
+There's more that Jinja2 templates can do, but it will be easier to introduce
+you to that in the context of a working template.  So let's make some.
+
+.. nextslide:: Detail Template
+
+We have a Pyramid view that returns a single entry. Let's create a template to
+show it.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    In ``learning_journal/templates`` create a new file ``detail.jinja2``:
+
+    .. code-block:: jinja
+    
+        <article>
+          <h1>{{ entry.title }}</h1>
+          <hr/>
+          <p>{{ entry.body }}</p>
+          <hr/>
+          <p>Created <strong title="{{ entry.created }}">{{entry.created}}</strong></p>
+        </article>
+
+    Then wire it up to the detail view in ``views.py``:
+
+    .. code-block:: ipython
+    
+        # views.py
+        @view_config(route_name='detail', renderer='templates/detail.jinja2')
+        def view(request):
+            # ...
+
+.. nextslide:: Try It Out
+
+Now we should be able to see some rendered HTML for our journal entry details.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    Start up your server:
+
+    .. code-block:: bash
+
+        (ljenv)$ pserve development.ini
+        Starting server in PID 90536.
+        serving on http://0.0.0.0:6543
+
+    Then try viewing an individual journal entry
+
+    * http://localhost:6543/journal/1
+
+.. nextslide:: Listing Page
+
+The index page of our journal should show a list of journal entries, let's do
+that next.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    In ``learning_journal/templates`` create a new file ``list.jinja2``:
+
+    .. code-block:: jinja
+
+        {% if entries %}
+        <h2>Journal Entries</h2>
+        <ul>
+          {% for entry in entries %}
+            <li>
+            <a href="{{ request.route_url('detail', id=entry.id) }}">{{ entry.title }}</a>
+            </li>
+          {% endfor %}
+        </ul>
+        {% else %}
+        <p>This journal is empty</p>
+        {% endif %}
+
+.. nextslide::
+
+It's worth taking a look at a few specifics of this template.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    .. code-block:: jinja
+
+        {% for entry in entries %}
+         ...
+        {% endfor %}
+
+    Jinja2 templates are rendered with a *context*.
+
+    A Pyramid *view* returns a dictionary, which is passed to the renderer as
+    part of of that *context*
+
+    This means we can access values we return from our *view* in the *renderer*
+    using the names we assigned to them.
+
+.. nextslide::
+
+It's worth taking a look at a few specifics of this template.
+
+    .. code-block:: jinja
+    
+        <a href="{{ request.route_url('detail', id=entry.id) }}">{{ entry.title }}</a>
+
+    The *request* object is also placed in the context by Pyramid.
+
+    Request has a method ``route_url`` that will create a URL for a named
+    route.
+
+    This allows you to include URLs in your template without needing to know
+    exactly what they will be.
+
+    This process is called *reversing*, since it's a bit like a reverse phone
+    book lookup.
+
+.. nextslide::
+
+Finally, you'll need to connect this new renderer to your listing view:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    @view_config(route_name='home', renderer='templates/list.jinja2')
+    def index_page(request):
+        # ...
+
+.. nextslide:: Try It Out
+
+We can now see our list page too.  Let's try starting the server:
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    .. code-block:: bash
+
+        (ljenv)$ pserve development.ini
+        Starting server in PID 90536.
+        serving on http://0.0.0.0:6543
+
+    Then try viewing the home page of your journal:
+
+    * http://localhost:6543/
+
+    Click on the link to an entry, it should work.
+
+.. nextslide:: Sharing Structure
+
+These views are reasonable, if quite plain.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    It'd be nice to put them into something that looks a bit more like a
+    website.
+
+    Jinja2 allows you to combine templates using something called
+    `template inheritance`_.
+
+    You can create a basic page structure, and then *inherit* that structure in
+    other templates.
+
+    In our class resources I've added a page template ``layout.jinja2``.  Copy
+    that page to your templates directory
+
+.. _template inheritance: http://jinja.pocoo.org/docs/dev/templates/#template-inheritance
+
+.. nextslide:: ``layout.jinja2``
+
+.. code-block:: jinja
+
+    <!DOCTYPE html>
+    <html lang="en">
+      <head>
+        <meta charset="utf-8">
+        <title>Python Learning Journal</title>
+        <!--[if lt IE 9]><script src="http://html5shiv.googlecode.com/svn/trunk/html5.js"></script><![endif]-->
+      </head>
+      <body>
+        <header>
+          <nav><ul><li><a href="{{ request.route_url('home') }}">Home</a></li></ul></nav>
+        </header>
+        <main>
+          <h1>My Python Journal</h1>
+          <section id="content">{% block body %}{% endblock %}</section>
+        </main>
+        <footer><p>Created in the UW PCE Python Certificate Program</p></footer>
+      </body>
+    </html>
+
+.. nextslide:: Template Blocks
+
+The important part here is the ``{% block body %}{% endblock %}`` expression.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    This is a template **block** and it is a kind of placeholder.
+
+    Other templates can inherit from this one, and fill that block with
+    additional HTML.
+
+    Let's update our detail and list templates:
+
+    .. code-block:: jinja
+    
+        {% extends "layout.jinja2" %}
+        {% block body %}
+        <!-- everything else that was already there goes here -->
+        {% endblock %}
+
+.. nextslide:: Try It Out
+
+Let's try starting the server so we can see the result:
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    .. code-block:: bash
+
+        (ljenv)$ pserve development.ini
+        Starting server in PID 90536.
+        serving on http://0.0.0.0:6543
+
+    Then try viewing the home page of your journal:
+
+    * http://localhost:6543/
+
+    Click on the link to an entry, it should work.
+
+    And now you have shared page structure that is in both.
+
+Static Assets
+-------------
+
+Although we have a shared structure, it isn't particularly nice to look at.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    Aspects of how a website looks are controlled by CSS (*Cascading Style
+    Sheets*).
+
+    Stylesheets are one of what we generally speak of as *static assets*.
+
+    Other static assets include *images* that are part of the look and feel of
+    the site (logos, button images, etc) and the *JavaScript* files that add
+    client-side dynamic behavior to the site.
+
+.. nextslide:: Static Assets in Pyramid
+
+Serving static assets in Pyramid requires a *static view* to configuration.
+Luckily, ``pcreate`` already handled that for us:
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    .. code-block:: python
+    
+        # in learning_journal/__init__.py
+        def main(global_config, **settings):
+            # ...
+            config.add_static_view('static', 'static', cache_max_age=3600)
+            # ...
+
+    The first argument to ``add_static_view`` is a *name* that will need to
+    appear in the path of URLs requesting assets.
+
+    The second argument is a *path* that is relative to the package being
+    configured.
+
+    Assets referenced by the *name* in a URL will be searched for in the
+    location defined by the *path*
+
+    Additional keyword arguments control other aspects of how the view works.
+
+.. nextslide:: Static Assets in Templates
+
+Once you have a static view configured, you can use assets in that location in
+templates.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    The *request* object in Pyramid provides a ``static_path`` method that
+    will render an appropriate asset path for us.
+
+    Add the following to our ``layout.jinja2`` template:
+
+    .. code-block:: jinja
+    
+        <head>
+          <!-- ... -->
+          <link href="{{ request.static_path('learning_journal:static/styles.css') }}" rel="stylesheet">
+        </head>
+
+    The one required argument to ``request.static_path`` is a *path* to an
+    asset.
+
+    Note that because any package *might* define a static view, we have to
+    specify which package we want to look in.
+
+    That's why we have ``learning_journal:static/styles.css`` in our call.
+
+.. nextslide:: Basic Styles
+
+I've created some very very basic styles for our learning journal.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    You can find them in ``resources/session06/styles.css``.  Go ahead and copy
+    that file.
+
+    Add it to ``learning_journal/static``.
+
+    Then restart your web server and see what a difference a little style
+    makes:
+
+    .. code-block:: bash
+
+        (ljenv)$ pserve development.ini
+        Starting server in PID 90536.
+        serving on http://0.0.0.0:6543
+
+.. nextslide:: The Outcome
+
+Your site should look something like this:
+
+.. figure:: /_static/learning_journal_styled.png
+    :align: center
+    :width: 75%
+
+    The learning journal with basic styles applied
+
+Getting Interactive
+===================
+
+.. rst-class:: left
+.. container::
+
+    We have a site that allows us to view a list of journal entries.
+
+    .. rst-class:: build
+    .. container::
+
+        We can also view the details of a single entry.
+
+        But as yet, we don't really have any *interaction* in our site yet.
+
+        We can't create new entries.
+
+        Let's add that functionality next.
+
+User Input
+----------
+
+In HTML websites, the traditional way of getting input from users is via
+`HTML forms`_.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    Forms use *input elements* to allow users to enter data, pick from
+    drop-down lists, or choose items via checkbox or radio button.
+
+    It is possible to create plain HTML forms in templates and use them with
+    Pyramid.
+
+    It's a lot easier, however, to work with a *form library* to create forms,
+    render them in templates and interact with data sent by a client.
+
+    We'll be using a form library called `WTForms`_ in our project
+
+.. _HTML forms: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/Guide/HTML/Forms
+.. _WTForms: http://wtforms.readthedocs.org/en/latest/
+
+.. nextslide:: Installing WTForms
+
+The first step to working with this library is to install it.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    Start by makin the library as a *dependency* of our package by adding it to
+    the *requires* list in ``setup.py``:
+
+    .. code-block:: python
+
+        requires = [
+            # ...
+            'wtforms', # <- add this to the list
+        ]
+
+    Then, re-install our package to download and install the new dependency:
+
+    .. code-block:: bash
+
+        (ljenv)$ python setup.py develop
+        ...
+        Finished processing dependencies for learning-journal==0.0
+
+Using WTForms
+-------------
+
+We'll want a form to allow a user to create a new Journal Entry.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    Add a new file called ``forms.py`` in our learning_journal package, next to
+    ``models.py``:
+
+    .. code-block:: python
+    
+        from wtforms import Form, TextField, TextAreaField, validators
+
+        strip_filter = lambda x: x.strip() if x else None
+
+        class EntryCreateForm(Form):
+            title = TextField(
+                'Entry title',
+                [validators.Length(min=1, max=255)],
+                filters=[strip_filter])
+            body = TextAreaField(
+                'Entry body',
+                [validators.Length(min=1)],
+                filters=[strip_filter])
+
+.. nextslide:: Using a Form in a View
+
+Next, we need to add a new view that uses this form to create a new entry.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    Add this to ``views.py``:
+
+    .. code-block:: python
+
+        # add these imports
+        from pyramid.httpexceptions import HTTPFound
+        from .forms import EntryCreateForm
+
+        # and update this view function
+        def create(request):
+            entry = Entry()
+            form = EntryCreateForm(request.POST)
+            if request.method == 'POST' and form.validate():
+                form.populate_obj(entry)
+                DBSession.add(entry)
+                return HTTPFound(location=request.route_url('home'))
+            return {'form': form, 'action': request.matchdict.get('action')}
+
+.. nextslide:: Testing the Route/View Connection
+
+We already have a route that connects here.  Let's test it.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    Start your server:
+
+    .. code-block:: bash
+
+        (ljenv)$ pserve development.ini
+        Starting server in PID 90536.
+        serving on http://0.0.0.0:6543
+
+    And then try connecting to the ``action`` route:
+
+    * http://localhost:6543/journal/create
+    
+    You should see something like this::
+
+        {'action': u'create', 'form': <learning_journal.forms.EntryCreateForm object at 0x10e7d6b90>}
+
+.. nextslide:: Rendering A Form
+
+Finally, we need to create a template that will render our form.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    Add a new template called ``edit.jinja2`` in
+    ``learning_journal/templates``:
+
+    .. code-block:: jinja
+
+        {% extends "templates/layout.jinja2" %}
+        {% block body %}
+        <form action="." method="POST">
+        {% for field in form %}
+          {% if field.errors %}
+            <ul>
+            {% for error in field.errors %}
+                <li>{{ error }}</li>
+            {% endfor %}
+            </ul>
+          {% endif %}
+            <p>{{ field.label }}: {{ field }}</p>
+        {% endfor %}
+            <p><input type="submit" name="submit" value="Submit" /></p>
+        </form>
+        {% endblock %}
+
+.. nextslide:: Connecting the Renderer
+
+You'll need to update the view configuration to use this new renderer.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    Update the configuration in ``learning_journal/views.py``:
+
+    .. code-block:: python
+    
+        @view_config(route_name='action', match_param='action=create',
+                     renderer='templates/edit.jinja2')
+        def create(request):
+            # ...
+
+    And then you should be able to start your server and test:
+
+    .. code-block:: bash
+
+        (ljenv)$ pserve development.ini
+        Starting server in PID 90536.
+        serving on http://0.0.0.0:6543
+
+    * http://localhost:6543/journal/create
+
+.. nextslide:: Providing Access
+
+Great!  Now you can add new entries to your journal.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    But in order to do so, you have to hand-enter the url.
+
+    You should add a new link in the UI somewhere that helps you get there more
+    easily.
+
+    Add the following to ``list.jinja2``:
+
+    .. code-block:: jinja
+
+        {% extends "layout.jinja2" %}
+        {% block body %}
+        {% if entries %}
+        ...
+        {% else %}
+        ...
+        {% endif %}
+        <!-- Add This Link -->
+        <p><a href="{{ request.route_url('action', action='create') }}">New Entry</a></p>
+        {% endblock %}
+
+Homework
+========
+
+.. rst-class:: left
+.. container::
+
+    You have a website now that allows you to create, view and list journal
+    entries
+
+    .. rst-class:: build
+    .. container::
+
+        However, there are still a few flaws in this system.
+
+        You should be able to edit a journal entry that already exists, in case
+        you make a spelling error.
+
+        It would also be nice to see a prettier site.
+
+        Let's handle that for homework this week.
+
+Part 1: Add Editing
+-------------------
+
+For part one of your assignment, add editing of existing entries. You will need:
+
+* A form that shows an existing entry (what is different about this form from
+  one for creating a new entry?)
+* A pyramid view that handles that form. It should:
+
+  * Show the form with the requested entry when the page is first loaded
+  * Accept edits only on POST
+  * Update an existing entry with new data from the form
+  * Show the view of the entry after editing so that the user can see the edits
+    saved correctly
+  * Show errors from form validation, if any are present
+
+* A link somewhere that leads to the editing page for a single entry (probably
+  on the view page for a entry)
+
+You'll need to update a bit of configuration, but not much.  Use the create
+form we did here in class as an example.
+
+Part 2: Make it Yours
+---------------------
+
+I've created for you a very bare-bones layout and stylesheet.
+
+You will certainly want to add a bit of your own style and panache.
+
+Spend a few hours this week playing with the styles and getting a site that
+looks more like you want it to look.
+
+The Mozilla Developer Network has `some excellent resources`_ for learning CSS.
+
+In particular, the `Getting Started with CSS`_ tutorial is a thorough
+introduction to the basics.
+
+You might also look at their `CSS 3 Demos`_ to help fire up your creative
+juices.
+
+Here are a few more resources:
+
+* `A List Apart <http://alistapart.com>`_ offers outstanding articles.  Their
+  `Topics list <http://alistapart.com/topics>`_ is worth a browse.
+* `Smashing Magazine <http://www.smashingmagazine.com>`_ is another excellent
+  resource for articles on design.
+
+.. _some excellent resources: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS
+.. _Getting Started with CSS: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/CSS/Getting_Started
+.. _CSS 3 Demos: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/demos/tag/tech:css3
+
+
+Part 3: User Model
+------------------
+
+As it stands, our journal accepts entries from anyone who comes by.
+
+Next week we will add security to allow only logged-in users to create and edit
+entries.
+
+To do so, we'll need a user model
+
+The model should have:
+
+* An ``id`` field that is a primary key
+* A ``username`` field that is unicode, no more than 255 characters, not
+  nullable, unique and indexed.
+* A ``password`` field that is unicode and not nullable
+
+In addition, the model should have a classmethod that retrieves a specific user
+when given a username.
+
+Part 4: Preparation for Deployment
+----------------------------------
+
+At the end of class next week we will be deploying our application to Heroku.
+
+You will need to get a free account.
+
+Once you have your free account set up and you have logged in, run through the
+`getting started with Python`_ tutorial.
+
+Be sure to at least complete the *set up* step. It will have you install the
+Heroku Toolbelt, which you will need to have ready in class.
+
+.. _getting started with Python: https://devcenter.heroku.com/articles/getting-started-with-python#introduction
+
+Submitting Your Work
+--------------------
+
+As usual, submit your work by committing and pushing it to your project github
+repository
+
+Commit early and commit often.  
+
+Write yourself good commit messages explaining what you have done and why.
+
+When you are ready to have your work reviewed, email the link to your
+repository to us, we'll take a look and make comments.
diff --git a/slides/_sources/presentations/session07.txt b/slides/_sources/presentations/session07.txt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..787bf014
--- /dev/null
+++ b/slides/_sources/presentations/session07.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1889 @@
+**********
+Session 07
+**********
+
+.. figure:: /_static/no_entry.jpg
+    :align: center
+    :width: 60%
+
+    By `Joel Kramer via Flickr`_
+
+.. _Joel Kramer via Flickr: https://www.flickr.com/photos/75001512@N00/2707796203
+
+Security And Deployment
+=======================
+
+.. rst-class:: left
+.. container::
+
+    By the end of this session we'll have deployed our learning journal to a
+    public server.
+
+    So we will need to add a bit of security to it.
+
+    We'll get started on that in a moment
+
+But First
+---------
+
+.. rst-class:: large center
+
+Questions About the Homework?
+
+.. nextslide:: A Working Edit Form
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    class EntryEditForm(EntryCreateForm):
+        id = HiddenField()
+
+`View the form online <https://github.com/cewing/training.python_web/blob/807a49f20fea1e7e7393347c82df47eff83f3210/resources/session07/forms.py#L25>`_
+
+.. nextslide:: A Working Edit View
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    @view_config(route_name='action', match_param='action=edit',
+                 renderer='templates/edit.jinja2')
+    def update(request):
+        id = int(request.params.get('id', -1))
+        entry = Entry.by_id(id)
+        if not entry:
+            return HTTPNotFound()
+        form = EntryEditForm(request.POST, entry)
+        if request.method == 'POST' and form.validate():
+            form.populate_obj(entry)
+            return HTTPFound(location=request.route_url('detail', id=entry.id))
+        return {'form': form, 'action': request.matchdict.get('action')}
+
+`See this view online <https://github.com/cewing/training.python_web/blob/807a49f20fea1e7e7393347c82df47eff83f3210/resources/session07/views.py#L43>`_
+
+.. nextslide:: Linking to the Edit Form
+
+.. code-block:: html+jinja
+
+    {% extends "layout.jinja2" %}
+    {% block body %}
+    <article>
+      <!-- ... -->
+    </article>
+    <p>
+      <a href="{{ request.route_url('home') }}">Go Back</a> ::
+      <a href="{{ request.route_url('action', action='edit', _query=(('id',entry.id),)) }}">
+        Edit Entry</a>
+    </p>
+    {% endblock %}
+
+
+`View this template online <https://github.com/cewing/training.python_web/blob/807a49f20fea1e7e7393347c82df47eff83f3210/resources/session07/detail.jinja2#L12>`_
+
+.. nextslide:: A Working User Model
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    class User(Base):
+        __tablename__ = 'users'
+        id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True)
+        name = Column(Unicode(255), unique=True, nullable=False)
+        password = Column(Unicode(255), nullable=False)
+
+        @classmethod
+        def by_name(cls, name):
+            return DBSession.query(cls).filter(cls.name == name).first()
+
+`View this model online <https://github.com/cewing/training.python_web/blob/807a49f20fea1e7e7393347c82df47eff83f3210/resources/session07/models.py#L62>`_
+
+Securing An Application
+=======================
+
+.. rst-class:: left
+.. container::
+
+    We've got a solid start on our learning journal.
+
+    .. rst-class:: build
+    .. container::
+
+        We can:
+
+        .. rst-class:: build
+
+        * view a list of entries
+        * view a single entry
+        * create a new entry
+        * edit existing entries
+
+        But so can everyone who visits the journal.
+
+        It's a recipe for **TOTAL CHAOS**
+
+        Let's lock it down a bit.
+
+
+AuthN and AuthZ
+---------------
+
+There are two aspects to the process of access control online.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    .. rst-class:: build
+
+    * **Authentication**: Verification of the identity of a *principal*
+    * **Authorization**: Enumeration of the rights of that *principal* in a
+      context.
+
+    Think of them as **Who Am I** and **What Can I Do**
+
+    All systems with access control involve both of these aspects.
+
+    But many systems wire them together as one.
+
+
+.. nextslide:: Pyramid Security
+
+In Pyramid these two aspects are handled by separate configuration settings:
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    .. rst-class:: build
+
+    * ``config.set_authentication_policy(AuthnPolicy())``
+    * ``config.set_authorization_policy(AuthzPolicy())``
+
+    If you set one, you must set the other.
+
+    Pyramid comes with a few policy classes included.
+
+    You can also roll your own, so long as they fulfill the requried interface.
+
+    You can learn about the interfaces for `authentication`_ and
+    `authorization`_ in the Pyramid documentation
+
+.. _authentication: http://docs.pylonsproject.org/projects/pyramid/en/latest/api/interfaces.html#pyramid.interfaces.IAuthenticationPolicy
+.. _authorization: http://docs.pylonsproject.org/projects/pyramid/en/latest/api/interfaces.html#pyramid.interfaces.IAuthorizationPolicy
+
+.. nextslide:: Our Journal Security
+
+We'll be using two built-in policies today:
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    .. rst-class:: build
+
+    * ``AuthTktAuthenticationPolicy``: sets an expirable
+      `authentication ticket`_ cookie.
+    * ``ACLAuthorizationPolicy``: uses an `Access Control List`_ to grant
+      permissions to *principals*
+
+    Our access control system will have the following properties:
+
+    .. rst-class:: build
+
+    * Everyone can view entries, and the list of all entries
+    * Users who log in may edit entries or create new ones
+
+.. _authentication ticket: http://docs.pylonsproject.org/docs/pyramid/en/latest/api/authentication.html#pyramid.authentication.AuthTktAuthenticationPolicy
+.. _Access Control List: http://docs.pylonsproject.org/docs/pyramid/en/latest/api/authorization.html#pyramid.authorization.ACLAuthorizationPolicy
+
+.. nextslide:: Engaging Security
+
+By default, Pyramid uses no security. We enable it through configuration.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    Open ``learning_journal/__init__.py`` and update it as follows:
+
+    .. code-block:: python
+
+        # add these imports
+        from pyramid.authentication import AuthTktAuthenticationPolicy
+        from pyramid.authorization import ACLAuthorizationPolicy
+        # and add this configuration:
+        def main(global_config, **settings):
+            # ...
+            # update building the configurator to pass in our policies
+            config = Configurator(
+                settings=settings,
+                authentication_policy=AuthTktAuthenticationPolicy('somesecret'),
+                authorization_policy=ACLAuthorizationPolicy(),
+                default_permission='view'
+            )
+            # ...
+
+.. nextslide:: Verify It Worked
+
+We've now informed our application that we want to use security.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    By default we require the 'view' permission to see anything.
+
+    But we have yet to assign *any permissions to anyone* at all.
+
+    Let's verify now that we are unable to see anything in the website.
+
+    Start your application, and try to view any page (You should get a 403
+    Forbidden error response):
+
+    .. code-block:: bash
+
+        (ljenv)$ pserve development.ini
+        Starting server in PID 84467.
+        serving on http://0.0.0.0:6543
+
+    .. rst-class:: build
+
+    * http://localhost:6543/
+    * http://localhost:6543/journal/1
+    * http://localhost:6543/journal/create
+    * http://localhost:6543/journal/edit?id=1
+
+Implementing Authz
+------------------
+
+Next we have to grant some permissions to principals.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    Pyramid authorization relies on a concept it calls "context".
+
+    A *principal* can be granted rights in a particular *context*
+
+    Context can be made as specific as a single persistent object
+
+    Or it can be generalized to a *route* or *view*
+
+    To have a context, we need a Python object called a *factory* that must
+    have an ``__acl__`` special attribute.
+
+    The framework will use this object to determine what permissions a
+    *principal* has
+
+    Let's create one
+
+.. nextslide:: Add ``security.py``
+
+In the same folder where you have ``models.py`` and ``views.py``, add a new
+file ``security.py``
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    .. code-block:: python
+
+        from pyramid.security import Allow, Everyone, Authenticated
+
+        class EntryFactory(object):
+            __acl__ = [
+                (Allow, Everyone, 'view'),
+                (Allow, Authenticated, 'create'),
+                (Allow, Authenticated, 'edit'),
+            ]
+            def __init__(self, request):
+                pass
+
+    The ``__acl__`` attribute of this object contains a list of *ACE*\ s
+
+    An *ACE* combines an *action* (Allow, Deny), a *principal* and a *permission*
+
+.. nextslide:: Using Our Context Factory
+
+Now that we have a factory that will provide context for permissions to work,
+we can tell our configuration to use it.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    Open ``learning_journal/__init__.py`` and update the route configuration
+    for our routes:
+
+    .. code-block:: python
+
+        # add an import at the top:
+        from .security import EntryFactory
+        # update the route configurations:
+        def main(global_config, **settings):
+            """ This function returns a Pyramid WSGI application.
+            """
+            # ... Add the factory keyword argument to our route configurations:
+            config.add_route('home', '/', factory=EntryFactory)
+            config.add_route('detail', '/journal/{id:\d+}', factory=EntryFactory)
+            config.add_route('action', '/journal/{action}', factory=EntryFactory)
+
+.. nextslide:: What We've Done
+
+We've now told our application we want a principal to have the *view*
+permission by default.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    And we've provided a factory to supply context and an ACL for each route.
+
+    Check our ACL. Who can view the home page?  The detail page?  The action
+    pages?
+
+    Pyramid allows us to set a *default_permission* for *all views*\ .
+
+    But view configuration allows us to require a different permission for *a view*\ .
+
+    Let's make our action views require appropriate permissions next
+
+.. nextslide:: Requiring Permissions for a View
+
+Open ``learning_journal/views.py``, and edit the ``@view_config`` for
+``create`` and ``update``:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    @view_config(route_name='action', match_param='action=create',
+                 renderer='templates/edit.jinja2',
+                 permission='create') # <-- ADD THIS
+    def create(request):
+        # ...
+
+    @view_config(route_name='action', match_param='action=edit',
+                 renderer='templates/edit.jinja2',
+                 permission='edit') # <-- ADD THIS
+    def update(request):
+        # ...
+
+.. nextslide:: Verify It Worked
+
+At this point, our "action" views should require permissions other than the
+default ``view``.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    Start your application and verify that it is true:
+
+    .. code-block:: bash
+
+        (ljenv)$ pserve development.ini
+        Starting server in PID 84467.
+        serving on http://0.0.0.0:6543
+
+    .. rst-class:: build
+
+    * http://localhost:6543/
+    * http://localhost:6543/journal/1
+    * http://localhost:6543/journal/create
+    * http://localhost:6543/journal/edit?id=1
+
+    You should get a ``403 Forbidden`` for the action pages only.
+
+Implement AuthN
+---------------
+
+Now that we have authorization implemented, we need to add authentication.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    By providing the system with an *authenticated user*, our ACEs for
+    ``Authenticated`` will apply.
+
+    We'll need to have a way for a user to prove who they are to the
+    satisfaction of the system.
+
+    The most common way of handling this is through a *username* and
+    *password*.
+
+    A person provides both in an html form.
+
+    When the form is submitted, the system seeks a user with that name, and
+    compares the passwords.
+
+    If there is no such user, or the password does not match, authentication
+    fails.
+
+.. nextslide:: An Example
+
+Let's imagine that Alice wants to authenticate with our website.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    Her username is ``alice`` and her password is ``s3cr3t``.
+
+    She fills these out in a form on our website and submits the form.
+
+    Our website looks for a ``User`` object in the database with the username
+    ``alice``.
+
+    Let's imagine that there is one, so our site next compares the value she
+    sent for her *password* to the value stored in the database.
+
+    If her stored password is also ``s3cr3t``, then she is who she says she is.
+
+    All set, right?
+
+.. nextslide:: Encryption
+
+The problem here is that the value we've stored for her password is in ``plain
+text``.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    This means that anyone could potentially steal our database and have access
+    to all our users' passwords.
+
+    Instead, we should *encrypt* her password with a strong one-way hash.
+
+    Then we can store the hashed value.
+
+    When she provides the plain text password to us, we *encrypt* it the same
+    way, and compare the result to the stored value.
+
+    If they match, then we know the value she provided is the same we used to
+    create the stored hash.
+
+.. nextslide:: Adding Encryption
+
+Python provides a number of libraries for implementing strong encryption.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    You should always use a well-known library for encryption.
+
+    We'll use a good one called `Passlib`_.
+
+    This library provides a number of different algorithms and a *context* that
+    implements a simple interface for each.
+
+    .. code-block:: python
+
+        from passlib.context import CryptContext
+        password_context = CryptContext(schemes=['pbkdf2_sha512'])
+        hashed = password_context.encrypt('password')
+        if password_context.verify('password', hashed):
+            print "It matched"
+
+.. _Passlib: https://pythonhosted.org/passlib/
+
+.. nextslide:: Install Passlib
+
+To install a new package as a dependency, we add the package to our list in
+``setup.py``.
+
+``Passlib`` provides a large number of different hashing schemes.  Some (like
+``bcrypt``) require underlying ``C`` extensions to be compiled. If you do not
+have a ``C`` compiler, these extensions will be disabled.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    .. code-block:: python
+
+        requires = [
+          ...
+          'wtforms',
+          'passlib',
+        ]
+
+    Then, we re-install our package to pick up the new dependency:
+
+    .. code-block:: bash
+
+        (ljenv)$ python setup.py develop
+
+    *note* if you have a c compiler installed but not the Python dev headers,
+    this may not work.  Let me know if you get errors.
+
+.. nextslide:: Using Passlib
+
+As noted above, the passlib library uses a ``context`` object to manage
+passwords.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    This object supports a lot of functionality, but the only API we care about
+    for this project is encrypting and verifying passwords.
+
+    We'll create a single, global context to be used by our project.
+
+    Since the ``User`` class is the component in our system that should have
+    the responsibility for password interactions, we'll create our context in
+    the same place it is defined.
+
+    In ``learning_journal/models.py`` add the following code:
+
+    .. code-block:: python
+    
+        # add an import at the top
+        from passlib.context import CryptContext
+
+        # then lower down, make a context at module scope:
+        password_context = CryptContext(schemes=['pbkdf2_sha512'])
+
+
+.. nextslide:: Comparing Passwords
+
+Now that we have a context object available, let's write an instance method for
+our ``User`` class that uses it to verify a plaintext password:
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    Again, in ``learning_journal/models.py`` add the following to the ``User``
+    class:
+
+    .. code-block:: python
+
+        # add this method to the User class:
+        class User(Base):
+            # ...
+            def verify_password(self, password):
+                return password_context.verify(password, self.password)
+
+.. nextslide:: Create a User
+
+We'll also need to have a user for our system.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    We can use the database initialization script to create one for us.
+
+    Open ``learning_journal/scripts/initialzedb.py``:
+
+    .. code-block:: python
+
+        from learning_journal.models import password_context
+        from learning_journal.models import User
+        # and update the main function like so:
+        def main(argv=sys.argv):
+            # ...
+            with transaction.manager:
+                # replace the code to create a MyModel instance
+                encrypted = password_context.encrypt('admin')
+                admin = User(name='admin', password=encrypted)
+                DBSession.add(admin)
+
+.. nextslide:: Rebuild the Database:
+
+In order to get our user created, we'll need to delete our database and
+re-build it.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    Make sure you are in the folder where ``setup.py`` appears.
+
+    Then remove the sqlite database:
+
+    .. code-block:: bash
+
+        (ljenv)$ rm *.sqlite
+
+    And re-initialize:
+
+    .. code-block:: bash
+
+        (ljenv)$ initialize_learning_journal_db development.ini
+        ...
+        2015-01-17 16:43:55,237 INFO  [sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine][MainThread]
+          INSERT INTO users (name, password) VALUES (?, ?)
+        2015-01-17 16:43:55,237 INFO  [sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine][MainThread]
+          ('admin', '$2a$10$4Z6RVNhTE21mPLJW5VeiVe0EG57gN/HOb7V7GUwIr4n1vE.wTTTzy')
+
+Providing Login UI
+------------------
+
+We now have a user in our database with a strongly encrypted password.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    We also have a method on our user model that will verify a supplied
+    password against this encrypted version.
+
+    We must now provide a view that lets us log in to our application.
+
+    We start by adding a new *route* to our configuration in
+    ``learning_journal/__init__.py``:
+
+    .. code-block:: python
+
+        config.add_rount('action' ...)
+        # ADD THIS
+        config.add_route('auth', '/sign/{action}', factory=EntryFactory)
+
+.. nextslide:: A Login Form
+
+It would be nice to use the form library again to make a login form.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    Open ``learning_journal/forms.py`` and add the following:
+
+    .. code-block:: python
+
+        # add an import:
+        from wtforms import PasswordField
+        # and a new form class
+        class LoginForm(Form):
+            username = TextField(
+                'Username', [validators.Length(min=1, max=255)]
+            )
+            password = PasswordField(
+                'Password', [validators.Length(min=1, max=255)]
+            )
+
+
+.. nextslide:: Login View in ``learning_journal/views.py``
+
+.. ifnotslides::
+
+    Next, we'll create a login view in ``learning_journal/views.py``
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    # new imports:
+    from pyramid.security import forget, remember
+    from .forms import LoginForm
+    from .models import User
+    # and a new view
+    @view_config(route_name='auth', match_param='action=in', renderer='string',
+         request_method='POST')
+    def sign_in(request):
+        login_form = None
+        if request.method == 'POST':
+            login_form = LoginForm(request.POST)
+        if login_form and login_form.validate():
+            user = User.by_name(login_form.username.data)
+            if user and user.verify_password(login_form.password.data):
+                headers = remember(request, user.name)
+            else:
+                headers = forget(request)
+        else:
+            headers = forget(request)
+        return HTTPFound(location=request.route_url('home'), headers=headers)
+
+.. nextslide:: Where's the Renderer?
+
+Notice that this view doesn't render anything. No matter what, you end up
+returning to the ``home`` route.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    We have to incorporate our login form somewhere.
+
+    The home page seems like a good place.
+
+    But we don't want to show it all the time.
+
+    Only when we aren't logged in already.
+
+    Let's give that a whirl.
+
+.. nextslide:: Updating ``index_page``
+
+Pyramid security provides a method that returns the id of the user who is
+logged in, if any.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    We can use that to update our home page in ``learning_journal/views.py``:
+
+    .. code-block:: python
+
+        # add an import:
+        from pyramid.security import authenticated_userid
+
+        # and update the index_page view:
+        @view_config(...)
+        def index_page(request):
+            # ... get all entries here
+            form = None
+            if not authenticated_userid(request):
+                form = LoginForm()
+            return {'entries': entries, 'login_form': form}
+
+.. nextslide:: Update ``list.jinja2``
+
+Now we have to update the template for the ``index_page`` to display the form, *if it is there*
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    .. code-block:: jinja
+
+        {% block body %}
+        {% if login_form %}
+        <aside><form action="{{ request.route_url('auth', action='in') }}" method="POST">
+          {% for field in login_form %}
+            {% if field.errors %}
+              <ul>{% for error in field.errors %}
+                <li>{{ error }}</li>
+              {% endfor %}</ul>
+            {% endif %}
+              <p>{{ field.label }}: {{ field }}</p>
+          {% endfor %}
+          <p><input type="submit" name="Log In" value="Log In"/></p>
+        </form></aside>
+        {% endif %}
+        {% if entries %}
+        ...
+
+.. nextslide:: Try It Out
+
+We should be ready at this point.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    Fire up your application and see it in action:
+
+    .. code-block:: bash
+
+        (ljenv)$ pserve development.ini
+        Starting server in PID 84467.
+        serving on http://0.0.0.0:6543
+
+    Load the home page and see your login form:
+
+    * http://localhost:6543/
+      
+    Fill it in and submit the form, verify that you can add a new entry.
+
+.. nextslide:: Break Time
+
+That's enough for now.  We have a working application.
+
+When we return, we'll deploy it.
+
+
+Deploying An Application
+========================
+
+.. rst-class:: left
+.. container::
+
+    Now that we have a working application, our next step is to deploy it.
+
+    .. rst-class:: build
+    .. container::
+
+        This will allow us to interact with the application in a live setting.
+
+        We will be able to see the application from any computer, and can share
+        it with friends and family.
+
+        To do this, we'll be using one of the most popular platforms for
+        deploying web applications today, `Heroku`_.
+
+.. _Heroku: http://heroku.com
+
+Heroku
+------
+
+.. figure:: /_static/heroku-logo.png
+    :align: center
+    :width: 40%
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    Heroku provides all the infrastructure needed to run many types of
+    applications.
+
+    It also provides `add-on services`_ that support everything from analytics
+    to payment processing.
+
+    Elaborate applications deployed on Heroku can be quite expensive.
+
+    But for simple applications like our learning journal, the price is just
+    right: **free**
+
+.. _add-on services: https://addons.heroku.com
+
+.. nextslide:: How Heroku Works
+
+Heroku is predicated on interaction with a git repository.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    You initialize a new Heroku app in a repository on your machine.
+
+    This adds Heroku as a *remote* to your repository.
+
+    When you are ready to deploy your application, you ``git push heroku
+    master``.
+
+    Adding a few special files to your repository allows Heroku to tell what
+    kind of application you are creating.
+
+    It responds to your push by running an appropriate build process and then
+    starting your app with a command you provide.
+
+Preparing to Run Your App
+-------------------------
+
+In order for Heroku to deploy your application, it has to have a command it can
+run from a standard shell.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    We could use the ``pserve`` command we've been using locally, but the
+    server it uses is designed for development.
+
+    It's not really suitable for a public deployment.
+
+    Instead we'll use a more robust, production-ready server that came as one
+    of our dependencies: `waitress`_.
+
+    We'll start by creating a python file that can be executed to start the
+    ``waitress`` server.
+
+.. _waitress: http://waitress.readthedocs.org/en/latest/
+
+.. nextslide:: Creating ``runapp.py``
+
+At the very top level of your application project, in the same folder where you
+find ``setup.py``, create a new file: ``runapp.py``
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    import os
+    from paste.deploy import loadapp
+    from waitress import serve
+
+    if __name__ == "__main__":
+        port = int(os.environ.get("PORT", 5000))
+        app = loadapp('config:production.ini', relative_to='.')
+
+        serve(app, host='0.0.0.0', port=port)
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    Once this exists, you can try running your app with it:
+
+    .. code-block:: bash
+
+        (ljenv)$ python runapp.py
+        serving on http://0.0.0.0:5000
+
+.. nextslide:: Running Via Shell
+
+This would be enough, but we also want to *install* our application as a Python
+package.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    This will ensure that the dependencies for the application are installed.
+
+    Add a new file called simply ``run`` in the same folder:
+
+    .. code-block:: bash
+
+        #!/bin/bash
+        python setup.py develop
+        python runapp.py
+
+    The first line of this file will install our application and its
+    dependencies.
+
+    The second line will execute the server script.
+
+.. nextslide:: Build the Database
+
+We'll need to do the same thing for initializing the database.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    Create another new file called ``build_db`` in the same folder:
+
+    .. code-block:: bash
+
+        #!/bin/bash
+        python setup.py develop
+        initialize_learning_journal_db production.ini
+
+    Now, add ``run``, ``build_db`` and ``runapp.py`` to your repository and
+    commit the changes.
+
+.. nextslide:: Make it Executable
+
+For Heroku to use them, ``run`` and ``build_db`` must be *executable*
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    For OSX and Linux users this is easy (do the same for ``run`` and
+    ``build_db``):
+
+    .. code-block:: bash
+
+        (ljenv)$ chmod 755 run
+
+    Windows users, if you have ``git-bash``, you can do the same
+
+    For the rest of you, try this (for both ``run`` and ``build_db``):
+
+    .. code-block:: posh
+
+        C:\views\myproject>git ls-tree HEAD
+        ...
+        100644 blob 55c0287d4ef21f15b97eb1f107451b88b479bffe    run
+        C:\views\myproject>git update-index --chmod=+x run
+        C:\views\myproject>git ls-tree HEAD
+        100755 blob 3689ebe2a18a1c8ec858cf531d8c0ec34c8405b4    run
+
+    Commit your changes to git to make them permanent.
+
+
+.. nextslide:: Procfile
+
+Next, we have to inform Heroku that we will be using this script to run our
+application online
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    Heroku uses a special file called ``Procfile`` to do this.
+
+    Add that file now, in the same directory.
+
+    .. code-block:: bash
+
+        web: ./run
+
+    This file tells Heroku that we have one ``web`` process to run, and that it
+    is the ``run`` script located right here.
+
+    Providing the ``./`` at the start of the file name allows the shell to
+    execute scripts that are not on the system PATH.
+
+    Add this new file to your repository and commit it.
+
+
+.. nextslide:: Select a Python Version
+
+By default, Heroku uses the latest update of Python version 2.7 for any Python
+app.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    You can override this and specify any runtime version of Python 
+    `available in Heroku`_.
+    
+    Just add a file called ``runtime.txt`` to your repository, with one line
+    only:
+
+    .. code-block:: ini
+    
+        python-3.5.0
+
+    Create that file, add it to your repository, and commit the changes.
+
+.. _available in Heroku: https://devcenter.heroku.com/articles/python-runtimes#supported-python-runtimes
+
+
+Set Up a Heroku App
+-------------------
+
+The next step is to create a new app with heroku.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    You installed the Heroku toolbelt prior to class.
+
+    The toolbelt provides a command to create a new app.
+
+    From the root of your project (where the ``setup.py`` file is) run:
+
+    .. code-block:: bash
+
+        (ljenv)$ heroku create
+        Creating rocky-atoll-9934... done, stack is cedar-14
+        https://rocky-atoll-9934.herokuapp.com/ | https://git.heroku.com/rocky-atoll-9934.git
+        Git remote heroku added
+
+    Note that a new *remote* called ``heroku`` has been added:
+
+    .. code-block:: bash
+
+        $ git remote -v
+        heroku  https://git.heroku.com/rocky-atoll-9934.git (fetch)
+        heroku  https://git.heroku.com/rocky-atoll-9934.git (push)
+
+.. nextslide:: Adding PostgreSQL
+
+Your application will require a database, but ``sqlite`` is not really
+appropriate for production.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    For the deployed app, you'll use `PostgreSQL`_, the best open-source
+    database.
+
+    Heroku `provides an add-on`_ that supports PostgreSQL, and you'll need to
+    set it up.
+
+    Again, use the Heroku Toolbelt:
+
+    .. code-block:: bash
+
+        $ heroku addons:create heroku-postgresql:hobby-dev
+        Creating postgresql-amorphous-6784... done, (free)
+        Adding postgresql-amorphous-6784 to rocky-atoll-9934... done
+        Setting DATABASE_URL and restarting rocky-atoll-9934... done, v3
+        Database has been created and is available
+         ! This database is empty. If upgrading, you can transfer
+         ! data from another database with pg:copy
+        Use `heroku addons:docs heroku-postgresql` to view documentation.
+
+.. _PostgreSQL: http://www.postgresql.org
+.. _provides an add-on: https://www.heroku.com/postgres
+
+.. nextslide:: PostgreSQL Settings
+
+You can get information about the status of your PostgreSQL service with the
+toolbelt:
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    .. code-block:: bash
+
+        (ljenv)$ heroku pg
+        === DATABASE_URL
+        Plan:        Hobby-dev
+        ...
+        Data Size:   6.4 MB
+        Tables:      0
+        Rows:        0/10000 (In compliance)
+
+    And there is also information about the configuration for the database (and
+    your app):
+
+    .. code-block:: bash
+
+        (ljenv)$ heroku config
+        === rocky-atoll-9934 Config Vars
+        DATABASE_URL:                 postgres://<username>:<password>@<domain>:<port>/<database-name>
+
+Configuration for Heroku
+------------------------
+
+Notice that the configuration for our application on Heroku provides a specific
+database URL.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    We could copy this value and paste it into our ``production.ini``
+    configuration file.
+
+    But if we do that, then we will be storing that value in GitHub, where
+    anyone at all can see it.
+
+    That's not particularly secure.
+
+    Luckily, Heroku provides configuration like the database URL in
+    *environment variables* that we can read in Python.
+
+    In fact, we've already done this with our ``runapp.py`` script:
+
+    .. code-block:: python
+
+        port = int(os.environ.get("PORT", 5000))
+
+.. nextslide:: Adjusting Our DB Configuration
+
+The Python standard library provides ``os.environ`` to allow access to
+*environment variables* from Python code.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    This attribute is a dictionary keyed by the name of the variable.
+
+    We can use it to gain access to configuration provided by Heroku.
+
+    Update ``learning_journal/__init__.py`` like so:
+
+    .. code-block:: python
+
+        # import the os module:
+        import os
+        # then look up the value we need for the database url
+        def main(global_config, **settings):
+            # ...
+            if 'DATABASE_URL' in os.environ:
+                settings['sqlalchemy.url'] = os.environ['DATABASE_URL']
+            engine = engine_from_config(settings, 'sqlalchemy.')
+            # ...
+
+.. nextslide:: Adjust ``initializedb.py``
+
+We'll need to make the same changes to
+``learning_journal/scripts/initializedb.py``:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    def main(argv=sys.argv):
+        # ...
+        settings = get_appsettings(config_uri, options=options)
+        if 'DATABASE_URL' in os.environ:
+            settings['sqlalchemy.url'] = os.environ['DATABASE_URL']
+        engine = engine_from_config(settings, 'sqlalchemy.')
+        # ...
+
+.. nextslide:: Additional Security
+
+This mechanism allows us to defer other sensitive values such as the password
+for our initial user:
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    .. code-block:: python
+
+        # in learning_journal/scripts/initializedb.py
+        with transaction.manager:
+            password = os.environ.get('ADMIN_PASSWORD', 'admin')
+            encrypted = password_context.encrypt(password)
+            admin = User(name=u'admin', password=encrypted)
+            DBSession.add(admin)
+
+    And for the secret value for our AuthTktAuthenticationPolicy
+
+    .. code-block:: python
+
+        # in learning_journal/__init__.py
+        def main(global_config, **settings):
+            # ...
+            secret = os.environ.get('AUTH_SECRET', 'somesecret')
+            ...
+            authentication_policy=AuthTktAuthenticationPolicy(secret)
+            # ...
+
+.. nextslide:: Heroku Config
+
+We will now be looking for three values from the OS environment:
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+
+* DATABASE_URL
+* ADMIN_PASSWORD
+* AUTH_SECRET
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    The ``DATABASE_URL`` value is set for us by the PosgreSQL add-on.
+
+    But the other two are not.  We must set them ourselves using ``heroku
+    config:set``:
+
+    .. code-block:: bash
+
+        (ljenv)$ heroku config:set ADMIN_PASSWORD=<your password>
+        ...
+        (ljenv)$ heroku config:set AUTH_SECRET=<a long random string>
+        ...
+
+.. nextslide:: Checking Configuration
+
+You can see the values that you have set at any time using ``heroku config``:
+
+.. code-block:: bash
+
+    (ljenv)$ heroku config
+    === rocky-atoll-9934 Config Vars
+    ADMIN_PASSWORD:               <your password>
+    AUTH_SECRET:                  <your auth secret value>
+    DATABASE_URL:                 <your db URL>
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    These values are sent and received using secure transport.
+
+    You do not need to worry about them being intercepted.
+
+    This mechanism allows you to place important configuration values outside
+    the code for your application.
+
+.. nextslide:: Installing Dependencies
+
+We've been handling our application's dependencies by adding them to
+``setup.py``.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    It's a good idea to install all of these before attempting to run our app.
+
+    The ``pip`` package manager allows us to dump a list of the packages we've
+    installed in a virtual environment using the ``freeze`` command:
+
+    .. code-block:: bash
+    
+        (ljenv)$ pip freeze
+        ...
+        zope.interface==4.1.3
+        zope.sqlalchemy==0.7.6
+
+    We can tell heroku to install these dependencies by creating a file called
+    ``requirements.txt`` at the root of our project repository:
+
+    .. code-block:: bash
+    
+        (ljenv)$ pip freeze > requirements.txt
+
+    Add this file to your repository and commit the changes.
+
+
+.. nextslide:: Heroku-specific Dependencies
+
+But there is also a new dependency we've added that is only needed for Heroku.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    Because we are using a PostgreSQL database, we need to install the
+    ``psycopg2`` package, which handles communicating with the database.
+
+    We don't want to install this locally, though, where we use sqlite.
+
+    Go ahead and add one more line to ``requirements.txt`` with the latest
+    version of the ``pyscopg2`` package:
+
+    .. code-block:: bash
+
+        psycopg2==2.6.1
+
+    Commit the change to your repository.
+
+Deployment
+----------
+
+We are now ready to deploy our application.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    All we need to do is push our repository to the ``heroku`` master:
+
+    .. code-block:: bash
+
+        (ljenv)$ git push heroku master
+        ...
+        remote: Building source:
+        remote:
+        remote: -----> Python app detected
+        ...
+        remote: Verifying deploy... done.
+        To https://git.heroku.com/rocky-atoll-9934.git
+           b59b7c3..54f7e4d  master -> master
+
+.. nextslide:: Using ``heroku run``
+
+You can use the ``run`` command to execute arbitrary commands in the Heroku
+environment.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    You can use this to initialize the database, using the shell script you
+    created earlier:
+
+    .. code-block:: bash
+
+        (ljenv)$ heroku run ./build_db
+        ...
+
+    This will install our application and then run the database initialization
+    script.
+
+.. nextslide:: Test Your Results
+
+At this point, you should be ready to view your application online.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    Use the ``open`` command from heroku to open your website in a browser:
+
+    .. code-block:: bash
+
+        (ljenv)$ heroku open
+
+    If you don't see your application, check to see if it is running:
+
+    .. code-block:: bash
+
+        (ljenv)$ heroku ps
+        === web (1X): `./run`
+        web.1: up 2015/01/18 16:44:37 (~ 31m ago)
+
+    If you get no results, use the ``scale`` command to try turning on a web
+    *dyno*:
+
+    .. code-block:: bash
+
+        (ljenv)$ heroku scale web=1
+        Scaling dynos... done, now running web at 1:1X.
+
+.. nextslide:: A Word About Scaling
+
+Heroku pricing is dependent on the number of *dynos* you are running.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    So long as you only run one dyno per application, you will remain in the
+    free tier.
+
+    Scaling above one dyno will begin to incur costs.
+
+    **Pay attention to the number of dynos you have running**.
+
+.. nextslide:: Troubleshooting
+
+Troubleshooting problems with Heroku deployment can be challenging.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    Your most powerful tool is the ``logs`` command:
+
+    .. code-block:: bash
+
+        (ljenv)$ heroku logs
+        ...
+        2015-01-19T01:17:59.443720+00:00 app[web.1]: serving on http://0.0.0.0:53843
+        2015-01-19T01:17:59.505003+00:00 heroku[web.1]: State changed from starting to update
+
+    This command will print the last 50 or so lines of logging from your
+    application.
+
+    You can use the ``-t`` flag to *tail* the logs.
+
+    This will continually update log entries to your terminal as you interact
+    with the application.
+
+.. nextslide:: Revel In Your Glory
+
+Try logging in to your application with the password you set up in Heroku
+configuration.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    Once you are logged in, try adding an entry or two.
+
+    You are now off to the races!
+
+    .. rst-class:: center
+
+    **Congratulations**
+
+Adding Polish
+=============
+
+.. rst-class:: left
+.. container::
+
+    So we have now deployed a running application.
+
+    .. rst-class:: build
+    .. container::
+
+        But there are a number of things we can do to make the application
+        better.
+
+        Let's start by adding a way to log out.
+
+
+Adding Logout
+-------------
+
+Our ``login`` view is already set up to work for logout.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    What is the logical path taken if that view is accessed via ``GET``?
+
+    All we need to do is add a view_config that allows that.
+
+    Open ``learning_journal/views.py`` and make these changes:
+
+    .. code-block:: python
+
+        @view_config(route_name='auth', match_param='action=in', renderer='string',
+                 request_method='POST') # <-- THIS IS ALREADY THERE
+        # ADD THE FOLLOWING LINE
+        @view_config(route_name='auth', match_param='action=out', renderer='string')
+        # UPDATE THE VIEW FUNCTION NAME
+        def sign_in_out(request):
+            # ...
+
+.. nextslide:: Re-Deploy
+
+The chief advantage of Heroku is that we can re-deploy with a single command.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    Add and commit your changes to git.
+
+    Then re-deploy by pushing to the ``heroku master``:
+
+    .. code-block:: bash
+
+        (ljenv)$ git push heroku master
+
+    Once that completes, you should be able to reload your application in the
+    browser.
+
+    Visit the following URL path to test log out:
+
+    * /sign/out
+
+Hide UI for Anonymous
+---------------------
+
+Another improvement we can make is to hide UI that is not available for users
+who are not logged in.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    The first step is to update our ``detail`` view to tell us if someone is
+    logged in:
+
+    .. code-block:: python
+
+        # learning_journal/views.py
+        @view_config(route_name='detail', renderer='templates/detail.jinja2')
+        def view(request):
+            # ...
+            logged_in = authenticated_userid(request)
+            return {'entry': entry, 'logged_in': logged_in}
+
+    The ``authenticated_userid`` function returns the id of the logged in user,
+    if there is one, and ``None`` if there is not.
+
+    We can use that.
+
+.. nextslide:: Hide "Create Entry" UI
+
+First we can hide the UI for creating a new entry:
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    Edit ``templates/list.jinja2``:
+
+    .. code-block:: jinja
+
+        {% extends "layout.jinja2" %}
+        {% block body %}
+        <!-- ... ADD THE IF TAGS BELOW -->
+        {% if not login_form %}
+        <p><a href="{{ request.route_url('action', action='create') }}">New Entry</a></p>
+        {% endif %}
+        {% endblock %}
+
+    This relies on the fact that the login form will only be present if there
+    is **not** an authenticated user.
+
+.. nextslide:: Hide "Edit Entry" UI
+
+Next, we can hide the UI for editing an existing entry:
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    Edit ``templates/detail.jinja2``:
+
+    .. code-block:: jinja
+
+        {% extends "layout.jinja2" %}
+        {% block body %}
+        <!-- ... WRAP THE EDIT LINK -->
+        <p>
+          <a href="{{ request.route_url('home') }}">Go Back</a>
+          {% if logged_in %}
+          ::
+          <a href="{{ request.route_url('action', action='edit', _query=(('id',entry.id),)) }}">
+            Edit Entry</a>
+          {% endif %}
+        </p>
+        {% endblock %}
+
+Format Entries
+--------------
+
+It would be nice if our journal entries could have HTML formatting.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    We could write HTML by hand in the body field, but that'd be a pain.
+
+    Instead, let's allow ourselves to write entries `in Markdown`_, a popular
+    markup syntax used by GitHub and many other websites.
+
+    .. _in Markdown: http://daringfireball.net/projects/markdown/syntax
+
+    Python provides several libraries that implement markdown formatting.
+
+    They will take text that contains markdown formatting and convert it to
+    HTML.
+
+    Let's use one.
+
+.. nextslide:: Adding the Dependency
+
+The first step, is to pick a package and add it to our dependencies.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    My recommendation is the `markdown`_ python library.
+
+    Open ``setup.py`` and add the package to the ``requires`` list:
+
+    .. code-block:: python
+
+        requires = [
+            # ...
+            'cryptacular',
+            'markdown', # <-- ADD THIS
+            ]
+
+    We'll test this locally first, so go ahead and re-install your app:
+
+    .. code-block:: bash
+
+        (ljenv)$ python setup.py develop
+        ...
+        Finished processing dependencies for learning-journal==0.0
+
+.. _markdown: https://pythonhosted.org/Markdown/
+
+.. nextslide:: Jinja2 Filters
+
+We've seen before how Jinja2 provides a number of filters for values when
+rendering templates.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    A nice feature of the templating language is that it also allows you to
+    `create your own filters`_.
+
+    Remember the template syntax for a filter:
+
+    .. code-block:: jinja
+
+        {{ value|filter(arg1, ..., argN) }}
+
+    A filter is simply a function that takes the value to the left of the ``|``
+    character as a first argument, and any supplied arguments as the second and
+    beyond:
+
+    .. code-block:: python
+
+        def filter(value, arg1, ..., argN):
+            # do something to value here
+
+.. _create your own filters: http://jinja.pocoo.org/docs/dev/api/#custom-filters
+
+.. nextslide:: Our Markdown Filter
+
+Creating a ``markdown`` filter will allow us to convert plain text stored in
+the database to HTML at template rendering time.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    Open ``learning_journal/views.py`` and add the following:
+
+    .. code-block:: python
+
+        # add two imports:
+        from jinja2 import Markup
+        import markdown
+        # and a function
+        def render_markdown(content):
+            output = Markup(markdown.markdown(content))
+            return output
+
+    The ``Markup`` class from jinja2 marks a string with HTML tags as "safe".
+
+    This prevents the tags from being *escaped* when they are rendered into a
+    page.
+
+.. nextslide:: Register the Filter
+
+In order for ``Jinja2`` to be aware that our filter exists, we need to register
+it.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    In Pyramid, we do this in configuration.
+
+    Open ``development.ini`` and edit it as follows:
+
+    .. code-block:: ini
+
+        [app:main]
+        ...
+        jinja2.filters =
+            markdown = learning_journal.views.render_markdown
+
+    This informs the main app that we wish to register a jinja2 filter.
+
+    We will call it ``markdown`` and it will be embodied by the function we
+    just wrote.
+
+.. nextslide:: Use Your Filter
+
+To see the results of our work, we'll need to use the filter in a template
+somewhere.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    I suggest using it in the ``learning_journal/templates/detail.jinja2``
+    template:
+
+    .. code-block:: jinja
+
+        {% extends "layout.jinja2" %}
+        {% block body %}
+        <article>
+          <!-- EDIT THIS LINE -->
+          <p>{{ entry.body|markdown }}</p>
+          <!-- -->
+        </article>
+        <p>
+        <!-- -->
+        {% endblock %}
+
+.. nextslide:: Test Your Results
+
+Start up your application, and create an entry using valid markdown formatting:
+
+.. code-block:: bash
+
+    (ljenv)$ pserve development.ini
+    Starting server in PID 84331.
+    serving on http://0.0.0.0:6543
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    Once you save your entry, you should be able to see it with actual
+    formatting: headers, bulleted lists, links, and so on.
+
+    That makes quite a difference.
+
+    Go ahead and add the same filter registration to ``production.ini``
+
+    Then commit your changes and redeploy:
+
+    .. code-block:: bash
+
+        (ljenv)$ git push heroku master
+
+
+Syntax Highlighting
+-------------------
+
+The purpose of this journal is to allow you to write entries about the things
+you learn in this class and elsewhere.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    Markdown formatting allows for "preformatted" blocks of text like code
+    samples.
+
+    But there is nothing in markdown that handles *colorizing* code.
+
+    Luckily, the markdown package allows for extensions, and one of these
+    supports `colorization`_.
+
+    It requires the `pygments`_ library
+
+    Let's set this up next.
+
+.. _colorization: https://pythonhosted.org/Markdown/extensions/code_hilite.html
+.. _pygments: http://pygments.org
+
+.. nextslide:: Install the Dependency
+
+Again, we need to install our new dependency first.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    Add the following to ``requires`` in ``setup.py``:
+
+    .. code-block:: python
+
+        requires = [
+            # ...
+            'markdown',
+            'pygments', # <-- ADD THIS LINE
+            ]
+
+    Then re-install your app to pick up the software:
+
+    .. code-block:: bash
+
+        (ljenv)$ python setup.py develop
+        ...
+        Finished processing dependencies for learning-journal==0.0
+
+.. nextslide:: Add to Our Filter
+
+The next step is to extend our markdown filter in ``learning_journal/views.py``
+with this feature.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    .. code-block:: python
+
+        def render_markdown(content):
+            output = Markup(
+                markdown.markdown(
+                    content,
+                    extensions=['codehilite(pygments_style=colorful)', 'fenced_code']
+                )
+            )
+            return output
+
+    Now, you'll be able to make highlighted code blocks just like in GitHub:
+
+    .. code-block:: text
+
+        ```python
+        def foo(x, y):
+            return x**y
+        ```
+
+.. nextslide:: Add CSS
+
+Code highlighting works by putting HTML ``<span>`` tags with special CSS
+classes around bits of your code.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    We need to generate and add the css to support this.
+
+    You can use the ``pygmentize`` command from pygments to
+    `generate the css`_.
+
+    Make sure you are in the directory with ``setup.py`` when you run this:
+
+    .. code-block:: bash
+    
+        (ljenv)$ pygmentize -f html -S colorful -a .codehilite \
+             >> learning_journal/static/styles.css
+
+    The styles will be printed to standard out.
+
+    The ``>>`` shell operator *appends* the output to the file named.
+
+.. _generate the css: http://pygments.org/docs/cmdline/#generating-styles
+
+.. nextslide::  Try It Out
+
+Go ahead and restart your application and see the difference a little style
+makes:
+
+.. code-block:: bash
+
+    (ljenv)$ pserve development.ini
+    Starting server in PID 84331.
+    serving on http://0.0.0.0:6543
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    Try writing an entry with a little Python code in it.
+
+    Python is not the only language available.
+
+    Any syntax covered by `pygments lexers`_ is available, just use the
+    *shortname* from a lexer to get that type of style highlighting.
+
+.. _pygments lexers: http://pygments.org/docs/lexers/
+
+.. nextslide:: Deploy Your Changes
+
+When you've got this working as you wish, go ahead and deploy it.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    Add and commit all the changes you've made.
+
+    Then push your results to the ``heroku master``:
+
+    .. code-block:: bash
+    
+        (ljenv)$ git push heroku master
+
+Homework
+========
+
+.. rst-class:: left
+.. container::
+
+    That's just about enough for now.
+
+    .. rst-class:: build
+    .. container::
+
+        There's no homework for you to submit this week. You've worked hard enough.
+
+        Take the week to review what we've done and make sure you have a solid
+        understanding of it.
+
+        If you wish, play with HTML and CSS to make your journal more personalized.
+
+        However, in preparation for our work with Django next week, I'd like you to
+        get started a bit ahead of time.
+
+        Please read and follow along with this `basic intro to Django`_.
+
+        .. rst-class:: centered
+
+        **See You Then**
+
+.. _basic intro to Django: django_intro.html
diff --git a/slides/_sources/presentations/session08.txt b/slides/_sources/presentations/session08.txt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..76a08bb7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/slides/_sources/presentations/session08.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1522 @@
+**********
+Session 08
+**********
+
+.. figure:: /_static/django-pony.png
+    :align: center
+    :width: 60%
+
+    image: http://djangopony.com/
+
+Building a Django Application
+=============================
+
+.. rst-class:: large
+
+Wherein we build a simple blogging app.
+
+
+A Full Stack Framework
+----------------------
+
+Django comes with:
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    .. rst-class:: build
+
+    * Persistence via the *Django ORM*
+    * CRUD content editing via the automatic *Django Admin*
+    * URL Mapping via *urlpatterns*
+    * Templating via the *Django Template Language*
+    * Caching with levels of configurability
+    * Internationalization via i18n hooks
+    * Form rendering and handling
+    * User authentication and authorization
+
+    Pretty much everything you need to make a solid website quickly
+
+.. nextslide:: What Sets it Apart?
+
+Lots of frameworks offer some of these features, if not all.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    What is Django's *killer feature*
+
+    .. rst-class:: centered
+
+    **The Django Admin**
+
+.. nextslide:: The Django Admin
+
+Works in concert with the Django ORM to provide automatic CRUD functionality
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    You write the models, it provides the UI
+
+    You've seen this in action. Pretty neat, eh?
+
+.. nextslide:: The Pareto Principle
+
+The Django Admin is a great example of the Pareto Priciple, a.k.a. the 80/20
+rule:
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    .. rst-class:: centered
+
+    **80% of the problems can be solved by 20% of the effort**
+
+    The converse also holds true:
+
+    .. rst-class:: centered
+
+    **Fixing the last 20% of the problems will take the remaining 80% of the
+    effort.**
+
+.. nextslide:: Other Django Advantages
+
+.. ifnotslides::
+
+    **Other Django Advantages**
+
+Clearly the most popular full-stack Python web framework at this time
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    Popularity translates into:
+
+    .. rst-class:: build
+
+    * Active, present community
+    * Plethora of good examples to be found online
+    * Rich ecosystem of *apps* (encapsulated add-on functionality)
+
+    .. rst-class:: centered
+
+    **Jobs**
+
+.. nextslide:: Active Development
+
+Django releases in the last 12+ months (a short list):
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    .. rst-class:: build
+
+    * 1.9 (December 2015)
+    * 1.8.7 (November 2015)
+    * 1.7.11 (November 2015)
+    * 1.8.5 (October 2015)
+    * 1.7.10 (August 2015)
+    * 1.8.3 (July 2015)
+    * 1.8 (April 2015)
+    * 1.7.7 (March 2015)
+    * 1.7.4 (January 2014)
+      
+    Django 1.8 is the second *Long Term Support* version, with a guaranteed support
+    period of three years.
+
+.. nextslide:: Great Documentation
+
+Thorough, readable, and discoverable.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    Led the way to better documentation for all Python
+
+    `Read The Docs <https://readthedocs.org/>`_ - built in connection with
+    Django, sponsored by the Django Software Foundation.
+
+    Write documentation as part of your python package.
+
+    Render new versions of that documentation for every commit.
+
+    .. rst-class:: centered
+
+    **this is awesome**
+
+
+Where We Stand
+--------------
+
+For your homework this week, you created a ``Post`` model to serve as the heart
+of our blogging app.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    You also took some time to get familiar with the basic workings of the
+    Django ORM.
+
+    You made a minor modification to our model class and wrote a test for it.
+
+    And you installed the Django Admin site and added your app to it.
+
+
+Going Further
+-------------
+
+One of the most common features in a blog is the ability to categorize posts.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    Let's add this feature to our blog!
+
+    To do so, we'll be adding a new model, and making some changes to existing
+    code.
+
+    .. rst-class:: build
+
+    This means that we'll need to *change our database schema*.
+
+
+.. nextslide:: Changing a Database
+
+You've seen how to add new tables to a database using the ``migrate`` command.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    And you've created your first migration in setting up the ``Post`` model.
+
+    This is an example of altering the *database schema* using Python code.
+
+    Starting in Django 1.7, this ability is available built-in to Django.
+
+    Before verson 1.7 it was available in an add-on called `South`_.
+
+.. _South: http://south.readthedocs.org/en/latest
+
+
+.. nextslide:: Adding a Model
+
+We want to add a new model to represent the categories our blog posts might
+fall into.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    This model will need to have:
+
+    .. rst-class:: build
+
+    * a name for the category
+    * a longer description
+    * a relationship to the Post model
+
+    .. code-block:: python
+
+        # in models.py
+        class Category(models.Model):
+            name = models.CharField(max_length=128)
+            description = models.TextField(blank=True)
+            posts = models.ManyToManyField(Post, blank=True,
+                                           related_name='categories')
+
+
+.. nextslide:: Strange Relationships
+
+In our ``Post`` model, we used a ``ForeignKeyField`` field to match an author
+to her posts.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    This models the situation in which a single author can have many posts,
+    while each post has only one author.
+
+    We call this a *Many to One* relationship.
+
+    But any given ``Post`` might belong in more than one ``Category``.
+
+    And it would be a waste to allow only one ``Post`` for each ``Category``.
+
+    Enter the ``ManyToManyField``
+
+.. nextslide:: Add a Migration
+
+To get these changes set up, we now add a new migration.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    We use the ``makemigrations`` management command to do so:
+
+    .. code-block:: bash
+
+        (djangoenv)$ ./manage.py makemigrations
+        Migrations for 'myblog':
+          0002_category.py:
+            - Create model Category
+
+.. nextslide:: Apply A Migration
+
+Once the migration has been created, we can apply it with the ``migrate``
+management command.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    .. code-block:: bash
+
+        (djangoenv)$ ./manage.py migrate
+        Operations to perform:
+          Apply all migrations: sessions, contenttypes, admin, myblog, auth
+        Running migrations:
+          Rendering model states... DONE
+          Applying myblog.0002_category... OK
+
+    You can even look at the migration file you just applied,
+    ``myblog/migrations/0002_category.py`` to see what happened.
+
+
+.. nextslide:: Make Categories Look Nice
+
+Let's make ``Category`` object look nice the same way we did with ``Post``.
+Start with a test:
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    add this to ``tests.py``:
+
+    .. code-block:: python
+
+        # another import
+        from myblog.models import Category
+
+        # and the test case and test
+        class CategoryTestCase(TestCase):
+
+            def test_string_representation(self):
+                expected = "A Category"
+                c1 = Category(name=expected)
+                actual = str(c1)
+                self.assertEqual(expected, actual)
+
+.. nextslide:: Make it Pass
+
+When you run your tests, you now have two, and one is failing because the
+``Category`` object doesn't look right.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    .. code-block:: bash
+
+        (djangoenv)$ ./manage.py test myblog
+        Creating test database for alias 'default'...
+        ...
+
+        Ran 2 tests in 0.011s
+
+        FAILED (failures=1)
+
+    Do you remember how you made that change for a ``Post``?
+
+    .. code-block:: python
+
+        class Category(models.Model):
+            #...
+
+            def __str__(self):
+                return self.name
+
+
+.. nextslide:: Admin for Categories
+
+Adding our new model to the Django admin is equally simple.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    Simply add the following line to ``myblog/admin.py``
+
+    .. code-block:: python
+
+        # a new import
+        from myblog.models import Category
+
+        # and a new admin registration
+        admin.site.register(Category)
+
+
+.. nextslide:: Test It Out
+
+Fire up the Django development server and see what you have in the admin:
+
+.. code-block:: bash
+
+    (djangoenv)$ ./manage.py runserver
+    Validating models...
+    ...
+    Starting development server at http://127.0.0.1:8000/
+    Quit the server with CONTROL-C.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    Point your browser at ``http://localhost:8000/admin/``, log in and play.
+
+    Add a few categories, put some posts in them. Visit your posts, add new
+    ones and then categorize them.
+
+
+BREAK TIME
+----------
+
+We've completed a data model for our application.
+
+And thanks to Django's easy-to-use admin, we have a reasonable CRUD application
+where we can manage blog posts and the categories we put them in.
+
+When we return, we'll put a public face on our new creation.
+
+If you've fallen behind, the app as it stands now is in our class resources as
+``mysite_stage_1``
+
+
+A Public Face
+=============
+
+.. rst-class:: left
+
+Point your browser at http://localhost:8000/
+
+.. rst-class:: build left
+.. container::
+
+    What do you see?
+
+    Why?
+
+    We need to add some public pages for our blog.
+
+    In Django, the code that builds a page that you can see is called a *view*.
+
+
+Django Views
+------------
+
+A *view* can be defined as a *callable* that takes a request and returns a
+response.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    This should sound pretty familiar to you.
+
+    Classically, Django views were functions.
+
+    Version 1.3 added support for Class-based Views (a class with a
+    ``__call__`` method is a callable)
+
+
+.. nextslide:: A Basic View
+
+Let's add a really simple view to our app.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    It will be a stub for our public UI.  Add this to ``views.py`` in
+    ``myblog``
+
+    .. code-block:: python
+
+        from django.http import HttpResponse, HttpResponseRedirect, Http404
+
+        def stub_view(request, *args, **kwargs):
+            body = "Stub View\n\n"
+            if args:
+                body += "Args:\n"
+                body += "\n".join(["\t%s" % a for a in args])
+            if kwargs:
+                body += "Kwargs:\n"
+                body += "\n".join(["\t%s: %s" % i for i in kwargs.items()])
+            return HttpResponse(body, content_type="text/plain")
+
+.. nextslide:: Hooking It Up
+
+In your homework tutorial, you learned about Django **urlconfs**
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    We used our project urlconf to hook the Django admin into our project.
+
+    We want to do the same thing for our new app.
+
+    In general, an *app* that serves any sort of views should contain its own
+    urlconf.
+
+    The project urlconf should mainly *include* these where possible.
+
+
+.. nextslide:: Adding A Urlconf
+
+Create a new file ``urls.py`` inside the ``myblog`` app package.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    Open it in your editor and add the following code:
+
+    .. code-block:: python
+
+
+        from django.conf.urls import url
+        from myblog.views import stub_view
+
+        urlpatterns = [
+            url(r'^$',
+                stub_view,
+                name="blog_index"),
+        ]
+
+
+.. nextslide:: Include Blog Urls
+
+In order for our new urls to load, we'll need to include them in our project
+urlconf
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    Open ``urls.py`` from the ``mysite`` project package and add this:
+
+    .. code-block:: python
+
+        # add this new import
+        from django.conf.urls import include
+
+        # then modify urlpatterns as follows:
+        urlpatterns = [
+            url(r'^', include('myblog.urls')), #<- add this
+            #... other included urls
+        ]
+
+    Try reloading http://localhost:8000/
+
+    You should see some output now.
+
+
+Project URL Space
+-----------------
+
+A project is defined by the urls a user can visit.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    What should our users be able to see when they visit our blog?
+
+    .. rst-class:: build
+
+    * A list view that shows blog posts, most recent first.
+    * An individual post view, showing a single post (a permalink).
+
+    Let's add urls for each of these.
+
+    For now, we'll use the stub view we've created so we can concentrate on the
+    url routing.
+
+.. nextslide:: Our URLs
+
+We've already got a good url for the list page: ``blog_index`` at '/'
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    For the view of a single post, we'll need to capture the id of the post.
+    Add this to ``urlpatterns`` in ``myblog/urls.py``:
+
+    .. code-block:: python
+
+        url(r'^posts/(\d+)/$',
+            stub_view,
+            name="blog_detail"),
+
+    ``(\d+)`` captures one or more digits as the post_id.
+
+    Load http://localhost:8000/posts/1234/ and see what you get.
+
+.. nextslide:: A Word on Capture in URLs
+
+When you load the above url, you should see ``1234`` listed as an *arg*
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    Try changing the route like so:
+
+    .. code-block:: python
+
+        r'^posts/(?P<post_id>\d+)/$'
+
+    Reload the same url.
+
+    Notice the change.
+
+    What's going on there?
+
+.. nextslide:: Regular Expression URLS
+
+Like Pyramid, Django uses Python regular expressions to build routes.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    Unlike Pyramid, Django *requires* regular expressions to capture segments
+    in a route.
+
+    When we built our WSGI book app, we used this same appraoch.
+
+    There we learned about regular expression *capture groups*. We just changed
+    an unnamed *capture group* to a named one.
+
+    How you declare a capture group in your url pattern regexp influences how
+    it will be passed to the view callable.
+
+
+.. nextslide:: Full Urlconf
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+
+    from django.conf.urls import url
+    from myblog.views import stub_view
+
+    urlpatterns = [
+        url(r'^$',
+            stub_view,
+            name="blog_index"),
+        url(r'^posts/(?P<post_id>\d+)/$',
+            stub_view,
+            name="blog_detail"),
+    ]
+
+
+.. nextslide:: Testing Views
+
+Before we begin writing real views, we need to add some tests for the views we
+are about to create.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    We'll need tests for a list view and a detail view
+
+    add the following *imports* at the top of ``myblog/tests.py``:
+
+    .. code-block:: python
+
+        import datetime
+        from django.utils.timezone import utc
+
+
+.. nextslide:: Add a Test Case
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    class FrontEndTestCase(TestCase):
+        """test views provided in the front-end"""
+        fixtures = ['myblog_test_fixture.json', ]
+
+        def setUp(self):
+            self.now = datetime.datetime.utcnow().replace(tzinfo=utc)
+            self.timedelta = datetime.timedelta(15)
+            author = User.objects.get(pk=1)
+            for count in range(1, 11):
+                post = Post(title="Post %d Title" % count,
+                            text="foo",
+                            author=author)
+                if count < 6:
+                    # publish the first five posts
+                    pubdate = self.now - self.timedelta * count
+                    post.published_date = pubdate
+                post.save()
+
+
+Our List View
+-------------
+
+We'd like our list view to show our posts.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    But in this blog, we have the ability to publish posts.
+
+    Unpublished posts should not be seen in the front-end views.
+
+    We set up our tests to have 5 published, and 5 unpublished posts
+
+    Let's add a test to demonstrate that the right ones show up.
+
+.. nextslide:: Testing the List View
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+        Class FrontEndTestCase(TestCase): # already here
+            # ...
+            def test_list_only_published(self):
+                resp = self.client.get('/')
+                # the content of the rendered response is always a bytestring
+                resp_text = resp.content.decode(resp.charset)
+                self.assertTrue("Recent Posts" in resp_text)
+                for count in range(1, 11):
+                    title = "Post %d Title" % count
+                    if count < 6:
+                        self.assertContains(resp, title, count=1)
+                    else:
+                        self.assertNotContains(resp, title)
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    We test first to ensure that each published post is visible in our view.
+
+    Note that we also test to ensure that the unpublished posts are *not* visible.
+
+
+.. nextslide:: Run Your Tests
+
+.. code-block:: bash
+
+    (djangoenv)$ ./manage.py test myblog
+    Creating test database for alias 'default'...
+    .F.
+    ======================================================================
+    FAIL: test_list_only_published (myblog.tests.FrontEndTestCase)
+    ...
+    Ran 3 tests in 0.024s
+
+    FAILED (failures=1)
+    Destroying test database for alias 'default'...
+
+
+.. nextslide:: Now Fix That Test!
+
+Add the view for listing blog posts to ``views.py``.
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    # add these imports
+    from django.template import RequestContext, loader
+    from myblog.models import Post
+
+    # and this view
+    def list_view(request):
+        published = Post.objects.exclude(published_date__exact=None)
+        posts = published.order_by('-published_date')
+        template = loader.get_template('list.html')
+        context = RequestContext(request, {
+            'posts': posts,
+        })
+        body = template.render(context)
+        return HttpResponse(body, content_type="text/html")
+
+
+.. nextslide:: Getting Posts
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    published = Post.objects.exclude(published_date__exact=None)
+    posts = published.order_by('-published_date')
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    We begin by using the QuerySet API to fetch all the posts that have
+    ``published_date`` set
+
+    Using the chaining nature of the API we order these posts by
+    ``published_date``
+
+    Remember, at this point, no query has actually been issued to the database.
+
+
+.. nextslide:: Getting a Template
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    template = loader.get_template('list.html')
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    Django uses configuration to determine how to find templates.
+
+    By default, Django looks in installed *apps* for a ``templates`` directory
+
+    It also provides a place to list specific directories.
+
+    Let's set that up in ``settings.py``
+
+
+.. nextslide:: Project Templates
+
+Notice that ``settings.py`` already contains a ``BASE_DIR`` value which points
+to the root of our project (where both the project and app packages are
+located).
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    In that same file, you'll find a list bound to the symbol ``TEMPLATES``.
+
+    That list contains one dict with an empty list at the key ``DIRS``. Update
+    that empty list as shown here:
+
+    .. code-block:: python
+    
+        TEMPLATES = [
+            {
+                'BACKEND': 'django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates',
+                'DIRS': [os.path.join(BASE_DIR, 'mysite/templates')],
+                ...
+            },
+        ]
+
+    This will ensure that Django will look in your ``mysite`` project folder
+    for a directory containing templates.
+
+.. nextslide::
+
+The ``mysite`` project folder does not contain a ``templates`` directory, add one.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    Then, in that directory add a new file ``base.html`` and add the following:
+
+    .. code-block:: jinja
+
+        <!DOCTYPE html>
+        <html>
+          <head>
+            <title>My Django Blog</title>
+          </head>
+          <body>
+            <div id="container">
+              <div id="content">
+              {% block content %}
+               [content will go here]
+              {% endblock %}
+              </div>
+            </div>
+          </body>
+        </html>
+
+
+Templates in Django
+-------------------
+
+Before we move on, a quick word about Django templates.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    We've seen Jinja2 which was "inspired by Django's templating system".
+
+    Basically, you already know how to write Django templates.
+
+    Django templates **do not** allow any python expressions.
+
+    https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.9/ref/templates/builtins/
+
+
+.. nextslide:: Blog Templates
+
+Our view tries to load ``list.html``.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    This template is probably specific to the blog functionality of our site
+
+    It is common to keep shared templates in your project directory and
+    specialized ones in app directories.
+
+    Add a ``templates`` directory to your ``myblog`` app, too.
+
+    In it, create a new file ``list.html`` and add this:
+
+
+.. nextslide:: ``list.html``
+
+.. code-block:: jinja
+
+    {% extends "base.html" %}{% block content %}
+      <h1>Recent Posts</h1>
+      {% comment %} here is where the query happens {% endcomment %}
+      {% for post in posts %}
+      <div class="post">
+        <h2>{{ post }}</h2>
+        <p class="byline">
+          Posted by {{ post.author_name }} &mdash; {{ post.published_date }}
+        </p>
+        <div class="post-body">
+          {{ post.text }}
+        </div>
+        <ul class="categories">
+          {% for category in post.categories.all %}
+            <li>{{ category }}</li>
+          {% endfor %}
+        </ul>
+      </div>
+      {% endfor %}
+    {% endblock %}
+
+
+.. nextslide:: Template Context
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    context = RequestContext(request, {
+        'posts': posts,
+    })
+    body = template.render(context)
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    Like Jinja2, django templates are rendered by passing in a *context*
+
+    Django's RequestContext provides common bits, similar to the context
+    provided automatically by Pyramid
+
+    We add our posts to that context so they can be used by the template.
+
+
+.. nextslide:: Return a Response
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    return HttpResponse(body, content_type="text/html")
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    Finally, we build an HttpResponse and return it.
+
+    This is, fundamentally, no different from the ``stub_view`` just above.
+
+.. nextslide:: Fix URLs
+
+We need to fix the url for our blog index page
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    Update ``urls.py`` in ``myblog``:
+
+    .. code-block:: python
+
+        # import the new view
+        from myblog.views import list_view
+
+        # and then update the urlconf
+        url(r'^$',
+            list_view,  #<-- Change this value from stub_view
+            name="blog_index"),
+
+    Then run your tests again:
+
+    .. code-block:: bash
+
+        (djangoenv)$ ./manage.py test myblog
+        ...
+        Ran 3 tests in 0.033s
+
+        OK
+
+
+.. nextslide:: Common Patterns
+
+This is a common pattern in Django views:
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+
+* get a template from the loader
+* build a context, usually using a RequestContext
+* render the template
+* return an HttpResponse
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    So common in fact that Django provides a shortcut for us to use:
+
+    ``render(request, template[, ctx][, ctx_instance])``
+
+
+.. nextslide:: Shorten Our View
+
+Let's replace most of our view with the ``render`` shortcut
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    from django.shortcuts import render # <- already there
+
+    # rewrite our view
+    def list_view(request):
+        published = Post.objects.exclude(published_date__exact=None)
+        posts = published.order_by('-published_date')
+        context = {'posts': posts}
+        return render(request, 'list.html', context)
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+
+Remember though, all we did manually before is still happening
+
+
+BREAK TIME
+----------
+
+We've got the front page for our application working great.
+
+Next, we'll need to provide a view of a detail page for a single post.
+
+Then we'll provide a way to log in and to navigate between the public part of
+our application and the admin behind it.
+
+If you've fallen behind, the app as it stands now is in our class resources as
+``mysite_stage_2``
+
+
+Our Detail View
+---------------
+
+Next, let's add a view function for the detail view of a post
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    It will need to get the ``id`` of the post to show as an argument
+
+    Like the list view, it should only show published posts
+
+    But unlike the list view, it will need to return *something* if an
+    unpublished post is requested.
+
+    Let's start with the tests in ``views.py``
+
+
+.. nextslide:: Testing the Details
+
+Add the following test to our ``FrontEndTestCase`` in ``myblog/tests.py``:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+        def test_details_only_published(self):
+            for count in range(1, 11):
+                title = "Post %d Title" % count
+                post = Post.objects.get(title=title)
+                resp = self.client.get('/posts/%d/' % post.pk)
+                if count < 6:
+                    self.assertEqual(resp.status_code, 200)
+                    self.assertContains(resp, title)
+                else:
+                    self.assertEqual(resp.status_code, 404)
+
+
+.. nextslide:: Run Your Tests
+
+.. code-block:: bash
+
+    (djangoenv)$ ./manage.py test myblog
+    Creating test database for alias 'default'...
+    .F..
+    ======================================================================
+    FAIL: test_details_only_published (myblog.tests.FrontEndTestCase)
+    ...
+    Ran 4 tests in 0.043s
+
+    FAILED (failures=1)
+    Destroying test database for alias 'default'...
+
+
+.. nextslide:: Let's Fix That Test
+
+Now, add a new view to ``myblog/views.py``:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    def detail_view(request, post_id):
+        published = Post.objects.exclude(published_date__exact=None)
+        try:
+            post = published.get(pk=post_id)
+        except Post.DoesNotExist:
+            raise Http404
+        context = {'post': post}
+        return render(request, 'detail.html', context)
+
+
+.. nextslide:: Missing Content
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    try:
+        post = published.get(pk=post_id)
+    except Post.DoesNotExist:
+        raise Http404
+
+One of the features of the Django ORM is that all models raise a DoesNotExist
+exception if ``get`` returns nothing.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    This exception is actually an attribute of the Model you look for.
+
+    There's also an ``ObjectDoesNotExist`` for when you don't know which model
+    you have.
+
+    We can use that fact to raise a Not Found exception.
+
+    Django will handle the rest for us.
+
+
+.. nextslide:: Add the Template
+
+We also need to add ``detail.html`` to ``myblog/templates``:
+
+.. code-block:: jinja
+
+    {% extends "base.html" %}
+
+    {% block content %}
+    <a class="backlink" href="/">Home</a>
+    <h1>{{ post }}</h1>
+    <p class="byline">
+      Posted by {{ post.author_name }} &mdash; {{ post.published_date }}
+    </p>
+    <div class="post-body">
+      {{ post.text }}
+    </div>
+    <ul class="categories">
+      {% for category in post.categories.all %}
+        <li>{{ category }}</li>
+      {% endfor %}
+    </ul>
+    {% endblock %}
+
+
+.. nextslide:: Hook it Up
+
+In order to view a single post, we'll need a link from the list view
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    We can use the ``url`` template tag (like Pyramid's ``request.route_url``):
+
+    .. code-block:: jinja
+
+        {% url '<view_name>' arg1 arg2 %}
+
+    In our ``list.html`` template, let's link the post titles:
+
+    .. code-block:: jinja
+
+        {% for post in posts %}
+        <div class="post">
+          <h2>
+            <a href="{% url 'blog_detail' post.pk %}">{{ post }}</a>
+          </h2>
+          ...
+
+
+.. nextslide:: Fix URLs
+
+Again, we need to insert our new view into the existing ``myblog/urls.py`` in
+``myblog``:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    # import the view
+    from myblog.views import detail_view
+
+    url(r'^posts/(?P<post_id>\d+)/$',
+        detail_view, #<-- Change this from stub_view
+        name="blog_detail"),
+
+.. rst-class:: build small
+
+::
+
+    (djangoenv)$ ./manage.py test myblog
+    ...
+    Ran 4 tests in 0.077s
+
+    OK
+
+
+.. nextslide:: A Moment To Play
+
+We've got some good stuff to look at now.  Fire up the server
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    Reload your blog index page and click around a bit.
+
+    You can now move back and forth between list and detail view.
+
+    Try loading the detail view for a post that doesn't exist
+
+
+.. nextslide:: Congratulations
+
+You've got a functional Blog
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    It's not very pretty, though.
+
+    We can fix that by adding some css
+
+    This gives us a chance to learn about Django's handling of *static files*
+
+
+Static Files
+------------
+
+Like templates, Django expects to find static files in particular locations
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    It will look for them in a directory named ``static`` in any installed
+    apps.
+
+    They will be served from the url path in the STATIC_URL setting.
+
+    By default, this is ``/static/``
+
+    To allow Django to automatically build the correct urls for your static
+    files, you use a special *template tag*::
+
+        {% static <filename> %}
+
+
+.. nextslide:: Add CSS
+
+I've prepared a css file for us to use. You can find it in the class resources
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    Create a new directory ``static`` in the ``myblog`` app.
+
+    Copy the ``django_blog.css`` file into that new directory.
+
+    .. container::
+
+        Next, load the static files template tag into ``base.html`` (this
+        **must** be on the *first line* of the template):
+
+        .. code-block:: jinja
+
+            {% load staticfiles %}
+
+    .. container::
+
+        Finally, add a link to the stylesheet using the special template tag:
+
+        .. code-block:: html
+
+            <title>My Django Blog</title> <!-- This is already present -->
+            <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="{% static 'django_blog.css' %}">
+
+
+.. nextslide:: View Your Results
+
+Reload http://localhost:8000/ and view the results of your work
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    We now have a reasonable view of the posts of our blog on the front end
+
+    And we have a way to create and categorize posts using the admin
+
+    However, we lack a way to move between the two.
+
+    Let's add that ability next.
+
+
+Global Navigation
+-----------------
+
+We'll start by adding a control bar to our ``base.html`` template:
+
+.. code-block:: jinja
+
+    <!DOCTYPE html>
+      ...
+        <div id="header">
+          <ul id="control-bar">
+          {% if user.is_authenticated %}
+            {% if user.is_staff %}<li>admin</li>{% endif %}
+            <li>logout</li>
+          {% else %}
+            <li>login</li>
+          {% endif %}
+          </ul>
+        </div>
+        <div id="container">
+          ...
+
+
+.. nextslide:: Request Context Revisited
+
+When we set up our views, we used the ``render`` shortcut, which provides a
+``RequestContext``
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    This gives us access to ``user`` in our templates
+
+    It provides access to methods about the state and rights of that user
+
+    We can use these to conditionally display links or UI elements. Like only
+    showing the admin link to staff members.
+
+
+.. nextslide:: Login/Logout
+
+Django also provides a reasonable set of views for login/logout.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    The first step to using them is to hook them into a urlconf.
+
+    .. container::
+
+        Add the following to ``mysite/urls.py``:
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            # add an import at the top
+            from django.contrib.auth.views import login, logout
+
+            # and update the list of urlconfs
+            url(r'^', include('myblog.urls')), #<- already there
+            url(r'^login/$',
+                login,
+                {'template_name': 'login.html'},
+                name="login"),
+            url(r'^logout/$',
+                logout,
+                {'next_page': '/'},
+                name="logout"),
+
+
+.. nextslide:: Login Template
+
+We need to create a new ``login.html`` template in ``mysite/templates``:
+
+.. code-block:: jinja
+
+    {% extends "base.html" %}
+
+    {% block content %}
+    <h1>My Blog Login</h1>
+    <form action="" method="POST">{% csrf_token %}
+      {{ form.as_p }}
+      <p><input type="submit" value="Log In"></p>
+    </form>
+    {% endblock %}
+
+
+.. nextslide:: Submitting Forms
+
+In a web application, submitting forms is potentially hazardous
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    Data is being sent to our application from some remote place
+
+    If that data is going to alter the state of our application, we **must**
+    use POST
+
+    Even so, we are vulnerable to Cross-Site Request Forgery, a common attack
+    vector.
+
+
+.. nextslide:: Danger: CSRF
+
+Django provides a convenient system to fight this.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    In fact, for POST requests, it *requires* that you use it.
+
+    The Django middleware that does this is enabled by default.
+
+    All you need to do is include the ``{% csrf_token %}`` tag in your form.
+
+
+.. nextslide:: Hooking It Up
+
+In ``base.html`` make the following updates:
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    .. code-block:: jinja
+
+        <!-- admin link -->
+        <a href="{% url 'admin:index' %}">admin</a>
+        <!-- logout link -->
+        <a href="{% url 'logout' %}">logout</a>
+        <!-- login link -->
+        <a href="{% url 'login' %}">login</a>
+
+    .. container::
+
+        Finally, in ``settings.py`` add the following:
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+
+            LOGIN_URL = '/login/'
+            LOGIN_REDIRECT_URL = '/'
+
+
+.. nextslide:: Forms In Django
+
+In adding a login view, we've gotten a sneak peak at how forms work in Django.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    However, learning more about them is beyond what we can achieve in this
+    session.
+
+    The form system in Django is quite nice, however. I urge you to
+    `read more about it`_
+
+    In particular, you might want to pay attention to the documentation on
+    `Model Forms`_
+
+
+.. _read more about it: https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.6/topics/forms/
+.. _Model Forms: https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.6/topics/forms/modelforms/
+
+
+Ta-Daaaaaa!
+-----------
+
+So, that's it.  We've created a workable, simple blog app in Django.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    If you fell behind at some point, the app as it now stands is in our class
+    resources as ``mysite_stage_3``.
+
+    There's much more we could do with this app. And for homework, you'll do
+    some of it.
+
+    Then next session, we'll work together as pairs to implement a simple
+    feature to extend the blog
+
+
+Homework
+========
+
+.. rst-class:: left
+
+For your homework this week, we'll fix one glaring problem with our blog admin.
+
+.. rst-class:: build left
+.. container::
+
+    As you created new categories and posts, and related them to each-other,
+    how did you feel about that work?
+
+    Although from a data perspective, the category model is the right place for
+    the ManytoMany relationship to posts, this leads to awkward usage in the
+    admin.
+
+    It would be much easier if we could designate a category for a post *from
+    the Post admin*.
+
+
+Your Assignment
+---------------
+
+You'll be reversing that relationship so that you can only add categories to
+posts
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    Take the following steps:
+
+    1. Read the documentation about the `Django admin.`_
+    2. You'll need to create a customized `ModelAdmin`_ class for the ``Post``
+       and ``Category`` models.
+    3. And you'll need to create an `InlineModelAdmin`_ to represent Categories
+       on the Post admin view.
+    4. Finally, you'll need to `exclude`_  the 'posts' field from the form in
+       your ``Category`` admin.
+
+
+.. _Django admin.: https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.9/ref/contrib/admin/
+.. _ModelAdmin: https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.9/ref/contrib/admin/#modeladmin-objects
+.. _InlineModelAdmin: https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.9/ref/contrib/admin/#inlinemodeladmin-objects
+.. _exclude: https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.9/ref/contrib/admin/#django.contrib.admin.ModelAdmin.exclude
+
+
+.. nextslide:: Pushing Further
+
+All told, those changes should not require more than about 15 total lines of
+code.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    The trick of course is reading and finding out which fifteen lines to
+    write.
+
+    If you complete that task in less than 3-4 hours of work, consider looking
+    into other ways of customizing the admin.
+
+
+.. nextslide:: Tasks you might consider
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+
+* Change the admin index to say 'Categories' instead of 'Categorys'. (hint, the
+  way to change this has nothing to do with the admin)
+* Add columns for the date fields to the list display of Posts.
+* Display the created and modified dates for your posts when viewing them in
+  the admin.
+* Add a column to the list display of Posts that shows the author.  For more
+  fun, make this a link that takes you to the admin page for that user.
+* For the biggest challenge, look into `admin actions`_ and add an action to
+  the Post admin that allows you to publish posts in bulk from the Post list
+  display
+
+.. _admin actions: https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.6/ref/contrib/admin/actions/
diff --git a/slides/_sources/presentations/session09.txt b/slides/_sources/presentations/session09.txt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..384738ec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/slides/_sources/presentations/session09.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,178 @@
+**********
+Session 09
+**********
+
+.. figure:: /_static/django-pony.png
+    :align: center
+    :width: 60%
+
+    image: http://djangopony.com/
+
+Extending Django
+================
+
+.. rst-class:: large
+
+Wherein we extend our Django blog app.
+
+
+Last Week
+---------
+
+Last week, we created a nice, simple Django microblog application.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    Over the week, as your homework, you made some modifications to improve how
+    it works.
+
+    There's still quite a bit more we can do to improve this application.
+
+    And today, that's what we are going to do.
+
+
+Preparation
+-----------
+
+In order for this to work properly, we'll need to have a few things in place.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    **For the time being, all these actions should only be taken by one
+    partner**.
+
+    First, we'll start from a canonical copy of the microblog.  Make a fork of
+    the following repository to your github account::
+
+        https://github.com/cewing/djangoblog_uwpce.git
+
+    Then, clone that repository to your local machine:
+
+    .. code-block:: bash
+
+        $ git clone https://github.com/<your_name>/djangoblog_uwpce.git
+
+
+Connect to Your Partner
+-----------------------
+
+Finally, you'll need to add your partner as a collaborator for your new
+repository.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    Go to the *settings* for your repository.
+
+    Click the *collaborators* tab on the left side of the window (you'll need
+    to enter your github password).
+
+    Look up your partner by email address or github username.
+
+    Add them.
+
+    Then your partner can clone the repository to their desktop too.
+
+While You Work
+--------------
+
+Now, when you switch roles during your work, here's the workflow you can use:
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    .. container::
+
+        1. The current driver commits all changes and pushes to their repository:
+
+        .. code-block:: bash
+
+            $ git commit -a -m "Time to switch roles"
+            $ git push origin master
+
+    .. container::
+
+        2. The new driver gets the changes:
+
+        .. code-block:: bash
+
+            $ git pull origin master
+
+    3. The new driver continues working from where their partner left off.
+    4. PROFIT.....
+
+Homework
+========
+
+Next week, we will deploy your Django application to a server.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    To help illustrate the full set of tools at our disposal, we'll go a bit
+    overboard for this.
+
+    We'll be setting up an HTTP server, proxying to a WSGI server serving your
+    Django app.
+
+    We'll do this all "In the cloud" using Amazon's `AWS`_ service.
+
+    Before class starts, you'll need to accomplish a few non-programming tasks
+
+.. _AWS: http://aws.amazon.com/free
+
+Sign Up For AWS
+---------------
+
+Begin by going to the `AWS homepage`_ and clicking on the large, yellow button
+that reads "Sign In to the Console".
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    On the sign-in page that appears, click the radio button for 'I am a new
+    user', fill in your email address, and then click through to begin the
+    sign-up process.
+
+    You will be required to provide credit card information.
+
+    If you are still eligible for the AWS free tier, you will not incur any
+    charges for work you do in this class.
+
+.. _AWS homepage: http://aws.amazon.com
+
+
+Set Up an IAM User
+------------------
+
+Once you've signed up for an account take the following actions:
+
+* `Create an IAM user`_ and place them in a group with Power User access. (Search for PowerUser when selecting a policy for your group).
+
+  * Set up Security Credentials for that IAM user.
+  * Save these Security Credentials in a safe place so you can use them for class.
+
+.. _Create an IAM user: http://docs.aws.amazon.com/IAM/latest/UserGuide/IAMBestPractices.html
+
+Prepare for Login
+-----------------
+
+* `Create a Keypair`_
+
+  * Choose the 'US West (Oregon)' region since it's geographically closest to you.</li>
+  * When you download your private key, save it to ~/.ssh/pk-aws.pem
+  * Make sure that the private key is secure and useable by doing the following command
+
+    * ``$ chmod 400 ~/.ssh/pk-aws.pem``
+
+* `Create a custom security group`_
+
+  * The security group should be named 'ssh-access'
+  * Add one custom TCP rule
+    * allow port 22
+    * allow addresses 0.0.0.0/0
+
+.. _Create a Keypair: http://docs.aws.amazon.com/gettingstarted/latest/wah/getting-started-create-key-pair.html
+.. _Create a custom security group: http://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSEC2/latest/UserGuide/using-network-security.html
diff --git a/slides/_sources/presentations/session10.txt b/slides/_sources/presentations/session10.txt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..abdd40ea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/slides/_sources/presentations/session10.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,666 @@
+**********
+Session 10
+**********
+
+.. figure:: /_static/django-pony.png
+    :align: center
+    :width: 60%
+
+    image: http://djangopony.com/
+
+
+Deploying Django
+================
+
+.. rst-class:: left
+.. container::
+
+    Over the last two sessions you've built and extended a simple Django
+    application.
+
+    .. rst-class:: build
+    .. container::
+
+        Now it is time to deploy that application to a server so the world can
+        see it.
+
+        Previously, we used Heroku to deploy a simple Pyramid application.
+
+        We could do the same with Django, but we won't.
+
+        Instead, we'll deploy to **A**\ mazon **W**\ eb **S**\ ervices (AWS)
+
+
+Choosing a Deployment Strategy
+------------------------------
+
+There are many many different ways to deploy a web application.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    And there are many many services offering platforms for deployment.
+
+    How do you choose the right one for you?
+
+    In general there are a few rules of thumb to consider:
+
+    .. rst-class:: build
+
+    * The more convenient the service, the less configurable it is.
+    * The less you pay for a service, the more work you have to do yourself.
+    * With great power comes great responsibility.
+
+.. nextslide::
+
+In choosing a service and a strategy, you'll want to ask yourself a few
+questions:
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    .. rst-class:: build
+
+    * What are the basic software components of my project?
+    * How much control or customization of each component do I require?
+    * What service supports all of my required components?
+    * What service allows my required customizations?
+    * If no single service does everything I need, which could be wired
+      together?
+
+    The answers to these questions will help to determine the correct choice
+    for you.
+
+.. nextslide:: Our Choice for Today
+
+We are going to ignore all these questions, and simply ask one question.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    Which service will allow us to set up each layer in a full web application
+    stack so that we can learn how the stack works from front to back?
+
+    The simplest answer to that question is **AWS**.
+
+    Therefore, that's the service we will use today.
+
+Preparing for AWS Deployment
+----------------------------
+
+You've started out this week by signing up for AWS.  
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    You've created a security group and a key pair to help with accessing any
+    servers we create.
+
+    You've also set up an IAM user and configured security credentials for that
+    user.
+
+    If we were to be automating our work today, we'd use those credentials to
+    allow the `boto`_ library to connect to AWS as that IAM user.
+
+    Then you could `create or destroy resources`_ using that library.
+
+    Issues surrounding using that library on Windows prevent us from trying
+    that path tonight.
+
+.. nextslide::
+
+Instead we'll be making a manual deployment using AWS.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    This is always the first step to automation anyway, so this is an important
+    first step.
+
+    We'll begin by converting some aspects of our application to better provide
+    for security
+
+    In preparation for that we will need to add a new package to our django
+    virtual environment.
+
+    .. code-block:: bash
+    
+        (djangoenv)$ pip install dj-database-url
+
+
+
+.. _boto: https://boto.readthedocs.org/
+.. _create or destroy resources: http://codefellows.github.io/python-dev-accelerator/lectures/day11/boto.html
+
+
+.. nextslide:: 12-Factor
+
+This new package is an attempt to help Django get in line with a principle
+called `12-factor`_.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    The basic idea is that any data that your app uses for configuration that
+    is *external* to the app itself, should be separated from the app.
+
+    The link about contains much more effective explanations, read it.
+
+    We've already done this to some degree with our Pyramid application, by
+    putting some configuration values into *environment variables*
+
+    ``dj-database-url`` allows us to do that with the configuration for our
+    database.
+
+.. _12-factor: http://12factor.net/
+
+
+.. nextslide:: Updating Settings
+
+Open ``settings.py`` and replace the current DATABASES dictionary with this:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    DATABASES = {
+        'default': dj_database_url.config(
+            default='sqlite:///' + os.path.join(BASE_DIR, 'db.sqlite3')
+        )
+    }
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    The default behavior of ``dj-database-url`` is to look for a
+    ``DATABASE_URL`` variable in the environment.
+
+    If it doesn't find that, it uses the value you provide for *default*.
+
+    It converts a `url-style`_ database connection string to the dictionary
+    Django expects.
+
+    Here, we've set the default to be the same as what we had previously.
+
+.. _url-style: https://github.com/kennethreitz/dj-database-url#url-schema
+
+.. nextslide:: Repeatable Envs
+
+Another principle of the 12-factor philosophy is to keep the differences
+between production and development to a minimum.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    Again, in our Pyramid app we handled this with a ``requirements.txt`` file.
+
+    Here we will do the same.
+
+    At your command line, with the virtualenv active, run the following
+    command:
+
+    .. code-block:: bash
+    
+        (djangoenv)$ pip freeze > requirements.txt
+
+    Then, add that file to your repository and commit the changes.
+
+    At this point, we're about ready to begin working directly with AWS
+
+Setting up An EC2 Instance
+--------------------------
+
+Our first step is to create an EC2 (Elastic Compute Cloud) instance for our
+application.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    Begin by opening the AWS homepage (http://aws.amazon.com)
+
+    Then click on the big yellow "Sign in to the Console" button
+
+    Fill in your email, check "I am a returning user..." and supply your
+    password.
+
+    When the page loads, you are viewing the AWS Console.
+
+    If you don't see a big list of services in that first page, click on
+    'Services' in the black header.
+
+    From the list of services, click on ``EC2``.
+
+.. nextslide::
+
+The page that loads is the management console for EC2 resources.  You used it
+to create your security group and key pair.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    Click the large blue "Launch Instance" button to start a new instance.
+
+    You should see a list of types of operating system listed.  
+
+    If you don't click on *quick start* at the left.
+
+    In the list, find "Ubuntu Server 14.04 LTS".
+
+    Click on 'Select' to begin building an instance using that operating
+    system.
+
+.. nextslide::
+
+The next page of the launch wizard allows you to choose how much CPU power and
+RAM your machine will have.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container:: 
+
+    There are only two types of instance that are in the free tier, and one is
+    now deprecated.
+
+    Select the *t2.micro* instance by clicking the checkbox to the left of that
+    row (it may already be selected for you).
+
+    Below the table of instance types, find and click on "Next: configure
+    instance details"
+
+.. nextslide::
+
+Click through the next two steps until you reach "Configure Security Group"
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    Here, click the "select an existing security group" button, and pick your
+    ssh-access group.
+
+    This group acts as a control for a *firewall* which restricts network
+    access to your new instance.
+
+    You've configured that firewall to allow any machine to talk to your
+    instance, but only on port 22 (SSH).
+
+    Finish by clicking "Review and Launch"
+
+    Then click on "Launch" to start the instance.
+
+.. nextslide::
+
+When you click "Launch" you are required to choose a key pair to control ssh
+access to your new machine.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    Without this key pair, you have no way to access the server, and you must
+    destroy it and create a new one.
+
+    Select your ``pk-aws`` pair from the list of existing key pairs.
+
+    Then, check the box that indicates you have the private key and click
+    "Launch Instance".
+
+    It will take a few minutes for the new machine to initialize and be ready.
+
+Accessing Your Instance
+-----------------------
+
+Once the machine indicates it is "running" you are ready to access that
+machine.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    ssh into that machine:
+
+    .. code-block:: bash
+    
+        ssh -i ~/.ssh/pk-aws.pem ubuntu@<your-public-dns-name.com>
+
+    You will need to indicate that you trust this connection.
+
+    You are now logged in to the server as the default user.  
+
+    AWS sets this user up with the ability to run commands using *sudo*
+
+    You'll begin by updating the OS package manager so you are ensured of
+    having the latest versions of any software you install:
+
+    .. code-block:: bash
+    
+        sudo apt-get update
+
+Deployment Layer 1: Web Server
+------------------------------
+
+In our deployment stack, the frontmost facing layer is the Web Server.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    This software is responsible for receiving requests from clients' browsers.
+
+    It will also handle serving static resources in order to relieve Django of
+    that burden.
+
+    If you are using ``https``, it's also a good place to handle terminating an
+    SSL connection.
+
+    Begin by using the Ubuntu package manager to install ``nginx``:
+
+    .. code-block:: bash
+    
+        sudo apt-get install nginx
+
+.. nextslide:: Controlling ``nginx``
+
+Like many other packages installed by ``apt-get``, nginx is set up as a
+*service*
+
+You can check the status of the service:
+
+.. code-block:: bash
+
+    sudo service nginx status
+
+You can start and stop the server:
+
+.. code-block:: bash
+
+    sudo service nginx stop
+    sudo service nginx start
+
+.. nextslide:: Configuring Nginx
+
+Default configuration for nginx lives in ``/etc/nginx``.  Let's look at three
+files there in particular:
+
+* /etc/nginx/nginx.conf (controls behavior of the whole server)
+* /etc/nginx/sites-available/default (controls a single 'site')
+* /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/default (activates a single 'site')
+
+
+.. nextslide:: Check Your results
+
+Check your results by loading your public DNS name in a browser
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    you should see this, do you?
+
+    .. figure:: /_static/nginx_hello.png
+        :align: center
+        :width: 40%
+
+    Add port 80 to your security group.  Then reload.
+
+Deployment Layer 3: Database
+----------------------------
+
+In order to deploy our database, we'll need to install some more software
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    Use ``apt-get istall`` to add each of the following packages:
+
+    * build-essential
+    * python-dev
+    * python-pip
+    * python-psycopg2
+    * postgresql-client
+    * git
+
+.. nextslide:: RDS
+
+You *can* set up postgres directly on the machine you just built, but that's no fun.  
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    Let's use RDS, the AWS service for providing databases.
+
+    From 'services' in the header, select RDS.
+
+    In the page that appears, click on 'Launch a DB Instance'
+
+    From the selection of database types, choose PostgreSQL.
+
+    Click **no** to indicate that you don't need a multi-AZ database.
+
+.. nextslide::
+
+On the database details page, You have a bit of work to do.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    First, select ``db.t2.micro`` as the instance type.
+
+    Then, for multi-AZ deployment, select **no** (again)
+
+    Finally, provide values for the last four inputs
+
+    The database identifier must be unique to your account and region, use
+    "uwpce".
+
+    For the master username, use "awsuser"
+
+    Provide a password and repeat it to prove you can
+
+.. nextslide::
+
+For Advanced Settings, make sure your DB is in the same availability zone as
+your EC2 instance.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    Also ensure that you select the same security group you used for your EC2
+    instance from the list of VPC security groups.
+
+    Enter a database name, use "djangodb"
+
+    Finally, click "Launch DB Instance"
+
+    While the database launches, let's return to setting up our application on
+    EC2
+
+Deployment Layer 2: Application
+-------------------------------
+
+Back on the EC2 instance, in your ssh terminal, clone your django application:
+
+.. code-block:: bash
+
+    git clone <your-app-repo-url>
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    pip install the requirements for your app::
+
+        $ cd djangoblog_uwpce
+        $ pip install -r requirements.txt
+
+.. nextslide::
+
+Finally, export a system environment variable called DATABASE_URL with the
+following format::
+
+    postgres://username:password@host:port/dbname
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    .. code-block:: bash
+    
+        export DATABASE_URL=<that string>
+
+    You can now test access with dbshell:
+
+    .. code-block:: bash
+    
+        python manage.py dbshell
+
+    Work through any issues in getting that to work
+
+.. nextslide::  Wiring It Up
+
+Once working, we can point nginx at the instance:
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    .. code-block:: bash
+    
+        sudo mv /etc/nginx/sites-available/default /etc/nginx/sites-available/default.bak
+        sudo vi /etc/nginx/sites-available/default
+
+    Add the following content:
+
+    .. code-block:: nginx
+    
+        server {
+            listen 80;
+            server_name <your-ec2-public-dns-name>;
+            access_log /var/log/nginx/django.log;
+
+            location / {
+                proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1:8000;
+                proxy_set_header Host $host;
+                proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
+                proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
+            }
+        }
+
+.. nextslide::
+
+Save that file and restart nginx:
+
+.. code-block:: bash
+
+    sudo service nginx restart
+
+Then reload your aws instance in a web browser, you should see a BAD GATEWAY
+error
+
+now start django and then reload:
+
+.. code-block:: bash
+
+    python manage.py runserver
+
+This works, but as soon as you exit your ssh terminal, django will quit.  We
+want a long-running process we can leave behind.
+
+
+Deployment Layer 4: Permanence
+------------------------------
+
+Install gunicorn on the server
+
+.. code-block:: bash
+
+    pip install gunicorn
+
+Back on your own machine, create ``mysite/production.py`` and add the following
+content:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    from settings import *
+
+    DEBUG = False
+    TEMPLATE_DEBUG = False
+    ALLOWED_HOSTS = ['<your instance public dns>', 'localhost']
+    STATIC_ROOT = os.path.join(BASE_DIR, 'static')
+
+Add the file to your repository and commit your changes.
+
+Then pull the changes back on your EC2 instance
+
+.. nextslide:: Configuration Changes for Nginx
+
+Update nginx config (/etc/nginx/sites-available/default) to serve static files:
+
+.. code-block:: nginx
+
+    server {
+        # ...
+
+        location /static/ {
+            root /home/ubuntu/djangoblog_uwpce;
+        }
+
+    }
+
+.. nextslide:: Running with Gunicorn
+
+Then set an environment variable to point at production settings::
+
+    export DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE=mysite.production
+
+Now, run the site using gunicorn::
+    
+    gunicorn -b 127.0.0.1:8000 -w 4 -D mysite.wsgi
+
+Wahooo!
+
+But still not great, because nothing is monitoring this process.  
+
+There's no way to keep track of how it is doing. 
+
+We can do better.  First, let's kill the processes that spawned::
+
+    killall gunicorn
+
+.. nextslide:: Managing Gunicorn
+
+We can use a process manager to run the gunicorn command, and track the results.
+
+Using linux `upstart`_ is relatively simple.
+
+Put the following in ``/etc/init/djangoblog.conf``
+
+.. code-block:: cfg
+
+    description "djangoblog"
+
+    start on (filesystem)
+    stop on runlevel [016]
+
+    respawn
+    setuid nobody
+    setgid nogroup
+    chdir /home/ubuntu/djangoblog_uwpce
+    env DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE=mysite.production
+    env DATABASE_URL=postgres://<username>:<password>@<host>:<port>/djangoblog
+    exec gunicorn -b 127.0.0.1:8000 -w 4 mysite.wsgi
+
+.. _upstart: http://blog.terminal.com/getting-started-with-upstart/
+
+.. nextslide:: Using Upstart
+
+Once you've completed that, you will find that you can use the Linux
+``service`` command to control the gunicorn process.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    Use the following commands::
+
+        $ sudo service djangoblog status
+        $ sudo service djangoblog start
+        $ sudo service djangoblog stop
+        $ sudo service djangoblog restart
+
+    If you see an error message about an ``unknown job`` when you run one of those
+    commands, it means you have an error in your configuration file.
+
+    Find the error with this command::
+
+        $ init-checkconf /etc/init/djangoblog.conf
+
+    And that's it!
diff --git a/slides/_sources/presentations/venv_intro.txt b/slides/_sources/presentations/venv_intro.txt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..23665d43
--- /dev/null
+++ b/slides/_sources/presentations/venv_intro.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,349 @@
+.. slideconf::
+    :autoslides: False
+
+***********************
+An Introduction To Venv
+***********************
+
+.. slide:: An Introduction To Venv
+    :level: 1
+
+    This document contains no slides.
+
+In this tutorial you'll learn a bit about the `pyvenv`_ command and the
+``venv`` module that powers it. You'll learn how to create self-contained
+Python environments in order to practice safe development and manage package
+dependency conflicts.
+
+Working with Virtual Environments
+=================================
+
+.. rst-class:: large
+
+| For every package
+| installed in the
+| system Python, the
+| gods kill a kitten
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    | - me
+
+Why Virtual Environments?
+-------------------------
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+
+* You will need to install packages that aren't in the Python standard
+  Library
+* You often need to install *different* versions of the *same* library for
+  different projects
+* Conflicts arising from having the wrong version of a dependency installed can
+  cause long-term nightmares
+* Use `pyvenv`_ ...
+* **Always**
+
+.. _pyvenv: https://docs.python.org/3/library/venv.html
+
+Creating a Venv
+---------------
+
+Since version 3.3, Python has come with a built-in ``venv`` module.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    To use the module, you can run it using your Python 3 executable:
+
+    .. code-block:: bash
+
+        $ python -m venv my_env
+
+    On Windows you'll need something a bit different:
+
+    .. code-block:: posh
+
+        c:\Temp>c:\Python35\python -m venv my_env
+
+    Unless you have the Python executable in your path, in which case this:
+
+    .. code-block:: posh
+
+        c:\Temp>python -m venv my_env
+
+    .. note:: Your Python 3 executable may be ``python3``, please substitute
+              that if required
+
+    Depending on how you installed Python (and on your operating system) you
+    may also have a ``pyvenv`` command available in your PATH. You can use it like so:
+
+    .. code-block:: bash
+
+        $ pyvenv my_env
+
+.. nextslide::
+
+In any of these command forms, the name of the new virtual environment
+(``my_env``) is arbitrary.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    I suggest that you name virtual environments to match the project for which
+    the environment is to be used.
+
+    I also suggest that you keep your virtual environments *in the same
+    directory* as the project code you are writing.
+
+    Be aware that ``venv`` can be sensitive to path names that contain spaces.
+    Please make sure that the entire path to your working directory does not
+    contain any spaces just to be safe.
+
+.. nextslide::
+
+Let's make one for demonstration purposes:
+
+.. code-block:: bash
+
+    $ python -m venv demoenv
+    $ ls demoenv
+    bin     include     lib     pyvenv.cfg
+
+
+.. nextslide:: What Happened?
+
+When you ran that command, a couple of things took place:
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+
+* A new directory with your requested name was created
+* A new Python executable was created in <ENV>/bin (<ENV>/Scripts on Windows)
+* The new Python was cloned from your system Python (where virtualenv was
+  installed)
+* The new Python was isolated from any libraries installed in the old Python
+* Setuptools was installed so you have ``easy_install`` for this new python
+* Pip was installed so you have ``pip`` for this new python
+
+Activation
+----------
+
+Every virtual environment you create contains an executable Python command.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    If you do a quick check to see which Python executable is found by your
+    terminal, you'll see that it is not the one:
+
+    .. container::
+
+        .. code-block:: bash
+
+            $ which python
+            /usr/bin/python
+
+        in powershell:
+
+        .. code-block:: posh
+
+            $ gcm python
+            ...
+
+    You can execute the new Python by explicitly pointing to it:
+
+    .. code-block:: bash
+
+        $ ./demoenv/bin/python -V
+        Python 3.5.0
+
+.. nextslide::
+
+But that's tedious and hard to remember.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    Instead, ``activate`` your virtual environment using a shell command:
+
+    +----------+------------+----------------------------------------+
+    | Platform | Shell      | Activation Command                     |
+    +==========+============+========================================+
+    | Posix    | bash/zsh   | ``$ source <venv>/bin/activate``       |
+    +          +------------+----------------------------------------+
+    |          | fish       | ``$ . <venv>/bin/activate.fish``       |
+    +          +------------+----------------------------------------+
+    |          | csh/tcsh   | ``$ source <venv>/bin/activate.csh``   |
+    +----------+------------+----------------------------------------+
+    | Windows  | cmd.exe    | ``C:> <venv>/Scripts/activate.bat``    |
+    +          +------------+----------------------------------------+
+    |          | powershell | ``PS C:> <venv>/Scripts/Activate.ps1`` |
+    +----------+------------+----------------------------------------+
+
+.. nextslide::
+
+Notice that when a virtualenv is *active* you can see it in your command
+prompt:
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    .. code-block:: bash
+
+        (demoenv)$
+
+    So long as the virtualenv is *active* the ``python`` executable that will
+    be used will be the new one in your ``demoenv``.
+
+Installing Packages
+-------------------
+
+Since ``pip`` is also installed, the ``pip`` that is used to install new
+software will also be the one in ``demoenv``.
+
+.. code-block:: bash
+
+    (demoenv)$ which pip
+    /Users/cewing/demoenv/bin/pip
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    This means that using these tools to install packages will install them
+    *into your virtual environment only*
+
+    The are not installed into the system Python.
+
+    Let's see this in action.
+
+.. nextslide::
+
+We'll install a package called ``docutils``
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    It provides tools for creating documentation using ReStructuredText
+
+    Install it using pip (while your virtualenv is active):
+
+    .. code-block:: bash
+
+        (demoenv)$ pip install docutils
+        Downloading/unpacking docutils
+          Downloading docutils-0.11.tar.gz (1.6MB): 1.6MB downloaded
+          Running setup.py (path:/Users/cewing/demoenv/build/docutils/setup.py) egg_info for package docutils
+            ...
+            changing mode of /Users/cewing/demoenv/bin/rst2xml.py to 755
+            changing mode of /Users/cewing/demoenv/bin/rstpep2html.py to 755
+        Successfully installed docutils
+        Cleaning up...
+
+.. nextslide::
+
+And now, when we fire up our Python interpreter, the docutils package is
+available to us:
+
+.. code-block:: pycon
+
+    (demoenv)$ python
+    Python 3.5.0 (default, Sep 16 2015, 10:42:55)
+    [GCC 4.2.1 Compatible Apple LLVM 6.1.0 (clang-602.0.49)] on darwin
+    Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
+    >>> import docutils
+    >>> docutils.__path__
+    ['/Users/cewing/projects/uwpce/training.python_web/testenvs/sess01/demoenv/lib/python3.5/site-packages/docutils']
+    >>> ^d
+    (demoenv)$
+
+.. nextslide:: Side Effects
+
+Like some other Python libraries, the ``docutils`` package provides a number of
+executable scripts when it is installed.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    You can see these in the ``bin`` directory inside your virtualenv:
+
+    .. code-block:: bash
+
+        (demoenv)$ ls ./demoenv/bin
+        ...
+        python
+        rst2html.py
+        rst2latex.py
+        ...
+
+    These scripts are set up to execute using the Python with which they were
+    built.
+
+    Running these scripts *from this location* will use the Python executable
+    in your virtualenv, *even if that virtualenv is not active*!
+
+Deactivation
+------------
+
+So you've got a virtual environment created and activated so you can work with
+it.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    Eventually you'll need to stop working with this ``venv`` and switch
+    to another
+
+    It's a good idea to keep a separate ``venv`` for every project you
+    work on.
+
+    When a ``venv`` is active, all you have to do is use the
+    ``deactivate`` command:
+
+    .. code-block:: bash
+
+        (demoenv)$ deactivate
+        $ which python
+        /usr/bin/python
+
+    Note that your shell prompt returns to normal, and now the executable
+    Python found when you check ``python`` is the system one again.
+
+Cleaning Up
+-----------
+
+The final advantage that ``venv`` offers you as a developer is the ability to
+easily remove a batch of installed Python software from your system.
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    Consider a situation where you installed a library that breaks your Python
+    (it happens)
+
+    If you are working in your system Python, you now have to figure out what
+    that package installed
+
+    You have to figure out where it is
+
+    And you have to go clean it out manually.
+
+    With ``venv`` you simply remove the directory ``venv`` created when you
+    started out.
+
+.. nextslide::
+
+Let's do that with our ``demoenv``:
+
+.. rst-class:: build
+.. container::
+
+    .. code-block:: bash
+
+        $ rm -r demoenv
+
+    And that's it.
+
+    The entire environment and all the packages you installed into it are now
+    gone.
+
+    There are no traces left to pollute your world.
diff --git a/slides/_sources/readings.txt b/slides/_sources/readings.txt
new file mode 100644
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+.. slideconf::
+    :autoslides: False
+
+Supplementary Course Readings
+=============================
+
+.. slide:: Course Readings
+    :level: 1
+
+    This document contains no slides.
+
+Web programming is a deep pool. There's more to cover than a 10-session course
+could ever hope to accomplish. To that end, I've compiled a list of related
+readings that will support the information you'll learn in class. Think of
+this as supplemental materials. You can read it at your leisure to help
+increase both the depth and breadth of your knowledge.
+
+The readings are organized like the class, by session and topic.
+
+
+Session 1 - TCP/IP and Sockets
+------------------------------
+
+* `Wikipedia - Internet Protocol Suite
+  <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocol_Suite>`_
+* `Kessler - TCP/IP (sections 1 and 2)
+  <http://www.garykessler.net/library/tcpip.html>`_
+* `Wikipedia - Domain Name System
+  <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_Name_System>`_
+* `Wikipedia - Internet Sockets
+  <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_socket>`_
+* `Wikipedia - Berkeley socket interface
+  <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley_sockets>`_
+
+If you want to know a bit more about the lower layers of the stack, you might
+find the following readings enlightening:
+
+**Transport Layer**
+
+* `Wikipedia - Universal Datagram Protocol (UDP)
+  <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_Datagram_Protocol>`_
+* `Wikipedia - Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
+  <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol>`_
+
+**Internet Layer**
+
+* `Wikipedia - Internet Protocol (IP)
+  <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocol>`_
+* `Wikipedia - IPv4 Packet Structure
+  <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPv4#Packet_structure>`_
+* `Wikipedia - IPv6 Packet Structure
+  <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPv6_packet#Fixed_header>`_
+
+**Link Layer**
+
+* `Wikipedia - Link Layer Protocols
+  <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Link_Layer#Link_layer_protocols>`_
+
+In addition, you may find it interesting to take a look at ZeroMQ, a
+next-generation implementation of the socket concept built with parallel and
+networked computing in mind:
+
+* `ZeroMQ Guide, Chapter 1 <http://zguide.zeromq.org/py:all#Chapter-Basics>`_
+
+
+Session 2 - Web Protocols
+-------------------------
+
+* `Python Standard Library Internet Protocols
+  <http://docs.python.org/2/library/internet.html>`_
+* An introduction to the HTTP protocol: `HTTP Made Really Easy
+  <http://www.jmarshall.com/easy/http/>`_
+
+Python offers a number of external libraries that offer extended support for
+covered web protocols, or support for protocols not covered in the Standard
+Library:
+
+* httplib2_ - A comprehensive HTTP client library that supports many features
+  left out of other HTTP libraries.
+* requests_ - "... an Apache2 Licensed HTTP library, written in Python, for
+  human beings."
+* paramiko_ - "a module for python 2.5 or greater that implements the SSH2
+  protocol for secure (encrypted and authenticated) connections to remote
+  machines"
+
+.. _httplib2: http://code.google.com/p/httplib2/
+.. _requests: http://docs.python-requests.org/en/latest/
+.. _paramiko: http://docs.paramiko.org/
+
+For a historical perspective on how protocols can change (as well as how they
+remain unchanged) over time, skim these specifications for HTTP and SMTP:
+
+* `HTTP/0.9 <http://www.w3.org/Protocols/HTTP/AsImplemented.html>`_
+* `HTTP - as defined in 1992 <http://www.w3.org/Protocols/HTTP/HTTP2.html>`_
+* `Hypertext Transfer Protocol -- HTTP/1.0
+  <http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc1945/rfc1945>`_
+* `Hypertext Transfer Protocol -- HTTP/1.1
+  <http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616>`_
+
+* `RFC 821 - SMTP (initial) <http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc821>`_
+* `RFC 5321 - SMTP (latest) <http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5321>`_
+
+
+Session 3 - CGI and WSGI
+------------------------
+
+* `CGI tutorial`_ - Read the following sections: Hello World, Debugging, Form.
+  Other sections optional. Follow along using CGIHTTPServer.
+* `WSGI tutorial`_ - Follow along using wsgiref.
+* `CGI module`_ - utilities for CGI scripts, mostly form and query string
+  parsing
+* `Parse URLS into components
+  <http://docs.python.org/release/2.6.5/library/urlparse.html>`_
+* `CGIHTTPServer`_ - python -m CGIHTTPServer
+* `WSGI Utilities and Reference implementation
+  <http://docs.python.org/release/2.6.5/library/wsgiref.html>`_
+* `WSGI 1.0 specification <http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0333/>`_
+* `WSGI 1.0.1 (Python 3 support) <http://python.org/dev/peps/pep-3333/>`_
+* `test WSGI server, like cgi.test()
+  <http://hg.moinmo.in/moin/1.8/raw-file/tip/wiki/server/test.wsgi>`_
+
+.. _CGI tutorial: http://webpython.codepoint.net/cgi_tutorial
+.. _WSGI tutorial: http://webpython.codepoint.net/wsgi_tutorial
+.. _CGI module: http://docs.python.org/release/2.6.5/library/cgi.html
+.. _CGIHTTPServer: http://docs.python.org/release/2.6.5/library/cgihttpserver.html
+
+For alternative introductions to WSGI, try these two sources. They are a bit
+more minimal and may be easier to comprehend off the bat.
+
+* `Getting Started with WSGI`_ - by Armin Ronacher (really solid and quick!)
+* `very minimal introduction to WSGI
+  <http://be.groovie.org/2005/10/07/wsgi_and_wsgi_middleware_is_easy.html>`_
+
+.. _Getting Started with WSGI: http://lucumr.pocoo.org/2007/5/21/getting-started-with-wsgi/
+
+
+Session 4 - APIs and Mashups
+----------------------------
+
+* `Introduction to HTML (from the Mozilla Developer Network)
+  <https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/Guide/HTML/Introduction>`_
+* `Wikipedia's take on 'Web Services'
+  <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_service>`_
+* `xmlrpc overview <http://www.xmlrpc.com/>`_
+* `xmlrpc spec (short) <http://www.xmlrpc.com/spec>`_
+* `the SOAP specification <http://www.w3.org/TR/soap/>`_
+* `json overview and spec (short) <http://www.json.org/>`_
+* `How I Explained REST to My Wife (Tomayko 2004)
+  <http://tomayko.com/writings/rest-to-my-wife>`_
+* `A Brief Introduction to REST (Tilkov 2007)
+  <http://www.infoq.com/articles/rest-introduction>`_
+* `Wikipedia on REST
+  <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representational_State_Transfer>`_
+* `Original REST disertation
+  <http://www.ics.uci.edu/~fielding/pubs/dissertation/top.htm>`_
+* `Why HATEOAS - *a simple case study on the often ignored REST constraint*
+  <http://www.slideshare.net/trilancer/why-hateoas-1547275>`_
+
+Python offers a number of solid external libraries to support Web Services, 
+both from the side of production and consumption:
+
+* BeautifulSoup_ - "You didn't write that awful page. You're just trying to
+  get some data out of it. Right now, you don't really care what HTML is
+  supposed to look like. Neither does this parser."
+* requests_ - HTTP for humans
+* httplib2_ - A comprehensive HTTP client library that supports many features
+  left out of other HTTP libraries.
+* rpclib_ - a simple, easily extendible soap library that provides several
+  useful tools for creating, publishing and consuming soap web services
+* Suds_ - a lightweight SOAP python client for consuming Web Services.
+* restkit_ - an HTTP resource kit for Python. It allows you to easily access
+  to HTTP resource and build objects around it.
+
+.. _BeautifulSoup: http://www.crummy.com/software/BeautifulSoup/
+.. _requests: http://docs.python-requests.org/en/latest/
+.. _httplib2: http://code.google.com/p/httplib2/
+.. _rpclib: https://github.com/arskom/rpclib
+.. _Suds: https://fedorahosted.org/suds/
+.. _restkit: https://github.com/benoitc/restkit/
+
+
+Session 5 - MVC Applications and Data Persistence
+-------------------------------------------------
+
+As we'll be learning about Pyramid over the next three sessions, please take
+some time to read and digest some of the `copious documentation`_ for thie
+powerful framework.
+
+In particular, to cover the topics we address in this session you'll want to
+read the following:
+
+* `Pyramid Configuration
+  <http://docs.pylonsproject.org/projects/pyramid/en/latest/api/config.html>`_
+* `Defending Pyramid's Design
+  <http://docs.pylonsproject.org/projects/pyramid/en/latest/designdefense.html>`_
+
+.. _copious documentation: http://docs.pylonsproject.org/projects/pyramid/en/latest/index.html
+
+You may also wish to read a bit about `SQLAlchemy`_.  In particular you may
+want to work through the `Object Relational Tutorial`_ to get a more complete
+understanding of how the SQLAlchemy ORM works.
+
+.. _SQLAlchemy: http://docs.sqlalchemy.org/en/rel_0_9/
+.. _Object Relational Tutorial: http://docs.sqlalchemy.org/en/rel_0_9/orm/tutorial.html
+
+
+Session 6 - Pyramid Views, Renderers and Forms
+----------------------------------------------
+
+This week we'll be focusing on the connection of an HTTP request to the code
+that handles that request using `URL Dispatch`_.  Quite a lot is possible with
+the Pyramid route system.  You may wish to read a bit more about it in one of
+the following documentation sections:
+
+* `Route Pattern Syntax
+  <http://docs.pylonsproject.org/docs/pyramid/en/latest/narr/urldispatch.html#route-pattern-syntax>`_
+  discusses the syntax for pattern matching and extraction in Pyramid routes.
+
+In Pyramid, the code that handles requests is called `a view`_.
+
+A view passes data to `a renderer`_, which is responsible for turning the data
+into a response to send back.
+
+Getting information from a client to the server is generally handled by
+`HTML forms`_. Working with forms in a framework like Pyramid can be
+facilitated by using a *form library* like `WTForms`_.
+
+.. _URL Dispatch: http://docs.pylonsproject.org/docs/pyramid/en/latest/narr/urldispatch.html
+.. _a view: http://docs.pylonsproject.org/projects/pyramid/en/1.5-branch/narr/views.html
+.. _a renderer: http://docs.pylonsproject.org/projects/pyramid/en/1.5-branch/narr/renderers.html
+.. _HTML forms: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/Guide/HTML/Forms
+.. _WTForms: http://wtforms.readthedocs.org/en/latest/
+
+For layout and design, CSS will be your tool of choice. There is no better tool
+for learning CSS than trying things out, but you need a good reference to get
+started. You can learn a great deal from the `Mozilla Developer Network`_ CSS
+pages.  I also find `A List Apart`_ and `Smashing Magazine`_ to be fantastic
+resources.
+
+.. _Smashing Magazine: http://www.smashingmagazine.com
+.. _A List Apart: http://alistapart.com
+.. _Mozilla Developer Network: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS
+
+
+Sesstion 7 - Pyramid Authentication and Deployment
+--------------------------------------------------
+
+There are no special readings associated with this week.
+
+
+Sessions 8, 9, & 10 - Django
+----------------------------
+
+Though it's way too much to read in any one sitting (or even in 10 or 20), the
+Django documentation is excellent and thorough. As a start, take a look at
+these sections:
+
+* `Django at a Glance
+  <https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.9/intro/overview/>`_ - introduction to
+  the concepts and execution of Django
+
+* `Quick Install Guide
+  <https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.9/intro/install/>`_ - lightweight
+  instructions on installing Django. Use Python 2.7.
+
+* `Django Tutorial <https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.9/intro/tutorial01/>`_
+  - The tutorial covers many of the same concepts we will in class. Go over it
+  to re-enforce the lessons you learn
+
+* `Using Django <https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.9/topics/>`_ - far more
+  in-depth information about core topics in Django. In particular, the
+  installation instructions here can be helpful when you run into trouble.
+
+Bookmark the `Django Documentation homepage
+<https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.9/>`_. It really is "everything you need
+to know about Django"
+
+When you have some time, read `Django Design Philosophies
+<https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/dev/misc/design-philosophies/>`_ - for some
+well-considered words on why Django is the way it is.
+
+Conversely, for some well-considered criticisms of Django and the way it is,
+read this in-depth comparison of SQLAlchemy and the Django ORM by the creator
+of Flask: `SQLAlchemy and You <http://lucumr.pocoo.org/2011/7/19/sqlachemy-and-you/>`_
+
+Or consider viewing `this video <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eN7h6ZbzMy0>`_
+of a talk given at DjangoCon 2012 by Chris McDonough, one of the driving
+forces behind the Pyramid framework.
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+/*
+ * basic.css
+ * ~~~~~~~~~
+ *
+ * Sphinx stylesheet -- basic theme.
+ *
+ * :copyright: Copyright 2007-2015 by the Sphinx team, see AUTHORS.
+ * :license: BSD, see LICENSE for details.
+ *
+ */
+
+/* -- main layout ----------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+div.clearer {
+    clear: both;
+}
+
+/* -- relbar ---------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+div.related {
+    width: 100%;
+    font-size: 90%;
+}
+
+div.related h3 {
+    display: none;
+}
+
+div.related ul {
+    margin: 0;
+    padding: 0 0 0 10px;
+    list-style: none;
+}
+
+div.related li {
+    display: inline;
+}
+
+div.related li.right {
+    float: right;
+    margin-right: 5px;
+}
+
+/* -- sidebar --------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+div.sphinxsidebarwrapper {
+    padding: 10px 5px 0 10px;
+}
+
+div.sphinxsidebar {
+    float: left;
+    width: 230px;
+    margin-left: -100%;
+    font-size: 90%;
+}
+
+div.sphinxsidebar ul {
+    list-style: none;
+}
+
+div.sphinxsidebar ul ul,
+div.sphinxsidebar ul.want-points {
+    margin-left: 20px;
+    list-style: square;
+}
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+div.sphinxsidebar ul ul {
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+    margin-bottom: 0;
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+div.sphinxsidebar form {
+    margin-top: 10px;
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+
+div.sphinxsidebar input {
+    border: 1px solid #98dbcc;
+    font-family: sans-serif;
+    font-size: 1em;
+}
+
+div.sphinxsidebar #searchbox input[type="text"] {
+    width: 170px;
+}
+
+div.sphinxsidebar #searchbox input[type="submit"] {
+    width: 30px;
+}
+
+img {
+    border: 0;
+    max-width: 100%;
+}
+
+/* -- search page ----------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+ul.search {
+    margin: 10px 0 0 20px;
+    padding: 0;
+}
+
+ul.search li {
+    padding: 5px 0 5px 20px;
+    background-image: url(file.png);
+    background-repeat: no-repeat;
+    background-position: 0 7px;
+}
+
+ul.search li a {
+    font-weight: bold;
+}
+
+ul.search li div.context {
+    color: #888;
+    margin: 2px 0 0 30px;
+    text-align: left;
+}
+
+ul.keywordmatches li.goodmatch a {
+    font-weight: bold;
+}
+
+/* -- index page ------------------------------------------------------------ */
+
+table.contentstable {
+    width: 90%;
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+
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+a.biglink {
+    font-size: 1.3em;
+}
+
+span.linkdescr {
+    font-style: italic;
+    padding-top: 5px;
+    font-size: 90%;
+}
+
+/* -- general index --------------------------------------------------------- */
+
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+    width: 100%;
+}
+
+table.indextable td {
+    text-align: left;
+    vertical-align: top;
+}
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+table.indextable dl, table.indextable dd {
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+    margin-bottom: 0;
+}
+
+table.indextable tr.pcap {
+    height: 10px;
+}
+
+table.indextable tr.cap {
+    margin-top: 10px;
+    background-color: #f2f2f2;
+}
+
+img.toggler {
+    margin-right: 3px;
+    margin-top: 3px;
+    cursor: pointer;
+}
+
+div.modindex-jumpbox {
+    border-top: 1px solid #ddd;
+    border-bottom: 1px solid #ddd;
+    margin: 1em 0 1em 0;
+    padding: 0.4em;
+}
+
+div.genindex-jumpbox {
+    border-top: 1px solid #ddd;
+    border-bottom: 1px solid #ddd;
+    margin: 1em 0 1em 0;
+    padding: 0.4em;
+}
+
+/* -- general body styles --------------------------------------------------- */
+
+a.headerlink {
+    visibility: hidden;
+}
+
+h1:hover > a.headerlink,
+h2:hover > a.headerlink,
+h3:hover > a.headerlink,
+h4:hover > a.headerlink,
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+caption:hover > a.headerlink,
+p.caption:hover > a.headerlink,
+div.code-block-caption:hover > a.headerlink {
+    visibility: visible;
+}
+
+div.body p.caption {
+    text-align: inherit;
+}
+
+div.body td {
+    text-align: left;
+}
+
+.field-list ul {
+    padding-left: 1em;
+}
+
+.first {
+    margin-top: 0 !important;
+}
+
+p.rubric {
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+    font-weight: bold;
+}
+
+img.align-left, .figure.align-left, object.align-left {
+    clear: left;
+    float: left;
+    margin-right: 1em;
+}
+
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+    float: right;
+    margin-left: 1em;
+}
+
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+  display: block;
+  margin-left: auto;
+  margin-right: auto;
+}
+
+.align-left {
+    text-align: left;
+}
+
+.align-center {
+    text-align: center;
+}
+
+.align-right {
+    text-align: right;
+}
+
+/* -- sidebars -------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+div.sidebar {
+    margin: 0 0 0.5em 1em;
+    border: 1px solid #ddb;
+    padding: 7px 7px 0 7px;
+    background-color: #ffe;
+    width: 40%;
+    float: right;
+}
+
+p.sidebar-title {
+    font-weight: bold;
+}
+
+/* -- topics ---------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+div.topic {
+    border: 1px solid #ccc;
+    padding: 7px 7px 0 7px;
+    margin: 10px 0 10px 0;
+}
+
+p.topic-title {
+    font-size: 1.1em;
+    font-weight: bold;
+    margin-top: 10px;
+}
+
+/* -- admonitions ----------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+div.admonition {
+    margin-top: 10px;
+    margin-bottom: 10px;
+    padding: 7px;
+}
+
+div.admonition dt {
+    font-weight: bold;
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+    font-weight: bold;
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+
+div.body p.centered {
+    text-align: center;
+    margin-top: 25px;
+}
+
+/* -- tables ---------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+table.docutils {
+    border: 0;
+    border-collapse: collapse;
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+
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+}
+
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+}
+
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+    border-left: 0;
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+
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+
+th {
+    text-align: left;
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+}
+
+table.citation {
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+    margin-left: 1px;
+}
+
+table.citation td {
+    border-bottom: none;
+}
+
+/* -- figures --------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+div.figure {
+    margin: 0.5em;
+    padding: 0.5em;
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+
+div.figure p.caption {
+    padding: 0.3em;
+}
+
+div.figure p.caption span.caption-number {
+    font-style: italic;
+}
+
+div.figure p.caption span.caption-text {
+}
+
+
+/* -- other body styles ----------------------------------------------------- */
+
+ol.arabic {
+    list-style: decimal;
+}
+
+ol.loweralpha {
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+}
+
+ol.upperalpha {
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+}
+
+ol.lowerroman {
+    list-style: lower-roman;
+}
+
+ol.upperroman {
+    list-style: upper-roman;
+}
+
+dl {
+    margin-bottom: 15px;
+}
+
+dd p {
+    margin-top: 0px;
+}
+
+dd ul, dd table {
+    margin-bottom: 10px;
+}
+
+dd {
+    margin-top: 3px;
+    margin-bottom: 10px;
+    margin-left: 30px;
+}
+
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+}
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+    font-weight: bold;
+    font-size: 1.1em;
+}
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+}
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+}
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+    font-size: larger;
+}
+
+.versionmodified {
+    font-style: italic;
+}
+
+.system-message {
+    background-color: #fda;
+    padding: 5px;
+    border: 3px solid red;
+}
+
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+}
+
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+    display: block;
+    margin-top: 1em;
+    margin-bottom: 1em;
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+.line-block .line-block {
+    margin-top: 0;
+    margin-bottom: 0;
+    margin-left: 1.5em;
+}
+
+.guilabel, .menuselection {
+    font-family: sans-serif;
+}
+
+.accelerator {
+    text-decoration: underline;
+}
+
+.classifier {
+    font-style: oblique;
+}
+
+abbr, acronym {
+    border-bottom: dotted 1px;
+    cursor: help;
+}
+
+/* -- code displays --------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+pre {
+    overflow: auto;
+    overflow-y: hidden;  /* fixes display issues on Chrome browsers */
+}
+
+td.linenos pre {
+    padding: 5px 0px;
+    border: 0;
+    background-color: transparent;
+    color: #aaa;
+}
+
+table.highlighttable {
+    margin-left: 0.5em;
+}
+
+table.highlighttable td {
+    padding: 0 0.5em 0 0.5em;
+}
+
+div.code-block-caption {
+    padding: 2px 5px;
+    font-size: small;
+}
+
+div.code-block-caption code {
+    background-color: transparent;
+}
+
+div.code-block-caption + div > div.highlight > pre {
+    margin-top: 0;
+}
+
+div.code-block-caption span.caption-number {
+    padding: 0.1em 0.3em;
+    font-style: italic;
+}
+
+div.code-block-caption span.caption-text {
+}
+
+div.literal-block-wrapper {
+    padding: 1em 1em 0;
+}
+
+div.literal-block-wrapper div.highlight {
+    margin: 0;
+}
+
+code.descname {
+    background-color: transparent;
+    font-weight: bold;
+    font-size: 1.2em;
+}
+
+code.descclassname {
+    background-color: transparent;
+}
+
+code.xref, a code {
+    background-color: transparent;
+    font-weight: bold;
+}
+
+h1 code, h2 code, h3 code, h4 code, h5 code, h6 code {
+    background-color: transparent;
+}
+
+.viewcode-link {
+    float: right;
+}
+
+.viewcode-back {
+    float: right;
+    font-family: sans-serif;
+}
+
+div.viewcode-block:target {
+    margin: -1px -10px;
+    padding: 0 10px;
+}
+
+/* -- math display ---------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+img.math {
+    vertical-align: middle;
+}
+
+div.body div.math p {
+    text-align: center;
+}
+
+span.eqno {
+    float: right;
+}
+
+/* -- printout stylesheet --------------------------------------------------- */
+
+@media print {
+    div.document,
+    div.documentwrapper,
+    div.bodywrapper {
+        margin: 0 !important;
+        width: 100%;
+    }
+
+    div.sphinxsidebar,
+    div.related,
+    div.footer,
+    #top-link {
+        display: none;
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/slides/_static/bike.jpg b/slides/_static/bike.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0ea0fd34
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diff --git a/slides/_static/bluebox_logo.png b/slides/_static/bluebox_logo.png
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..229cbb4b
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diff --git a/slides/_static/by-nc-sa.png b/slides/_static/by-nc-sa.png
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3350de59
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diff --git a/slides/_static/cgitb_output.png b/slides/_static/cgitb_output.png
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0dc6d78e
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diff --git a/slides/_static/cloud_cover.jpg b/slides/_static/cloud_cover.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5d763fa5
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diff --git a/slides/_static/comment-bright.png b/slides/_static/comment-bright.png
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..551517b8
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diff --git a/slides/_static/comment-close.png b/slides/_static/comment-close.png
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..09b54be4
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diff --git a/slides/_static/comment.png b/slides/_static/comment.png
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..92feb52b
Binary files /dev/null and b/slides/_static/comment.png differ
diff --git a/source/_themes/uwpce_slides2/static/config.rb b/slides/_static/config.rb
similarity index 100%
rename from source/_themes/uwpce_slides2/static/config.rb
rename to slides/_static/config.rb
diff --git a/slides/_static/custom.css b/slides/_static/custom.css
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..93e3b1cf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/slides/_static/custom.css
@@ -0,0 +1,191 @@
+body {
+  -webkit-transition: opacity 200ms ease-in;
+  -webkit-transition-delay: 50ms;
+  -moz-transition: opacity 200ms ease-in 50ms;
+  -o-transition: opacity 200ms ease-in 50ms;
+  transition: opacity 200ms ease-in 50ms; }
+
+slides {
+  -webkit-transition: opacity 200ms ease-in;
+  -webkit-transition-delay: 50ms;
+  -moz-transition: opacity 200ms ease-in 50ms;
+  -o-transition: opacity 200ms ease-in 50ms;
+  transition: opacity 200ms ease-in 50ms; }
+
+slides > slide {
+  -webkit-transition: all 0.2s ease-in-out;
+  -moz-transition: all 0.2s ease-in-out;
+  -o-transition: all 0.2s ease-in-out;
+  transition: all 0.2s ease-in-out;
+  color: #393939; }
+
+.highlight-code slide.current pre > * {
+  opacity: 0.25;
+  -webkit-transition: opacity 0.1s ease-in;
+  -moz-transition: opacity 0.1s ease-in;
+  -o-transition: opacity 0.1s ease-in;
+  transition: opacity 0.1s ease-in; }
+
+.build > *, p.build {
+  transition: opacity 0.1s ease-in-out 0.1s;
+  -o-transition: opacity 0.1s ease-in-out 0.1s;
+  -moz-transition: opacity 0.1s ease-in-out 0.1s;
+  -webkit-transition: opacity 0.1s ease-in-out 0.1s; }
+
+.note {
+  -webkit-transition: all 0.1s ease-in-out;
+  -moz-transition: all 0.1s ease-in-out;
+  -o-transition: all 0.1s ease-in-out;
+  transition: all 0.1s ease-in-out; }
+
+.with-notes.popup .note {
+  -webkit-transition: opacity 100ms ease-in-out;
+  -moz-transition: opacity 100ms ease-in-out;
+  -o-transition: opacity 100ms ease-in-out;
+  transition: opacity 100ms ease-in-out; }
+
+.auto-fadein {
+  -webkit-transition: opacity 0.25s ease-in;
+  -webkit-transition-delay: 0.25s;
+  -moz-transition: opacity 0.25s ease-in 0.25s;
+  -o-transition: opacity 0.25s ease-in 0.25s;
+  transition: opacity 0.25s ease-in 0.25s; }
+
+aside.gdbar {
+  -webkit-transition: all 0.1s ease-out;
+  -webkit-transition-delay: 0.1s;
+  -moz-transition: all 0.1s ease-out 0.1s;
+  -o-transition: all 0.1s ease-out 0.1s;
+  transition: all 0.1s ease-out 0.1s;
+  /* Better to transition only on background-size, but not sure how to do that with the mixin. */
+  width: 300px;
+  background: -webkit-gradient(linear, 0% 50%, 100% 50%, color-stop(0%, #333), color-stop(100%, #333)) no-repeat;
+  background: -webkit-linear-gradient(left, #333, #333) no-repeat;
+  background: -moz-linear-gradient(left, #333, #333) no-repeat;
+  background: -o-linear-gradient(left, #333, #333) no-repeat;
+  background: linear-gradient(left, #333, #333) no-repeat; }
+  aside.gdbar img {
+    height: auto;
+    width: 250px;
+    position: absolute;
+    right: 0;
+    top: -8px; }
+  aside.gdbar.right img {
+    top: 4px;
+  }
+
+.title-slide:first-child hgroup {
+  top: 35%;
+}
+
+/* line 888, ../scss/default.scss */
+.title-slide hgroup {
+  top: 0px;
+}
+
+em {
+  font-style: italic; }
+
+strong {
+  font-weight: bold; }
+
+hgroup .docutils.literal {
+  font-family: 'Droid Sans Mono', 'Courier New', monospace; }
+
+article .center {
+  text-align: center;
+  margin-top: 20%; }
+article .centered {
+  text-align: center; }
+article .left {
+  text-align: left; }
+article .large {
+  font-weight: bold;
+  font-size: 65px;
+  line-height: 65px; }
+article .mlarge {
+  font-weight: bold;
+  font-size: 55px;
+  line-height: 55px; }
+article .medium {
+  font-weight: bold;
+  font-size: 45px;
+  line-height: 45px; }
+article .small {
+  font-weight: normal;
+  font-size: 30px;
+  line-height: 30px; }
+article .tiny .highlight pre {
+  font-size: 16px;
+  line-height: 20px;
+}
+article .credit {
+  font-size: 75%;
+  text-align: left; }
+article .line-block .line {
+  font-size: inherit; }
+article dl {
+  margin-bottom: 10em; }
+  article dl dt {
+    font-weight: bold;
+    margin-bottom: 0.25em; }
+  article dl dd {
+    padding-left: 1em;
+    margin-bottom: 0.5em; }
+article .docutils.literal {
+  font-family: 'Droid Sans Mono', 'Courier New', monospace; }
+article .toctree-wrapper li a {
+  text-decoration: none;
+  border-bottom: none; }
+article table.docutils tr td {
+  vertical-align: top; }
+slide article div.slide-no {
+  position: absolute;
+  bottom: 5px;
+  right: 5px;
+}
+
+.level-1 h1 {
+  font-size: 65px;
+  line-height: 1.4;
+  letter-spacing: -3px;
+  color: #393939; }
+.level-1 article {
+  text-align: center; }
+  .level-1 article img {
+    margin-top: 10px; }
+
+.level-2 h2 {
+  position: static;
+  border-bottom: 1px solid #393939;
+  border-top: 1px solid #393939;
+  padding: 5px 0px;
+  color: #393939; }
+.level-2 article {
+  text-align: center; }
+
+.level-3 h3 {
+  position: static;
+  border-bottom: 1px solid #393939;
+  color: #393939;
+  font-size: 40px;
+  height: 45px;
+  line-height: 45px;
+  font-weight: bold; }
+.level-3 article {
+  text-align: left; }
+
+.figure a {
+  display: block;
+  text-align: center;
+  text-decoration: none;
+  border: none; }
+
+.figure p.caption {
+  font-size: 75%;
+  text-align: center;
+}
+.figure.align-left {
+  text-align: left;
+  float: left;
+}
diff --git a/slides/_static/data_flow.png b/slides/_static/data_flow.png
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..24a8494c
Binary files /dev/null and b/slides/_static/data_flow.png differ
diff --git a/slides/_static/data_in_tcpip_stack.png b/slides/_static/data_in_tcpip_stack.png
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..42fde385
Binary files /dev/null and b/slides/_static/data_in_tcpip_stack.png differ
diff --git a/slides/_static/dialog-note.png b/slides/_static/dialog-note.png
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..263fbd58
Binary files /dev/null and b/slides/_static/dialog-note.png differ
diff --git a/slides/_static/dialog-seealso.png b/slides/_static/dialog-seealso.png
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3eb7b05c
Binary files /dev/null and b/slides/_static/dialog-seealso.png differ
diff --git a/slides/_static/dialog-todo.png b/slides/_static/dialog-todo.png
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..babc4b6c
Binary files /dev/null and b/slides/_static/dialog-todo.png differ
diff --git a/slides/_static/dialog-topic.png b/slides/_static/dialog-topic.png
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2ac57475
Binary files /dev/null and b/slides/_static/dialog-topic.png differ
diff --git a/slides/_static/dialog-warning.png b/slides/_static/dialog-warning.png
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7233d45d
Binary files /dev/null and b/slides/_static/dialog-warning.png differ
diff --git a/slides/_static/django-admin-login.png b/slides/_static/django-admin-login.png
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..499384a8
Binary files /dev/null and b/slides/_static/django-admin-login.png differ
diff --git a/slides/_static/django-pony.png b/slides/_static/django-pony.png
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b1b58ab7
Binary files /dev/null and b/slides/_static/django-pony.png differ
diff --git a/slides/_static/django-start.png b/slides/_static/django-start.png
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6c912d30
Binary files /dev/null and b/slides/_static/django-start.png differ
diff --git a/slides/_static/django_lead.png b/slides/_static/django_lead.png
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b962c257
Binary files /dev/null and b/slides/_static/django_lead.png differ
diff --git a/slides/_static/doctools.js b/slides/_static/doctools.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c7bfe760
--- /dev/null
+++ b/slides/_static/doctools.js
@@ -0,0 +1,263 @@
+/*
+ * doctools.js
+ * ~~~~~~~~~~~
+ *
+ * Sphinx JavaScript utilities for all documentation.
+ *
+ * :copyright: Copyright 2007-2015 by the Sphinx team, see AUTHORS.
+ * :license: BSD, see LICENSE for details.
+ *
+ */
+
+/**
+ * select a different prefix for underscore
+ */
+$u = _.noConflict();
+
+/**
+ * make the code below compatible with browsers without
+ * an installed firebug like debugger
+if (!window.console || !console.firebug) {
+  var names = ["log", "debug", "info", "warn", "error", "assert", "dir",
+    "dirxml", "group", "groupEnd", "time", "timeEnd", "count", "trace",
+    "profile", "profileEnd"];
+  window.console = {};
+  for (var i = 0; i < names.length; ++i)
+    window.console[names[i]] = function() {};
+}
+ */
+
+/**
+ * small helper function to urldecode strings
+ */
+jQuery.urldecode = function(x) {
+  return decodeURIComponent(x).replace(/\+/g, ' ');
+};
+
+/**
+ * small helper function to urlencode strings
+ */
+jQuery.urlencode = encodeURIComponent;
+
+/**
+ * This function returns the parsed url parameters of the
+ * current request. Multiple values per key are supported,
+ * it will always return arrays of strings for the value parts.
+ */
+jQuery.getQueryParameters = function(s) {
+  if (typeof s == 'undefined')
+    s = document.location.search;
+  var parts = s.substr(s.indexOf('?') + 1).split('&');
+  var result = {};
+  for (var i = 0; i < parts.length; i++) {
+    var tmp = parts[i].split('=', 2);
+    var key = jQuery.urldecode(tmp[0]);
+    var value = jQuery.urldecode(tmp[1]);
+    if (key in result)
+      result[key].push(value);
+    else
+      result[key] = [value];
+  }
+  return result;
+};
+
+/**
+ * highlight a given string on a jquery object by wrapping it in
+ * span elements with the given class name.
+ */
+jQuery.fn.highlightText = function(text, className) {
+  function highlight(node) {
+    if (node.nodeType == 3) {
+      var val = node.nodeValue;
+      var pos = val.toLowerCase().indexOf(text);
+      if (pos >= 0 && !jQuery(node.parentNode).hasClass(className)) {
+        var span = document.createElement("span");
+        span.className = className;
+        span.appendChild(document.createTextNode(val.substr(pos, text.length)));
+        node.parentNode.insertBefore(span, node.parentNode.insertBefore(
+          document.createTextNode(val.substr(pos + text.length)),
+          node.nextSibling));
+        node.nodeValue = val.substr(0, pos);
+      }
+    }
+    else if (!jQuery(node).is("button, select, textarea")) {
+      jQuery.each(node.childNodes, function() {
+        highlight(this);
+      });
+    }
+  }
+  return this.each(function() {
+    highlight(this);
+  });
+};
+
+/*
+ * backward compatibility for jQuery.browser
+ * This will be supported until firefox bug is fixed.
+ */
+if (!jQuery.browser) {
+  jQuery.uaMatch = function(ua) {
+    ua = ua.toLowerCase();
+
+    var match = /(chrome)[ \/]([\w.]+)/.exec(ua) ||
+      /(webkit)[ \/]([\w.]+)/.exec(ua) ||
+      /(opera)(?:.*version|)[ \/]([\w.]+)/.exec(ua) ||
+      /(msie) ([\w.]+)/.exec(ua) ||
+      ua.indexOf("compatible") < 0 && /(mozilla)(?:.*? rv:([\w.]+)|)/.exec(ua) ||
+      [];
+
+    return {
+      browser: match[ 1 ] || "",
+      version: match[ 2 ] || "0"
+    };
+  };
+  jQuery.browser = {};
+  jQuery.browser[jQuery.uaMatch(navigator.userAgent).browser] = true;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Small JavaScript module for the documentation.
+ */
+var Documentation = {
+
+  init : function() {
+    this.fixFirefoxAnchorBug();
+    this.highlightSearchWords();
+    this.initIndexTable();
+  },
+
+  /**
+   * i18n support
+   */
+  TRANSLATIONS : {},
+  PLURAL_EXPR : function(n) { return n == 1 ? 0 : 1; },
+  LOCALE : 'unknown',
+
+  // gettext and ngettext don't access this so that the functions
+  // can safely bound to a different name (_ = Documentation.gettext)
+  gettext : function(string) {
+    var translated = Documentation.TRANSLATIONS[string];
+    if (typeof translated == 'undefined')
+      return string;
+    return (typeof translated == 'string') ? translated : translated[0];
+  },
+
+  ngettext : function(singular, plural, n) {
+    var translated = Documentation.TRANSLATIONS[singular];
+    if (typeof translated == 'undefined')
+      return (n == 1) ? singular : plural;
+    return translated[Documentation.PLURALEXPR(n)];
+  },
+
+  addTranslations : function(catalog) {
+    for (var key in catalog.messages)
+      this.TRANSLATIONS[key] = catalog.messages[key];
+    this.PLURAL_EXPR = new Function('n', 'return +(' + catalog.plural_expr + ')');
+    this.LOCALE = catalog.locale;
+  },
+
+  /**
+   * add context elements like header anchor links
+   */
+  addContextElements : function() {
+    $('div[id] > :header:first').each(function() {
+      $('<a class="headerlink">\u00B6</a>').
+      attr('href', '#' + this.id).
+      attr('title', _('Permalink to this headline')).
+      appendTo(this);
+    });
+    $('dt[id]').each(function() {
+      $('<a class="headerlink">\u00B6</a>').
+      attr('href', '#' + this.id).
+      attr('title', _('Permalink to this definition')).
+      appendTo(this);
+    });
+  },
+
+  /**
+   * workaround a firefox stupidity
+   * see: https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=645075
+   */
+  fixFirefoxAnchorBug : function() {
+    if (document.location.hash)
+      window.setTimeout(function() {
+        document.location.href += '';
+      }, 10);
+  },
+
+  /**
+   * highlight the search words provided in the url in the text
+   */
+  highlightSearchWords : function() {
+    var params = $.getQueryParameters();
+    var terms = (params.highlight) ? params.highlight[0].split(/\s+/) : [];
+    if (terms.length) {
+      var body = $('div.body');
+      if (!body.length) {
+        body = $('body');
+      }
+      window.setTimeout(function() {
+        $.each(terms, function() {
+          body.highlightText(this.toLowerCase(), 'highlighted');
+        });
+      }, 10);
+      $('<p class="highlight-link"><a href="javascript:Documentation.' +
+        'hideSearchWords()">' + _('Hide Search Matches') + '</a></p>')
+          .appendTo($('#searchbox'));
+    }
+  },
+
+  /**
+   * init the domain index toggle buttons
+   */
+  initIndexTable : function() {
+    var togglers = $('img.toggler').click(function() {
+      var src = $(this).attr('src');
+      var idnum = $(this).attr('id').substr(7);
+      $('tr.cg-' + idnum).toggle();
+      if (src.substr(-9) == 'minus.png')
+        $(this).attr('src', src.substr(0, src.length-9) + 'plus.png');
+      else
+        $(this).attr('src', src.substr(0, src.length-8) + 'minus.png');
+    }).css('display', '');
+    if (DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS.COLLAPSE_INDEX) {
+        togglers.click();
+    }
+  },
+
+  /**
+   * helper function to hide the search marks again
+   */
+  hideSearchWords : function() {
+    $('#searchbox .highlight-link').fadeOut(300);
+    $('span.highlighted').removeClass('highlighted');
+  },
+
+  /**
+   * make the url absolute
+   */
+  makeURL : function(relativeURL) {
+    return DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS.URL_ROOT + '/' + relativeURL;
+  },
+
+  /**
+   * get the current relative url
+   */
+  getCurrentURL : function() {
+    var path = document.location.pathname;
+    var parts = path.split(/\//);
+    $.each(DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS.URL_ROOT.split(/\//), function() {
+      if (this == '..')
+        parts.pop();
+    });
+    var url = parts.join('/');
+    return path.substring(url.lastIndexOf('/') + 1, path.length - 1);
+  }
+};
+
+// quick alias for translations
+_ = Documentation.gettext;
+
+$(document).ready(function() {
+  Documentation.init();
+});
diff --git a/slides/_static/down-pressed.png b/slides/_static/down-pressed.png
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7c30d004
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diff --git a/slides/_static/down.png b/slides/_static/down.png
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f48098a4
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diff --git a/slides/_static/epub.css b/slides/_static/epub.css
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7465a421
--- /dev/null
+++ b/slides/_static/epub.css
@@ -0,0 +1,310 @@
+/*
+ * default.css_t
+ * ~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+ *
+ * Sphinx stylesheet -- default theme.
+ *
+ * :copyright: Copyright 2007-2014 by the Sphinx team, see AUTHORS.
+ * :license: BSD, see LICENSE for details.
+ *
+ */
+
+@import url("basic.css");
+
+/* -- page layout ----------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+body {
+    font-family: {{ theme_bodyfont }};
+    font-size: 100%;
+    background-color: {{ theme_footerbgcolor }};
+    color: #000;
+    margin: 0;
+    padding: 0;
+}
+
+div.document {
+    background-color: {{ theme_sidebarbgcolor }};
+}
+
+div.documentwrapper {
+    float: left;
+    width: 100%;
+}
+
+div.bodywrapper {
+    margin: 0 0 0 230px;
+}
+
+div.body {
+    background-color: {{ theme_bgcolor }};
+    color: {{ theme_textcolor }};
+    padding: 0 20px 30px 20px;
+}
+
+{%- if theme_rightsidebar|tobool %}
+div.bodywrapper {
+    margin: 0 230px 0 0;
+}
+{%- endif %}
+
+div.footer {
+    color: {{ theme_footertextcolor }};
+    width: 100%;
+    padding: 9px 0 9px 0;
+    text-align: center;
+    font-size: 75%;
+}
+
+div.footer a {
+    color: {{ theme_footertextcolor }};
+    text-decoration: underline;
+}
+
+div.related {
+    background-color: {{ theme_relbarbgcolor }};
+    line-height: 30px;
+    color: {{ theme_relbartextcolor }};
+}
+
+div.related a {
+    color: {{ theme_relbarlinkcolor }};
+}
+
+div.sphinxsidebar {
+    {%- if theme_stickysidebar|tobool %}
+    top: 30px;
+    bottom: 0;
+    margin: 0;
+    position: fixed;
+    overflow: auto;
+    height: auto;
+    {%- endif %}
+    {%- if theme_rightsidebar|tobool %}
+    float: right;
+    {%- if theme_stickysidebar|tobool %}
+    right: 0;
+    {%- endif %}
+    {%- endif %}
+}
+
+{%- if theme_stickysidebar|tobool %}
+/* this is nice, but it it leads to hidden headings when jumping
+   to an anchor */
+/*
+div.related {
+    position: fixed;
+}
+
+div.documentwrapper {
+    margin-top: 30px;
+}
+*/
+{%- endif %}
+
+div.sphinxsidebar h3 {
+    font-family: {{ theme_headfont }};
+    color: {{ theme_sidebartextcolor }};
+    font-size: 1.4em;
+    font-weight: normal;
+    margin: 0;
+    padding: 0;
+}
+
+div.sphinxsidebar h3 a {
+    color: {{ theme_sidebartextcolor }};
+}
+
+div.sphinxsidebar h4 {
+    font-family: {{ theme_headfont }};
+    color: {{ theme_sidebartextcolor }};
+    font-size: 1.3em;
+    font-weight: normal;
+    margin: 5px 0 0 0;
+    padding: 0;
+}
+
+div.sphinxsidebar p {
+    color: {{ theme_sidebartextcolor }};
+}
+
+div.sphinxsidebar p.topless {
+    margin: 5px 10px 10px 10px;
+}
+
+div.sphinxsidebar ul {
+    margin: 10px;
+    padding: 0;
+    color: {{ theme_sidebartextcolor }};
+}
+
+div.sphinxsidebar a {
+    color: {{ theme_sidebarlinkcolor }};
+}
+
+div.sphinxsidebar input {
+    border: 1px solid {{ theme_sidebarlinkcolor }};
+    font-family: sans-serif;
+    font-size: 1em;
+}
+
+{% if theme_collapsiblesidebar|tobool %}
+/* for collapsible sidebar */
+div#sidebarbutton {
+    background-color: {{ theme_sidebarbtncolor }};
+}
+{% endif %}
+
+/* -- hyperlink styles ------------------------------------------------------ */
+
+a {
+    color: {{ theme_linkcolor }};
+    text-decoration: none;
+}
+
+a:visited {
+    color: {{ theme_visitedlinkcolor }};
+    text-decoration: none;
+}
+
+a:hover {
+    text-decoration: underline;
+}
+
+{% if theme_externalrefs|tobool %}
+a.external {
+   text-decoration: none;
+   border-bottom: 1px dashed {{ theme_linkcolor }};
+}
+
+a.external:hover {
+   text-decoration: none;
+   border-bottom: none;
+}
+
+a.external:visited {
+    text-decoration: none;
+    border-bottom: 1px dashed {{ theme_visitedlinkcolor }};
+}
+{% endif %}
+
+/* -- body styles ----------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+div.body h1,
+div.body h2,
+div.body h3,
+div.body h4,
+div.body h5,
+div.body h6 {
+    font-family: {{ theme_headfont }};
+    background-color: {{ theme_headbgcolor }};
+    font-weight: normal;
+    color: {{ theme_headtextcolor }};
+    border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;
+    margin: 20px -20px 10px -20px;
+    padding: 3px 0 3px 10px;
+}
+
+div.body h1 { margin-top: 0; font-size: 200%; }
+div.body h2 { font-size: 160%; }
+div.body h3 { font-size: 140%; }
+div.body h4 { font-size: 120%; }
+div.body h5 { font-size: 110%; }
+div.body h6 { font-size: 100%; }
+
+a.headerlink {
+    color: {{ theme_headlinkcolor }};
+    font-size: 0.8em;
+    padding: 0 4px 0 4px;
+    text-decoration: none;
+}
+
+a.headerlink:hover {
+    background-color: {{ theme_headlinkcolor }};
+    color: white;
+}
+
+div.body p, div.body dd, div.body li {
+    text-align: justify;
+    line-height: 130%;
+}
+
+div.admonition p.admonition-title + p {
+    display: inline;
+}
+
+div.admonition p {
+    margin-bottom: 5px;
+}
+
+div.admonition pre {
+    margin-bottom: 5px;
+}
+
+div.admonition ul, div.admonition ol {
+    margin-bottom: 5px;
+}
+
+div.note {
+    background-color: #eee;
+    border: 1px solid #ccc;
+}
+
+div.seealso {
+    background-color: #ffc;
+    border: 1px solid #ff6;
+}
+
+div.topic {
+    background-color: #eee;
+}
+
+div.warning {
+    background-color: #ffe4e4;
+    border: 1px solid #f66;
+}
+
+p.admonition-title {
+    display: inline;
+}
+
+p.admonition-title:after {
+    content: ":";
+}
+
+pre {
+    padding: 5px;
+    background-color: {{ theme_codebgcolor }};
+    color: {{ theme_codetextcolor }};
+    line-height: 120%;
+    border: 1px solid #ac9;
+    border-left: none;
+    border-right: none;
+}
+
+tt {
+    background-color: #ecf0f3;
+    padding: 0 1px 0 1px;
+    font-size: 0.95em;
+}
+
+th {
+    background-color: #ede;
+}
+
+.warning tt {
+    background: #efc2c2;
+}
+
+.note tt {
+    background: #d6d6d6;
+}
+
+.viewcode-back {
+    font-family: {{ theme_bodyfont }};
+}
+
+div.viewcode-block:target {
+    background-color: #f4debf;
+    border-top: 1px solid #ac9;
+    border-bottom: 1px solid #ac9;
+}
diff --git a/slides/_static/file.png b/slides/_static/file.png
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..254c60bf
Binary files /dev/null and b/slides/_static/file.png differ
diff --git a/slides/_static/flask_cover.png b/slides/_static/flask_cover.png
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..128122d5
Binary files /dev/null and b/slides/_static/flask_cover.png differ
diff --git a/slides/_static/flask_full.png b/slides/_static/flask_full.png
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f98ce466
Binary files /dev/null and b/slides/_static/flask_full.png differ
diff --git a/slides/_static/flask_hello.png b/slides/_static/flask_hello.png
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7d02322f
Binary files /dev/null and b/slides/_static/flask_hello.png differ
diff --git a/slides/_static/flask_square.png b/slides/_static/flask_square.png
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e61caef1
Binary files /dev/null and b/slides/_static/flask_square.png differ
diff --git a/slides/_static/footerbg.png b/slides/_static/footerbg.png
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1fbc873d
Binary files /dev/null and b/slides/_static/footerbg.png differ
diff --git a/slides/_static/forbidden.png b/slides/_static/forbidden.png
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..69960b90
Binary files /dev/null and b/slides/_static/forbidden.png differ
diff --git a/slides/_static/framework_quote.png b/slides/_static/framework_quote.png
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..226f9a95
Binary files /dev/null and b/slides/_static/framework_quote.png differ
diff --git a/slides/_static/gateway.jpg b/slides/_static/gateway.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7c81c137
Binary files /dev/null and b/slides/_static/gateway.jpg differ
diff --git a/slides/_static/geojson-io.png b/slides/_static/geojson-io.png
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..cc437c58
Binary files /dev/null and b/slides/_static/geojson-io.png differ
diff --git a/slides/_static/granny_mashup.png b/slides/_static/granny_mashup.png
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7ded8365
Binary files /dev/null and b/slides/_static/granny_mashup.png differ
diff --git a/slides/_static/headerbg.png b/slides/_static/headerbg.png
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0596f202
Binary files /dev/null and b/slides/_static/headerbg.png differ
diff --git a/slides/_static/heroku-logo.png b/slides/_static/heroku-logo.png
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..22cc8497
Binary files /dev/null and b/slides/_static/heroku-logo.png differ
diff --git a/slides/_static/icup.png b/slides/_static/icup.png
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bc154810
Binary files /dev/null and b/slides/_static/icup.png differ
diff --git a/slides/_static/ie6.css b/slides/_static/ie6.css
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..74baa5d5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/slides/_static/ie6.css
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+* html img,
+* html .png{position:relative;behavior:expression((this.runtimeStyle.behavior="none")&&(this.pngSet?this.pngSet=true:(this.nodeName == "IMG" && this.src.toLowerCase().indexOf('.png')>-1?(this.runtimeStyle.backgroundImage = "none",
+this.runtimeStyle.filter = "progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.AlphaImageLoader(src='" + this.src + "',sizingMethod='image')",
+this.src = "_static/transparent.gif"):(this.origBg = this.origBg? this.origBg :this.currentStyle.backgroundImage.toString().replace('url("','').replace('")',''),
+this.runtimeStyle.filter = "progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.AlphaImageLoader(src='" + this.origBg + "',sizingMethod='crop')",
+this.runtimeStyle.backgroundImage = "none")),this.pngSet=true)
+);}
diff --git a/slides/_static/jquery-1.11.1.js b/slides/_static/jquery-1.11.1.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d4b67f7e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/slides/_static/jquery-1.11.1.js
@@ -0,0 +1,10308 @@
+/*!
+ * jQuery JavaScript Library v1.11.1
+ * http://jquery.com/
+ *
+ * Includes Sizzle.js
+ * http://sizzlejs.com/
+ *
+ * Copyright 2005, 2014 jQuery Foundation, Inc. and other contributors
+ * Released under the MIT license
+ * http://jquery.org/license
+ *
+ * Date: 2014-05-01T17:42Z
+ */
+
+(function( global, factory ) {
+
+	if ( typeof module === "object" && typeof module.exports === "object" ) {
+		// For CommonJS and CommonJS-like environments where a proper window is present,
+		// execute the factory and get jQuery
+		// For environments that do not inherently posses a window with a document
+		// (such as Node.js), expose a jQuery-making factory as module.exports
+		// This accentuates the need for the creation of a real window
+		// e.g. var jQuery = require("jquery")(window);
+		// See ticket #14549 for more info
+		module.exports = global.document ?
+			factory( global, true ) :
+			function( w ) {
+				if ( !w.document ) {
+					throw new Error( "jQuery requires a window with a document" );
+				}
+				return factory( w );
+			};
+	} else {
+		factory( global );
+	}
+
+// Pass this if window is not defined yet
+}(typeof window !== "undefined" ? window : this, function( window, noGlobal ) {
+
+// Can't do this because several apps including ASP.NET trace
+// the stack via arguments.caller.callee and Firefox dies if
+// you try to trace through "use strict" call chains. (#13335)
+// Support: Firefox 18+
+//
+
+var deletedIds = [];
+
+var slice = deletedIds.slice;
+
+var concat = deletedIds.concat;
+
+var push = deletedIds.push;
+
+var indexOf = deletedIds.indexOf;
+
+var class2type = {};
+
+var toString = class2type.toString;
+
+var hasOwn = class2type.hasOwnProperty;
+
+var support = {};
+
+
+
+var
+	version = "1.11.1",
+
+	// Define a local copy of jQuery
+	jQuery = function( selector, context ) {
+		// The jQuery object is actually just the init constructor 'enhanced'
+		// Need init if jQuery is called (just allow error to be thrown if not included)
+		return new jQuery.fn.init( selector, context );
+	},
+
+	// Support: Android<4.1, IE<9
+	// Make sure we trim BOM and NBSP
+	rtrim = /^[\s\uFEFF\xA0]+|[\s\uFEFF\xA0]+$/g,
+
+	// Matches dashed string for camelizing
+	rmsPrefix = /^-ms-/,
+	rdashAlpha = /-([\da-z])/gi,
+
+	// Used by jQuery.camelCase as callback to replace()
+	fcamelCase = function( all, letter ) {
+		return letter.toUpperCase();
+	};
+
+jQuery.fn = jQuery.prototype = {
+	// The current version of jQuery being used
+	jquery: version,
+
+	constructor: jQuery,
+
+	// Start with an empty selector
+	selector: "",
+
+	// The default length of a jQuery object is 0
+	length: 0,
+
+	toArray: function() {
+		return slice.call( this );
+	},
+
+	// Get the Nth element in the matched element set OR
+	// Get the whole matched element set as a clean array
+	get: function( num ) {
+		return num != null ?
+
+			// Return just the one element from the set
+			( num < 0 ? this[ num + this.length ] : this[ num ] ) :
+
+			// Return all the elements in a clean array
+			slice.call( this );
+	},
+
+	// Take an array of elements and push it onto the stack
+	// (returning the new matched element set)
+	pushStack: function( elems ) {
+
+		// Build a new jQuery matched element set
+		var ret = jQuery.merge( this.constructor(), elems );
+
+		// Add the old object onto the stack (as a reference)
+		ret.prevObject = this;
+		ret.context = this.context;
+
+		// Return the newly-formed element set
+		return ret;
+	},
+
+	// Execute a callback for every element in the matched set.
+	// (You can seed the arguments with an array of args, but this is
+	// only used internally.)
+	each: function( callback, args ) {
+		return jQuery.each( this, callback, args );
+	},
+
+	map: function( callback ) {
+		return this.pushStack( jQuery.map(this, function( elem, i ) {
+			return callback.call( elem, i, elem );
+		}));
+	},
+
+	slice: function() {
+		return this.pushStack( slice.apply( this, arguments ) );
+	},
+
+	first: function() {
+		return this.eq( 0 );
+	},
+
+	last: function() {
+		return this.eq( -1 );
+	},
+
+	eq: function( i ) {
+		var len = this.length,
+			j = +i + ( i < 0 ? len : 0 );
+		return this.pushStack( j >= 0 && j < len ? [ this[j] ] : [] );
+	},
+
+	end: function() {
+		return this.prevObject || this.constructor(null);
+	},
+
+	// For internal use only.
+	// Behaves like an Array's method, not like a jQuery method.
+	push: push,
+	sort: deletedIds.sort,
+	splice: deletedIds.splice
+};
+
+jQuery.extend = jQuery.fn.extend = function() {
+	var src, copyIsArray, copy, name, options, clone,
+		target = arguments[0] || {},
+		i = 1,
+		length = arguments.length,
+		deep = false;
+
+	// Handle a deep copy situation
+	if ( typeof target === "boolean" ) {
+		deep = target;
+
+		// skip the boolean and the target
+		target = arguments[ i ] || {};
+		i++;
+	}
+
+	// Handle case when target is a string or something (possible in deep copy)
+	if ( typeof target !== "object" && !jQuery.isFunction(target) ) {
+		target = {};
+	}
+
+	// extend jQuery itself if only one argument is passed
+	if ( i === length ) {
+		target = this;
+		i--;
+	}
+
+	for ( ; i < length; i++ ) {
+		// Only deal with non-null/undefined values
+		if ( (options = arguments[ i ]) != null ) {
+			// Extend the base object
+			for ( name in options ) {
+				src = target[ name ];
+				copy = options[ name ];
+
+				// Prevent never-ending loop
+				if ( target === copy ) {
+					continue;
+				}
+
+				// Recurse if we're merging plain objects or arrays
+				if ( deep && copy && ( jQuery.isPlainObject(copy) || (copyIsArray = jQuery.isArray(copy)) ) ) {
+					if ( copyIsArray ) {
+						copyIsArray = false;
+						clone = src && jQuery.isArray(src) ? src : [];
+
+					} else {
+						clone = src && jQuery.isPlainObject(src) ? src : {};
+					}
+
+					// Never move original objects, clone them
+					target[ name ] = jQuery.extend( deep, clone, copy );
+
+				// Don't bring in undefined values
+				} else if ( copy !== undefined ) {
+					target[ name ] = copy;
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Return the modified object
+	return target;
+};
+
+jQuery.extend({
+	// Unique for each copy of jQuery on the page
+	expando: "jQuery" + ( version + Math.random() ).replace( /\D/g, "" ),
+
+	// Assume jQuery is ready without the ready module
+	isReady: true,
+
+	error: function( msg ) {
+		throw new Error( msg );
+	},
+
+	noop: function() {},
+
+	// See test/unit/core.js for details concerning isFunction.
+	// Since version 1.3, DOM methods and functions like alert
+	// aren't supported. They return false on IE (#2968).
+	isFunction: function( obj ) {
+		return jQuery.type(obj) === "function";
+	},
+
+	isArray: Array.isArray || function( obj ) {
+		return jQuery.type(obj) === "array";
+	},
+
+	isWindow: function( obj ) {
+		/* jshint eqeqeq: false */
+		return obj != null && obj == obj.window;
+	},
+
+	isNumeric: function( obj ) {
+		// parseFloat NaNs numeric-cast false positives (null|true|false|"")
+		// ...but misinterprets leading-number strings, particularly hex literals ("0x...")
+		// subtraction forces infinities to NaN
+		return !jQuery.isArray( obj ) && obj - parseFloat( obj ) >= 0;
+	},
+
+	isEmptyObject: function( obj ) {
+		var name;
+		for ( name in obj ) {
+			return false;
+		}
+		return true;
+	},
+
+	isPlainObject: function( obj ) {
+		var key;
+
+		// Must be an Object.
+		// Because of IE, we also have to check the presence of the constructor property.
+		// Make sure that DOM nodes and window objects don't pass through, as well
+		if ( !obj || jQuery.type(obj) !== "object" || obj.nodeType || jQuery.isWindow( obj ) ) {
+			return false;
+		}
+
+		try {
+			// Not own constructor property must be Object
+			if ( obj.constructor &&
+				!hasOwn.call(obj, "constructor") &&
+				!hasOwn.call(obj.constructor.prototype, "isPrototypeOf") ) {
+				return false;
+			}
+		} catch ( e ) {
+			// IE8,9 Will throw exceptions on certain host objects #9897
+			return false;
+		}
+
+		// Support: IE<9
+		// Handle iteration over inherited properties before own properties.
+		if ( support.ownLast ) {
+			for ( key in obj ) {
+				return hasOwn.call( obj, key );
+			}
+		}
+
+		// Own properties are enumerated firstly, so to speed up,
+		// if last one is own, then all properties are own.
+		for ( key in obj ) {}
+
+		return key === undefined || hasOwn.call( obj, key );
+	},
+
+	type: function( obj ) {
+		if ( obj == null ) {
+			return obj + "";
+		}
+		return typeof obj === "object" || typeof obj === "function" ?
+			class2type[ toString.call(obj) ] || "object" :
+			typeof obj;
+	},
+
+	// Evaluates a script in a global context
+	// Workarounds based on findings by Jim Driscoll
+	// http://weblogs.java.net/blog/driscoll/archive/2009/09/08/eval-javascript-global-context
+	globalEval: function( data ) {
+		if ( data && jQuery.trim( data ) ) {
+			// We use execScript on Internet Explorer
+			// We use an anonymous function so that context is window
+			// rather than jQuery in Firefox
+			( window.execScript || function( data ) {
+				window[ "eval" ].call( window, data );
+			} )( data );
+		}
+	},
+
+	// Convert dashed to camelCase; used by the css and data modules
+	// Microsoft forgot to hump their vendor prefix (#9572)
+	camelCase: function( string ) {
+		return string.replace( rmsPrefix, "ms-" ).replace( rdashAlpha, fcamelCase );
+	},
+
+	nodeName: function( elem, name ) {
+		return elem.nodeName && elem.nodeName.toLowerCase() === name.toLowerCase();
+	},
+
+	// args is for internal usage only
+	each: function( obj, callback, args ) {
+		var value,
+			i = 0,
+			length = obj.length,
+			isArray = isArraylike( obj );
+
+		if ( args ) {
+			if ( isArray ) {
+				for ( ; i < length; i++ ) {
+					value = callback.apply( obj[ i ], args );
+
+					if ( value === false ) {
+						break;
+					}
+				}
+			} else {
+				for ( i in obj ) {
+					value = callback.apply( obj[ i ], args );
+
+					if ( value === false ) {
+						break;
+					}
+				}
+			}
+
+		// A special, fast, case for the most common use of each
+		} else {
+			if ( isArray ) {
+				for ( ; i < length; i++ ) {
+					value = callback.call( obj[ i ], i, obj[ i ] );
+
+					if ( value === false ) {
+						break;
+					}
+				}
+			} else {
+				for ( i in obj ) {
+					value = callback.call( obj[ i ], i, obj[ i ] );
+
+					if ( value === false ) {
+						break;
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		return obj;
+	},
+
+	// Support: Android<4.1, IE<9
+	trim: function( text ) {
+		return text == null ?
+			"" :
+			( text + "" ).replace( rtrim, "" );
+	},
+
+	// results is for internal usage only
+	makeArray: function( arr, results ) {
+		var ret = results || [];
+
+		if ( arr != null ) {
+			if ( isArraylike( Object(arr) ) ) {
+				jQuery.merge( ret,
+					typeof arr === "string" ?
+					[ arr ] : arr
+				);
+			} else {
+				push.call( ret, arr );
+			}
+		}
+
+		return ret;
+	},
+
+	inArray: function( elem, arr, i ) {
+		var len;
+
+		if ( arr ) {
+			if ( indexOf ) {
+				return indexOf.call( arr, elem, i );
+			}
+
+			len = arr.length;
+			i = i ? i < 0 ? Math.max( 0, len + i ) : i : 0;
+
+			for ( ; i < len; i++ ) {
+				// Skip accessing in sparse arrays
+				if ( i in arr && arr[ i ] === elem ) {
+					return i;
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		return -1;
+	},
+
+	merge: function( first, second ) {
+		var len = +second.length,
+			j = 0,
+			i = first.length;
+
+		while ( j < len ) {
+			first[ i++ ] = second[ j++ ];
+		}
+
+		// Support: IE<9
+		// Workaround casting of .length to NaN on otherwise arraylike objects (e.g., NodeLists)
+		if ( len !== len ) {
+			while ( second[j] !== undefined ) {
+				first[ i++ ] = second[ j++ ];
+			}
+		}
+
+		first.length = i;
+
+		return first;
+	},
+
+	grep: function( elems, callback, invert ) {
+		var callbackInverse,
+			matches = [],
+			i = 0,
+			length = elems.length,
+			callbackExpect = !invert;
+
+		// Go through the array, only saving the items
+		// that pass the validator function
+		for ( ; i < length; i++ ) {
+			callbackInverse = !callback( elems[ i ], i );
+			if ( callbackInverse !== callbackExpect ) {
+				matches.push( elems[ i ] );
+			}
+		}
+
+		return matches;
+	},
+
+	// arg is for internal usage only
+	map: function( elems, callback, arg ) {
+		var value,
+			i = 0,
+			length = elems.length,
+			isArray = isArraylike( elems ),
+			ret = [];
+
+		// Go through the array, translating each of the items to their new values
+		if ( isArray ) {
+			for ( ; i < length; i++ ) {
+				value = callback( elems[ i ], i, arg );
+
+				if ( value != null ) {
+					ret.push( value );
+				}
+			}
+
+		// Go through every key on the object,
+		} else {
+			for ( i in elems ) {
+				value = callback( elems[ i ], i, arg );
+
+				if ( value != null ) {
+					ret.push( value );
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		// Flatten any nested arrays
+		return concat.apply( [], ret );
+	},
+
+	// A global GUID counter for objects
+	guid: 1,
+
+	// Bind a function to a context, optionally partially applying any
+	// arguments.
+	proxy: function( fn, context ) {
+		var args, proxy, tmp;
+
+		if ( typeof context === "string" ) {
+			tmp = fn[ context ];
+			context = fn;
+			fn = tmp;
+		}
+
+		// Quick check to determine if target is callable, in the spec
+		// this throws a TypeError, but we will just return undefined.
+		if ( !jQuery.isFunction( fn ) ) {
+			return undefined;
+		}
+
+		// Simulated bind
+		args = slice.call( arguments, 2 );
+		proxy = function() {
+			return fn.apply( context || this, args.concat( slice.call( arguments ) ) );
+		};
+
+		// Set the guid of unique handler to the same of original handler, so it can be removed
+		proxy.guid = fn.guid = fn.guid || jQuery.guid++;
+
+		return proxy;
+	},
+
+	now: function() {
+		return +( new Date() );
+	},
+
+	// jQuery.support is not used in Core but other projects attach their
+	// properties to it so it needs to exist.
+	support: support
+});
+
+// Populate the class2type map
+jQuery.each("Boolean Number String Function Array Date RegExp Object Error".split(" "), function(i, name) {
+	class2type[ "[object " + name + "]" ] = name.toLowerCase();
+});
+
+function isArraylike( obj ) {
+	var length = obj.length,
+		type = jQuery.type( obj );
+
+	if ( type === "function" || jQuery.isWindow( obj ) ) {
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	if ( obj.nodeType === 1 && length ) {
+		return true;
+	}
+
+	return type === "array" || length === 0 ||
+		typeof length === "number" && length > 0 && ( length - 1 ) in obj;
+}
+var Sizzle =
+/*!
+ * Sizzle CSS Selector Engine v1.10.19
+ * http://sizzlejs.com/
+ *
+ * Copyright 2013 jQuery Foundation, Inc. and other contributors
+ * Released under the MIT license
+ * http://jquery.org/license
+ *
+ * Date: 2014-04-18
+ */
+(function( window ) {
+
+var i,
+	support,
+	Expr,
+	getText,
+	isXML,
+	tokenize,
+	compile,
+	select,
+	outermostContext,
+	sortInput,
+	hasDuplicate,
+
+	// Local document vars
+	setDocument,
+	document,
+	docElem,
+	documentIsHTML,
+	rbuggyQSA,
+	rbuggyMatches,
+	matches,
+	contains,
+
+	// Instance-specific data
+	expando = "sizzle" + -(new Date()),
+	preferredDoc = window.document,
+	dirruns = 0,
+	done = 0,
+	classCache = createCache(),
+	tokenCache = createCache(),
+	compilerCache = createCache(),
+	sortOrder = function( a, b ) {
+		if ( a === b ) {
+			hasDuplicate = true;
+		}
+		return 0;
+	},
+
+	// General-purpose constants
+	strundefined = typeof undefined,
+	MAX_NEGATIVE = 1 << 31,
+
+	// Instance methods
+	hasOwn = ({}).hasOwnProperty,
+	arr = [],
+	pop = arr.pop,
+	push_native = arr.push,
+	push = arr.push,
+	slice = arr.slice,
+	// Use a stripped-down indexOf if we can't use a native one
+	indexOf = arr.indexOf || function( elem ) {
+		var i = 0,
+			len = this.length;
+		for ( ; i < len; i++ ) {
+			if ( this[i] === elem ) {
+				return i;
+			}
+		}
+		return -1;
+	},
+
+	booleans = "checked|selected|async|autofocus|autoplay|controls|defer|disabled|hidden|ismap|loop|multiple|open|readonly|required|scoped",
+
+	// Regular expressions
+
+	// Whitespace characters http://www.w3.org/TR/css3-selectors/#whitespace
+	whitespace = "[\\x20\\t\\r\\n\\f]",
+	// http://www.w3.org/TR/css3-syntax/#characters
+	characterEncoding = "(?:\\\\.|[\\w-]|[^\\x00-\\xa0])+",
+
+	// Loosely modeled on CSS identifier characters
+	// An unquoted value should be a CSS identifier http://www.w3.org/TR/css3-selectors/#attribute-selectors
+	// Proper syntax: http://www.w3.org/TR/CSS21/syndata.html#value-def-identifier
+	identifier = characterEncoding.replace( "w", "w#" ),
+
+	// Attribute selectors: http://www.w3.org/TR/selectors/#attribute-selectors
+	attributes = "\\[" + whitespace + "*(" + characterEncoding + ")(?:" + whitespace +
+		// Operator (capture 2)
+		"*([*^$|!~]?=)" + whitespace +
+		// "Attribute values must be CSS identifiers [capture 5] or strings [capture 3 or capture 4]"
+		"*(?:'((?:\\\\.|[^\\\\'])*)'|\"((?:\\\\.|[^\\\\\"])*)\"|(" + identifier + "))|)" + whitespace +
+		"*\\]",
+
+	pseudos = ":(" + characterEncoding + ")(?:\\((" +
+		// To reduce the number of selectors needing tokenize in the preFilter, prefer arguments:
+		// 1. quoted (capture 3; capture 4 or capture 5)
+		"('((?:\\\\.|[^\\\\'])*)'|\"((?:\\\\.|[^\\\\\"])*)\")|" +
+		// 2. simple (capture 6)
+		"((?:\\\\.|[^\\\\()[\\]]|" + attributes + ")*)|" +
+		// 3. anything else (capture 2)
+		".*" +
+		")\\)|)",
+
+	// Leading and non-escaped trailing whitespace, capturing some non-whitespace characters preceding the latter
+	rtrim = new RegExp( "^" + whitespace + "+|((?:^|[^\\\\])(?:\\\\.)*)" + whitespace + "+$", "g" ),
+
+	rcomma = new RegExp( "^" + whitespace + "*," + whitespace + "*" ),
+	rcombinators = new RegExp( "^" + whitespace + "*([>+~]|" + whitespace + ")" + whitespace + "*" ),
+
+	rattributeQuotes = new RegExp( "=" + whitespace + "*([^\\]'\"]*?)" + whitespace + "*\\]", "g" ),
+
+	rpseudo = new RegExp( pseudos ),
+	ridentifier = new RegExp( "^" + identifier + "$" ),
+
+	matchExpr = {
+		"ID": new RegExp( "^#(" + characterEncoding + ")" ),
+		"CLASS": new RegExp( "^\\.(" + characterEncoding + ")" ),
+		"TAG": new RegExp( "^(" + characterEncoding.replace( "w", "w*" ) + ")" ),
+		"ATTR": new RegExp( "^" + attributes ),
+		"PSEUDO": new RegExp( "^" + pseudos ),
+		"CHILD": new RegExp( "^:(only|first|last|nth|nth-last)-(child|of-type)(?:\\(" + whitespace +
+			"*(even|odd|(([+-]|)(\\d*)n|)" + whitespace + "*(?:([+-]|)" + whitespace +
+			"*(\\d+)|))" + whitespace + "*\\)|)", "i" ),
+		"bool": new RegExp( "^(?:" + booleans + ")$", "i" ),
+		// For use in libraries implementing .is()
+		// We use this for POS matching in `select`
+		"needsContext": new RegExp( "^" + whitespace + "*[>+~]|:(even|odd|eq|gt|lt|nth|first|last)(?:\\(" +
+			whitespace + "*((?:-\\d)?\\d*)" + whitespace + "*\\)|)(?=[^-]|$)", "i" )
+	},
+
+	rinputs = /^(?:input|select|textarea|button)$/i,
+	rheader = /^h\d$/i,
+
+	rnative = /^[^{]+\{\s*\[native \w/,
+
+	// Easily-parseable/retrievable ID or TAG or CLASS selectors
+	rquickExpr = /^(?:#([\w-]+)|(\w+)|\.([\w-]+))$/,
+
+	rsibling = /[+~]/,
+	rescape = /'|\\/g,
+
+	// CSS escapes http://www.w3.org/TR/CSS21/syndata.html#escaped-characters
+	runescape = new RegExp( "\\\\([\\da-f]{1,6}" + whitespace + "?|(" + whitespace + ")|.)", "ig" ),
+	funescape = function( _, escaped, escapedWhitespace ) {
+		var high = "0x" + escaped - 0x10000;
+		// NaN means non-codepoint
+		// Support: Firefox<24
+		// Workaround erroneous numeric interpretation of +"0x"
+		return high !== high || escapedWhitespace ?
+			escaped :
+			high < 0 ?
+				// BMP codepoint
+				String.fromCharCode( high + 0x10000 ) :
+				// Supplemental Plane codepoint (surrogate pair)
+				String.fromCharCode( high >> 10 | 0xD800, high & 0x3FF | 0xDC00 );
+	};
+
+// Optimize for push.apply( _, NodeList )
+try {
+	push.apply(
+		(arr = slice.call( preferredDoc.childNodes )),
+		preferredDoc.childNodes
+	);
+	// Support: Android<4.0
+	// Detect silently failing push.apply
+	arr[ preferredDoc.childNodes.length ].nodeType;
+} catch ( e ) {
+	push = { apply: arr.length ?
+
+		// Leverage slice if possible
+		function( target, els ) {
+			push_native.apply( target, slice.call(els) );
+		} :
+
+		// Support: IE<9
+		// Otherwise append directly
+		function( target, els ) {
+			var j = target.length,
+				i = 0;
+			// Can't trust NodeList.length
+			while ( (target[j++] = els[i++]) ) {}
+			target.length = j - 1;
+		}
+	};
+}
+
+function Sizzle( selector, context, results, seed ) {
+	var match, elem, m, nodeType,
+		// QSA vars
+		i, groups, old, nid, newContext, newSelector;
+
+	if ( ( context ? context.ownerDocument || context : preferredDoc ) !== document ) {
+		setDocument( context );
+	}
+
+	context = context || document;
+	results = results || [];
+
+	if ( !selector || typeof selector !== "string" ) {
+		return results;
+	}
+
+	if ( (nodeType = context.nodeType) !== 1 && nodeType !== 9 ) {
+		return [];
+	}
+
+	if ( documentIsHTML && !seed ) {
+
+		// Shortcuts
+		if ( (match = rquickExpr.exec( selector )) ) {
+			// Speed-up: Sizzle("#ID")
+			if ( (m = match[1]) ) {
+				if ( nodeType === 9 ) {
+					elem = context.getElementById( m );
+					// Check parentNode to catch when Blackberry 4.6 returns
+					// nodes that are no longer in the document (jQuery #6963)
+					if ( elem && elem.parentNode ) {
+						// Handle the case where IE, Opera, and Webkit return items
+						// by name instead of ID
+						if ( elem.id === m ) {
+							results.push( elem );
+							return results;
+						}
+					} else {
+						return results;
+					}
+				} else {
+					// Context is not a document
+					if ( context.ownerDocument && (elem = context.ownerDocument.getElementById( m )) &&
+						contains( context, elem ) && elem.id === m ) {
+						results.push( elem );
+						return results;
+					}
+				}
+
+			// Speed-up: Sizzle("TAG")
+			} else if ( match[2] ) {
+				push.apply( results, context.getElementsByTagName( selector ) );
+				return results;
+
+			// Speed-up: Sizzle(".CLASS")
+			} else if ( (m = match[3]) && support.getElementsByClassName && context.getElementsByClassName ) {
+				push.apply( results, context.getElementsByClassName( m ) );
+				return results;
+			}
+		}
+
+		// QSA path
+		if ( support.qsa && (!rbuggyQSA || !rbuggyQSA.test( selector )) ) {
+			nid = old = expando;
+			newContext = context;
+			newSelector = nodeType === 9 && selector;
+
+			// qSA works strangely on Element-rooted queries
+			// We can work around this by specifying an extra ID on the root
+			// and working up from there (Thanks to Andrew Dupont for the technique)
+			// IE 8 doesn't work on object elements
+			if ( nodeType === 1 && context.nodeName.toLowerCase() !== "object" ) {
+				groups = tokenize( selector );
+
+				if ( (old = context.getAttribute("id")) ) {
+					nid = old.replace( rescape, "\\$&" );
+				} else {
+					context.setAttribute( "id", nid );
+				}
+				nid = "[id='" + nid + "'] ";
+
+				i = groups.length;
+				while ( i-- ) {
+					groups[i] = nid + toSelector( groups[i] );
+				}
+				newContext = rsibling.test( selector ) && testContext( context.parentNode ) || context;
+				newSelector = groups.join(",");
+			}
+
+			if ( newSelector ) {
+				try {
+					push.apply( results,
+						newContext.querySelectorAll( newSelector )
+					);
+					return results;
+				} catch(qsaError) {
+				} finally {
+					if ( !old ) {
+						context.removeAttribute("id");
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	// All others
+	return select( selector.replace( rtrim, "$1" ), context, results, seed );
+}
+
+/**
+ * Create key-value caches of limited size
+ * @returns {Function(string, Object)} Returns the Object data after storing it on itself with
+ *	property name the (space-suffixed) string and (if the cache is larger than Expr.cacheLength)
+ *	deleting the oldest entry
+ */
+function createCache() {
+	var keys = [];
+
+	function cache( key, value ) {
+		// Use (key + " ") to avoid collision with native prototype properties (see Issue #157)
+		if ( keys.push( key + " " ) > Expr.cacheLength ) {
+			// Only keep the most recent entries
+			delete cache[ keys.shift() ];
+		}
+		return (cache[ key + " " ] = value);
+	}
+	return cache;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Mark a function for special use by Sizzle
+ * @param {Function} fn The function to mark
+ */
+function markFunction( fn ) {
+	fn[ expando ] = true;
+	return fn;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Support testing using an element
+ * @param {Function} fn Passed the created div and expects a boolean result
+ */
+function assert( fn ) {
+	var div = document.createElement("div");
+
+	try {
+		return !!fn( div );
+	} catch (e) {
+		return false;
+	} finally {
+		// Remove from its parent by default
+		if ( div.parentNode ) {
+			div.parentNode.removeChild( div );
+		}
+		// release memory in IE
+		div = null;
+	}
+}
+
+/**
+ * Adds the same handler for all of the specified attrs
+ * @param {String} attrs Pipe-separated list of attributes
+ * @param {Function} handler The method that will be applied
+ */
+function addHandle( attrs, handler ) {
+	var arr = attrs.split("|"),
+		i = attrs.length;
+
+	while ( i-- ) {
+		Expr.attrHandle[ arr[i] ] = handler;
+	}
+}
+
+/**
+ * Checks document order of two siblings
+ * @param {Element} a
+ * @param {Element} b
+ * @returns {Number} Returns less than 0 if a precedes b, greater than 0 if a follows b
+ */
+function siblingCheck( a, b ) {
+	var cur = b && a,
+		diff = cur && a.nodeType === 1 && b.nodeType === 1 &&
+			( ~b.sourceIndex || MAX_NEGATIVE ) -
+			( ~a.sourceIndex || MAX_NEGATIVE );
+
+	// Use IE sourceIndex if available on both nodes
+	if ( diff ) {
+		return diff;
+	}
+
+	// Check if b follows a
+	if ( cur ) {
+		while ( (cur = cur.nextSibling) ) {
+			if ( cur === b ) {
+				return -1;
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	return a ? 1 : -1;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Returns a function to use in pseudos for input types
+ * @param {String} type
+ */
+function createInputPseudo( type ) {
+	return function( elem ) {
+		var name = elem.nodeName.toLowerCase();
+		return name === "input" && elem.type === type;
+	};
+}
+
+/**
+ * Returns a function to use in pseudos for buttons
+ * @param {String} type
+ */
+function createButtonPseudo( type ) {
+	return function( elem ) {
+		var name = elem.nodeName.toLowerCase();
+		return (name === "input" || name === "button") && elem.type === type;
+	};
+}
+
+/**
+ * Returns a function to use in pseudos for positionals
+ * @param {Function} fn
+ */
+function createPositionalPseudo( fn ) {
+	return markFunction(function( argument ) {
+		argument = +argument;
+		return markFunction(function( seed, matches ) {
+			var j,
+				matchIndexes = fn( [], seed.length, argument ),
+				i = matchIndexes.length;
+
+			// Match elements found at the specified indexes
+			while ( i-- ) {
+				if ( seed[ (j = matchIndexes[i]) ] ) {
+					seed[j] = !(matches[j] = seed[j]);
+				}
+			}
+		});
+	});
+}
+
+/**
+ * Checks a node for validity as a Sizzle context
+ * @param {Element|Object=} context
+ * @returns {Element|Object|Boolean} The input node if acceptable, otherwise a falsy value
+ */
+function testContext( context ) {
+	return context && typeof context.getElementsByTagName !== strundefined && context;
+}
+
+// Expose support vars for convenience
+support = Sizzle.support = {};
+
+/**
+ * Detects XML nodes
+ * @param {Element|Object} elem An element or a document
+ * @returns {Boolean} True iff elem is a non-HTML XML node
+ */
+isXML = Sizzle.isXML = function( elem ) {
+	// documentElement is verified for cases where it doesn't yet exist
+	// (such as loading iframes in IE - #4833)
+	var documentElement = elem && (elem.ownerDocument || elem).documentElement;
+	return documentElement ? documentElement.nodeName !== "HTML" : false;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Sets document-related variables once based on the current document
+ * @param {Element|Object} [doc] An element or document object to use to set the document
+ * @returns {Object} Returns the current document
+ */
+setDocument = Sizzle.setDocument = function( node ) {
+	var hasCompare,
+		doc = node ? node.ownerDocument || node : preferredDoc,
+		parent = doc.defaultView;
+
+	// If no document and documentElement is available, return
+	if ( doc === document || doc.nodeType !== 9 || !doc.documentElement ) {
+		return document;
+	}
+
+	// Set our document
+	document = doc;
+	docElem = doc.documentElement;
+
+	// Support tests
+	documentIsHTML = !isXML( doc );
+
+	// Support: IE>8
+	// If iframe document is assigned to "document" variable and if iframe has been reloaded,
+	// IE will throw "permission denied" error when accessing "document" variable, see jQuery #13936
+	// IE6-8 do not support the defaultView property so parent will be undefined
+	if ( parent && parent !== parent.top ) {
+		// IE11 does not have attachEvent, so all must suffer
+		if ( parent.addEventListener ) {
+			parent.addEventListener( "unload", function() {
+				setDocument();
+			}, false );
+		} else if ( parent.attachEvent ) {
+			parent.attachEvent( "onunload", function() {
+				setDocument();
+			});
+		}
+	}
+
+	/* Attributes
+	---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+	// Support: IE<8
+	// Verify that getAttribute really returns attributes and not properties (excepting IE8 booleans)
+	support.attributes = assert(function( div ) {
+		div.className = "i";
+		return !div.getAttribute("className");
+	});
+
+	/* getElement(s)By*
+	---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+	// Check if getElementsByTagName("*") returns only elements
+	support.getElementsByTagName = assert(function( div ) {
+		div.appendChild( doc.createComment("") );
+		return !div.getElementsByTagName("*").length;
+	});
+
+	// Check if getElementsByClassName can be trusted
+	support.getElementsByClassName = rnative.test( doc.getElementsByClassName ) && assert(function( div ) {
+		div.innerHTML = "<div class='a'></div><div class='a i'></div>";
+
+		// Support: Safari<4
+		// Catch class over-caching
+		div.firstChild.className = "i";
+		// Support: Opera<10
+		// Catch gEBCN failure to find non-leading classes
+		return div.getElementsByClassName("i").length === 2;
+	});
+
+	// Support: IE<10
+	// Check if getElementById returns elements by name
+	// The broken getElementById methods don't pick up programatically-set names,
+	// so use a roundabout getElementsByName test
+	support.getById = assert(function( div ) {
+		docElem.appendChild( div ).id = expando;
+		return !doc.getElementsByName || !doc.getElementsByName( expando ).length;
+	});
+
+	// ID find and filter
+	if ( support.getById ) {
+		Expr.find["ID"] = function( id, context ) {
+			if ( typeof context.getElementById !== strundefined && documentIsHTML ) {
+				var m = context.getElementById( id );
+				// Check parentNode to catch when Blackberry 4.6 returns
+				// nodes that are no longer in the document #6963
+				return m && m.parentNode ? [ m ] : [];
+			}
+		};
+		Expr.filter["ID"] = function( id ) {
+			var attrId = id.replace( runescape, funescape );
+			return function( elem ) {
+				return elem.getAttribute("id") === attrId;
+			};
+		};
+	} else {
+		// Support: IE6/7
+		// getElementById is not reliable as a find shortcut
+		delete Expr.find["ID"];
+
+		Expr.filter["ID"] =  function( id ) {
+			var attrId = id.replace( runescape, funescape );
+			return function( elem ) {
+				var node = typeof elem.getAttributeNode !== strundefined && elem.getAttributeNode("id");
+				return node && node.value === attrId;
+			};
+		};
+	}
+
+	// Tag
+	Expr.find["TAG"] = support.getElementsByTagName ?
+		function( tag, context ) {
+			if ( typeof context.getElementsByTagName !== strundefined ) {
+				return context.getElementsByTagName( tag );
+			}
+		} :
+		function( tag, context ) {
+			var elem,
+				tmp = [],
+				i = 0,
+				results = context.getElementsByTagName( tag );
+
+			// Filter out possible comments
+			if ( tag === "*" ) {
+				while ( (elem = results[i++]) ) {
+					if ( elem.nodeType === 1 ) {
+						tmp.push( elem );
+					}
+				}
+
+				return tmp;
+			}
+			return results;
+		};
+
+	// Class
+	Expr.find["CLASS"] = support.getElementsByClassName && function( className, context ) {
+		if ( typeof context.getElementsByClassName !== strundefined && documentIsHTML ) {
+			return context.getElementsByClassName( className );
+		}
+	};
+
+	/* QSA/matchesSelector
+	---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+	// QSA and matchesSelector support
+
+	// matchesSelector(:active) reports false when true (IE9/Opera 11.5)
+	rbuggyMatches = [];
+
+	// qSa(:focus) reports false when true (Chrome 21)
+	// We allow this because of a bug in IE8/9 that throws an error
+	// whenever `document.activeElement` is accessed on an iframe
+	// So, we allow :focus to pass through QSA all the time to avoid the IE error
+	// See http://bugs.jquery.com/ticket/13378
+	rbuggyQSA = [];
+
+	if ( (support.qsa = rnative.test( doc.querySelectorAll )) ) {
+		// Build QSA regex
+		// Regex strategy adopted from Diego Perini
+		assert(function( div ) {
+			// Select is set to empty string on purpose
+			// This is to test IE's treatment of not explicitly
+			// setting a boolean content attribute,
+			// since its presence should be enough
+			// http://bugs.jquery.com/ticket/12359
+			div.innerHTML = "<select msallowclip=''><option selected=''></option></select>";
+
+			// Support: IE8, Opera 11-12.16
+			// Nothing should be selected when empty strings follow ^= or $= or *=
+			// The test attribute must be unknown in Opera but "safe" for WinRT
+			// http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ie/hh465388.aspx#attribute_section
+			if ( div.querySelectorAll("[msallowclip^='']").length ) {
+				rbuggyQSA.push( "[*^$]=" + whitespace + "*(?:''|\"\")" );
+			}
+
+			// Support: IE8
+			// Boolean attributes and "value" are not treated correctly
+			if ( !div.querySelectorAll("[selected]").length ) {
+				rbuggyQSA.push( "\\[" + whitespace + "*(?:value|" + booleans + ")" );
+			}
+
+			// Webkit/Opera - :checked should return selected option elements
+			// http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/REC-css3-selectors-20110929/#checked
+			// IE8 throws error here and will not see later tests
+			if ( !div.querySelectorAll(":checked").length ) {
+				rbuggyQSA.push(":checked");
+			}
+		});
+
+		assert(function( div ) {
+			// Support: Windows 8 Native Apps
+			// The type and name attributes are restricted during .innerHTML assignment
+			var input = doc.createElement("input");
+			input.setAttribute( "type", "hidden" );
+			div.appendChild( input ).setAttribute( "name", "D" );
+
+			// Support: IE8
+			// Enforce case-sensitivity of name attribute
+			if ( div.querySelectorAll("[name=d]").length ) {
+				rbuggyQSA.push( "name" + whitespace + "*[*^$|!~]?=" );
+			}
+
+			// FF 3.5 - :enabled/:disabled and hidden elements (hidden elements are still enabled)
+			// IE8 throws error here and will not see later tests
+			if ( !div.querySelectorAll(":enabled").length ) {
+				rbuggyQSA.push( ":enabled", ":disabled" );
+			}
+
+			// Opera 10-11 does not throw on post-comma invalid pseudos
+			div.querySelectorAll("*,:x");
+			rbuggyQSA.push(",.*:");
+		});
+	}
+
+	if ( (support.matchesSelector = rnative.test( (matches = docElem.matches ||
+		docElem.webkitMatchesSelector ||
+		docElem.mozMatchesSelector ||
+		docElem.oMatchesSelector ||
+		docElem.msMatchesSelector) )) ) {
+
+		assert(function( div ) {
+			// Check to see if it's possible to do matchesSelector
+			// on a disconnected node (IE 9)
+			support.disconnectedMatch = matches.call( div, "div" );
+
+			// This should fail with an exception
+			// Gecko does not error, returns false instead
+			matches.call( div, "[s!='']:x" );
+			rbuggyMatches.push( "!=", pseudos );
+		});
+	}
+
+	rbuggyQSA = rbuggyQSA.length && new RegExp( rbuggyQSA.join("|") );
+	rbuggyMatches = rbuggyMatches.length && new RegExp( rbuggyMatches.join("|") );
+
+	/* Contains
+	---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+	hasCompare = rnative.test( docElem.compareDocumentPosition );
+
+	// Element contains another
+	// Purposefully does not implement inclusive descendent
+	// As in, an element does not contain itself
+	contains = hasCompare || rnative.test( docElem.contains ) ?
+		function( a, b ) {
+			var adown = a.nodeType === 9 ? a.documentElement : a,
+				bup = b && b.parentNode;
+			return a === bup || !!( bup && bup.nodeType === 1 && (
+				adown.contains ?
+					adown.contains( bup ) :
+					a.compareDocumentPosition && a.compareDocumentPosition( bup ) & 16
+			));
+		} :
+		function( a, b ) {
+			if ( b ) {
+				while ( (b = b.parentNode) ) {
+					if ( b === a ) {
+						return true;
+					}
+				}
+			}
+			return false;
+		};
+
+	/* Sorting
+	---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+	// Document order sorting
+	sortOrder = hasCompare ?
+	function( a, b ) {
+
+		// Flag for duplicate removal
+		if ( a === b ) {
+			hasDuplicate = true;
+			return 0;
+		}
+
+		// Sort on method existence if only one input has compareDocumentPosition
+		var compare = !a.compareDocumentPosition - !b.compareDocumentPosition;
+		if ( compare ) {
+			return compare;
+		}
+
+		// Calculate position if both inputs belong to the same document
+		compare = ( a.ownerDocument || a ) === ( b.ownerDocument || b ) ?
+			a.compareDocumentPosition( b ) :
+
+			// Otherwise we know they are disconnected
+			1;
+
+		// Disconnected nodes
+		if ( compare & 1 ||
+			(!support.sortDetached && b.compareDocumentPosition( a ) === compare) ) {
+
+			// Choose the first element that is related to our preferred document
+			if ( a === doc || a.ownerDocument === preferredDoc && contains(preferredDoc, a) ) {
+				return -1;
+			}
+			if ( b === doc || b.ownerDocument === preferredDoc && contains(preferredDoc, b) ) {
+				return 1;
+			}
+
+			// Maintain original order
+			return sortInput ?
+				( indexOf.call( sortInput, a ) - indexOf.call( sortInput, b ) ) :
+				0;
+		}
+
+		return compare & 4 ? -1 : 1;
+	} :
+	function( a, b ) {
+		// Exit early if the nodes are identical
+		if ( a === b ) {
+			hasDuplicate = true;
+			return 0;
+		}
+
+		var cur,
+			i = 0,
+			aup = a.parentNode,
+			bup = b.parentNode,
+			ap = [ a ],
+			bp = [ b ];
+
+		// Parentless nodes are either documents or disconnected
+		if ( !aup || !bup ) {
+			return a === doc ? -1 :
+				b === doc ? 1 :
+				aup ? -1 :
+				bup ? 1 :
+				sortInput ?
+				( indexOf.call( sortInput, a ) - indexOf.call( sortInput, b ) ) :
+				0;
+
+		// If the nodes are siblings, we can do a quick check
+		} else if ( aup === bup ) {
+			return siblingCheck( a, b );
+		}
+
+		// Otherwise we need full lists of their ancestors for comparison
+		cur = a;
+		while ( (cur = cur.parentNode) ) {
+			ap.unshift( cur );
+		}
+		cur = b;
+		while ( (cur = cur.parentNode) ) {
+			bp.unshift( cur );
+		}
+
+		// Walk down the tree looking for a discrepancy
+		while ( ap[i] === bp[i] ) {
+			i++;
+		}
+
+		return i ?
+			// Do a sibling check if the nodes have a common ancestor
+			siblingCheck( ap[i], bp[i] ) :
+
+			// Otherwise nodes in our document sort first
+			ap[i] === preferredDoc ? -1 :
+			bp[i] === preferredDoc ? 1 :
+			0;
+	};
+
+	return doc;
+};
+
+Sizzle.matches = function( expr, elements ) {
+	return Sizzle( expr, null, null, elements );
+};
+
+Sizzle.matchesSelector = function( elem, expr ) {
+	// Set document vars if needed
+	if ( ( elem.ownerDocument || elem ) !== document ) {
+		setDocument( elem );
+	}
+
+	// Make sure that attribute selectors are quoted
+	expr = expr.replace( rattributeQuotes, "='$1']" );
+
+	if ( support.matchesSelector && documentIsHTML &&
+		( !rbuggyMatches || !rbuggyMatches.test( expr ) ) &&
+		( !rbuggyQSA     || !rbuggyQSA.test( expr ) ) ) {
+
+		try {
+			var ret = matches.call( elem, expr );
+
+			// IE 9's matchesSelector returns false on disconnected nodes
+			if ( ret || support.disconnectedMatch ||
+					// As well, disconnected nodes are said to be in a document
+					// fragment in IE 9
+					elem.document && elem.document.nodeType !== 11 ) {
+				return ret;
+			}
+		} catch(e) {}
+	}
+
+	return Sizzle( expr, document, null, [ elem ] ).length > 0;
+};
+
+Sizzle.contains = function( context, elem ) {
+	// Set document vars if needed
+	if ( ( context.ownerDocument || context ) !== document ) {
+		setDocument( context );
+	}
+	return contains( context, elem );
+};
+
+Sizzle.attr = function( elem, name ) {
+	// Set document vars if needed
+	if ( ( elem.ownerDocument || elem ) !== document ) {
+		setDocument( elem );
+	}
+
+	var fn = Expr.attrHandle[ name.toLowerCase() ],
+		// Don't get fooled by Object.prototype properties (jQuery #13807)
+		val = fn && hasOwn.call( Expr.attrHandle, name.toLowerCase() ) ?
+			fn( elem, name, !documentIsHTML ) :
+			undefined;
+
+	return val !== undefined ?
+		val :
+		support.attributes || !documentIsHTML ?
+			elem.getAttribute( name ) :
+			(val = elem.getAttributeNode(name)) && val.specified ?
+				val.value :
+				null;
+};
+
+Sizzle.error = function( msg ) {
+	throw new Error( "Syntax error, unrecognized expression: " + msg );
+};
+
+/**
+ * Document sorting and removing duplicates
+ * @param {ArrayLike} results
+ */
+Sizzle.uniqueSort = function( results ) {
+	var elem,
+		duplicates = [],
+		j = 0,
+		i = 0;
+
+	// Unless we *know* we can detect duplicates, assume their presence
+	hasDuplicate = !support.detectDuplicates;
+	sortInput = !support.sortStable && results.slice( 0 );
+	results.sort( sortOrder );
+
+	if ( hasDuplicate ) {
+		while ( (elem = results[i++]) ) {
+			if ( elem === results[ i ] ) {
+				j = duplicates.push( i );
+			}
+		}
+		while ( j-- ) {
+			results.splice( duplicates[ j ], 1 );
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Clear input after sorting to release objects
+	// See https://github.com/jquery/sizzle/pull/225
+	sortInput = null;
+
+	return results;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Utility function for retrieving the text value of an array of DOM nodes
+ * @param {Array|Element} elem
+ */
+getText = Sizzle.getText = function( elem ) {
+	var node,
+		ret = "",
+		i = 0,
+		nodeType = elem.nodeType;
+
+	if ( !nodeType ) {
+		// If no nodeType, this is expected to be an array
+		while ( (node = elem[i++]) ) {
+			// Do not traverse comment nodes
+			ret += getText( node );
+		}
+	} else if ( nodeType === 1 || nodeType === 9 || nodeType === 11 ) {
+		// Use textContent for elements
+		// innerText usage removed for consistency of new lines (jQuery #11153)
+		if ( typeof elem.textContent === "string" ) {
+			return elem.textContent;
+		} else {
+			// Traverse its children
+			for ( elem = elem.firstChild; elem; elem = elem.nextSibling ) {
+				ret += getText( elem );
+			}
+		}
+	} else if ( nodeType === 3 || nodeType === 4 ) {
+		return elem.nodeValue;
+	}
+	// Do not include comment or processing instruction nodes
+
+	return ret;
+};
+
+Expr = Sizzle.selectors = {
+
+	// Can be adjusted by the user
+	cacheLength: 50,
+
+	createPseudo: markFunction,
+
+	match: matchExpr,
+
+	attrHandle: {},
+
+	find: {},
+
+	relative: {
+		">": { dir: "parentNode", first: true },
+		" ": { dir: "parentNode" },
+		"+": { dir: "previousSibling", first: true },
+		"~": { dir: "previousSibling" }
+	},
+
+	preFilter: {
+		"ATTR": function( match ) {
+			match[1] = match[1].replace( runescape, funescape );
+
+			// Move the given value to match[3] whether quoted or unquoted
+			match[3] = ( match[3] || match[4] || match[5] || "" ).replace( runescape, funescape );
+
+			if ( match[2] === "~=" ) {
+				match[3] = " " + match[3] + " ";
+			}
+
+			return match.slice( 0, 4 );
+		},
+
+		"CHILD": function( match ) {
+			/* matches from matchExpr["CHILD"]
+				1 type (only|nth|...)
+				2 what (child|of-type)
+				3 argument (even|odd|\d*|\d*n([+-]\d+)?|...)
+				4 xn-component of xn+y argument ([+-]?\d*n|)
+				5 sign of xn-component
+				6 x of xn-component
+				7 sign of y-component
+				8 y of y-component
+			*/
+			match[1] = match[1].toLowerCase();
+
+			if ( match[1].slice( 0, 3 ) === "nth" ) {
+				// nth-* requires argument
+				if ( !match[3] ) {
+					Sizzle.error( match[0] );
+				}
+
+				// numeric x and y parameters for Expr.filter.CHILD
+				// remember that false/true cast respectively to 0/1
+				match[4] = +( match[4] ? match[5] + (match[6] || 1) : 2 * ( match[3] === "even" || match[3] === "odd" ) );
+				match[5] = +( ( match[7] + match[8] ) || match[3] === "odd" );
+
+			// other types prohibit arguments
+			} else if ( match[3] ) {
+				Sizzle.error( match[0] );
+			}
+
+			return match;
+		},
+
+		"PSEUDO": function( match ) {
+			var excess,
+				unquoted = !match[6] && match[2];
+
+			if ( matchExpr["CHILD"].test( match[0] ) ) {
+				return null;
+			}
+
+			// Accept quoted arguments as-is
+			if ( match[3] ) {
+				match[2] = match[4] || match[5] || "";
+
+			// Strip excess characters from unquoted arguments
+			} else if ( unquoted && rpseudo.test( unquoted ) &&
+				// Get excess from tokenize (recursively)
+				(excess = tokenize( unquoted, true )) &&
+				// advance to the next closing parenthesis
+				(excess = unquoted.indexOf( ")", unquoted.length - excess ) - unquoted.length) ) {
+
+				// excess is a negative index
+				match[0] = match[0].slice( 0, excess );
+				match[2] = unquoted.slice( 0, excess );
+			}
+
+			// Return only captures needed by the pseudo filter method (type and argument)
+			return match.slice( 0, 3 );
+		}
+	},
+
+	filter: {
+
+		"TAG": function( nodeNameSelector ) {
+			var nodeName = nodeNameSelector.replace( runescape, funescape ).toLowerCase();
+			return nodeNameSelector === "*" ?
+				function() { return true; } :
+				function( elem ) {
+					return elem.nodeName && elem.nodeName.toLowerCase() === nodeName;
+				};
+		},
+
+		"CLASS": function( className ) {
+			var pattern = classCache[ className + " " ];
+
+			return pattern ||
+				(pattern = new RegExp( "(^|" + whitespace + ")" + className + "(" + whitespace + "|$)" )) &&
+				classCache( className, function( elem ) {
+					return pattern.test( typeof elem.className === "string" && elem.className || typeof elem.getAttribute !== strundefined && elem.getAttribute("class") || "" );
+				});
+		},
+
+		"ATTR": function( name, operator, check ) {
+			return function( elem ) {
+				var result = Sizzle.attr( elem, name );
+
+				if ( result == null ) {
+					return operator === "!=";
+				}
+				if ( !operator ) {
+					return true;
+				}
+
+				result += "";
+
+				return operator === "=" ? result === check :
+					operator === "!=" ? result !== check :
+					operator === "^=" ? check && result.indexOf( check ) === 0 :
+					operator === "*=" ? check && result.indexOf( check ) > -1 :
+					operator === "$=" ? check && result.slice( -check.length ) === check :
+					operator === "~=" ? ( " " + result + " " ).indexOf( check ) > -1 :
+					operator === "|=" ? result === check || result.slice( 0, check.length + 1 ) === check + "-" :
+					false;
+			};
+		},
+
+		"CHILD": function( type, what, argument, first, last ) {
+			var simple = type.slice( 0, 3 ) !== "nth",
+				forward = type.slice( -4 ) !== "last",
+				ofType = what === "of-type";
+
+			return first === 1 && last === 0 ?
+
+				// Shortcut for :nth-*(n)
+				function( elem ) {
+					return !!elem.parentNode;
+				} :
+
+				function( elem, context, xml ) {
+					var cache, outerCache, node, diff, nodeIndex, start,
+						dir = simple !== forward ? "nextSibling" : "previousSibling",
+						parent = elem.parentNode,
+						name = ofType && elem.nodeName.toLowerCase(),
+						useCache = !xml && !ofType;
+
+					if ( parent ) {
+
+						// :(first|last|only)-(child|of-type)
+						if ( simple ) {
+							while ( dir ) {
+								node = elem;
+								while ( (node = node[ dir ]) ) {
+									if ( ofType ? node.nodeName.toLowerCase() === name : node.nodeType === 1 ) {
+										return false;
+									}
+								}
+								// Reverse direction for :only-* (if we haven't yet done so)
+								start = dir = type === "only" && !start && "nextSibling";
+							}
+							return true;
+						}
+
+						start = [ forward ? parent.firstChild : parent.lastChild ];
+
+						// non-xml :nth-child(...) stores cache data on `parent`
+						if ( forward && useCache ) {
+							// Seek `elem` from a previously-cached index
+							outerCache = parent[ expando ] || (parent[ expando ] = {});
+							cache = outerCache[ type ] || [];
+							nodeIndex = cache[0] === dirruns && cache[1];
+							diff = cache[0] === dirruns && cache[2];
+							node = nodeIndex && parent.childNodes[ nodeIndex ];
+
+							while ( (node = ++nodeIndex && node && node[ dir ] ||
+
+								// Fallback to seeking `elem` from the start
+								(diff = nodeIndex = 0) || start.pop()) ) {
+
+								// When found, cache indexes on `parent` and break
+								if ( node.nodeType === 1 && ++diff && node === elem ) {
+									outerCache[ type ] = [ dirruns, nodeIndex, diff ];
+									break;
+								}
+							}
+
+						// Use previously-cached element index if available
+						} else if ( useCache && (cache = (elem[ expando ] || (elem[ expando ] = {}))[ type ]) && cache[0] === dirruns ) {
+							diff = cache[1];
+
+						// xml :nth-child(...) or :nth-last-child(...) or :nth(-last)?-of-type(...)
+						} else {
+							// Use the same loop as above to seek `elem` from the start
+							while ( (node = ++nodeIndex && node && node[ dir ] ||
+								(diff = nodeIndex = 0) || start.pop()) ) {
+
+								if ( ( ofType ? node.nodeName.toLowerCase() === name : node.nodeType === 1 ) && ++diff ) {
+									// Cache the index of each encountered element
+									if ( useCache ) {
+										(node[ expando ] || (node[ expando ] = {}))[ type ] = [ dirruns, diff ];
+									}
+
+									if ( node === elem ) {
+										break;
+									}
+								}
+							}
+						}
+
+						// Incorporate the offset, then check against cycle size
+						diff -= last;
+						return diff === first || ( diff % first === 0 && diff / first >= 0 );
+					}
+				};
+		},
+
+		"PSEUDO": function( pseudo, argument ) {
+			// pseudo-class names are case-insensitive
+			// http://www.w3.org/TR/selectors/#pseudo-classes
+			// Prioritize by case sensitivity in case custom pseudos are added with uppercase letters
+			// Remember that setFilters inherits from pseudos
+			var args,
+				fn = Expr.pseudos[ pseudo ] || Expr.setFilters[ pseudo.toLowerCase() ] ||
+					Sizzle.error( "unsupported pseudo: " + pseudo );
+
+			// The user may use createPseudo to indicate that
+			// arguments are needed to create the filter function
+			// just as Sizzle does
+			if ( fn[ expando ] ) {
+				return fn( argument );
+			}
+
+			// But maintain support for old signatures
+			if ( fn.length > 1 ) {
+				args = [ pseudo, pseudo, "", argument ];
+				return Expr.setFilters.hasOwnProperty( pseudo.toLowerCase() ) ?
+					markFunction(function( seed, matches ) {
+						var idx,
+							matched = fn( seed, argument ),
+							i = matched.length;
+						while ( i-- ) {
+							idx = indexOf.call( seed, matched[i] );
+							seed[ idx ] = !( matches[ idx ] = matched[i] );
+						}
+					}) :
+					function( elem ) {
+						return fn( elem, 0, args );
+					};
+			}
+
+			return fn;
+		}
+	},
+
+	pseudos: {
+		// Potentially complex pseudos
+		"not": markFunction(function( selector ) {
+			// Trim the selector passed to compile
+			// to avoid treating leading and trailing
+			// spaces as combinators
+			var input = [],
+				results = [],
+				matcher = compile( selector.replace( rtrim, "$1" ) );
+
+			return matcher[ expando ] ?
+				markFunction(function( seed, matches, context, xml ) {
+					var elem,
+						unmatched = matcher( seed, null, xml, [] ),
+						i = seed.length;
+
+					// Match elements unmatched by `matcher`
+					while ( i-- ) {
+						if ( (elem = unmatched[i]) ) {
+							seed[i] = !(matches[i] = elem);
+						}
+					}
+				}) :
+				function( elem, context, xml ) {
+					input[0] = elem;
+					matcher( input, null, xml, results );
+					return !results.pop();
+				};
+		}),
+
+		"has": markFunction(function( selector ) {
+			return function( elem ) {
+				return Sizzle( selector, elem ).length > 0;
+			};
+		}),
+
+		"contains": markFunction(function( text ) {
+			return function( elem ) {
+				return ( elem.textContent || elem.innerText || getText( elem ) ).indexOf( text ) > -1;
+			};
+		}),
+
+		// "Whether an element is represented by a :lang() selector
+		// is based solely on the element's language value
+		// being equal to the identifier C,
+		// or beginning with the identifier C immediately followed by "-".
+		// The matching of C against the element's language value is performed case-insensitively.
+		// The identifier C does not have to be a valid language name."
+		// http://www.w3.org/TR/selectors/#lang-pseudo
+		"lang": markFunction( function( lang ) {
+			// lang value must be a valid identifier
+			if ( !ridentifier.test(lang || "") ) {
+				Sizzle.error( "unsupported lang: " + lang );
+			}
+			lang = lang.replace( runescape, funescape ).toLowerCase();
+			return function( elem ) {
+				var elemLang;
+				do {
+					if ( (elemLang = documentIsHTML ?
+						elem.lang :
+						elem.getAttribute("xml:lang") || elem.getAttribute("lang")) ) {
+
+						elemLang = elemLang.toLowerCase();
+						return elemLang === lang || elemLang.indexOf( lang + "-" ) === 0;
+					}
+				} while ( (elem = elem.parentNode) && elem.nodeType === 1 );
+				return false;
+			};
+		}),
+
+		// Miscellaneous
+		"target": function( elem ) {
+			var hash = window.location && window.location.hash;
+			return hash && hash.slice( 1 ) === elem.id;
+		},
+
+		"root": function( elem ) {
+			return elem === docElem;
+		},
+
+		"focus": function( elem ) {
+			return elem === document.activeElement && (!document.hasFocus || document.hasFocus()) && !!(elem.type || elem.href || ~elem.tabIndex);
+		},
+
+		// Boolean properties
+		"enabled": function( elem ) {
+			return elem.disabled === false;
+		},
+
+		"disabled": function( elem ) {
+			return elem.disabled === true;
+		},
+
+		"checked": function( elem ) {
+			// In CSS3, :checked should return both checked and selected elements
+			// http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/REC-css3-selectors-20110929/#checked
+			var nodeName = elem.nodeName.toLowerCase();
+			return (nodeName === "input" && !!elem.checked) || (nodeName === "option" && !!elem.selected);
+		},
+
+		"selected": function( elem ) {
+			// Accessing this property makes selected-by-default
+			// options in Safari work properly
+			if ( elem.parentNode ) {
+				elem.parentNode.selectedIndex;
+			}
+
+			return elem.selected === true;
+		},
+
+		// Contents
+		"empty": function( elem ) {
+			// http://www.w3.org/TR/selectors/#empty-pseudo
+			// :empty is negated by element (1) or content nodes (text: 3; cdata: 4; entity ref: 5),
+			//   but not by others (comment: 8; processing instruction: 7; etc.)
+			// nodeType < 6 works because attributes (2) do not appear as children
+			for ( elem = elem.firstChild; elem; elem = elem.nextSibling ) {
+				if ( elem.nodeType < 6 ) {
+					return false;
+				}
+			}
+			return true;
+		},
+
+		"parent": function( elem ) {
+			return !Expr.pseudos["empty"]( elem );
+		},
+
+		// Element/input types
+		"header": function( elem ) {
+			return rheader.test( elem.nodeName );
+		},
+
+		"input": function( elem ) {
+			return rinputs.test( elem.nodeName );
+		},
+
+		"button": function( elem ) {
+			var name = elem.nodeName.toLowerCase();
+			return name === "input" && elem.type === "button" || name === "button";
+		},
+
+		"text": function( elem ) {
+			var attr;
+			return elem.nodeName.toLowerCase() === "input" &&
+				elem.type === "text" &&
+
+				// Support: IE<8
+				// New HTML5 attribute values (e.g., "search") appear with elem.type === "text"
+				( (attr = elem.getAttribute("type")) == null || attr.toLowerCase() === "text" );
+		},
+
+		// Position-in-collection
+		"first": createPositionalPseudo(function() {
+			return [ 0 ];
+		}),
+
+		"last": createPositionalPseudo(function( matchIndexes, length ) {
+			return [ length - 1 ];
+		}),
+
+		"eq": createPositionalPseudo(function( matchIndexes, length, argument ) {
+			return [ argument < 0 ? argument + length : argument ];
+		}),
+
+		"even": createPositionalPseudo(function( matchIndexes, length ) {
+			var i = 0;
+			for ( ; i < length; i += 2 ) {
+				matchIndexes.push( i );
+			}
+			return matchIndexes;
+		}),
+
+		"odd": createPositionalPseudo(function( matchIndexes, length ) {
+			var i = 1;
+			for ( ; i < length; i += 2 ) {
+				matchIndexes.push( i );
+			}
+			return matchIndexes;
+		}),
+
+		"lt": createPositionalPseudo(function( matchIndexes, length, argument ) {
+			var i = argument < 0 ? argument + length : argument;
+			for ( ; --i >= 0; ) {
+				matchIndexes.push( i );
+			}
+			return matchIndexes;
+		}),
+
+		"gt": createPositionalPseudo(function( matchIndexes, length, argument ) {
+			var i = argument < 0 ? argument + length : argument;
+			for ( ; ++i < length; ) {
+				matchIndexes.push( i );
+			}
+			return matchIndexes;
+		})
+	}
+};
+
+Expr.pseudos["nth"] = Expr.pseudos["eq"];
+
+// Add button/input type pseudos
+for ( i in { radio: true, checkbox: true, file: true, password: true, image: true } ) {
+	Expr.pseudos[ i ] = createInputPseudo( i );
+}
+for ( i in { submit: true, reset: true } ) {
+	Expr.pseudos[ i ] = createButtonPseudo( i );
+}
+
+// Easy API for creating new setFilters
+function setFilters() {}
+setFilters.prototype = Expr.filters = Expr.pseudos;
+Expr.setFilters = new setFilters();
+
+tokenize = Sizzle.tokenize = function( selector, parseOnly ) {
+	var matched, match, tokens, type,
+		soFar, groups, preFilters,
+		cached = tokenCache[ selector + " " ];
+
+	if ( cached ) {
+		return parseOnly ? 0 : cached.slice( 0 );
+	}
+
+	soFar = selector;
+	groups = [];
+	preFilters = Expr.preFilter;
+
+	while ( soFar ) {
+
+		// Comma and first run
+		if ( !matched || (match = rcomma.exec( soFar )) ) {
+			if ( match ) {
+				// Don't consume trailing commas as valid
+				soFar = soFar.slice( match[0].length ) || soFar;
+			}
+			groups.push( (tokens = []) );
+		}
+
+		matched = false;
+
+		// Combinators
+		if ( (match = rcombinators.exec( soFar )) ) {
+			matched = match.shift();
+			tokens.push({
+				value: matched,
+				// Cast descendant combinators to space
+				type: match[0].replace( rtrim, " " )
+			});
+			soFar = soFar.slice( matched.length );
+		}
+
+		// Filters
+		for ( type in Expr.filter ) {
+			if ( (match = matchExpr[ type ].exec( soFar )) && (!preFilters[ type ] ||
+				(match = preFilters[ type ]( match ))) ) {
+				matched = match.shift();
+				tokens.push({
+					value: matched,
+					type: type,
+					matches: match
+				});
+				soFar = soFar.slice( matched.length );
+			}
+		}
+
+		if ( !matched ) {
+			break;
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Return the length of the invalid excess
+	// if we're just parsing
+	// Otherwise, throw an error or return tokens
+	return parseOnly ?
+		soFar.length :
+		soFar ?
+			Sizzle.error( selector ) :
+			// Cache the tokens
+			tokenCache( selector, groups ).slice( 0 );
+};
+
+function toSelector( tokens ) {
+	var i = 0,
+		len = tokens.length,
+		selector = "";
+	for ( ; i < len; i++ ) {
+		selector += tokens[i].value;
+	}
+	return selector;
+}
+
+function addCombinator( matcher, combinator, base ) {
+	var dir = combinator.dir,
+		checkNonElements = base && dir === "parentNode",
+		doneName = done++;
+
+	return combinator.first ?
+		// Check against closest ancestor/preceding element
+		function( elem, context, xml ) {
+			while ( (elem = elem[ dir ]) ) {
+				if ( elem.nodeType === 1 || checkNonElements ) {
+					return matcher( elem, context, xml );
+				}
+			}
+		} :
+
+		// Check against all ancestor/preceding elements
+		function( elem, context, xml ) {
+			var oldCache, outerCache,
+				newCache = [ dirruns, doneName ];
+
+			// We can't set arbitrary data on XML nodes, so they don't benefit from dir caching
+			if ( xml ) {
+				while ( (elem = elem[ dir ]) ) {
+					if ( elem.nodeType === 1 || checkNonElements ) {
+						if ( matcher( elem, context, xml ) ) {
+							return true;
+						}
+					}
+				}
+			} else {
+				while ( (elem = elem[ dir ]) ) {
+					if ( elem.nodeType === 1 || checkNonElements ) {
+						outerCache = elem[ expando ] || (elem[ expando ] = {});
+						if ( (oldCache = outerCache[ dir ]) &&
+							oldCache[ 0 ] === dirruns && oldCache[ 1 ] === doneName ) {
+
+							// Assign to newCache so results back-propagate to previous elements
+							return (newCache[ 2 ] = oldCache[ 2 ]);
+						} else {
+							// Reuse newcache so results back-propagate to previous elements
+							outerCache[ dir ] = newCache;
+
+							// A match means we're done; a fail means we have to keep checking
+							if ( (newCache[ 2 ] = matcher( elem, context, xml )) ) {
+								return true;
+							}
+						}
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		};
+}
+
+function elementMatcher( matchers ) {
+	return matchers.length > 1 ?
+		function( elem, context, xml ) {
+			var i = matchers.length;
+			while ( i-- ) {
+				if ( !matchers[i]( elem, context, xml ) ) {
+					return false;
+				}
+			}
+			return true;
+		} :
+		matchers[0];
+}
+
+function multipleContexts( selector, contexts, results ) {
+	var i = 0,
+		len = contexts.length;
+	for ( ; i < len; i++ ) {
+		Sizzle( selector, contexts[i], results );
+	}
+	return results;
+}
+
+function condense( unmatched, map, filter, context, xml ) {
+	var elem,
+		newUnmatched = [],
+		i = 0,
+		len = unmatched.length,
+		mapped = map != null;
+
+	for ( ; i < len; i++ ) {
+		if ( (elem = unmatched[i]) ) {
+			if ( !filter || filter( elem, context, xml ) ) {
+				newUnmatched.push( elem );
+				if ( mapped ) {
+					map.push( i );
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	return newUnmatched;
+}
+
+function setMatcher( preFilter, selector, matcher, postFilter, postFinder, postSelector ) {
+	if ( postFilter && !postFilter[ expando ] ) {
+		postFilter = setMatcher( postFilter );
+	}
+	if ( postFinder && !postFinder[ expando ] ) {
+		postFinder = setMatcher( postFinder, postSelector );
+	}
+	return markFunction(function( seed, results, context, xml ) {
+		var temp, i, elem,
+			preMap = [],
+			postMap = [],
+			preexisting = results.length,
+
+			// Get initial elements from seed or context
+			elems = seed || multipleContexts( selector || "*", context.nodeType ? [ context ] : context, [] ),
+
+			// Prefilter to get matcher input, preserving a map for seed-results synchronization
+			matcherIn = preFilter && ( seed || !selector ) ?
+				condense( elems, preMap, preFilter, context, xml ) :
+				elems,
+
+			matcherOut = matcher ?
+				// If we have a postFinder, or filtered seed, or non-seed postFilter or preexisting results,
+				postFinder || ( seed ? preFilter : preexisting || postFilter ) ?
+
+					// ...intermediate processing is necessary
+					[] :
+
+					// ...otherwise use results directly
+					results :
+				matcherIn;
+
+		// Find primary matches
+		if ( matcher ) {
+			matcher( matcherIn, matcherOut, context, xml );
+		}
+
+		// Apply postFilter
+		if ( postFilter ) {
+			temp = condense( matcherOut, postMap );
+			postFilter( temp, [], context, xml );
+
+			// Un-match failing elements by moving them back to matcherIn
+			i = temp.length;
+			while ( i-- ) {
+				if ( (elem = temp[i]) ) {
+					matcherOut[ postMap[i] ] = !(matcherIn[ postMap[i] ] = elem);
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		if ( seed ) {
+			if ( postFinder || preFilter ) {
+				if ( postFinder ) {
+					// Get the final matcherOut by condensing this intermediate into postFinder contexts
+					temp = [];
+					i = matcherOut.length;
+					while ( i-- ) {
+						if ( (elem = matcherOut[i]) ) {
+							// Restore matcherIn since elem is not yet a final match
+							temp.push( (matcherIn[i] = elem) );
+						}
+					}
+					postFinder( null, (matcherOut = []), temp, xml );
+				}
+
+				// Move matched elements from seed to results to keep them synchronized
+				i = matcherOut.length;
+				while ( i-- ) {
+					if ( (elem = matcherOut[i]) &&
+						(temp = postFinder ? indexOf.call( seed, elem ) : preMap[i]) > -1 ) {
+
+						seed[temp] = !(results[temp] = elem);
+					}
+				}
+			}
+
+		// Add elements to results, through postFinder if defined
+		} else {
+			matcherOut = condense(
+				matcherOut === results ?
+					matcherOut.splice( preexisting, matcherOut.length ) :
+					matcherOut
+			);
+			if ( postFinder ) {
+				postFinder( null, results, matcherOut, xml );
+			} else {
+				push.apply( results, matcherOut );
+			}
+		}
+	});
+}
+
+function matcherFromTokens( tokens ) {
+	var checkContext, matcher, j,
+		len = tokens.length,
+		leadingRelative = Expr.relative[ tokens[0].type ],
+		implicitRelative = leadingRelative || Expr.relative[" "],
+		i = leadingRelative ? 1 : 0,
+
+		// The foundational matcher ensures that elements are reachable from top-level context(s)
+		matchContext = addCombinator( function( elem ) {
+			return elem === checkContext;
+		}, implicitRelative, true ),
+		matchAnyContext = addCombinator( function( elem ) {
+			return indexOf.call( checkContext, elem ) > -1;
+		}, implicitRelative, true ),
+		matchers = [ function( elem, context, xml ) {
+			return ( !leadingRelative && ( xml || context !== outermostContext ) ) || (
+				(checkContext = context).nodeType ?
+					matchContext( elem, context, xml ) :
+					matchAnyContext( elem, context, xml ) );
+		} ];
+
+	for ( ; i < len; i++ ) {
+		if ( (matcher = Expr.relative[ tokens[i].type ]) ) {
+			matchers = [ addCombinator(elementMatcher( matchers ), matcher) ];
+		} else {
+			matcher = Expr.filter[ tokens[i].type ].apply( null, tokens[i].matches );
+
+			// Return special upon seeing a positional matcher
+			if ( matcher[ expando ] ) {
+				// Find the next relative operator (if any) for proper handling
+				j = ++i;
+				for ( ; j < len; j++ ) {
+					if ( Expr.relative[ tokens[j].type ] ) {
+						break;
+					}
+				}
+				return setMatcher(
+					i > 1 && elementMatcher( matchers ),
+					i > 1 && toSelector(
+						// If the preceding token was a descendant combinator, insert an implicit any-element `*`
+						tokens.slice( 0, i - 1 ).concat({ value: tokens[ i - 2 ].type === " " ? "*" : "" })
+					).replace( rtrim, "$1" ),
+					matcher,
+					i < j && matcherFromTokens( tokens.slice( i, j ) ),
+					j < len && matcherFromTokens( (tokens = tokens.slice( j )) ),
+					j < len && toSelector( tokens )
+				);
+			}
+			matchers.push( matcher );
+		}
+	}
+
+	return elementMatcher( matchers );
+}
+
+function matcherFromGroupMatchers( elementMatchers, setMatchers ) {
+	var bySet = setMatchers.length > 0,
+		byElement = elementMatchers.length > 0,
+		superMatcher = function( seed, context, xml, results, outermost ) {
+			var elem, j, matcher,
+				matchedCount = 0,
+				i = "0",
+				unmatched = seed && [],
+				setMatched = [],
+				contextBackup = outermostContext,
+				// We must always have either seed elements or outermost context
+				elems = seed || byElement && Expr.find["TAG"]( "*", outermost ),
+				// Use integer dirruns iff this is the outermost matcher
+				dirrunsUnique = (dirruns += contextBackup == null ? 1 : Math.random() || 0.1),
+				len = elems.length;
+
+			if ( outermost ) {
+				outermostContext = context !== document && context;
+			}
+
+			// Add elements passing elementMatchers directly to results
+			// Keep `i` a string if there are no elements so `matchedCount` will be "00" below
+			// Support: IE<9, Safari
+			// Tolerate NodeList properties (IE: "length"; Safari: <number>) matching elements by id
+			for ( ; i !== len && (elem = elems[i]) != null; i++ ) {
+				if ( byElement && elem ) {
+					j = 0;
+					while ( (matcher = elementMatchers[j++]) ) {
+						if ( matcher( elem, context, xml ) ) {
+							results.push( elem );
+							break;
+						}
+					}
+					if ( outermost ) {
+						dirruns = dirrunsUnique;
+					}
+				}
+
+				// Track unmatched elements for set filters
+				if ( bySet ) {
+					// They will have gone through all possible matchers
+					if ( (elem = !matcher && elem) ) {
+						matchedCount--;
+					}
+
+					// Lengthen the array for every element, matched or not
+					if ( seed ) {
+						unmatched.push( elem );
+					}
+				}
+			}
+
+			// Apply set filters to unmatched elements
+			matchedCount += i;
+			if ( bySet && i !== matchedCount ) {
+				j = 0;
+				while ( (matcher = setMatchers[j++]) ) {
+					matcher( unmatched, setMatched, context, xml );
+				}
+
+				if ( seed ) {
+					// Reintegrate element matches to eliminate the need for sorting
+					if ( matchedCount > 0 ) {
+						while ( i-- ) {
+							if ( !(unmatched[i] || setMatched[i]) ) {
+								setMatched[i] = pop.call( results );
+							}
+						}
+					}
+
+					// Discard index placeholder values to get only actual matches
+					setMatched = condense( setMatched );
+				}
+
+				// Add matches to results
+				push.apply( results, setMatched );
+
+				// Seedless set matches succeeding multiple successful matchers stipulate sorting
+				if ( outermost && !seed && setMatched.length > 0 &&
+					( matchedCount + setMatchers.length ) > 1 ) {
+
+					Sizzle.uniqueSort( results );
+				}
+			}
+
+			// Override manipulation of globals by nested matchers
+			if ( outermost ) {
+				dirruns = dirrunsUnique;
+				outermostContext = contextBackup;
+			}
+
+			return unmatched;
+		};
+
+	return bySet ?
+		markFunction( superMatcher ) :
+		superMatcher;
+}
+
+compile = Sizzle.compile = function( selector, match /* Internal Use Only */ ) {
+	var i,
+		setMatchers = [],
+		elementMatchers = [],
+		cached = compilerCache[ selector + " " ];
+
+	if ( !cached ) {
+		// Generate a function of recursive functions that can be used to check each element
+		if ( !match ) {
+			match = tokenize( selector );
+		}
+		i = match.length;
+		while ( i-- ) {
+			cached = matcherFromTokens( match[i] );
+			if ( cached[ expando ] ) {
+				setMatchers.push( cached );
+			} else {
+				elementMatchers.push( cached );
+			}
+		}
+
+		// Cache the compiled function
+		cached = compilerCache( selector, matcherFromGroupMatchers( elementMatchers, setMatchers ) );
+
+		// Save selector and tokenization
+		cached.selector = selector;
+	}
+	return cached;
+};
+
+/**
+ * A low-level selection function that works with Sizzle's compiled
+ *  selector functions
+ * @param {String|Function} selector A selector or a pre-compiled
+ *  selector function built with Sizzle.compile
+ * @param {Element} context
+ * @param {Array} [results]
+ * @param {Array} [seed] A set of elements to match against
+ */
+select = Sizzle.select = function( selector, context, results, seed ) {
+	var i, tokens, token, type, find,
+		compiled = typeof selector === "function" && selector,
+		match = !seed && tokenize( (selector = compiled.selector || selector) );
+
+	results = results || [];
+
+	// Try to minimize operations if there is no seed and only one group
+	if ( match.length === 1 ) {
+
+		// Take a shortcut and set the context if the root selector is an ID
+		tokens = match[0] = match[0].slice( 0 );
+		if ( tokens.length > 2 && (token = tokens[0]).type === "ID" &&
+				support.getById && context.nodeType === 9 && documentIsHTML &&
+				Expr.relative[ tokens[1].type ] ) {
+
+			context = ( Expr.find["ID"]( token.matches[0].replace(runescape, funescape), context ) || [] )[0];
+			if ( !context ) {
+				return results;
+
+			// Precompiled matchers will still verify ancestry, so step up a level
+			} else if ( compiled ) {
+				context = context.parentNode;
+			}
+
+			selector = selector.slice( tokens.shift().value.length );
+		}
+
+		// Fetch a seed set for right-to-left matching
+		i = matchExpr["needsContext"].test( selector ) ? 0 : tokens.length;
+		while ( i-- ) {
+			token = tokens[i];
+
+			// Abort if we hit a combinator
+			if ( Expr.relative[ (type = token.type) ] ) {
+				break;
+			}
+			if ( (find = Expr.find[ type ]) ) {
+				// Search, expanding context for leading sibling combinators
+				if ( (seed = find(
+					token.matches[0].replace( runescape, funescape ),
+					rsibling.test( tokens[0].type ) && testContext( context.parentNode ) || context
+				)) ) {
+
+					// If seed is empty or no tokens remain, we can return early
+					tokens.splice( i, 1 );
+					selector = seed.length && toSelector( tokens );
+					if ( !selector ) {
+						push.apply( results, seed );
+						return results;
+					}
+
+					break;
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Compile and execute a filtering function if one is not provided
+	// Provide `match` to avoid retokenization if we modified the selector above
+	( compiled || compile( selector, match ) )(
+		seed,
+		context,
+		!documentIsHTML,
+		results,
+		rsibling.test( selector ) && testContext( context.parentNode ) || context
+	);
+	return results;
+};
+
+// One-time assignments
+
+// Sort stability
+support.sortStable = expando.split("").sort( sortOrder ).join("") === expando;
+
+// Support: Chrome<14
+// Always assume duplicates if they aren't passed to the comparison function
+support.detectDuplicates = !!hasDuplicate;
+
+// Initialize against the default document
+setDocument();
+
+// Support: Webkit<537.32 - Safari 6.0.3/Chrome 25 (fixed in Chrome 27)
+// Detached nodes confoundingly follow *each other*
+support.sortDetached = assert(function( div1 ) {
+	// Should return 1, but returns 4 (following)
+	return div1.compareDocumentPosition( document.createElement("div") ) & 1;
+});
+
+// Support: IE<8
+// Prevent attribute/property "interpolation"
+// http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms536429%28VS.85%29.aspx
+if ( !assert(function( div ) {
+	div.innerHTML = "<a href='#'></a>";
+	return div.firstChild.getAttribute("href") === "#" ;
+}) ) {
+	addHandle( "type|href|height|width", function( elem, name, isXML ) {
+		if ( !isXML ) {
+			return elem.getAttribute( name, name.toLowerCase() === "type" ? 1 : 2 );
+		}
+	});
+}
+
+// Support: IE<9
+// Use defaultValue in place of getAttribute("value")
+if ( !support.attributes || !assert(function( div ) {
+	div.innerHTML = "<input/>";
+	div.firstChild.setAttribute( "value", "" );
+	return div.firstChild.getAttribute( "value" ) === "";
+}) ) {
+	addHandle( "value", function( elem, name, isXML ) {
+		if ( !isXML && elem.nodeName.toLowerCase() === "input" ) {
+			return elem.defaultValue;
+		}
+	});
+}
+
+// Support: IE<9
+// Use getAttributeNode to fetch booleans when getAttribute lies
+if ( !assert(function( div ) {
+	return div.getAttribute("disabled") == null;
+}) ) {
+	addHandle( booleans, function( elem, name, isXML ) {
+		var val;
+		if ( !isXML ) {
+			return elem[ name ] === true ? name.toLowerCase() :
+					(val = elem.getAttributeNode( name )) && val.specified ?
+					val.value :
+				null;
+		}
+	});
+}
+
+return Sizzle;
+
+})( window );
+
+
+
+jQuery.find = Sizzle;
+jQuery.expr = Sizzle.selectors;
+jQuery.expr[":"] = jQuery.expr.pseudos;
+jQuery.unique = Sizzle.uniqueSort;
+jQuery.text = Sizzle.getText;
+jQuery.isXMLDoc = Sizzle.isXML;
+jQuery.contains = Sizzle.contains;
+
+
+
+var rneedsContext = jQuery.expr.match.needsContext;
+
+var rsingleTag = (/^<(\w+)\s*\/?>(?:<\/\1>|)$/);
+
+
+
+var risSimple = /^.[^:#\[\.,]*$/;
+
+// Implement the identical functionality for filter and not
+function winnow( elements, qualifier, not ) {
+	if ( jQuery.isFunction( qualifier ) ) {
+		return jQuery.grep( elements, function( elem, i ) {
+			/* jshint -W018 */
+			return !!qualifier.call( elem, i, elem ) !== not;
+		});
+
+	}
+
+	if ( qualifier.nodeType ) {
+		return jQuery.grep( elements, function( elem ) {
+			return ( elem === qualifier ) !== not;
+		});
+
+	}
+
+	if ( typeof qualifier === "string" ) {
+		if ( risSimple.test( qualifier ) ) {
+			return jQuery.filter( qualifier, elements, not );
+		}
+
+		qualifier = jQuery.filter( qualifier, elements );
+	}
+
+	return jQuery.grep( elements, function( elem ) {
+		return ( jQuery.inArray( elem, qualifier ) >= 0 ) !== not;
+	});
+}
+
+jQuery.filter = function( expr, elems, not ) {
+	var elem = elems[ 0 ];
+
+	if ( not ) {
+		expr = ":not(" + expr + ")";
+	}
+
+	return elems.length === 1 && elem.nodeType === 1 ?
+		jQuery.find.matchesSelector( elem, expr ) ? [ elem ] : [] :
+		jQuery.find.matches( expr, jQuery.grep( elems, function( elem ) {
+			return elem.nodeType === 1;
+		}));
+};
+
+jQuery.fn.extend({
+	find: function( selector ) {
+		var i,
+			ret = [],
+			self = this,
+			len = self.length;
+
+		if ( typeof selector !== "string" ) {
+			return this.pushStack( jQuery( selector ).filter(function() {
+				for ( i = 0; i < len; i++ ) {
+					if ( jQuery.contains( self[ i ], this ) ) {
+						return true;
+					}
+				}
+			}) );
+		}
+
+		for ( i = 0; i < len; i++ ) {
+			jQuery.find( selector, self[ i ], ret );
+		}
+
+		// Needed because $( selector, context ) becomes $( context ).find( selector )
+		ret = this.pushStack( len > 1 ? jQuery.unique( ret ) : ret );
+		ret.selector = this.selector ? this.selector + " " + selector : selector;
+		return ret;
+	},
+	filter: function( selector ) {
+		return this.pushStack( winnow(this, selector || [], false) );
+	},
+	not: function( selector ) {
+		return this.pushStack( winnow(this, selector || [], true) );
+	},
+	is: function( selector ) {
+		return !!winnow(
+			this,
+
+			// If this is a positional/relative selector, check membership in the returned set
+			// so $("p:first").is("p:last") won't return true for a doc with two "p".
+			typeof selector === "string" && rneedsContext.test( selector ) ?
+				jQuery( selector ) :
+				selector || [],
+			false
+		).length;
+	}
+});
+
+
+// Initialize a jQuery object
+
+
+// A central reference to the root jQuery(document)
+var rootjQuery,
+
+	// Use the correct document accordingly with window argument (sandbox)
+	document = window.document,
+
+	// A simple way to check for HTML strings
+	// Prioritize #id over <tag> to avoid XSS via location.hash (#9521)
+	// Strict HTML recognition (#11290: must start with <)
+	rquickExpr = /^(?:\s*(<[\w\W]+>)[^>]*|#([\w-]*))$/,
+
+	init = jQuery.fn.init = function( selector, context ) {
+		var match, elem;
+
+		// HANDLE: $(""), $(null), $(undefined), $(false)
+		if ( !selector ) {
+			return this;
+		}
+
+		// Handle HTML strings
+		if ( typeof selector === "string" ) {
+			if ( selector.charAt(0) === "<" && selector.charAt( selector.length - 1 ) === ">" && selector.length >= 3 ) {
+				// Assume that strings that start and end with <> are HTML and skip the regex check
+				match = [ null, selector, null ];
+
+			} else {
+				match = rquickExpr.exec( selector );
+			}
+
+			// Match html or make sure no context is specified for #id
+			if ( match && (match[1] || !context) ) {
+
+				// HANDLE: $(html) -> $(array)
+				if ( match[1] ) {
+					context = context instanceof jQuery ? context[0] : context;
+
+					// scripts is true for back-compat
+					// Intentionally let the error be thrown if parseHTML is not present
+					jQuery.merge( this, jQuery.parseHTML(
+						match[1],
+						context && context.nodeType ? context.ownerDocument || context : document,
+						true
+					) );
+
+					// HANDLE: $(html, props)
+					if ( rsingleTag.test( match[1] ) && jQuery.isPlainObject( context ) ) {
+						for ( match in context ) {
+							// Properties of context are called as methods if possible
+							if ( jQuery.isFunction( this[ match ] ) ) {
+								this[ match ]( context[ match ] );
+
+							// ...and otherwise set as attributes
+							} else {
+								this.attr( match, context[ match ] );
+							}
+						}
+					}
+
+					return this;
+
+				// HANDLE: $(#id)
+				} else {
+					elem = document.getElementById( match[2] );
+
+					// Check parentNode to catch when Blackberry 4.6 returns
+					// nodes that are no longer in the document #6963
+					if ( elem && elem.parentNode ) {
+						// Handle the case where IE and Opera return items
+						// by name instead of ID
+						if ( elem.id !== match[2] ) {
+							return rootjQuery.find( selector );
+						}
+
+						// Otherwise, we inject the element directly into the jQuery object
+						this.length = 1;
+						this[0] = elem;
+					}
+
+					this.context = document;
+					this.selector = selector;
+					return this;
+				}
+
+			// HANDLE: $(expr, $(...))
+			} else if ( !context || context.jquery ) {
+				return ( context || rootjQuery ).find( selector );
+
+			// HANDLE: $(expr, context)
+			// (which is just equivalent to: $(context).find(expr)
+			} else {
+				return this.constructor( context ).find( selector );
+			}
+
+		// HANDLE: $(DOMElement)
+		} else if ( selector.nodeType ) {
+			this.context = this[0] = selector;
+			this.length = 1;
+			return this;
+
+		// HANDLE: $(function)
+		// Shortcut for document ready
+		} else if ( jQuery.isFunction( selector ) ) {
+			return typeof rootjQuery.ready !== "undefined" ?
+				rootjQuery.ready( selector ) :
+				// Execute immediately if ready is not present
+				selector( jQuery );
+		}
+
+		if ( selector.selector !== undefined ) {
+			this.selector = selector.selector;
+			this.context = selector.context;
+		}
+
+		return jQuery.makeArray( selector, this );
+	};
+
+// Give the init function the jQuery prototype for later instantiation
+init.prototype = jQuery.fn;
+
+// Initialize central reference
+rootjQuery = jQuery( document );
+
+
+var rparentsprev = /^(?:parents|prev(?:Until|All))/,
+	// methods guaranteed to produce a unique set when starting from a unique set
+	guaranteedUnique = {
+		children: true,
+		contents: true,
+		next: true,
+		prev: true
+	};
+
+jQuery.extend({
+	dir: function( elem, dir, until ) {
+		var matched = [],
+			cur = elem[ dir ];
+
+		while ( cur && cur.nodeType !== 9 && (until === undefined || cur.nodeType !== 1 || !jQuery( cur ).is( until )) ) {
+			if ( cur.nodeType === 1 ) {
+				matched.push( cur );
+			}
+			cur = cur[dir];
+		}
+		return matched;
+	},
+
+	sibling: function( n, elem ) {
+		var r = [];
+
+		for ( ; n; n = n.nextSibling ) {
+			if ( n.nodeType === 1 && n !== elem ) {
+				r.push( n );
+			}
+		}
+
+		return r;
+	}
+});
+
+jQuery.fn.extend({
+	has: function( target ) {
+		var i,
+			targets = jQuery( target, this ),
+			len = targets.length;
+
+		return this.filter(function() {
+			for ( i = 0; i < len; i++ ) {
+				if ( jQuery.contains( this, targets[i] ) ) {
+					return true;
+				}
+			}
+		});
+	},
+
+	closest: function( selectors, context ) {
+		var cur,
+			i = 0,
+			l = this.length,
+			matched = [],
+			pos = rneedsContext.test( selectors ) || typeof selectors !== "string" ?
+				jQuery( selectors, context || this.context ) :
+				0;
+
+		for ( ; i < l; i++ ) {
+			for ( cur = this[i]; cur && cur !== context; cur = cur.parentNode ) {
+				// Always skip document fragments
+				if ( cur.nodeType < 11 && (pos ?
+					pos.index(cur) > -1 :
+
+					// Don't pass non-elements to Sizzle
+					cur.nodeType === 1 &&
+						jQuery.find.matchesSelector(cur, selectors)) ) {
+
+					matched.push( cur );
+					break;
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		return this.pushStack( matched.length > 1 ? jQuery.unique( matched ) : matched );
+	},
+
+	// Determine the position of an element within
+	// the matched set of elements
+	index: function( elem ) {
+
+		// No argument, return index in parent
+		if ( !elem ) {
+			return ( this[0] && this[0].parentNode ) ? this.first().prevAll().length : -1;
+		}
+
+		// index in selector
+		if ( typeof elem === "string" ) {
+			return jQuery.inArray( this[0], jQuery( elem ) );
+		}
+
+		// Locate the position of the desired element
+		return jQuery.inArray(
+			// If it receives a jQuery object, the first element is used
+			elem.jquery ? elem[0] : elem, this );
+	},
+
+	add: function( selector, context ) {
+		return this.pushStack(
+			jQuery.unique(
+				jQuery.merge( this.get(), jQuery( selector, context ) )
+			)
+		);
+	},
+
+	addBack: function( selector ) {
+		return this.add( selector == null ?
+			this.prevObject : this.prevObject.filter(selector)
+		);
+	}
+});
+
+function sibling( cur, dir ) {
+	do {
+		cur = cur[ dir ];
+	} while ( cur && cur.nodeType !== 1 );
+
+	return cur;
+}
+
+jQuery.each({
+	parent: function( elem ) {
+		var parent = elem.parentNode;
+		return parent && parent.nodeType !== 11 ? parent : null;
+	},
+	parents: function( elem ) {
+		return jQuery.dir( elem, "parentNode" );
+	},
+	parentsUntil: function( elem, i, until ) {
+		return jQuery.dir( elem, "parentNode", until );
+	},
+	next: function( elem ) {
+		return sibling( elem, "nextSibling" );
+	},
+	prev: function( elem ) {
+		return sibling( elem, "previousSibling" );
+	},
+	nextAll: function( elem ) {
+		return jQuery.dir( elem, "nextSibling" );
+	},
+	prevAll: function( elem ) {
+		return jQuery.dir( elem, "previousSibling" );
+	},
+	nextUntil: function( elem, i, until ) {
+		return jQuery.dir( elem, "nextSibling", until );
+	},
+	prevUntil: function( elem, i, until ) {
+		return jQuery.dir( elem, "previousSibling", until );
+	},
+	siblings: function( elem ) {
+		return jQuery.sibling( ( elem.parentNode || {} ).firstChild, elem );
+	},
+	children: function( elem ) {
+		return jQuery.sibling( elem.firstChild );
+	},
+	contents: function( elem ) {
+		return jQuery.nodeName( elem, "iframe" ) ?
+			elem.contentDocument || elem.contentWindow.document :
+			jQuery.merge( [], elem.childNodes );
+	}
+}, function( name, fn ) {
+	jQuery.fn[ name ] = function( until, selector ) {
+		var ret = jQuery.map( this, fn, until );
+
+		if ( name.slice( -5 ) !== "Until" ) {
+			selector = until;
+		}
+
+		if ( selector && typeof selector === "string" ) {
+			ret = jQuery.filter( selector, ret );
+		}
+
+		if ( this.length > 1 ) {
+			// Remove duplicates
+			if ( !guaranteedUnique[ name ] ) {
+				ret = jQuery.unique( ret );
+			}
+
+			// Reverse order for parents* and prev-derivatives
+			if ( rparentsprev.test( name ) ) {
+				ret = ret.reverse();
+			}
+		}
+
+		return this.pushStack( ret );
+	};
+});
+var rnotwhite = (/\S+/g);
+
+
+
+// String to Object options format cache
+var optionsCache = {};
+
+// Convert String-formatted options into Object-formatted ones and store in cache
+function createOptions( options ) {
+	var object = optionsCache[ options ] = {};
+	jQuery.each( options.match( rnotwhite ) || [], function( _, flag ) {
+		object[ flag ] = true;
+	});
+	return object;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Create a callback list using the following parameters:
+ *
+ *	options: an optional list of space-separated options that will change how
+ *			the callback list behaves or a more traditional option object
+ *
+ * By default a callback list will act like an event callback list and can be
+ * "fired" multiple times.
+ *
+ * Possible options:
+ *
+ *	once:			will ensure the callback list can only be fired once (like a Deferred)
+ *
+ *	memory:			will keep track of previous values and will call any callback added
+ *					after the list has been fired right away with the latest "memorized"
+ *					values (like a Deferred)
+ *
+ *	unique:			will ensure a callback can only be added once (no duplicate in the list)
+ *
+ *	stopOnFalse:	interrupt callings when a callback returns false
+ *
+ */
+jQuery.Callbacks = function( options ) {
+
+	// Convert options from String-formatted to Object-formatted if needed
+	// (we check in cache first)
+	options = typeof options === "string" ?
+		( optionsCache[ options ] || createOptions( options ) ) :
+		jQuery.extend( {}, options );
+
+	var // Flag to know if list is currently firing
+		firing,
+		// Last fire value (for non-forgettable lists)
+		memory,
+		// Flag to know if list was already fired
+		fired,
+		// End of the loop when firing
+		firingLength,
+		// Index of currently firing callback (modified by remove if needed)
+		firingIndex,
+		// First callback to fire (used internally by add and fireWith)
+		firingStart,
+		// Actual callback list
+		list = [],
+		// Stack of fire calls for repeatable lists
+		stack = !options.once && [],
+		// Fire callbacks
+		fire = function( data ) {
+			memory = options.memory && data;
+			fired = true;
+			firingIndex = firingStart || 0;
+			firingStart = 0;
+			firingLength = list.length;
+			firing = true;
+			for ( ; list && firingIndex < firingLength; firingIndex++ ) {
+				if ( list[ firingIndex ].apply( data[ 0 ], data[ 1 ] ) === false && options.stopOnFalse ) {
+					memory = false; // To prevent further calls using add
+					break;
+				}
+			}
+			firing = false;
+			if ( list ) {
+				if ( stack ) {
+					if ( stack.length ) {
+						fire( stack.shift() );
+					}
+				} else if ( memory ) {
+					list = [];
+				} else {
+					self.disable();
+				}
+			}
+		},
+		// Actual Callbacks object
+		self = {
+			// Add a callback or a collection of callbacks to the list
+			add: function() {
+				if ( list ) {
+					// First, we save the current length
+					var start = list.length;
+					(function add( args ) {
+						jQuery.each( args, function( _, arg ) {
+							var type = jQuery.type( arg );
+							if ( type === "function" ) {
+								if ( !options.unique || !self.has( arg ) ) {
+									list.push( arg );
+								}
+							} else if ( arg && arg.length && type !== "string" ) {
+								// Inspect recursively
+								add( arg );
+							}
+						});
+					})( arguments );
+					// Do we need to add the callbacks to the
+					// current firing batch?
+					if ( firing ) {
+						firingLength = list.length;
+					// With memory, if we're not firing then
+					// we should call right away
+					} else if ( memory ) {
+						firingStart = start;
+						fire( memory );
+					}
+				}
+				return this;
+			},
+			// Remove a callback from the list
+			remove: function() {
+				if ( list ) {
+					jQuery.each( arguments, function( _, arg ) {
+						var index;
+						while ( ( index = jQuery.inArray( arg, list, index ) ) > -1 ) {
+							list.splice( index, 1 );
+							// Handle firing indexes
+							if ( firing ) {
+								if ( index <= firingLength ) {
+									firingLength--;
+								}
+								if ( index <= firingIndex ) {
+									firingIndex--;
+								}
+							}
+						}
+					});
+				}
+				return this;
+			},
+			// Check if a given callback is in the list.
+			// If no argument is given, return whether or not list has callbacks attached.
+			has: function( fn ) {
+				return fn ? jQuery.inArray( fn, list ) > -1 : !!( list && list.length );
+			},
+			// Remove all callbacks from the list
+			empty: function() {
+				list = [];
+				firingLength = 0;
+				return this;
+			},
+			// Have the list do nothing anymore
+			disable: function() {
+				list = stack = memory = undefined;
+				return this;
+			},
+			// Is it disabled?
+			disabled: function() {
+				return !list;
+			},
+			// Lock the list in its current state
+			lock: function() {
+				stack = undefined;
+				if ( !memory ) {
+					self.disable();
+				}
+				return this;
+			},
+			// Is it locked?
+			locked: function() {
+				return !stack;
+			},
+			// Call all callbacks with the given context and arguments
+			fireWith: function( context, args ) {
+				if ( list && ( !fired || stack ) ) {
+					args = args || [];
+					args = [ context, args.slice ? args.slice() : args ];
+					if ( firing ) {
+						stack.push( args );
+					} else {
+						fire( args );
+					}
+				}
+				return this;
+			},
+			// Call all the callbacks with the given arguments
+			fire: function() {
+				self.fireWith( this, arguments );
+				return this;
+			},
+			// To know if the callbacks have already been called at least once
+			fired: function() {
+				return !!fired;
+			}
+		};
+
+	return self;
+};
+
+
+jQuery.extend({
+
+	Deferred: function( func ) {
+		var tuples = [
+				// action, add listener, listener list, final state
+				[ "resolve", "done", jQuery.Callbacks("once memory"), "resolved" ],
+				[ "reject", "fail", jQuery.Callbacks("once memory"), "rejected" ],
+				[ "notify", "progress", jQuery.Callbacks("memory") ]
+			],
+			state = "pending",
+			promise = {
+				state: function() {
+					return state;
+				},
+				always: function() {
+					deferred.done( arguments ).fail( arguments );
+					return this;
+				},
+				then: function( /* fnDone, fnFail, fnProgress */ ) {
+					var fns = arguments;
+					return jQuery.Deferred(function( newDefer ) {
+						jQuery.each( tuples, function( i, tuple ) {
+							var fn = jQuery.isFunction( fns[ i ] ) && fns[ i ];
+							// deferred[ done | fail | progress ] for forwarding actions to newDefer
+							deferred[ tuple[1] ](function() {
+								var returned = fn && fn.apply( this, arguments );
+								if ( returned && jQuery.isFunction( returned.promise ) ) {
+									returned.promise()
+										.done( newDefer.resolve )
+										.fail( newDefer.reject )
+										.progress( newDefer.notify );
+								} else {
+									newDefer[ tuple[ 0 ] + "With" ]( this === promise ? newDefer.promise() : this, fn ? [ returned ] : arguments );
+								}
+							});
+						});
+						fns = null;
+					}).promise();
+				},
+				// Get a promise for this deferred
+				// If obj is provided, the promise aspect is added to the object
+				promise: function( obj ) {
+					return obj != null ? jQuery.extend( obj, promise ) : promise;
+				}
+			},
+			deferred = {};
+
+		// Keep pipe for back-compat
+		promise.pipe = promise.then;
+
+		// Add list-specific methods
+		jQuery.each( tuples, function( i, tuple ) {
+			var list = tuple[ 2 ],
+				stateString = tuple[ 3 ];
+
+			// promise[ done | fail | progress ] = list.add
+			promise[ tuple[1] ] = list.add;
+
+			// Handle state
+			if ( stateString ) {
+				list.add(function() {
+					// state = [ resolved | rejected ]
+					state = stateString;
+
+				// [ reject_list | resolve_list ].disable; progress_list.lock
+				}, tuples[ i ^ 1 ][ 2 ].disable, tuples[ 2 ][ 2 ].lock );
+			}
+
+			// deferred[ resolve | reject | notify ]
+			deferred[ tuple[0] ] = function() {
+				deferred[ tuple[0] + "With" ]( this === deferred ? promise : this, arguments );
+				return this;
+			};
+			deferred[ tuple[0] + "With" ] = list.fireWith;
+		});
+
+		// Make the deferred a promise
+		promise.promise( deferred );
+
+		// Call given func if any
+		if ( func ) {
+			func.call( deferred, deferred );
+		}
+
+		// All done!
+		return deferred;
+	},
+
+	// Deferred helper
+	when: function( subordinate /* , ..., subordinateN */ ) {
+		var i = 0,
+			resolveValues = slice.call( arguments ),
+			length = resolveValues.length,
+
+			// the count of uncompleted subordinates
+			remaining = length !== 1 || ( subordinate && jQuery.isFunction( subordinate.promise ) ) ? length : 0,
+
+			// the master Deferred. If resolveValues consist of only a single Deferred, just use that.
+			deferred = remaining === 1 ? subordinate : jQuery.Deferred(),
+
+			// Update function for both resolve and progress values
+			updateFunc = function( i, contexts, values ) {
+				return function( value ) {
+					contexts[ i ] = this;
+					values[ i ] = arguments.length > 1 ? slice.call( arguments ) : value;
+					if ( values === progressValues ) {
+						deferred.notifyWith( contexts, values );
+
+					} else if ( !(--remaining) ) {
+						deferred.resolveWith( contexts, values );
+					}
+				};
+			},
+
+			progressValues, progressContexts, resolveContexts;
+
+		// add listeners to Deferred subordinates; treat others as resolved
+		if ( length > 1 ) {
+			progressValues = new Array( length );
+			progressContexts = new Array( length );
+			resolveContexts = new Array( length );
+			for ( ; i < length; i++ ) {
+				if ( resolveValues[ i ] && jQuery.isFunction( resolveValues[ i ].promise ) ) {
+					resolveValues[ i ].promise()
+						.done( updateFunc( i, resolveContexts, resolveValues ) )
+						.fail( deferred.reject )
+						.progress( updateFunc( i, progressContexts, progressValues ) );
+				} else {
+					--remaining;
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		// if we're not waiting on anything, resolve the master
+		if ( !remaining ) {
+			deferred.resolveWith( resolveContexts, resolveValues );
+		}
+
+		return deferred.promise();
+	}
+});
+
+
+// The deferred used on DOM ready
+var readyList;
+
+jQuery.fn.ready = function( fn ) {
+	// Add the callback
+	jQuery.ready.promise().done( fn );
+
+	return this;
+};
+
+jQuery.extend({
+	// Is the DOM ready to be used? Set to true once it occurs.
+	isReady: false,
+
+	// A counter to track how many items to wait for before
+	// the ready event fires. See #6781
+	readyWait: 1,
+
+	// Hold (or release) the ready event
+	holdReady: function( hold ) {
+		if ( hold ) {
+			jQuery.readyWait++;
+		} else {
+			jQuery.ready( true );
+		}
+	},
+
+	// Handle when the DOM is ready
+	ready: function( wait ) {
+
+		// Abort if there are pending holds or we're already ready
+		if ( wait === true ? --jQuery.readyWait : jQuery.isReady ) {
+			return;
+		}
+
+		// Make sure body exists, at least, in case IE gets a little overzealous (ticket #5443).
+		if ( !document.body ) {
+			return setTimeout( jQuery.ready );
+		}
+
+		// Remember that the DOM is ready
+		jQuery.isReady = true;
+
+		// If a normal DOM Ready event fired, decrement, and wait if need be
+		if ( wait !== true && --jQuery.readyWait > 0 ) {
+			return;
+		}
+
+		// If there are functions bound, to execute
+		readyList.resolveWith( document, [ jQuery ] );
+
+		// Trigger any bound ready events
+		if ( jQuery.fn.triggerHandler ) {
+			jQuery( document ).triggerHandler( "ready" );
+			jQuery( document ).off( "ready" );
+		}
+	}
+});
+
+/**
+ * Clean-up method for dom ready events
+ */
+function detach() {
+	if ( document.addEventListener ) {
+		document.removeEventListener( "DOMContentLoaded", completed, false );
+		window.removeEventListener( "load", completed, false );
+
+	} else {
+		document.detachEvent( "onreadystatechange", completed );
+		window.detachEvent( "onload", completed );
+	}
+}
+
+/**
+ * The ready event handler and self cleanup method
+ */
+function completed() {
+	// readyState === "complete" is good enough for us to call the dom ready in oldIE
+	if ( document.addEventListener || event.type === "load" || document.readyState === "complete" ) {
+		detach();
+		jQuery.ready();
+	}
+}
+
+jQuery.ready.promise = function( obj ) {
+	if ( !readyList ) {
+
+		readyList = jQuery.Deferred();
+
+		// Catch cases where $(document).ready() is called after the browser event has already occurred.
+		// we once tried to use readyState "interactive" here, but it caused issues like the one
+		// discovered by ChrisS here: http://bugs.jquery.com/ticket/12282#comment:15
+		if ( document.readyState === "complete" ) {
+			// Handle it asynchronously to allow scripts the opportunity to delay ready
+			setTimeout( jQuery.ready );
+
+		// Standards-based browsers support DOMContentLoaded
+		} else if ( document.addEventListener ) {
+			// Use the handy event callback
+			document.addEventListener( "DOMContentLoaded", completed, false );
+
+			// A fallback to window.onload, that will always work
+			window.addEventListener( "load", completed, false );
+
+		// If IE event model is used
+		} else {
+			// Ensure firing before onload, maybe late but safe also for iframes
+			document.attachEvent( "onreadystatechange", completed );
+
+			// A fallback to window.onload, that will always work
+			window.attachEvent( "onload", completed );
+
+			// If IE and not a frame
+			// continually check to see if the document is ready
+			var top = false;
+
+			try {
+				top = window.frameElement == null && document.documentElement;
+			} catch(e) {}
+
+			if ( top && top.doScroll ) {
+				(function doScrollCheck() {
+					if ( !jQuery.isReady ) {
+
+						try {
+							// Use the trick by Diego Perini
+							// http://javascript.nwbox.com/IEContentLoaded/
+							top.doScroll("left");
+						} catch(e) {
+							return setTimeout( doScrollCheck, 50 );
+						}
+
+						// detach all dom ready events
+						detach();
+
+						// and execute any waiting functions
+						jQuery.ready();
+					}
+				})();
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return readyList.promise( obj );
+};
+
+
+var strundefined = typeof undefined;
+
+
+
+// Support: IE<9
+// Iteration over object's inherited properties before its own
+var i;
+for ( i in jQuery( support ) ) {
+	break;
+}
+support.ownLast = i !== "0";
+
+// Note: most support tests are defined in their respective modules.
+// false until the test is run
+support.inlineBlockNeedsLayout = false;
+
+// Execute ASAP in case we need to set body.style.zoom
+jQuery(function() {
+	// Minified: var a,b,c,d
+	var val, div, body, container;
+
+	body = document.getElementsByTagName( "body" )[ 0 ];
+	if ( !body || !body.style ) {
+		// Return for frameset docs that don't have a body
+		return;
+	}
+
+	// Setup
+	div = document.createElement( "div" );
+	container = document.createElement( "div" );
+	container.style.cssText = "position:absolute;border:0;width:0;height:0;top:0;left:-9999px";
+	body.appendChild( container ).appendChild( div );
+
+	if ( typeof div.style.zoom !== strundefined ) {
+		// Support: IE<8
+		// Check if natively block-level elements act like inline-block
+		// elements when setting their display to 'inline' and giving
+		// them layout
+		div.style.cssText = "display:inline;margin:0;border:0;padding:1px;width:1px;zoom:1";
+
+		support.inlineBlockNeedsLayout = val = div.offsetWidth === 3;
+		if ( val ) {
+			// Prevent IE 6 from affecting layout for positioned elements #11048
+			// Prevent IE from shrinking the body in IE 7 mode #12869
+			// Support: IE<8
+			body.style.zoom = 1;
+		}
+	}
+
+	body.removeChild( container );
+});
+
+
+
+
+(function() {
+	var div = document.createElement( "div" );
+
+	// Execute the test only if not already executed in another module.
+	if (support.deleteExpando == null) {
+		// Support: IE<9
+		support.deleteExpando = true;
+		try {
+			delete div.test;
+		} catch( e ) {
+			support.deleteExpando = false;
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Null elements to avoid leaks in IE.
+	div = null;
+})();
+
+
+/**
+ * Determines whether an object can have data
+ */
+jQuery.acceptData = function( elem ) {
+	var noData = jQuery.noData[ (elem.nodeName + " ").toLowerCase() ],
+		nodeType = +elem.nodeType || 1;
+
+	// Do not set data on non-element DOM nodes because it will not be cleared (#8335).
+	return nodeType !== 1 && nodeType !== 9 ?
+		false :
+
+		// Nodes accept data unless otherwise specified; rejection can be conditional
+		!noData || noData !== true && elem.getAttribute("classid") === noData;
+};
+
+
+var rbrace = /^(?:\{[\w\W]*\}|\[[\w\W]*\])$/,
+	rmultiDash = /([A-Z])/g;
+
+function dataAttr( elem, key, data ) {
+	// If nothing was found internally, try to fetch any
+	// data from the HTML5 data-* attribute
+	if ( data === undefined && elem.nodeType === 1 ) {
+
+		var name = "data-" + key.replace( rmultiDash, "-$1" ).toLowerCase();
+
+		data = elem.getAttribute( name );
+
+		if ( typeof data === "string" ) {
+			try {
+				data = data === "true" ? true :
+					data === "false" ? false :
+					data === "null" ? null :
+					// Only convert to a number if it doesn't change the string
+					+data + "" === data ? +data :
+					rbrace.test( data ) ? jQuery.parseJSON( data ) :
+					data;
+			} catch( e ) {}
+
+			// Make sure we set the data so it isn't changed later
+			jQuery.data( elem, key, data );
+
+		} else {
+			data = undefined;
+		}
+	}
+
+	return data;
+}
+
+// checks a cache object for emptiness
+function isEmptyDataObject( obj ) {
+	var name;
+	for ( name in obj ) {
+
+		// if the public data object is empty, the private is still empty
+		if ( name === "data" && jQuery.isEmptyObject( obj[name] ) ) {
+			continue;
+		}
+		if ( name !== "toJSON" ) {
+			return false;
+		}
+	}
+
+	return true;
+}
+
+function internalData( elem, name, data, pvt /* Internal Use Only */ ) {
+	if ( !jQuery.acceptData( elem ) ) {
+		return;
+	}
+
+	var ret, thisCache,
+		internalKey = jQuery.expando,
+
+		// We have to handle DOM nodes and JS objects differently because IE6-7
+		// can't GC object references properly across the DOM-JS boundary
+		isNode = elem.nodeType,
+
+		// Only DOM nodes need the global jQuery cache; JS object data is
+		// attached directly to the object so GC can occur automatically
+		cache = isNode ? jQuery.cache : elem,
+
+		// Only defining an ID for JS objects if its cache already exists allows
+		// the code to shortcut on the same path as a DOM node with no cache
+		id = isNode ? elem[ internalKey ] : elem[ internalKey ] && internalKey;
+
+	// Avoid doing any more work than we need to when trying to get data on an
+	// object that has no data at all
+	if ( (!id || !cache[id] || (!pvt && !cache[id].data)) && data === undefined && typeof name === "string" ) {
+		return;
+	}
+
+	if ( !id ) {
+		// Only DOM nodes need a new unique ID for each element since their data
+		// ends up in the global cache
+		if ( isNode ) {
+			id = elem[ internalKey ] = deletedIds.pop() || jQuery.guid++;
+		} else {
+			id = internalKey;
+		}
+	}
+
+	if ( !cache[ id ] ) {
+		// Avoid exposing jQuery metadata on plain JS objects when the object
+		// is serialized using JSON.stringify
+		cache[ id ] = isNode ? {} : { toJSON: jQuery.noop };
+	}
+
+	// An object can be passed to jQuery.data instead of a key/value pair; this gets
+	// shallow copied over onto the existing cache
+	if ( typeof name === "object" || typeof name === "function" ) {
+		if ( pvt ) {
+			cache[ id ] = jQuery.extend( cache[ id ], name );
+		} else {
+			cache[ id ].data = jQuery.extend( cache[ id ].data, name );
+		}
+	}
+
+	thisCache = cache[ id ];
+
+	// jQuery data() is stored in a separate object inside the object's internal data
+	// cache in order to avoid key collisions between internal data and user-defined
+	// data.
+	if ( !pvt ) {
+		if ( !thisCache.data ) {
+			thisCache.data = {};
+		}
+
+		thisCache = thisCache.data;
+	}
+
+	if ( data !== undefined ) {
+		thisCache[ jQuery.camelCase( name ) ] = data;
+	}
+
+	// Check for both converted-to-camel and non-converted data property names
+	// If a data property was specified
+	if ( typeof name === "string" ) {
+
+		// First Try to find as-is property data
+		ret = thisCache[ name ];
+
+		// Test for null|undefined property data
+		if ( ret == null ) {
+
+			// Try to find the camelCased property
+			ret = thisCache[ jQuery.camelCase( name ) ];
+		}
+	} else {
+		ret = thisCache;
+	}
+
+	return ret;
+}
+
+function internalRemoveData( elem, name, pvt ) {
+	if ( !jQuery.acceptData( elem ) ) {
+		return;
+	}
+
+	var thisCache, i,
+		isNode = elem.nodeType,
+
+		// See jQuery.data for more information
+		cache = isNode ? jQuery.cache : elem,
+		id = isNode ? elem[ jQuery.expando ] : jQuery.expando;
+
+	// If there is already no cache entry for this object, there is no
+	// purpose in continuing
+	if ( !cache[ id ] ) {
+		return;
+	}
+
+	if ( name ) {
+
+		thisCache = pvt ? cache[ id ] : cache[ id ].data;
+
+		if ( thisCache ) {
+
+			// Support array or space separated string names for data keys
+			if ( !jQuery.isArray( name ) ) {
+
+				// try the string as a key before any manipulation
+				if ( name in thisCache ) {
+					name = [ name ];
+				} else {
+
+					// split the camel cased version by spaces unless a key with the spaces exists
+					name = jQuery.camelCase( name );
+					if ( name in thisCache ) {
+						name = [ name ];
+					} else {
+						name = name.split(" ");
+					}
+				}
+			} else {
+				// If "name" is an array of keys...
+				// When data is initially created, via ("key", "val") signature,
+				// keys will be converted to camelCase.
+				// Since there is no way to tell _how_ a key was added, remove
+				// both plain key and camelCase key. #12786
+				// This will only penalize the array argument path.
+				name = name.concat( jQuery.map( name, jQuery.camelCase ) );
+			}
+
+			i = name.length;
+			while ( i-- ) {
+				delete thisCache[ name[i] ];
+			}
+
+			// If there is no data left in the cache, we want to continue
+			// and let the cache object itself get destroyed
+			if ( pvt ? !isEmptyDataObject(thisCache) : !jQuery.isEmptyObject(thisCache) ) {
+				return;
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	// See jQuery.data for more information
+	if ( !pvt ) {
+		delete cache[ id ].data;
+
+		// Don't destroy the parent cache unless the internal data object
+		// had been the only thing left in it
+		if ( !isEmptyDataObject( cache[ id ] ) ) {
+			return;
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Destroy the cache
+	if ( isNode ) {
+		jQuery.cleanData( [ elem ], true );
+
+	// Use delete when supported for expandos or `cache` is not a window per isWindow (#10080)
+	/* jshint eqeqeq: false */
+	} else if ( support.deleteExpando || cache != cache.window ) {
+		/* jshint eqeqeq: true */
+		delete cache[ id ];
+
+	// When all else fails, null
+	} else {
+		cache[ id ] = null;
+	}
+}
+
+jQuery.extend({
+	cache: {},
+
+	// The following elements (space-suffixed to avoid Object.prototype collisions)
+	// throw uncatchable exceptions if you attempt to set expando properties
+	noData: {
+		"applet ": true,
+		"embed ": true,
+		// ...but Flash objects (which have this classid) *can* handle expandos
+		"object ": "clsid:D27CDB6E-AE6D-11cf-96B8-444553540000"
+	},
+
+	hasData: function( elem ) {
+		elem = elem.nodeType ? jQuery.cache[ elem[jQuery.expando] ] : elem[ jQuery.expando ];
+		return !!elem && !isEmptyDataObject( elem );
+	},
+
+	data: function( elem, name, data ) {
+		return internalData( elem, name, data );
+	},
+
+	removeData: function( elem, name ) {
+		return internalRemoveData( elem, name );
+	},
+
+	// For internal use only.
+	_data: function( elem, name, data ) {
+		return internalData( elem, name, data, true );
+	},
+
+	_removeData: function( elem, name ) {
+		return internalRemoveData( elem, name, true );
+	}
+});
+
+jQuery.fn.extend({
+	data: function( key, value ) {
+		var i, name, data,
+			elem = this[0],
+			attrs = elem && elem.attributes;
+
+		// Special expections of .data basically thwart jQuery.access,
+		// so implement the relevant behavior ourselves
+
+		// Gets all values
+		if ( key === undefined ) {
+			if ( this.length ) {
+				data = jQuery.data( elem );
+
+				if ( elem.nodeType === 1 && !jQuery._data( elem, "parsedAttrs" ) ) {
+					i = attrs.length;
+					while ( i-- ) {
+
+						// Support: IE11+
+						// The attrs elements can be null (#14894)
+						if ( attrs[ i ] ) {
+							name = attrs[ i ].name;
+							if ( name.indexOf( "data-" ) === 0 ) {
+								name = jQuery.camelCase( name.slice(5) );
+								dataAttr( elem, name, data[ name ] );
+							}
+						}
+					}
+					jQuery._data( elem, "parsedAttrs", true );
+				}
+			}
+
+			return data;
+		}
+
+		// Sets multiple values
+		if ( typeof key === "object" ) {
+			return this.each(function() {
+				jQuery.data( this, key );
+			});
+		}
+
+		return arguments.length > 1 ?
+
+			// Sets one value
+			this.each(function() {
+				jQuery.data( this, key, value );
+			}) :
+
+			// Gets one value
+			// Try to fetch any internally stored data first
+			elem ? dataAttr( elem, key, jQuery.data( elem, key ) ) : undefined;
+	},
+
+	removeData: function( key ) {
+		return this.each(function() {
+			jQuery.removeData( this, key );
+		});
+	}
+});
+
+
+jQuery.extend({
+	queue: function( elem, type, data ) {
+		var queue;
+
+		if ( elem ) {
+			type = ( type || "fx" ) + "queue";
+			queue = jQuery._data( elem, type );
+
+			// Speed up dequeue by getting out quickly if this is just a lookup
+			if ( data ) {
+				if ( !queue || jQuery.isArray(data) ) {
+					queue = jQuery._data( elem, type, jQuery.makeArray(data) );
+				} else {
+					queue.push( data );
+				}
+			}
+			return queue || [];
+		}
+	},
+
+	dequeue: function( elem, type ) {
+		type = type || "fx";
+
+		var queue = jQuery.queue( elem, type ),
+			startLength = queue.length,
+			fn = queue.shift(),
+			hooks = jQuery._queueHooks( elem, type ),
+			next = function() {
+				jQuery.dequeue( elem, type );
+			};
+
+		// If the fx queue is dequeued, always remove the progress sentinel
+		if ( fn === "inprogress" ) {
+			fn = queue.shift();
+			startLength--;
+		}
+
+		if ( fn ) {
+
+			// Add a progress sentinel to prevent the fx queue from being
+			// automatically dequeued
+			if ( type === "fx" ) {
+				queue.unshift( "inprogress" );
+			}
+
+			// clear up the last queue stop function
+			delete hooks.stop;
+			fn.call( elem, next, hooks );
+		}
+
+		if ( !startLength && hooks ) {
+			hooks.empty.fire();
+		}
+	},
+
+	// not intended for public consumption - generates a queueHooks object, or returns the current one
+	_queueHooks: function( elem, type ) {
+		var key = type + "queueHooks";
+		return jQuery._data( elem, key ) || jQuery._data( elem, key, {
+			empty: jQuery.Callbacks("once memory").add(function() {
+				jQuery._removeData( elem, type + "queue" );
+				jQuery._removeData( elem, key );
+			})
+		});
+	}
+});
+
+jQuery.fn.extend({
+	queue: function( type, data ) {
+		var setter = 2;
+
+		if ( typeof type !== "string" ) {
+			data = type;
+			type = "fx";
+			setter--;
+		}
+
+		if ( arguments.length < setter ) {
+			return jQuery.queue( this[0], type );
+		}
+
+		return data === undefined ?
+			this :
+			this.each(function() {
+				var queue = jQuery.queue( this, type, data );
+
+				// ensure a hooks for this queue
+				jQuery._queueHooks( this, type );
+
+				if ( type === "fx" && queue[0] !== "inprogress" ) {
+					jQuery.dequeue( this, type );
+				}
+			});
+	},
+	dequeue: function( type ) {
+		return this.each(function() {
+			jQuery.dequeue( this, type );
+		});
+	},
+	clearQueue: function( type ) {
+		return this.queue( type || "fx", [] );
+	},
+	// Get a promise resolved when queues of a certain type
+	// are emptied (fx is the type by default)
+	promise: function( type, obj ) {
+		var tmp,
+			count = 1,
+			defer = jQuery.Deferred(),
+			elements = this,
+			i = this.length,
+			resolve = function() {
+				if ( !( --count ) ) {
+					defer.resolveWith( elements, [ elements ] );
+				}
+			};
+
+		if ( typeof type !== "string" ) {
+			obj = type;
+			type = undefined;
+		}
+		type = type || "fx";
+
+		while ( i-- ) {
+			tmp = jQuery._data( elements[ i ], type + "queueHooks" );
+			if ( tmp && tmp.empty ) {
+				count++;
+				tmp.empty.add( resolve );
+			}
+		}
+		resolve();
+		return defer.promise( obj );
+	}
+});
+var pnum = (/[+-]?(?:\d*\.|)\d+(?:[eE][+-]?\d+|)/).source;
+
+var cssExpand = [ "Top", "Right", "Bottom", "Left" ];
+
+var isHidden = function( elem, el ) {
+		// isHidden might be called from jQuery#filter function;
+		// in that case, element will be second argument
+		elem = el || elem;
+		return jQuery.css( elem, "display" ) === "none" || !jQuery.contains( elem.ownerDocument, elem );
+	};
+
+
+
+// Multifunctional method to get and set values of a collection
+// The value/s can optionally be executed if it's a function
+var access = jQuery.access = function( elems, fn, key, value, chainable, emptyGet, raw ) {
+	var i = 0,
+		length = elems.length,
+		bulk = key == null;
+
+	// Sets many values
+	if ( jQuery.type( key ) === "object" ) {
+		chainable = true;
+		for ( i in key ) {
+			jQuery.access( elems, fn, i, key[i], true, emptyGet, raw );
+		}
+
+	// Sets one value
+	} else if ( value !== undefined ) {
+		chainable = true;
+
+		if ( !jQuery.isFunction( value ) ) {
+			raw = true;
+		}
+
+		if ( bulk ) {
+			// Bulk operations run against the entire set
+			if ( raw ) {
+				fn.call( elems, value );
+				fn = null;
+
+			// ...except when executing function values
+			} else {
+				bulk = fn;
+				fn = function( elem, key, value ) {
+					return bulk.call( jQuery( elem ), value );
+				};
+			}
+		}
+
+		if ( fn ) {
+			for ( ; i < length; i++ ) {
+				fn( elems[i], key, raw ? value : value.call( elems[i], i, fn( elems[i], key ) ) );
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	return chainable ?
+		elems :
+
+		// Gets
+		bulk ?
+			fn.call( elems ) :
+			length ? fn( elems[0], key ) : emptyGet;
+};
+var rcheckableType = (/^(?:checkbox|radio)$/i);
+
+
+
+(function() {
+	// Minified: var a,b,c
+	var input = document.createElement( "input" ),
+		div = document.createElement( "div" ),
+		fragment = document.createDocumentFragment();
+
+	// Setup
+	div.innerHTML = "  <link/><table></table><a href='/a'>a</a><input type='checkbox'/>";
+
+	// IE strips leading whitespace when .innerHTML is used
+	support.leadingWhitespace = div.firstChild.nodeType === 3;
+
+	// Make sure that tbody elements aren't automatically inserted
+	// IE will insert them into empty tables
+	support.tbody = !div.getElementsByTagName( "tbody" ).length;
+
+	// Make sure that link elements get serialized correctly by innerHTML
+	// This requires a wrapper element in IE
+	support.htmlSerialize = !!div.getElementsByTagName( "link" ).length;
+
+	// Makes sure cloning an html5 element does not cause problems
+	// Where outerHTML is undefined, this still works
+	support.html5Clone =
+		document.createElement( "nav" ).cloneNode( true ).outerHTML !== "<:nav></:nav>";
+
+	// Check if a disconnected checkbox will retain its checked
+	// value of true after appended to the DOM (IE6/7)
+	input.type = "checkbox";
+	input.checked = true;
+	fragment.appendChild( input );
+	support.appendChecked = input.checked;
+
+	// Make sure textarea (and checkbox) defaultValue is properly cloned
+	// Support: IE6-IE11+
+	div.innerHTML = "<textarea>x</textarea>";
+	support.noCloneChecked = !!div.cloneNode( true ).lastChild.defaultValue;
+
+	// #11217 - WebKit loses check when the name is after the checked attribute
+	fragment.appendChild( div );
+	div.innerHTML = "<input type='radio' checked='checked' name='t'/>";
+
+	// Support: Safari 5.1, iOS 5.1, Android 4.x, Android 2.3
+	// old WebKit doesn't clone checked state correctly in fragments
+	support.checkClone = div.cloneNode( true ).cloneNode( true ).lastChild.checked;
+
+	// Support: IE<9
+	// Opera does not clone events (and typeof div.attachEvent === undefined).
+	// IE9-10 clones events bound via attachEvent, but they don't trigger with .click()
+	support.noCloneEvent = true;
+	if ( div.attachEvent ) {
+		div.attachEvent( "onclick", function() {
+			support.noCloneEvent = false;
+		});
+
+		div.cloneNode( true ).click();
+	}
+
+	// Execute the test only if not already executed in another module.
+	if (support.deleteExpando == null) {
+		// Support: IE<9
+		support.deleteExpando = true;
+		try {
+			delete div.test;
+		} catch( e ) {
+			support.deleteExpando = false;
+		}
+	}
+})();
+
+
+(function() {
+	var i, eventName,
+		div = document.createElement( "div" );
+
+	// Support: IE<9 (lack submit/change bubble), Firefox 23+ (lack focusin event)
+	for ( i in { submit: true, change: true, focusin: true }) {
+		eventName = "on" + i;
+
+		if ( !(support[ i + "Bubbles" ] = eventName in window) ) {
+			// Beware of CSP restrictions (https://developer.mozilla.org/en/Security/CSP)
+			div.setAttribute( eventName, "t" );
+			support[ i + "Bubbles" ] = div.attributes[ eventName ].expando === false;
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Null elements to avoid leaks in IE.
+	div = null;
+})();
+
+
+var rformElems = /^(?:input|select|textarea)$/i,
+	rkeyEvent = /^key/,
+	rmouseEvent = /^(?:mouse|pointer|contextmenu)|click/,
+	rfocusMorph = /^(?:focusinfocus|focusoutblur)$/,
+	rtypenamespace = /^([^.]*)(?:\.(.+)|)$/;
+
+function returnTrue() {
+	return true;
+}
+
+function returnFalse() {
+	return false;
+}
+
+function safeActiveElement() {
+	try {
+		return document.activeElement;
+	} catch ( err ) { }
+}
+
+/*
+ * Helper functions for managing events -- not part of the public interface.
+ * Props to Dean Edwards' addEvent library for many of the ideas.
+ */
+jQuery.event = {
+
+	global: {},
+
+	add: function( elem, types, handler, data, selector ) {
+		var tmp, events, t, handleObjIn,
+			special, eventHandle, handleObj,
+			handlers, type, namespaces, origType,
+			elemData = jQuery._data( elem );
+
+		// Don't attach events to noData or text/comment nodes (but allow plain objects)
+		if ( !elemData ) {
+			return;
+		}
+
+		// Caller can pass in an object of custom data in lieu of the handler
+		if ( handler.handler ) {
+			handleObjIn = handler;
+			handler = handleObjIn.handler;
+			selector = handleObjIn.selector;
+		}
+
+		// Make sure that the handler has a unique ID, used to find/remove it later
+		if ( !handler.guid ) {
+			handler.guid = jQuery.guid++;
+		}
+
+		// Init the element's event structure and main handler, if this is the first
+		if ( !(events = elemData.events) ) {
+			events = elemData.events = {};
+		}
+		if ( !(eventHandle = elemData.handle) ) {
+			eventHandle = elemData.handle = function( e ) {
+				// Discard the second event of a jQuery.event.trigger() and
+				// when an event is called after a page has unloaded
+				return typeof jQuery !== strundefined && (!e || jQuery.event.triggered !== e.type) ?
+					jQuery.event.dispatch.apply( eventHandle.elem, arguments ) :
+					undefined;
+			};
+			// Add elem as a property of the handle fn to prevent a memory leak with IE non-native events
+			eventHandle.elem = elem;
+		}
+
+		// Handle multiple events separated by a space
+		types = ( types || "" ).match( rnotwhite ) || [ "" ];
+		t = types.length;
+		while ( t-- ) {
+			tmp = rtypenamespace.exec( types[t] ) || [];
+			type = origType = tmp[1];
+			namespaces = ( tmp[2] || "" ).split( "." ).sort();
+
+			// There *must* be a type, no attaching namespace-only handlers
+			if ( !type ) {
+				continue;
+			}
+
+			// If event changes its type, use the special event handlers for the changed type
+			special = jQuery.event.special[ type ] || {};
+
+			// If selector defined, determine special event api type, otherwise given type
+			type = ( selector ? special.delegateType : special.bindType ) || type;
+
+			// Update special based on newly reset type
+			special = jQuery.event.special[ type ] || {};
+
+			// handleObj is passed to all event handlers
+			handleObj = jQuery.extend({
+				type: type,
+				origType: origType,
+				data: data,
+				handler: handler,
+				guid: handler.guid,
+				selector: selector,
+				needsContext: selector && jQuery.expr.match.needsContext.test( selector ),
+				namespace: namespaces.join(".")
+			}, handleObjIn );
+
+			// Init the event handler queue if we're the first
+			if ( !(handlers = events[ type ]) ) {
+				handlers = events[ type ] = [];
+				handlers.delegateCount = 0;
+
+				// Only use addEventListener/attachEvent if the special events handler returns false
+				if ( !special.setup || special.setup.call( elem, data, namespaces, eventHandle ) === false ) {
+					// Bind the global event handler to the element
+					if ( elem.addEventListener ) {
+						elem.addEventListener( type, eventHandle, false );
+
+					} else if ( elem.attachEvent ) {
+						elem.attachEvent( "on" + type, eventHandle );
+					}
+				}
+			}
+
+			if ( special.add ) {
+				special.add.call( elem, handleObj );
+
+				if ( !handleObj.handler.guid ) {
+					handleObj.handler.guid = handler.guid;
+				}
+			}
+
+			// Add to the element's handler list, delegates in front
+			if ( selector ) {
+				handlers.splice( handlers.delegateCount++, 0, handleObj );
+			} else {
+				handlers.push( handleObj );
+			}
+
+			// Keep track of which events have ever been used, for event optimization
+			jQuery.event.global[ type ] = true;
+		}
+
+		// Nullify elem to prevent memory leaks in IE
+		elem = null;
+	},
+
+	// Detach an event or set of events from an element
+	remove: function( elem, types, handler, selector, mappedTypes ) {
+		var j, handleObj, tmp,
+			origCount, t, events,
+			special, handlers, type,
+			namespaces, origType,
+			elemData = jQuery.hasData( elem ) && jQuery._data( elem );
+
+		if ( !elemData || !(events = elemData.events) ) {
+			return;
+		}
+
+		// Once for each type.namespace in types; type may be omitted
+		types = ( types || "" ).match( rnotwhite ) || [ "" ];
+		t = types.length;
+		while ( t-- ) {
+			tmp = rtypenamespace.exec( types[t] ) || [];
+			type = origType = tmp[1];
+			namespaces = ( tmp[2] || "" ).split( "." ).sort();
+
+			// Unbind all events (on this namespace, if provided) for the element
+			if ( !type ) {
+				for ( type in events ) {
+					jQuery.event.remove( elem, type + types[ t ], handler, selector, true );
+				}
+				continue;
+			}
+
+			special = jQuery.event.special[ type ] || {};
+			type = ( selector ? special.delegateType : special.bindType ) || type;
+			handlers = events[ type ] || [];
+			tmp = tmp[2] && new RegExp( "(^|\\.)" + namespaces.join("\\.(?:.*\\.|)") + "(\\.|$)" );
+
+			// Remove matching events
+			origCount = j = handlers.length;
+			while ( j-- ) {
+				handleObj = handlers[ j ];
+
+				if ( ( mappedTypes || origType === handleObj.origType ) &&
+					( !handler || handler.guid === handleObj.guid ) &&
+					( !tmp || tmp.test( handleObj.namespace ) ) &&
+					( !selector || selector === handleObj.selector || selector === "**" && handleObj.selector ) ) {
+					handlers.splice( j, 1 );
+
+					if ( handleObj.selector ) {
+						handlers.delegateCount--;
+					}
+					if ( special.remove ) {
+						special.remove.call( elem, handleObj );
+					}
+				}
+			}
+
+			// Remove generic event handler if we removed something and no more handlers exist
+			// (avoids potential for endless recursion during removal of special event handlers)
+			if ( origCount && !handlers.length ) {
+				if ( !special.teardown || special.teardown.call( elem, namespaces, elemData.handle ) === false ) {
+					jQuery.removeEvent( elem, type, elemData.handle );
+				}
+
+				delete events[ type ];
+			}
+		}
+
+		// Remove the expando if it's no longer used
+		if ( jQuery.isEmptyObject( events ) ) {
+			delete elemData.handle;
+
+			// removeData also checks for emptiness and clears the expando if empty
+			// so use it instead of delete
+			jQuery._removeData( elem, "events" );
+		}
+	},
+
+	trigger: function( event, data, elem, onlyHandlers ) {
+		var handle, ontype, cur,
+			bubbleType, special, tmp, i,
+			eventPath = [ elem || document ],
+			type = hasOwn.call( event, "type" ) ? event.type : event,
+			namespaces = hasOwn.call( event, "namespace" ) ? event.namespace.split(".") : [];
+
+		cur = tmp = elem = elem || document;
+
+		// Don't do events on text and comment nodes
+		if ( elem.nodeType === 3 || elem.nodeType === 8 ) {
+			return;
+		}
+
+		// focus/blur morphs to focusin/out; ensure we're not firing them right now
+		if ( rfocusMorph.test( type + jQuery.event.triggered ) ) {
+			return;
+		}
+
+		if ( type.indexOf(".") >= 0 ) {
+			// Namespaced trigger; create a regexp to match event type in handle()
+			namespaces = type.split(".");
+			type = namespaces.shift();
+			namespaces.sort();
+		}
+		ontype = type.indexOf(":") < 0 && "on" + type;
+
+		// Caller can pass in a jQuery.Event object, Object, or just an event type string
+		event = event[ jQuery.expando ] ?
+			event :
+			new jQuery.Event( type, typeof event === "object" && event );
+
+		// Trigger bitmask: & 1 for native handlers; & 2 for jQuery (always true)
+		event.isTrigger = onlyHandlers ? 2 : 3;
+		event.namespace = namespaces.join(".");
+		event.namespace_re = event.namespace ?
+			new RegExp( "(^|\\.)" + namespaces.join("\\.(?:.*\\.|)") + "(\\.|$)" ) :
+			null;
+
+		// Clean up the event in case it is being reused
+		event.result = undefined;
+		if ( !event.target ) {
+			event.target = elem;
+		}
+
+		// Clone any incoming data and prepend the event, creating the handler arg list
+		data = data == null ?
+			[ event ] :
+			jQuery.makeArray( data, [ event ] );
+
+		// Allow special events to draw outside the lines
+		special = jQuery.event.special[ type ] || {};
+		if ( !onlyHandlers && special.trigger && special.trigger.apply( elem, data ) === false ) {
+			return;
+		}
+
+		// Determine event propagation path in advance, per W3C events spec (#9951)
+		// Bubble up to document, then to window; watch for a global ownerDocument var (#9724)
+		if ( !onlyHandlers && !special.noBubble && !jQuery.isWindow( elem ) ) {
+
+			bubbleType = special.delegateType || type;
+			if ( !rfocusMorph.test( bubbleType + type ) ) {
+				cur = cur.parentNode;
+			}
+			for ( ; cur; cur = cur.parentNode ) {
+				eventPath.push( cur );
+				tmp = cur;
+			}
+
+			// Only add window if we got to document (e.g., not plain obj or detached DOM)
+			if ( tmp === (elem.ownerDocument || document) ) {
+				eventPath.push( tmp.defaultView || tmp.parentWindow || window );
+			}
+		}
+
+		// Fire handlers on the event path
+		i = 0;
+		while ( (cur = eventPath[i++]) && !event.isPropagationStopped() ) {
+
+			event.type = i > 1 ?
+				bubbleType :
+				special.bindType || type;
+
+			// jQuery handler
+			handle = ( jQuery._data( cur, "events" ) || {} )[ event.type ] && jQuery._data( cur, "handle" );
+			if ( handle ) {
+				handle.apply( cur, data );
+			}
+
+			// Native handler
+			handle = ontype && cur[ ontype ];
+			if ( handle && handle.apply && jQuery.acceptData( cur ) ) {
+				event.result = handle.apply( cur, data );
+				if ( event.result === false ) {
+					event.preventDefault();
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		event.type = type;
+
+		// If nobody prevented the default action, do it now
+		if ( !onlyHandlers && !event.isDefaultPrevented() ) {
+
+			if ( (!special._default || special._default.apply( eventPath.pop(), data ) === false) &&
+				jQuery.acceptData( elem ) ) {
+
+				// Call a native DOM method on the target with the same name name as the event.
+				// Can't use an .isFunction() check here because IE6/7 fails that test.
+				// Don't do default actions on window, that's where global variables be (#6170)
+				if ( ontype && elem[ type ] && !jQuery.isWindow( elem ) ) {
+
+					// Don't re-trigger an onFOO event when we call its FOO() method
+					tmp = elem[ ontype ];
+
+					if ( tmp ) {
+						elem[ ontype ] = null;
+					}
+
+					// Prevent re-triggering of the same event, since we already bubbled it above
+					jQuery.event.triggered = type;
+					try {
+						elem[ type ]();
+					} catch ( e ) {
+						// IE<9 dies on focus/blur to hidden element (#1486,#12518)
+						// only reproducible on winXP IE8 native, not IE9 in IE8 mode
+					}
+					jQuery.event.triggered = undefined;
+
+					if ( tmp ) {
+						elem[ ontype ] = tmp;
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		return event.result;
+	},
+
+	dispatch: function( event ) {
+
+		// Make a writable jQuery.Event from the native event object
+		event = jQuery.event.fix( event );
+
+		var i, ret, handleObj, matched, j,
+			handlerQueue = [],
+			args = slice.call( arguments ),
+			handlers = ( jQuery._data( this, "events" ) || {} )[ event.type ] || [],
+			special = jQuery.event.special[ event.type ] || {};
+
+		// Use the fix-ed jQuery.Event rather than the (read-only) native event
+		args[0] = event;
+		event.delegateTarget = this;
+
+		// Call the preDispatch hook for the mapped type, and let it bail if desired
+		if ( special.preDispatch && special.preDispatch.call( this, event ) === false ) {
+			return;
+		}
+
+		// Determine handlers
+		handlerQueue = jQuery.event.handlers.call( this, event, handlers );
+
+		// Run delegates first; they may want to stop propagation beneath us
+		i = 0;
+		while ( (matched = handlerQueue[ i++ ]) && !event.isPropagationStopped() ) {
+			event.currentTarget = matched.elem;
+
+			j = 0;
+			while ( (handleObj = matched.handlers[ j++ ]) && !event.isImmediatePropagationStopped() ) {
+
+				// Triggered event must either 1) have no namespace, or
+				// 2) have namespace(s) a subset or equal to those in the bound event (both can have no namespace).
+				if ( !event.namespace_re || event.namespace_re.test( handleObj.namespace ) ) {
+
+					event.handleObj = handleObj;
+					event.data = handleObj.data;
+
+					ret = ( (jQuery.event.special[ handleObj.origType ] || {}).handle || handleObj.handler )
+							.apply( matched.elem, args );
+
+					if ( ret !== undefined ) {
+						if ( (event.result = ret) === false ) {
+							event.preventDefault();
+							event.stopPropagation();
+						}
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		// Call the postDispatch hook for the mapped type
+		if ( special.postDispatch ) {
+			special.postDispatch.call( this, event );
+		}
+
+		return event.result;
+	},
+
+	handlers: function( event, handlers ) {
+		var sel, handleObj, matches, i,
+			handlerQueue = [],
+			delegateCount = handlers.delegateCount,
+			cur = event.target;
+
+		// Find delegate handlers
+		// Black-hole SVG <use> instance trees (#13180)
+		// Avoid non-left-click bubbling in Firefox (#3861)
+		if ( delegateCount && cur.nodeType && (!event.button || event.type !== "click") ) {
+
+			/* jshint eqeqeq: false */
+			for ( ; cur != this; cur = cur.parentNode || this ) {
+				/* jshint eqeqeq: true */
+
+				// Don't check non-elements (#13208)
+				// Don't process clicks on disabled elements (#6911, #8165, #11382, #11764)
+				if ( cur.nodeType === 1 && (cur.disabled !== true || event.type !== "click") ) {
+					matches = [];
+					for ( i = 0; i < delegateCount; i++ ) {
+						handleObj = handlers[ i ];
+
+						// Don't conflict with Object.prototype properties (#13203)
+						sel = handleObj.selector + " ";
+
+						if ( matches[ sel ] === undefined ) {
+							matches[ sel ] = handleObj.needsContext ?
+								jQuery( sel, this ).index( cur ) >= 0 :
+								jQuery.find( sel, this, null, [ cur ] ).length;
+						}
+						if ( matches[ sel ] ) {
+							matches.push( handleObj );
+						}
+					}
+					if ( matches.length ) {
+						handlerQueue.push({ elem: cur, handlers: matches });
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		// Add the remaining (directly-bound) handlers
+		if ( delegateCount < handlers.length ) {
+			handlerQueue.push({ elem: this, handlers: handlers.slice( delegateCount ) });
+		}
+
+		return handlerQueue;
+	},
+
+	fix: function( event ) {
+		if ( event[ jQuery.expando ] ) {
+			return event;
+		}
+
+		// Create a writable copy of the event object and normalize some properties
+		var i, prop, copy,
+			type = event.type,
+			originalEvent = event,
+			fixHook = this.fixHooks[ type ];
+
+		if ( !fixHook ) {
+			this.fixHooks[ type ] = fixHook =
+				rmouseEvent.test( type ) ? this.mouseHooks :
+				rkeyEvent.test( type ) ? this.keyHooks :
+				{};
+		}
+		copy = fixHook.props ? this.props.concat( fixHook.props ) : this.props;
+
+		event = new jQuery.Event( originalEvent );
+
+		i = copy.length;
+		while ( i-- ) {
+			prop = copy[ i ];
+			event[ prop ] = originalEvent[ prop ];
+		}
+
+		// Support: IE<9
+		// Fix target property (#1925)
+		if ( !event.target ) {
+			event.target = originalEvent.srcElement || document;
+		}
+
+		// Support: Chrome 23+, Safari?
+		// Target should not be a text node (#504, #13143)
+		if ( event.target.nodeType === 3 ) {
+			event.target = event.target.parentNode;
+		}
+
+		// Support: IE<9
+		// For mouse/key events, metaKey==false if it's undefined (#3368, #11328)
+		event.metaKey = !!event.metaKey;
+
+		return fixHook.filter ? fixHook.filter( event, originalEvent ) : event;
+	},
+
+	// Includes some event props shared by KeyEvent and MouseEvent
+	props: "altKey bubbles cancelable ctrlKey currentTarget eventPhase metaKey relatedTarget shiftKey target timeStamp view which".split(" "),
+
+	fixHooks: {},
+
+	keyHooks: {
+		props: "char charCode key keyCode".split(" "),
+		filter: function( event, original ) {
+
+			// Add which for key events
+			if ( event.which == null ) {
+				event.which = original.charCode != null ? original.charCode : original.keyCode;
+			}
+
+			return event;
+		}
+	},
+
+	mouseHooks: {
+		props: "button buttons clientX clientY fromElement offsetX offsetY pageX pageY screenX screenY toElement".split(" "),
+		filter: function( event, original ) {
+			var body, eventDoc, doc,
+				button = original.button,
+				fromElement = original.fromElement;
+
+			// Calculate pageX/Y if missing and clientX/Y available
+			if ( event.pageX == null && original.clientX != null ) {
+				eventDoc = event.target.ownerDocument || document;
+				doc = eventDoc.documentElement;
+				body = eventDoc.body;
+
+				event.pageX = original.clientX + ( doc && doc.scrollLeft || body && body.scrollLeft || 0 ) - ( doc && doc.clientLeft || body && body.clientLeft || 0 );
+				event.pageY = original.clientY + ( doc && doc.scrollTop  || body && body.scrollTop  || 0 ) - ( doc && doc.clientTop  || body && body.clientTop  || 0 );
+			}
+
+			// Add relatedTarget, if necessary
+			if ( !event.relatedTarget && fromElement ) {
+				event.relatedTarget = fromElement === event.target ? original.toElement : fromElement;
+			}
+
+			// Add which for click: 1 === left; 2 === middle; 3 === right
+			// Note: button is not normalized, so don't use it
+			if ( !event.which && button !== undefined ) {
+				event.which = ( button & 1 ? 1 : ( button & 2 ? 3 : ( button & 4 ? 2 : 0 ) ) );
+			}
+
+			return event;
+		}
+	},
+
+	special: {
+		load: {
+			// Prevent triggered image.load events from bubbling to window.load
+			noBubble: true
+		},
+		focus: {
+			// Fire native event if possible so blur/focus sequence is correct
+			trigger: function() {
+				if ( this !== safeActiveElement() && this.focus ) {
+					try {
+						this.focus();
+						return false;
+					} catch ( e ) {
+						// Support: IE<9
+						// If we error on focus to hidden element (#1486, #12518),
+						// let .trigger() run the handlers
+					}
+				}
+			},
+			delegateType: "focusin"
+		},
+		blur: {
+			trigger: function() {
+				if ( this === safeActiveElement() && this.blur ) {
+					this.blur();
+					return false;
+				}
+			},
+			delegateType: "focusout"
+		},
+		click: {
+			// For checkbox, fire native event so checked state will be right
+			trigger: function() {
+				if ( jQuery.nodeName( this, "input" ) && this.type === "checkbox" && this.click ) {
+					this.click();
+					return false;
+				}
+			},
+
+			// For cross-browser consistency, don't fire native .click() on links
+			_default: function( event ) {
+				return jQuery.nodeName( event.target, "a" );
+			}
+		},
+
+		beforeunload: {
+			postDispatch: function( event ) {
+
+				// Support: Firefox 20+
+				// Firefox doesn't alert if the returnValue field is not set.
+				if ( event.result !== undefined && event.originalEvent ) {
+					event.originalEvent.returnValue = event.result;
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	},
+
+	simulate: function( type, elem, event, bubble ) {
+		// Piggyback on a donor event to simulate a different one.
+		// Fake originalEvent to avoid donor's stopPropagation, but if the
+		// simulated event prevents default then we do the same on the donor.
+		var e = jQuery.extend(
+			new jQuery.Event(),
+			event,
+			{
+				type: type,
+				isSimulated: true,
+				originalEvent: {}
+			}
+		);
+		if ( bubble ) {
+			jQuery.event.trigger( e, null, elem );
+		} else {
+			jQuery.event.dispatch.call( elem, e );
+		}
+		if ( e.isDefaultPrevented() ) {
+			event.preventDefault();
+		}
+	}
+};
+
+jQuery.removeEvent = document.removeEventListener ?
+	function( elem, type, handle ) {
+		if ( elem.removeEventListener ) {
+			elem.removeEventListener( type, handle, false );
+		}
+	} :
+	function( elem, type, handle ) {
+		var name = "on" + type;
+
+		if ( elem.detachEvent ) {
+
+			// #8545, #7054, preventing memory leaks for custom events in IE6-8
+			// detachEvent needed property on element, by name of that event, to properly expose it to GC
+			if ( typeof elem[ name ] === strundefined ) {
+				elem[ name ] = null;
+			}
+
+			elem.detachEvent( name, handle );
+		}
+	};
+
+jQuery.Event = function( src, props ) {
+	// Allow instantiation without the 'new' keyword
+	if ( !(this instanceof jQuery.Event) ) {
+		return new jQuery.Event( src, props );
+	}
+
+	// Event object
+	if ( src && src.type ) {
+		this.originalEvent = src;
+		this.type = src.type;
+
+		// Events bubbling up the document may have been marked as prevented
+		// by a handler lower down the tree; reflect the correct value.
+		this.isDefaultPrevented = src.defaultPrevented ||
+				src.defaultPrevented === undefined &&
+				// Support: IE < 9, Android < 4.0
+				src.returnValue === false ?
+			returnTrue :
+			returnFalse;
+
+	// Event type
+	} else {
+		this.type = src;
+	}
+
+	// Put explicitly provided properties onto the event object
+	if ( props ) {
+		jQuery.extend( this, props );
+	}
+
+	// Create a timestamp if incoming event doesn't have one
+	this.timeStamp = src && src.timeStamp || jQuery.now();
+
+	// Mark it as fixed
+	this[ jQuery.expando ] = true;
+};
+
+// jQuery.Event is based on DOM3 Events as specified by the ECMAScript Language Binding
+// http://www.w3.org/TR/2003/WD-DOM-Level-3-Events-20030331/ecma-script-binding.html
+jQuery.Event.prototype = {
+	isDefaultPrevented: returnFalse,
+	isPropagationStopped: returnFalse,
+	isImmediatePropagationStopped: returnFalse,
+
+	preventDefault: function() {
+		var e = this.originalEvent;
+
+		this.isDefaultPrevented = returnTrue;
+		if ( !e ) {
+			return;
+		}
+
+		// If preventDefault exists, run it on the original event
+		if ( e.preventDefault ) {
+			e.preventDefault();
+
+		// Support: IE
+		// Otherwise set the returnValue property of the original event to false
+		} else {
+			e.returnValue = false;
+		}
+	},
+	stopPropagation: function() {
+		var e = this.originalEvent;
+
+		this.isPropagationStopped = returnTrue;
+		if ( !e ) {
+			return;
+		}
+		// If stopPropagation exists, run it on the original event
+		if ( e.stopPropagation ) {
+			e.stopPropagation();
+		}
+
+		// Support: IE
+		// Set the cancelBubble property of the original event to true
+		e.cancelBubble = true;
+	},
+	stopImmediatePropagation: function() {
+		var e = this.originalEvent;
+
+		this.isImmediatePropagationStopped = returnTrue;
+
+		if ( e && e.stopImmediatePropagation ) {
+			e.stopImmediatePropagation();
+		}
+
+		this.stopPropagation();
+	}
+};
+
+// Create mouseenter/leave events using mouseover/out and event-time checks
+jQuery.each({
+	mouseenter: "mouseover",
+	mouseleave: "mouseout",
+	pointerenter: "pointerover",
+	pointerleave: "pointerout"
+}, function( orig, fix ) {
+	jQuery.event.special[ orig ] = {
+		delegateType: fix,
+		bindType: fix,
+
+		handle: function( event ) {
+			var ret,
+				target = this,
+				related = event.relatedTarget,
+				handleObj = event.handleObj;
+
+			// For mousenter/leave call the handler if related is outside the target.
+			// NB: No relatedTarget if the mouse left/entered the browser window
+			if ( !related || (related !== target && !jQuery.contains( target, related )) ) {
+				event.type = handleObj.origType;
+				ret = handleObj.handler.apply( this, arguments );
+				event.type = fix;
+			}
+			return ret;
+		}
+	};
+});
+
+// IE submit delegation
+if ( !support.submitBubbles ) {
+
+	jQuery.event.special.submit = {
+		setup: function() {
+			// Only need this for delegated form submit events
+			if ( jQuery.nodeName( this, "form" ) ) {
+				return false;
+			}
+
+			// Lazy-add a submit handler when a descendant form may potentially be submitted
+			jQuery.event.add( this, "click._submit keypress._submit", function( e ) {
+				// Node name check avoids a VML-related crash in IE (#9807)
+				var elem = e.target,
+					form = jQuery.nodeName( elem, "input" ) || jQuery.nodeName( elem, "button" ) ? elem.form : undefined;
+				if ( form && !jQuery._data( form, "submitBubbles" ) ) {
+					jQuery.event.add( form, "submit._submit", function( event ) {
+						event._submit_bubble = true;
+					});
+					jQuery._data( form, "submitBubbles", true );
+				}
+			});
+			// return undefined since we don't need an event listener
+		},
+
+		postDispatch: function( event ) {
+			// If form was submitted by the user, bubble the event up the tree
+			if ( event._submit_bubble ) {
+				delete event._submit_bubble;
+				if ( this.parentNode && !event.isTrigger ) {
+					jQuery.event.simulate( "submit", this.parentNode, event, true );
+				}
+			}
+		},
+
+		teardown: function() {
+			// Only need this for delegated form submit events
+			if ( jQuery.nodeName( this, "form" ) ) {
+				return false;
+			}
+
+			// Remove delegated handlers; cleanData eventually reaps submit handlers attached above
+			jQuery.event.remove( this, "._submit" );
+		}
+	};
+}
+
+// IE change delegation and checkbox/radio fix
+if ( !support.changeBubbles ) {
+
+	jQuery.event.special.change = {
+
+		setup: function() {
+
+			if ( rformElems.test( this.nodeName ) ) {
+				// IE doesn't fire change on a check/radio until blur; trigger it on click
+				// after a propertychange. Eat the blur-change in special.change.handle.
+				// This still fires onchange a second time for check/radio after blur.
+				if ( this.type === "checkbox" || this.type === "radio" ) {
+					jQuery.event.add( this, "propertychange._change", function( event ) {
+						if ( event.originalEvent.propertyName === "checked" ) {
+							this._just_changed = true;
+						}
+					});
+					jQuery.event.add( this, "click._change", function( event ) {
+						if ( this._just_changed && !event.isTrigger ) {
+							this._just_changed = false;
+						}
+						// Allow triggered, simulated change events (#11500)
+						jQuery.event.simulate( "change", this, event, true );
+					});
+				}
+				return false;
+			}
+			// Delegated event; lazy-add a change handler on descendant inputs
+			jQuery.event.add( this, "beforeactivate._change", function( e ) {
+				var elem = e.target;
+
+				if ( rformElems.test( elem.nodeName ) && !jQuery._data( elem, "changeBubbles" ) ) {
+					jQuery.event.add( elem, "change._change", function( event ) {
+						if ( this.parentNode && !event.isSimulated && !event.isTrigger ) {
+							jQuery.event.simulate( "change", this.parentNode, event, true );
+						}
+					});
+					jQuery._data( elem, "changeBubbles", true );
+				}
+			});
+		},
+
+		handle: function( event ) {
+			var elem = event.target;
+
+			// Swallow native change events from checkbox/radio, we already triggered them above
+			if ( this !== elem || event.isSimulated || event.isTrigger || (elem.type !== "radio" && elem.type !== "checkbox") ) {
+				return event.handleObj.handler.apply( this, arguments );
+			}
+		},
+
+		teardown: function() {
+			jQuery.event.remove( this, "._change" );
+
+			return !rformElems.test( this.nodeName );
+		}
+	};
+}
+
+// Create "bubbling" focus and blur events
+if ( !support.focusinBubbles ) {
+	jQuery.each({ focus: "focusin", blur: "focusout" }, function( orig, fix ) {
+
+		// Attach a single capturing handler on the document while someone wants focusin/focusout
+		var handler = function( event ) {
+				jQuery.event.simulate( fix, event.target, jQuery.event.fix( event ), true );
+			};
+
+		jQuery.event.special[ fix ] = {
+			setup: function() {
+				var doc = this.ownerDocument || this,
+					attaches = jQuery._data( doc, fix );
+
+				if ( !attaches ) {
+					doc.addEventListener( orig, handler, true );
+				}
+				jQuery._data( doc, fix, ( attaches || 0 ) + 1 );
+			},
+			teardown: function() {
+				var doc = this.ownerDocument || this,
+					attaches = jQuery._data( doc, fix ) - 1;
+
+				if ( !attaches ) {
+					doc.removeEventListener( orig, handler, true );
+					jQuery._removeData( doc, fix );
+				} else {
+					jQuery._data( doc, fix, attaches );
+				}
+			}
+		};
+	});
+}
+
+jQuery.fn.extend({
+
+	on: function( types, selector, data, fn, /*INTERNAL*/ one ) {
+		var type, origFn;
+
+		// Types can be a map of types/handlers
+		if ( typeof types === "object" ) {
+			// ( types-Object, selector, data )
+			if ( typeof selector !== "string" ) {
+				// ( types-Object, data )
+				data = data || selector;
+				selector = undefined;
+			}
+			for ( type in types ) {
+				this.on( type, selector, data, types[ type ], one );
+			}
+			return this;
+		}
+
+		if ( data == null && fn == null ) {
+			// ( types, fn )
+			fn = selector;
+			data = selector = undefined;
+		} else if ( fn == null ) {
+			if ( typeof selector === "string" ) {
+				// ( types, selector, fn )
+				fn = data;
+				data = undefined;
+			} else {
+				// ( types, data, fn )
+				fn = data;
+				data = selector;
+				selector = undefined;
+			}
+		}
+		if ( fn === false ) {
+			fn = returnFalse;
+		} else if ( !fn ) {
+			return this;
+		}
+
+		if ( one === 1 ) {
+			origFn = fn;
+			fn = function( event ) {
+				// Can use an empty set, since event contains the info
+				jQuery().off( event );
+				return origFn.apply( this, arguments );
+			};
+			// Use same guid so caller can remove using origFn
+			fn.guid = origFn.guid || ( origFn.guid = jQuery.guid++ );
+		}
+		return this.each( function() {
+			jQuery.event.add( this, types, fn, data, selector );
+		});
+	},
+	one: function( types, selector, data, fn ) {
+		return this.on( types, selector, data, fn, 1 );
+	},
+	off: function( types, selector, fn ) {
+		var handleObj, type;
+		if ( types && types.preventDefault && types.handleObj ) {
+			// ( event )  dispatched jQuery.Event
+			handleObj = types.handleObj;
+			jQuery( types.delegateTarget ).off(
+				handleObj.namespace ? handleObj.origType + "." + handleObj.namespace : handleObj.origType,
+				handleObj.selector,
+				handleObj.handler
+			);
+			return this;
+		}
+		if ( typeof types === "object" ) {
+			// ( types-object [, selector] )
+			for ( type in types ) {
+				this.off( type, selector, types[ type ] );
+			}
+			return this;
+		}
+		if ( selector === false || typeof selector === "function" ) {
+			// ( types [, fn] )
+			fn = selector;
+			selector = undefined;
+		}
+		if ( fn === false ) {
+			fn = returnFalse;
+		}
+		return this.each(function() {
+			jQuery.event.remove( this, types, fn, selector );
+		});
+	},
+
+	trigger: function( type, data ) {
+		return this.each(function() {
+			jQuery.event.trigger( type, data, this );
+		});
+	},
+	triggerHandler: function( type, data ) {
+		var elem = this[0];
+		if ( elem ) {
+			return jQuery.event.trigger( type, data, elem, true );
+		}
+	}
+});
+
+
+function createSafeFragment( document ) {
+	var list = nodeNames.split( "|" ),
+		safeFrag = document.createDocumentFragment();
+
+	if ( safeFrag.createElement ) {
+		while ( list.length ) {
+			safeFrag.createElement(
+				list.pop()
+			);
+		}
+	}
+	return safeFrag;
+}
+
+var nodeNames = "abbr|article|aside|audio|bdi|canvas|data|datalist|details|figcaption|figure|footer|" +
+		"header|hgroup|mark|meter|nav|output|progress|section|summary|time|video",
+	rinlinejQuery = / jQuery\d+="(?:null|\d+)"/g,
+	rnoshimcache = new RegExp("<(?:" + nodeNames + ")[\\s/>]", "i"),
+	rleadingWhitespace = /^\s+/,
+	rxhtmlTag = /<(?!area|br|col|embed|hr|img|input|link|meta|param)(([\w:]+)[^>]*)\/>/gi,
+	rtagName = /<([\w:]+)/,
+	rtbody = /<tbody/i,
+	rhtml = /<|&#?\w+;/,
+	rnoInnerhtml = /<(?:script|style|link)/i,
+	// checked="checked" or checked
+	rchecked = /checked\s*(?:[^=]|=\s*.checked.)/i,
+	rscriptType = /^$|\/(?:java|ecma)script/i,
+	rscriptTypeMasked = /^true\/(.*)/,
+	rcleanScript = /^\s*<!(?:\[CDATA\[|--)|(?:\]\]|--)>\s*$/g,
+
+	// We have to close these tags to support XHTML (#13200)
+	wrapMap = {
+		option: [ 1, "<select multiple='multiple'>", "</select>" ],
+		legend: [ 1, "<fieldset>", "</fieldset>" ],
+		area: [ 1, "<map>", "</map>" ],
+		param: [ 1, "<object>", "</object>" ],
+		thead: [ 1, "<table>", "</table>" ],
+		tr: [ 2, "<table><tbody>", "</tbody></table>" ],
+		col: [ 2, "<table><tbody></tbody><colgroup>", "</colgroup></table>" ],
+		td: [ 3, "<table><tbody><tr>", "</tr></tbody></table>" ],
+
+		// IE6-8 can't serialize link, script, style, or any html5 (NoScope) tags,
+		// unless wrapped in a div with non-breaking characters in front of it.
+		_default: support.htmlSerialize ? [ 0, "", "" ] : [ 1, "X<div>", "</div>"  ]
+	},
+	safeFragment = createSafeFragment( document ),
+	fragmentDiv = safeFragment.appendChild( document.createElement("div") );
+
+wrapMap.optgroup = wrapMap.option;
+wrapMap.tbody = wrapMap.tfoot = wrapMap.colgroup = wrapMap.caption = wrapMap.thead;
+wrapMap.th = wrapMap.td;
+
+function getAll( context, tag ) {
+	var elems, elem,
+		i = 0,
+		found = typeof context.getElementsByTagName !== strundefined ? context.getElementsByTagName( tag || "*" ) :
+			typeof context.querySelectorAll !== strundefined ? context.querySelectorAll( tag || "*" ) :
+			undefined;
+
+	if ( !found ) {
+		for ( found = [], elems = context.childNodes || context; (elem = elems[i]) != null; i++ ) {
+			if ( !tag || jQuery.nodeName( elem, tag ) ) {
+				found.push( elem );
+			} else {
+				jQuery.merge( found, getAll( elem, tag ) );
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	return tag === undefined || tag && jQuery.nodeName( context, tag ) ?
+		jQuery.merge( [ context ], found ) :
+		found;
+}
+
+// Used in buildFragment, fixes the defaultChecked property
+function fixDefaultChecked( elem ) {
+	if ( rcheckableType.test( elem.type ) ) {
+		elem.defaultChecked = elem.checked;
+	}
+}
+
+// Support: IE<8
+// Manipulating tables requires a tbody
+function manipulationTarget( elem, content ) {
+	return jQuery.nodeName( elem, "table" ) &&
+		jQuery.nodeName( content.nodeType !== 11 ? content : content.firstChild, "tr" ) ?
+
+		elem.getElementsByTagName("tbody")[0] ||
+			elem.appendChild( elem.ownerDocument.createElement("tbody") ) :
+		elem;
+}
+
+// Replace/restore the type attribute of script elements for safe DOM manipulation
+function disableScript( elem ) {
+	elem.type = (jQuery.find.attr( elem, "type" ) !== null) + "/" + elem.type;
+	return elem;
+}
+function restoreScript( elem ) {
+	var match = rscriptTypeMasked.exec( elem.type );
+	if ( match ) {
+		elem.type = match[1];
+	} else {
+		elem.removeAttribute("type");
+	}
+	return elem;
+}
+
+// Mark scripts as having already been evaluated
+function setGlobalEval( elems, refElements ) {
+	var elem,
+		i = 0;
+	for ( ; (elem = elems[i]) != null; i++ ) {
+		jQuery._data( elem, "globalEval", !refElements || jQuery._data( refElements[i], "globalEval" ) );
+	}
+}
+
+function cloneCopyEvent( src, dest ) {
+
+	if ( dest.nodeType !== 1 || !jQuery.hasData( src ) ) {
+		return;
+	}
+
+	var type, i, l,
+		oldData = jQuery._data( src ),
+		curData = jQuery._data( dest, oldData ),
+		events = oldData.events;
+
+	if ( events ) {
+		delete curData.handle;
+		curData.events = {};
+
+		for ( type in events ) {
+			for ( i = 0, l = events[ type ].length; i < l; i++ ) {
+				jQuery.event.add( dest, type, events[ type ][ i ] );
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	// make the cloned public data object a copy from the original
+	if ( curData.data ) {
+		curData.data = jQuery.extend( {}, curData.data );
+	}
+}
+
+function fixCloneNodeIssues( src, dest ) {
+	var nodeName, e, data;
+
+	// We do not need to do anything for non-Elements
+	if ( dest.nodeType !== 1 ) {
+		return;
+	}
+
+	nodeName = dest.nodeName.toLowerCase();
+
+	// IE6-8 copies events bound via attachEvent when using cloneNode.
+	if ( !support.noCloneEvent && dest[ jQuery.expando ] ) {
+		data = jQuery._data( dest );
+
+		for ( e in data.events ) {
+			jQuery.removeEvent( dest, e, data.handle );
+		}
+
+		// Event data gets referenced instead of copied if the expando gets copied too
+		dest.removeAttribute( jQuery.expando );
+	}
+
+	// IE blanks contents when cloning scripts, and tries to evaluate newly-set text
+	if ( nodeName === "script" && dest.text !== src.text ) {
+		disableScript( dest ).text = src.text;
+		restoreScript( dest );
+
+	// IE6-10 improperly clones children of object elements using classid.
+	// IE10 throws NoModificationAllowedError if parent is null, #12132.
+	} else if ( nodeName === "object" ) {
+		if ( dest.parentNode ) {
+			dest.outerHTML = src.outerHTML;
+		}
+
+		// This path appears unavoidable for IE9. When cloning an object
+		// element in IE9, the outerHTML strategy above is not sufficient.
+		// If the src has innerHTML and the destination does not,
+		// copy the src.innerHTML into the dest.innerHTML. #10324
+		if ( support.html5Clone && ( src.innerHTML && !jQuery.trim(dest.innerHTML) ) ) {
+			dest.innerHTML = src.innerHTML;
+		}
+
+	} else if ( nodeName === "input" && rcheckableType.test( src.type ) ) {
+		// IE6-8 fails to persist the checked state of a cloned checkbox
+		// or radio button. Worse, IE6-7 fail to give the cloned element
+		// a checked appearance if the defaultChecked value isn't also set
+
+		dest.defaultChecked = dest.checked = src.checked;
+
+		// IE6-7 get confused and end up setting the value of a cloned
+		// checkbox/radio button to an empty string instead of "on"
+		if ( dest.value !== src.value ) {
+			dest.value = src.value;
+		}
+
+	// IE6-8 fails to return the selected option to the default selected
+	// state when cloning options
+	} else if ( nodeName === "option" ) {
+		dest.defaultSelected = dest.selected = src.defaultSelected;
+
+	// IE6-8 fails to set the defaultValue to the correct value when
+	// cloning other types of input fields
+	} else if ( nodeName === "input" || nodeName === "textarea" ) {
+		dest.defaultValue = src.defaultValue;
+	}
+}
+
+jQuery.extend({
+	clone: function( elem, dataAndEvents, deepDataAndEvents ) {
+		var destElements, node, clone, i, srcElements,
+			inPage = jQuery.contains( elem.ownerDocument, elem );
+
+		if ( support.html5Clone || jQuery.isXMLDoc(elem) || !rnoshimcache.test( "<" + elem.nodeName + ">" ) ) {
+			clone = elem.cloneNode( true );
+
+		// IE<=8 does not properly clone detached, unknown element nodes
+		} else {
+			fragmentDiv.innerHTML = elem.outerHTML;
+			fragmentDiv.removeChild( clone = fragmentDiv.firstChild );
+		}
+
+		if ( (!support.noCloneEvent || !support.noCloneChecked) &&
+				(elem.nodeType === 1 || elem.nodeType === 11) && !jQuery.isXMLDoc(elem) ) {
+
+			// We eschew Sizzle here for performance reasons: http://jsperf.com/getall-vs-sizzle/2
+			destElements = getAll( clone );
+			srcElements = getAll( elem );
+
+			// Fix all IE cloning issues
+			for ( i = 0; (node = srcElements[i]) != null; ++i ) {
+				// Ensure that the destination node is not null; Fixes #9587
+				if ( destElements[i] ) {
+					fixCloneNodeIssues( node, destElements[i] );
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		// Copy the events from the original to the clone
+		if ( dataAndEvents ) {
+			if ( deepDataAndEvents ) {
+				srcElements = srcElements || getAll( elem );
+				destElements = destElements || getAll( clone );
+
+				for ( i = 0; (node = srcElements[i]) != null; i++ ) {
+					cloneCopyEvent( node, destElements[i] );
+				}
+			} else {
+				cloneCopyEvent( elem, clone );
+			}
+		}
+
+		// Preserve script evaluation history
+		destElements = getAll( clone, "script" );
+		if ( destElements.length > 0 ) {
+			setGlobalEval( destElements, !inPage && getAll( elem, "script" ) );
+		}
+
+		destElements = srcElements = node = null;
+
+		// Return the cloned set
+		return clone;
+	},
+
+	buildFragment: function( elems, context, scripts, selection ) {
+		var j, elem, contains,
+			tmp, tag, tbody, wrap,
+			l = elems.length,
+
+			// Ensure a safe fragment
+			safe = createSafeFragment( context ),
+
+			nodes = [],
+			i = 0;
+
+		for ( ; i < l; i++ ) {
+			elem = elems[ i ];
+
+			if ( elem || elem === 0 ) {
+
+				// Add nodes directly
+				if ( jQuery.type( elem ) === "object" ) {
+					jQuery.merge( nodes, elem.nodeType ? [ elem ] : elem );
+
+				// Convert non-html into a text node
+				} else if ( !rhtml.test( elem ) ) {
+					nodes.push( context.createTextNode( elem ) );
+
+				// Convert html into DOM nodes
+				} else {
+					tmp = tmp || safe.appendChild( context.createElement("div") );
+
+					// Deserialize a standard representation
+					tag = (rtagName.exec( elem ) || [ "", "" ])[ 1 ].toLowerCase();
+					wrap = wrapMap[ tag ] || wrapMap._default;
+
+					tmp.innerHTML = wrap[1] + elem.replace( rxhtmlTag, "<$1></$2>" ) + wrap[2];
+
+					// Descend through wrappers to the right content
+					j = wrap[0];
+					while ( j-- ) {
+						tmp = tmp.lastChild;
+					}
+
+					// Manually add leading whitespace removed by IE
+					if ( !support.leadingWhitespace && rleadingWhitespace.test( elem ) ) {
+						nodes.push( context.createTextNode( rleadingWhitespace.exec( elem )[0] ) );
+					}
+
+					// Remove IE's autoinserted <tbody> from table fragments
+					if ( !support.tbody ) {
+
+						// String was a <table>, *may* have spurious <tbody>
+						elem = tag === "table" && !rtbody.test( elem ) ?
+							tmp.firstChild :
+
+							// String was a bare <thead> or <tfoot>
+							wrap[1] === "<table>" && !rtbody.test( elem ) ?
+								tmp :
+								0;
+
+						j = elem && elem.childNodes.length;
+						while ( j-- ) {
+							if ( jQuery.nodeName( (tbody = elem.childNodes[j]), "tbody" ) && !tbody.childNodes.length ) {
+								elem.removeChild( tbody );
+							}
+						}
+					}
+
+					jQuery.merge( nodes, tmp.childNodes );
+
+					// Fix #12392 for WebKit and IE > 9
+					tmp.textContent = "";
+
+					// Fix #12392 for oldIE
+					while ( tmp.firstChild ) {
+						tmp.removeChild( tmp.firstChild );
+					}
+
+					// Remember the top-level container for proper cleanup
+					tmp = safe.lastChild;
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		// Fix #11356: Clear elements from fragment
+		if ( tmp ) {
+			safe.removeChild( tmp );
+		}
+
+		// Reset defaultChecked for any radios and checkboxes
+		// about to be appended to the DOM in IE 6/7 (#8060)
+		if ( !support.appendChecked ) {
+			jQuery.grep( getAll( nodes, "input" ), fixDefaultChecked );
+		}
+
+		i = 0;
+		while ( (elem = nodes[ i++ ]) ) {
+
+			// #4087 - If origin and destination elements are the same, and this is
+			// that element, do not do anything
+			if ( selection && jQuery.inArray( elem, selection ) !== -1 ) {
+				continue;
+			}
+
+			contains = jQuery.contains( elem.ownerDocument, elem );
+
+			// Append to fragment
+			tmp = getAll( safe.appendChild( elem ), "script" );
+
+			// Preserve script evaluation history
+			if ( contains ) {
+				setGlobalEval( tmp );
+			}
+
+			// Capture executables
+			if ( scripts ) {
+				j = 0;
+				while ( (elem = tmp[ j++ ]) ) {
+					if ( rscriptType.test( elem.type || "" ) ) {
+						scripts.push( elem );
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		tmp = null;
+
+		return safe;
+	},
+
+	cleanData: function( elems, /* internal */ acceptData ) {
+		var elem, type, id, data,
+			i = 0,
+			internalKey = jQuery.expando,
+			cache = jQuery.cache,
+			deleteExpando = support.deleteExpando,
+			special = jQuery.event.special;
+
+		for ( ; (elem = elems[i]) != null; i++ ) {
+			if ( acceptData || jQuery.acceptData( elem ) ) {
+
+				id = elem[ internalKey ];
+				data = id && cache[ id ];
+
+				if ( data ) {
+					if ( data.events ) {
+						for ( type in data.events ) {
+							if ( special[ type ] ) {
+								jQuery.event.remove( elem, type );
+
+							// This is a shortcut to avoid jQuery.event.remove's overhead
+							} else {
+								jQuery.removeEvent( elem, type, data.handle );
+							}
+						}
+					}
+
+					// Remove cache only if it was not already removed by jQuery.event.remove
+					if ( cache[ id ] ) {
+
+						delete cache[ id ];
+
+						// IE does not allow us to delete expando properties from nodes,
+						// nor does it have a removeAttribute function on Document nodes;
+						// we must handle all of these cases
+						if ( deleteExpando ) {
+							delete elem[ internalKey ];
+
+						} else if ( typeof elem.removeAttribute !== strundefined ) {
+							elem.removeAttribute( internalKey );
+
+						} else {
+							elem[ internalKey ] = null;
+						}
+
+						deletedIds.push( id );
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+});
+
+jQuery.fn.extend({
+	text: function( value ) {
+		return access( this, function( value ) {
+			return value === undefined ?
+				jQuery.text( this ) :
+				this.empty().append( ( this[0] && this[0].ownerDocument || document ).createTextNode( value ) );
+		}, null, value, arguments.length );
+	},
+
+	append: function() {
+		return this.domManip( arguments, function( elem ) {
+			if ( this.nodeType === 1 || this.nodeType === 11 || this.nodeType === 9 ) {
+				var target = manipulationTarget( this, elem );
+				target.appendChild( elem );
+			}
+		});
+	},
+
+	prepend: function() {
+		return this.domManip( arguments, function( elem ) {
+			if ( this.nodeType === 1 || this.nodeType === 11 || this.nodeType === 9 ) {
+				var target = manipulationTarget( this, elem );
+				target.insertBefore( elem, target.firstChild );
+			}
+		});
+	},
+
+	before: function() {
+		return this.domManip( arguments, function( elem ) {
+			if ( this.parentNode ) {
+				this.parentNode.insertBefore( elem, this );
+			}
+		});
+	},
+
+	after: function() {
+		return this.domManip( arguments, function( elem ) {
+			if ( this.parentNode ) {
+				this.parentNode.insertBefore( elem, this.nextSibling );
+			}
+		});
+	},
+
+	remove: function( selector, keepData /* Internal Use Only */ ) {
+		var elem,
+			elems = selector ? jQuery.filter( selector, this ) : this,
+			i = 0;
+
+		for ( ; (elem = elems[i]) != null; i++ ) {
+
+			if ( !keepData && elem.nodeType === 1 ) {
+				jQuery.cleanData( getAll( elem ) );
+			}
+
+			if ( elem.parentNode ) {
+				if ( keepData && jQuery.contains( elem.ownerDocument, elem ) ) {
+					setGlobalEval( getAll( elem, "script" ) );
+				}
+				elem.parentNode.removeChild( elem );
+			}
+		}
+
+		return this;
+	},
+
+	empty: function() {
+		var elem,
+			i = 0;
+
+		for ( ; (elem = this[i]) != null; i++ ) {
+			// Remove element nodes and prevent memory leaks
+			if ( elem.nodeType === 1 ) {
+				jQuery.cleanData( getAll( elem, false ) );
+			}
+
+			// Remove any remaining nodes
+			while ( elem.firstChild ) {
+				elem.removeChild( elem.firstChild );
+			}
+
+			// If this is a select, ensure that it displays empty (#12336)
+			// Support: IE<9
+			if ( elem.options && jQuery.nodeName( elem, "select" ) ) {
+				elem.options.length = 0;
+			}
+		}
+
+		return this;
+	},
+
+	clone: function( dataAndEvents, deepDataAndEvents ) {
+		dataAndEvents = dataAndEvents == null ? false : dataAndEvents;
+		deepDataAndEvents = deepDataAndEvents == null ? dataAndEvents : deepDataAndEvents;
+
+		return this.map(function() {
+			return jQuery.clone( this, dataAndEvents, deepDataAndEvents );
+		});
+	},
+
+	html: function( value ) {
+		return access( this, function( value ) {
+			var elem = this[ 0 ] || {},
+				i = 0,
+				l = this.length;
+
+			if ( value === undefined ) {
+				return elem.nodeType === 1 ?
+					elem.innerHTML.replace( rinlinejQuery, "" ) :
+					undefined;
+			}
+
+			// See if we can take a shortcut and just use innerHTML
+			if ( typeof value === "string" && !rnoInnerhtml.test( value ) &&
+				( support.htmlSerialize || !rnoshimcache.test( value )  ) &&
+				( support.leadingWhitespace || !rleadingWhitespace.test( value ) ) &&
+				!wrapMap[ (rtagName.exec( value ) || [ "", "" ])[ 1 ].toLowerCase() ] ) {
+
+				value = value.replace( rxhtmlTag, "<$1></$2>" );
+
+				try {
+					for (; i < l; i++ ) {
+						// Remove element nodes and prevent memory leaks
+						elem = this[i] || {};
+						if ( elem.nodeType === 1 ) {
+							jQuery.cleanData( getAll( elem, false ) );
+							elem.innerHTML = value;
+						}
+					}
+
+					elem = 0;
+
+				// If using innerHTML throws an exception, use the fallback method
+				} catch(e) {}
+			}
+
+			if ( elem ) {
+				this.empty().append( value );
+			}
+		}, null, value, arguments.length );
+	},
+
+	replaceWith: function() {
+		var arg = arguments[ 0 ];
+
+		// Make the changes, replacing each context element with the new content
+		this.domManip( arguments, function( elem ) {
+			arg = this.parentNode;
+
+			jQuery.cleanData( getAll( this ) );
+
+			if ( arg ) {
+				arg.replaceChild( elem, this );
+			}
+		});
+
+		// Force removal if there was no new content (e.g., from empty arguments)
+		return arg && (arg.length || arg.nodeType) ? this : this.remove();
+	},
+
+	detach: function( selector ) {
+		return this.remove( selector, true );
+	},
+
+	domManip: function( args, callback ) {
+
+		// Flatten any nested arrays
+		args = concat.apply( [], args );
+
+		var first, node, hasScripts,
+			scripts, doc, fragment,
+			i = 0,
+			l = this.length,
+			set = this,
+			iNoClone = l - 1,
+			value = args[0],
+			isFunction = jQuery.isFunction( value );
+
+		// We can't cloneNode fragments that contain checked, in WebKit
+		if ( isFunction ||
+				( l > 1 && typeof value === "string" &&
+					!support.checkClone && rchecked.test( value ) ) ) {
+			return this.each(function( index ) {
+				var self = set.eq( index );
+				if ( isFunction ) {
+					args[0] = value.call( this, index, self.html() );
+				}
+				self.domManip( args, callback );
+			});
+		}
+
+		if ( l ) {
+			fragment = jQuery.buildFragment( args, this[ 0 ].ownerDocument, false, this );
+			first = fragment.firstChild;
+
+			if ( fragment.childNodes.length === 1 ) {
+				fragment = first;
+			}
+
+			if ( first ) {
+				scripts = jQuery.map( getAll( fragment, "script" ), disableScript );
+				hasScripts = scripts.length;
+
+				// Use the original fragment for the last item instead of the first because it can end up
+				// being emptied incorrectly in certain situations (#8070).
+				for ( ; i < l; i++ ) {
+					node = fragment;
+
+					if ( i !== iNoClone ) {
+						node = jQuery.clone( node, true, true );
+
+						// Keep references to cloned scripts for later restoration
+						if ( hasScripts ) {
+							jQuery.merge( scripts, getAll( node, "script" ) );
+						}
+					}
+
+					callback.call( this[i], node, i );
+				}
+
+				if ( hasScripts ) {
+					doc = scripts[ scripts.length - 1 ].ownerDocument;
+
+					// Reenable scripts
+					jQuery.map( scripts, restoreScript );
+
+					// Evaluate executable scripts on first document insertion
+					for ( i = 0; i < hasScripts; i++ ) {
+						node = scripts[ i ];
+						if ( rscriptType.test( node.type || "" ) &&
+							!jQuery._data( node, "globalEval" ) && jQuery.contains( doc, node ) ) {
+
+							if ( node.src ) {
+								// Optional AJAX dependency, but won't run scripts if not present
+								if ( jQuery._evalUrl ) {
+									jQuery._evalUrl( node.src );
+								}
+							} else {
+								jQuery.globalEval( ( node.text || node.textContent || node.innerHTML || "" ).replace( rcleanScript, "" ) );
+							}
+						}
+					}
+				}
+
+				// Fix #11809: Avoid leaking memory
+				fragment = first = null;
+			}
+		}
+
+		return this;
+	}
+});
+
+jQuery.each({
+	appendTo: "append",
+	prependTo: "prepend",
+	insertBefore: "before",
+	insertAfter: "after",
+	replaceAll: "replaceWith"
+}, function( name, original ) {
+	jQuery.fn[ name ] = function( selector ) {
+		var elems,
+			i = 0,
+			ret = [],
+			insert = jQuery( selector ),
+			last = insert.length - 1;
+
+		for ( ; i <= last; i++ ) {
+			elems = i === last ? this : this.clone(true);
+			jQuery( insert[i] )[ original ]( elems );
+
+			// Modern browsers can apply jQuery collections as arrays, but oldIE needs a .get()
+			push.apply( ret, elems.get() );
+		}
+
+		return this.pushStack( ret );
+	};
+});
+
+
+var iframe,
+	elemdisplay = {};
+
+/**
+ * Retrieve the actual display of a element
+ * @param {String} name nodeName of the element
+ * @param {Object} doc Document object
+ */
+// Called only from within defaultDisplay
+function actualDisplay( name, doc ) {
+	var style,
+		elem = jQuery( doc.createElement( name ) ).appendTo( doc.body ),
+
+		// getDefaultComputedStyle might be reliably used only on attached element
+		display = window.getDefaultComputedStyle && ( style = window.getDefaultComputedStyle( elem[ 0 ] ) ) ?
+
+			// Use of this method is a temporary fix (more like optmization) until something better comes along,
+			// since it was removed from specification and supported only in FF
+			style.display : jQuery.css( elem[ 0 ], "display" );
+
+	// We don't have any data stored on the element,
+	// so use "detach" method as fast way to get rid of the element
+	elem.detach();
+
+	return display;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Try to determine the default display value of an element
+ * @param {String} nodeName
+ */
+function defaultDisplay( nodeName ) {
+	var doc = document,
+		display = elemdisplay[ nodeName ];
+
+	if ( !display ) {
+		display = actualDisplay( nodeName, doc );
+
+		// If the simple way fails, read from inside an iframe
+		if ( display === "none" || !display ) {
+
+			// Use the already-created iframe if possible
+			iframe = (iframe || jQuery( "<iframe frameborder='0' width='0' height='0'/>" )).appendTo( doc.documentElement );
+
+			// Always write a new HTML skeleton so Webkit and Firefox don't choke on reuse
+			doc = ( iframe[ 0 ].contentWindow || iframe[ 0 ].contentDocument ).document;
+
+			// Support: IE
+			doc.write();
+			doc.close();
+
+			display = actualDisplay( nodeName, doc );
+			iframe.detach();
+		}
+
+		// Store the correct default display
+		elemdisplay[ nodeName ] = display;
+	}
+
+	return display;
+}
+
+
+(function() {
+	var shrinkWrapBlocksVal;
+
+	support.shrinkWrapBlocks = function() {
+		if ( shrinkWrapBlocksVal != null ) {
+			return shrinkWrapBlocksVal;
+		}
+
+		// Will be changed later if needed.
+		shrinkWrapBlocksVal = false;
+
+		// Minified: var b,c,d
+		var div, body, container;
+
+		body = document.getElementsByTagName( "body" )[ 0 ];
+		if ( !body || !body.style ) {
+			// Test fired too early or in an unsupported environment, exit.
+			return;
+		}
+
+		// Setup
+		div = document.createElement( "div" );
+		container = document.createElement( "div" );
+		container.style.cssText = "position:absolute;border:0;width:0;height:0;top:0;left:-9999px";
+		body.appendChild( container ).appendChild( div );
+
+		// Support: IE6
+		// Check if elements with layout shrink-wrap their children
+		if ( typeof div.style.zoom !== strundefined ) {
+			// Reset CSS: box-sizing; display; margin; border
+			div.style.cssText =
+				// Support: Firefox<29, Android 2.3
+				// Vendor-prefix box-sizing
+				"-webkit-box-sizing:content-box;-moz-box-sizing:content-box;" +
+				"box-sizing:content-box;display:block;margin:0;border:0;" +
+				"padding:1px;width:1px;zoom:1";
+			div.appendChild( document.createElement( "div" ) ).style.width = "5px";
+			shrinkWrapBlocksVal = div.offsetWidth !== 3;
+		}
+
+		body.removeChild( container );
+
+		return shrinkWrapBlocksVal;
+	};
+
+})();
+var rmargin = (/^margin/);
+
+var rnumnonpx = new RegExp( "^(" + pnum + ")(?!px)[a-z%]+$", "i" );
+
+
+
+var getStyles, curCSS,
+	rposition = /^(top|right|bottom|left)$/;
+
+if ( window.getComputedStyle ) {
+	getStyles = function( elem ) {
+		return elem.ownerDocument.defaultView.getComputedStyle( elem, null );
+	};
+
+	curCSS = function( elem, name, computed ) {
+		var width, minWidth, maxWidth, ret,
+			style = elem.style;
+
+		computed = computed || getStyles( elem );
+
+		// getPropertyValue is only needed for .css('filter') in IE9, see #12537
+		ret = computed ? computed.getPropertyValue( name ) || computed[ name ] : undefined;
+
+		if ( computed ) {
+
+			if ( ret === "" && !jQuery.contains( elem.ownerDocument, elem ) ) {
+				ret = jQuery.style( elem, name );
+			}
+
+			// A tribute to the "awesome hack by Dean Edwards"
+			// Chrome < 17 and Safari 5.0 uses "computed value" instead of "used value" for margin-right
+			// Safari 5.1.7 (at least) returns percentage for a larger set of values, but width seems to be reliably pixels
+			// this is against the CSSOM draft spec: http://dev.w3.org/csswg/cssom/#resolved-values
+			if ( rnumnonpx.test( ret ) && rmargin.test( name ) ) {
+
+				// Remember the original values
+				width = style.width;
+				minWidth = style.minWidth;
+				maxWidth = style.maxWidth;
+
+				// Put in the new values to get a computed value out
+				style.minWidth = style.maxWidth = style.width = ret;
+				ret = computed.width;
+
+				// Revert the changed values
+				style.width = width;
+				style.minWidth = minWidth;
+				style.maxWidth = maxWidth;
+			}
+		}
+
+		// Support: IE
+		// IE returns zIndex value as an integer.
+		return ret === undefined ?
+			ret :
+			ret + "";
+	};
+} else if ( document.documentElement.currentStyle ) {
+	getStyles = function( elem ) {
+		return elem.currentStyle;
+	};
+
+	curCSS = function( elem, name, computed ) {
+		var left, rs, rsLeft, ret,
+			style = elem.style;
+
+		computed = computed || getStyles( elem );
+		ret = computed ? computed[ name ] : undefined;
+
+		// Avoid setting ret to empty string here
+		// so we don't default to auto
+		if ( ret == null && style && style[ name ] ) {
+			ret = style[ name ];
+		}
+
+		// From the awesome hack by Dean Edwards
+		// http://erik.eae.net/archives/2007/07/27/18.54.15/#comment-102291
+
+		// If we're not dealing with a regular pixel number
+		// but a number that has a weird ending, we need to convert it to pixels
+		// but not position css attributes, as those are proportional to the parent element instead
+		// and we can't measure the parent instead because it might trigger a "stacking dolls" problem
+		if ( rnumnonpx.test( ret ) && !rposition.test( name ) ) {
+
+			// Remember the original values
+			left = style.left;
+			rs = elem.runtimeStyle;
+			rsLeft = rs && rs.left;
+
+			// Put in the new values to get a computed value out
+			if ( rsLeft ) {
+				rs.left = elem.currentStyle.left;
+			}
+			style.left = name === "fontSize" ? "1em" : ret;
+			ret = style.pixelLeft + "px";
+
+			// Revert the changed values
+			style.left = left;
+			if ( rsLeft ) {
+				rs.left = rsLeft;
+			}
+		}
+
+		// Support: IE
+		// IE returns zIndex value as an integer.
+		return ret === undefined ?
+			ret :
+			ret + "" || "auto";
+	};
+}
+
+
+
+
+function addGetHookIf( conditionFn, hookFn ) {
+	// Define the hook, we'll check on the first run if it's really needed.
+	return {
+		get: function() {
+			var condition = conditionFn();
+
+			if ( condition == null ) {
+				// The test was not ready at this point; screw the hook this time
+				// but check again when needed next time.
+				return;
+			}
+
+			if ( condition ) {
+				// Hook not needed (or it's not possible to use it due to missing dependency),
+				// remove it.
+				// Since there are no other hooks for marginRight, remove the whole object.
+				delete this.get;
+				return;
+			}
+
+			// Hook needed; redefine it so that the support test is not executed again.
+
+			return (this.get = hookFn).apply( this, arguments );
+		}
+	};
+}
+
+
+(function() {
+	// Minified: var b,c,d,e,f,g, h,i
+	var div, style, a, pixelPositionVal, boxSizingReliableVal,
+		reliableHiddenOffsetsVal, reliableMarginRightVal;
+
+	// Setup
+	div = document.createElement( "div" );
+	div.innerHTML = "  <link/><table></table><a href='/a'>a</a><input type='checkbox'/>";
+	a = div.getElementsByTagName( "a" )[ 0 ];
+	style = a && a.style;
+
+	// Finish early in limited (non-browser) environments
+	if ( !style ) {
+		return;
+	}
+
+	style.cssText = "float:left;opacity:.5";
+
+	// Support: IE<9
+	// Make sure that element opacity exists (as opposed to filter)
+	support.opacity = style.opacity === "0.5";
+
+	// Verify style float existence
+	// (IE uses styleFloat instead of cssFloat)
+	support.cssFloat = !!style.cssFloat;
+
+	div.style.backgroundClip = "content-box";
+	div.cloneNode( true ).style.backgroundClip = "";
+	support.clearCloneStyle = div.style.backgroundClip === "content-box";
+
+	// Support: Firefox<29, Android 2.3
+	// Vendor-prefix box-sizing
+	support.boxSizing = style.boxSizing === "" || style.MozBoxSizing === "" ||
+		style.WebkitBoxSizing === "";
+
+	jQuery.extend(support, {
+		reliableHiddenOffsets: function() {
+			if ( reliableHiddenOffsetsVal == null ) {
+				computeStyleTests();
+			}
+			return reliableHiddenOffsetsVal;
+		},
+
+		boxSizingReliable: function() {
+			if ( boxSizingReliableVal == null ) {
+				computeStyleTests();
+			}
+			return boxSizingReliableVal;
+		},
+
+		pixelPosition: function() {
+			if ( pixelPositionVal == null ) {
+				computeStyleTests();
+			}
+			return pixelPositionVal;
+		},
+
+		// Support: Android 2.3
+		reliableMarginRight: function() {
+			if ( reliableMarginRightVal == null ) {
+				computeStyleTests();
+			}
+			return reliableMarginRightVal;
+		}
+	});
+
+	function computeStyleTests() {
+		// Minified: var b,c,d,j
+		var div, body, container, contents;
+
+		body = document.getElementsByTagName( "body" )[ 0 ];
+		if ( !body || !body.style ) {
+			// Test fired too early or in an unsupported environment, exit.
+			return;
+		}
+
+		// Setup
+		div = document.createElement( "div" );
+		container = document.createElement( "div" );
+		container.style.cssText = "position:absolute;border:0;width:0;height:0;top:0;left:-9999px";
+		body.appendChild( container ).appendChild( div );
+
+		div.style.cssText =
+			// Support: Firefox<29, Android 2.3
+			// Vendor-prefix box-sizing
+			"-webkit-box-sizing:border-box;-moz-box-sizing:border-box;" +
+			"box-sizing:border-box;display:block;margin-top:1%;top:1%;" +
+			"border:1px;padding:1px;width:4px;position:absolute";
+
+		// Support: IE<9
+		// Assume reasonable values in the absence of getComputedStyle
+		pixelPositionVal = boxSizingReliableVal = false;
+		reliableMarginRightVal = true;
+
+		// Check for getComputedStyle so that this code is not run in IE<9.
+		if ( window.getComputedStyle ) {
+			pixelPositionVal = ( window.getComputedStyle( div, null ) || {} ).top !== "1%";
+			boxSizingReliableVal =
+				( window.getComputedStyle( div, null ) || { width: "4px" } ).width === "4px";
+
+			// Support: Android 2.3
+			// Div with explicit width and no margin-right incorrectly
+			// gets computed margin-right based on width of container (#3333)
+			// WebKit Bug 13343 - getComputedStyle returns wrong value for margin-right
+			contents = div.appendChild( document.createElement( "div" ) );
+
+			// Reset CSS: box-sizing; display; margin; border; padding
+			contents.style.cssText = div.style.cssText =
+				// Support: Firefox<29, Android 2.3
+				// Vendor-prefix box-sizing
+				"-webkit-box-sizing:content-box;-moz-box-sizing:content-box;" +
+				"box-sizing:content-box;display:block;margin:0;border:0;padding:0";
+			contents.style.marginRight = contents.style.width = "0";
+			div.style.width = "1px";
+
+			reliableMarginRightVal =
+				!parseFloat( ( window.getComputedStyle( contents, null ) || {} ).marginRight );
+		}
+
+		// Support: IE8
+		// Check if table cells still have offsetWidth/Height when they are set
+		// to display:none and there are still other visible table cells in a
+		// table row; if so, offsetWidth/Height are not reliable for use when
+		// determining if an element has been hidden directly using
+		// display:none (it is still safe to use offsets if a parent element is
+		// hidden; don safety goggles and see bug #4512 for more information).
+		div.innerHTML = "<table><tr><td></td><td>t</td></tr></table>";
+		contents = div.getElementsByTagName( "td" );
+		contents[ 0 ].style.cssText = "margin:0;border:0;padding:0;display:none";
+		reliableHiddenOffsetsVal = contents[ 0 ].offsetHeight === 0;
+		if ( reliableHiddenOffsetsVal ) {
+			contents[ 0 ].style.display = "";
+			contents[ 1 ].style.display = "none";
+			reliableHiddenOffsetsVal = contents[ 0 ].offsetHeight === 0;
+		}
+
+		body.removeChild( container );
+	}
+
+})();
+
+
+// A method for quickly swapping in/out CSS properties to get correct calculations.
+jQuery.swap = function( elem, options, callback, args ) {
+	var ret, name,
+		old = {};
+
+	// Remember the old values, and insert the new ones
+	for ( name in options ) {
+		old[ name ] = elem.style[ name ];
+		elem.style[ name ] = options[ name ];
+	}
+
+	ret = callback.apply( elem, args || [] );
+
+	// Revert the old values
+	for ( name in options ) {
+		elem.style[ name ] = old[ name ];
+	}
+
+	return ret;
+};
+
+
+var
+		ralpha = /alpha\([^)]*\)/i,
+	ropacity = /opacity\s*=\s*([^)]*)/,
+
+	// swappable if display is none or starts with table except "table", "table-cell", or "table-caption"
+	// see here for display values: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/CSS/display
+	rdisplayswap = /^(none|table(?!-c[ea]).+)/,
+	rnumsplit = new RegExp( "^(" + pnum + ")(.*)$", "i" ),
+	rrelNum = new RegExp( "^([+-])=(" + pnum + ")", "i" ),
+
+	cssShow = { position: "absolute", visibility: "hidden", display: "block" },
+	cssNormalTransform = {
+		letterSpacing: "0",
+		fontWeight: "400"
+	},
+
+	cssPrefixes = [ "Webkit", "O", "Moz", "ms" ];
+
+
+// return a css property mapped to a potentially vendor prefixed property
+function vendorPropName( style, name ) {
+
+	// shortcut for names that are not vendor prefixed
+	if ( name in style ) {
+		return name;
+	}
+
+	// check for vendor prefixed names
+	var capName = name.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + name.slice(1),
+		origName = name,
+		i = cssPrefixes.length;
+
+	while ( i-- ) {
+		name = cssPrefixes[ i ] + capName;
+		if ( name in style ) {
+			return name;
+		}
+	}
+
+	return origName;
+}
+
+function showHide( elements, show ) {
+	var display, elem, hidden,
+		values = [],
+		index = 0,
+		length = elements.length;
+
+	for ( ; index < length; index++ ) {
+		elem = elements[ index ];
+		if ( !elem.style ) {
+			continue;
+		}
+
+		values[ index ] = jQuery._data( elem, "olddisplay" );
+		display = elem.style.display;
+		if ( show ) {
+			// Reset the inline display of this element to learn if it is
+			// being hidden by cascaded rules or not
+			if ( !values[ index ] && display === "none" ) {
+				elem.style.display = "";
+			}
+
+			// Set elements which have been overridden with display: none
+			// in a stylesheet to whatever the default browser style is
+			// for such an element
+			if ( elem.style.display === "" && isHidden( elem ) ) {
+				values[ index ] = jQuery._data( elem, "olddisplay", defaultDisplay(elem.nodeName) );
+			}
+		} else {
+			hidden = isHidden( elem );
+
+			if ( display && display !== "none" || !hidden ) {
+				jQuery._data( elem, "olddisplay", hidden ? display : jQuery.css( elem, "display" ) );
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Set the display of most of the elements in a second loop
+	// to avoid the constant reflow
+	for ( index = 0; index < length; index++ ) {
+		elem = elements[ index ];
+		if ( !elem.style ) {
+			continue;
+		}
+		if ( !show || elem.style.display === "none" || elem.style.display === "" ) {
+			elem.style.display = show ? values[ index ] || "" : "none";
+		}
+	}
+
+	return elements;
+}
+
+function setPositiveNumber( elem, value, subtract ) {
+	var matches = rnumsplit.exec( value );
+	return matches ?
+		// Guard against undefined "subtract", e.g., when used as in cssHooks
+		Math.max( 0, matches[ 1 ] - ( subtract || 0 ) ) + ( matches[ 2 ] || "px" ) :
+		value;
+}
+
+function augmentWidthOrHeight( elem, name, extra, isBorderBox, styles ) {
+	var i = extra === ( isBorderBox ? "border" : "content" ) ?
+		// If we already have the right measurement, avoid augmentation
+		4 :
+		// Otherwise initialize for horizontal or vertical properties
+		name === "width" ? 1 : 0,
+
+		val = 0;
+
+	for ( ; i < 4; i += 2 ) {
+		// both box models exclude margin, so add it if we want it
+		if ( extra === "margin" ) {
+			val += jQuery.css( elem, extra + cssExpand[ i ], true, styles );
+		}
+
+		if ( isBorderBox ) {
+			// border-box includes padding, so remove it if we want content
+			if ( extra === "content" ) {
+				val -= jQuery.css( elem, "padding" + cssExpand[ i ], true, styles );
+			}
+
+			// at this point, extra isn't border nor margin, so remove border
+			if ( extra !== "margin" ) {
+				val -= jQuery.css( elem, "border" + cssExpand[ i ] + "Width", true, styles );
+			}
+		} else {
+			// at this point, extra isn't content, so add padding
+			val += jQuery.css( elem, "padding" + cssExpand[ i ], true, styles );
+
+			// at this point, extra isn't content nor padding, so add border
+			if ( extra !== "padding" ) {
+				val += jQuery.css( elem, "border" + cssExpand[ i ] + "Width", true, styles );
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	return val;
+}
+
+function getWidthOrHeight( elem, name, extra ) {
+
+	// Start with offset property, which is equivalent to the border-box value
+	var valueIsBorderBox = true,
+		val = name === "width" ? elem.offsetWidth : elem.offsetHeight,
+		styles = getStyles( elem ),
+		isBorderBox = support.boxSizing && jQuery.css( elem, "boxSizing", false, styles ) === "border-box";
+
+	// some non-html elements return undefined for offsetWidth, so check for null/undefined
+	// svg - https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=649285
+	// MathML - https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=491668
+	if ( val <= 0 || val == null ) {
+		// Fall back to computed then uncomputed css if necessary
+		val = curCSS( elem, name, styles );
+		if ( val < 0 || val == null ) {
+			val = elem.style[ name ];
+		}
+
+		// Computed unit is not pixels. Stop here and return.
+		if ( rnumnonpx.test(val) ) {
+			return val;
+		}
+
+		// we need the check for style in case a browser which returns unreliable values
+		// for getComputedStyle silently falls back to the reliable elem.style
+		valueIsBorderBox = isBorderBox && ( support.boxSizingReliable() || val === elem.style[ name ] );
+
+		// Normalize "", auto, and prepare for extra
+		val = parseFloat( val ) || 0;
+	}
+
+	// use the active box-sizing model to add/subtract irrelevant styles
+	return ( val +
+		augmentWidthOrHeight(
+			elem,
+			name,
+			extra || ( isBorderBox ? "border" : "content" ),
+			valueIsBorderBox,
+			styles
+		)
+	) + "px";
+}
+
+jQuery.extend({
+	// Add in style property hooks for overriding the default
+	// behavior of getting and setting a style property
+	cssHooks: {
+		opacity: {
+			get: function( elem, computed ) {
+				if ( computed ) {
+					// We should always get a number back from opacity
+					var ret = curCSS( elem, "opacity" );
+					return ret === "" ? "1" : ret;
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	},
+
+	// Don't automatically add "px" to these possibly-unitless properties
+	cssNumber: {
+		"columnCount": true,
+		"fillOpacity": true,
+		"flexGrow": true,
+		"flexShrink": true,
+		"fontWeight": true,
+		"lineHeight": true,
+		"opacity": true,
+		"order": true,
+		"orphans": true,
+		"widows": true,
+		"zIndex": true,
+		"zoom": true
+	},
+
+	// Add in properties whose names you wish to fix before
+	// setting or getting the value
+	cssProps: {
+		// normalize float css property
+		"float": support.cssFloat ? "cssFloat" : "styleFloat"
+	},
+
+	// Get and set the style property on a DOM Node
+	style: function( elem, name, value, extra ) {
+		// Don't set styles on text and comment nodes
+		if ( !elem || elem.nodeType === 3 || elem.nodeType === 8 || !elem.style ) {
+			return;
+		}
+
+		// Make sure that we're working with the right name
+		var ret, type, hooks,
+			origName = jQuery.camelCase( name ),
+			style = elem.style;
+
+		name = jQuery.cssProps[ origName ] || ( jQuery.cssProps[ origName ] = vendorPropName( style, origName ) );
+
+		// gets hook for the prefixed version
+		// followed by the unprefixed version
+		hooks = jQuery.cssHooks[ name ] || jQuery.cssHooks[ origName ];
+
+		// Check if we're setting a value
+		if ( value !== undefined ) {
+			type = typeof value;
+
+			// convert relative number strings (+= or -=) to relative numbers. #7345
+			if ( type === "string" && (ret = rrelNum.exec( value )) ) {
+				value = ( ret[1] + 1 ) * ret[2] + parseFloat( jQuery.css( elem, name ) );
+				// Fixes bug #9237
+				type = "number";
+			}
+
+			// Make sure that null and NaN values aren't set. See: #7116
+			if ( value == null || value !== value ) {
+				return;
+			}
+
+			// If a number was passed in, add 'px' to the (except for certain CSS properties)
+			if ( type === "number" && !jQuery.cssNumber[ origName ] ) {
+				value += "px";
+			}
+
+			// Fixes #8908, it can be done more correctly by specifing setters in cssHooks,
+			// but it would mean to define eight (for every problematic property) identical functions
+			if ( !support.clearCloneStyle && value === "" && name.indexOf("background") === 0 ) {
+				style[ name ] = "inherit";
+			}
+
+			// If a hook was provided, use that value, otherwise just set the specified value
+			if ( !hooks || !("set" in hooks) || (value = hooks.set( elem, value, extra )) !== undefined ) {
+
+				// Support: IE
+				// Swallow errors from 'invalid' CSS values (#5509)
+				try {
+					style[ name ] = value;
+				} catch(e) {}
+			}
+
+		} else {
+			// If a hook was provided get the non-computed value from there
+			if ( hooks && "get" in hooks && (ret = hooks.get( elem, false, extra )) !== undefined ) {
+				return ret;
+			}
+
+			// Otherwise just get the value from the style object
+			return style[ name ];
+		}
+	},
+
+	css: function( elem, name, extra, styles ) {
+		var num, val, hooks,
+			origName = jQuery.camelCase( name );
+
+		// Make sure that we're working with the right name
+		name = jQuery.cssProps[ origName ] || ( jQuery.cssProps[ origName ] = vendorPropName( elem.style, origName ) );
+
+		// gets hook for the prefixed version
+		// followed by the unprefixed version
+		hooks = jQuery.cssHooks[ name ] || jQuery.cssHooks[ origName ];
+
+		// If a hook was provided get the computed value from there
+		if ( hooks && "get" in hooks ) {
+			val = hooks.get( elem, true, extra );
+		}
+
+		// Otherwise, if a way to get the computed value exists, use that
+		if ( val === undefined ) {
+			val = curCSS( elem, name, styles );
+		}
+
+		//convert "normal" to computed value
+		if ( val === "normal" && name in cssNormalTransform ) {
+			val = cssNormalTransform[ name ];
+		}
+
+		// Return, converting to number if forced or a qualifier was provided and val looks numeric
+		if ( extra === "" || extra ) {
+			num = parseFloat( val );
+			return extra === true || jQuery.isNumeric( num ) ? num || 0 : val;
+		}
+		return val;
+	}
+});
+
+jQuery.each([ "height", "width" ], function( i, name ) {
+	jQuery.cssHooks[ name ] = {
+		get: function( elem, computed, extra ) {
+			if ( computed ) {
+				// certain elements can have dimension info if we invisibly show them
+				// however, it must have a current display style that would benefit from this
+				return rdisplayswap.test( jQuery.css( elem, "display" ) ) && elem.offsetWidth === 0 ?
+					jQuery.swap( elem, cssShow, function() {
+						return getWidthOrHeight( elem, name, extra );
+					}) :
+					getWidthOrHeight( elem, name, extra );
+			}
+		},
+
+		set: function( elem, value, extra ) {
+			var styles = extra && getStyles( elem );
+			return setPositiveNumber( elem, value, extra ?
+				augmentWidthOrHeight(
+					elem,
+					name,
+					extra,
+					support.boxSizing && jQuery.css( elem, "boxSizing", false, styles ) === "border-box",
+					styles
+				) : 0
+			);
+		}
+	};
+});
+
+if ( !support.opacity ) {
+	jQuery.cssHooks.opacity = {
+		get: function( elem, computed ) {
+			// IE uses filters for opacity
+			return ropacity.test( (computed && elem.currentStyle ? elem.currentStyle.filter : elem.style.filter) || "" ) ?
+				( 0.01 * parseFloat( RegExp.$1 ) ) + "" :
+				computed ? "1" : "";
+		},
+
+		set: function( elem, value ) {
+			var style = elem.style,
+				currentStyle = elem.currentStyle,
+				opacity = jQuery.isNumeric( value ) ? "alpha(opacity=" + value * 100 + ")" : "",
+				filter = currentStyle && currentStyle.filter || style.filter || "";
+
+			// IE has trouble with opacity if it does not have layout
+			// Force it by setting the zoom level
+			style.zoom = 1;
+
+			// if setting opacity to 1, and no other filters exist - attempt to remove filter attribute #6652
+			// if value === "", then remove inline opacity #12685
+			if ( ( value >= 1 || value === "" ) &&
+					jQuery.trim( filter.replace( ralpha, "" ) ) === "" &&
+					style.removeAttribute ) {
+
+				// Setting style.filter to null, "" & " " still leave "filter:" in the cssText
+				// if "filter:" is present at all, clearType is disabled, we want to avoid this
+				// style.removeAttribute is IE Only, but so apparently is this code path...
+				style.removeAttribute( "filter" );
+
+				// if there is no filter style applied in a css rule or unset inline opacity, we are done
+				if ( value === "" || currentStyle && !currentStyle.filter ) {
+					return;
+				}
+			}
+
+			// otherwise, set new filter values
+			style.filter = ralpha.test( filter ) ?
+				filter.replace( ralpha, opacity ) :
+				filter + " " + opacity;
+		}
+	};
+}
+
+jQuery.cssHooks.marginRight = addGetHookIf( support.reliableMarginRight,
+	function( elem, computed ) {
+		if ( computed ) {
+			// WebKit Bug 13343 - getComputedStyle returns wrong value for margin-right
+			// Work around by temporarily setting element display to inline-block
+			return jQuery.swap( elem, { "display": "inline-block" },
+				curCSS, [ elem, "marginRight" ] );
+		}
+	}
+);
+
+// These hooks are used by animate to expand properties
+jQuery.each({
+	margin: "",
+	padding: "",
+	border: "Width"
+}, function( prefix, suffix ) {
+	jQuery.cssHooks[ prefix + suffix ] = {
+		expand: function( value ) {
+			var i = 0,
+				expanded = {},
+
+				// assumes a single number if not a string
+				parts = typeof value === "string" ? value.split(" ") : [ value ];
+
+			for ( ; i < 4; i++ ) {
+				expanded[ prefix + cssExpand[ i ] + suffix ] =
+					parts[ i ] || parts[ i - 2 ] || parts[ 0 ];
+			}
+
+			return expanded;
+		}
+	};
+
+	if ( !rmargin.test( prefix ) ) {
+		jQuery.cssHooks[ prefix + suffix ].set = setPositiveNumber;
+	}
+});
+
+jQuery.fn.extend({
+	css: function( name, value ) {
+		return access( this, function( elem, name, value ) {
+			var styles, len,
+				map = {},
+				i = 0;
+
+			if ( jQuery.isArray( name ) ) {
+				styles = getStyles( elem );
+				len = name.length;
+
+				for ( ; i < len; i++ ) {
+					map[ name[ i ] ] = jQuery.css( elem, name[ i ], false, styles );
+				}
+
+				return map;
+			}
+
+			return value !== undefined ?
+				jQuery.style( elem, name, value ) :
+				jQuery.css( elem, name );
+		}, name, value, arguments.length > 1 );
+	},
+	show: function() {
+		return showHide( this, true );
+	},
+	hide: function() {
+		return showHide( this );
+	},
+	toggle: function( state ) {
+		if ( typeof state === "boolean" ) {
+			return state ? this.show() : this.hide();
+		}
+
+		return this.each(function() {
+			if ( isHidden( this ) ) {
+				jQuery( this ).show();
+			} else {
+				jQuery( this ).hide();
+			}
+		});
+	}
+});
+
+
+function Tween( elem, options, prop, end, easing ) {
+	return new Tween.prototype.init( elem, options, prop, end, easing );
+}
+jQuery.Tween = Tween;
+
+Tween.prototype = {
+	constructor: Tween,
+	init: function( elem, options, prop, end, easing, unit ) {
+		this.elem = elem;
+		this.prop = prop;
+		this.easing = easing || "swing";
+		this.options = options;
+		this.start = this.now = this.cur();
+		this.end = end;
+		this.unit = unit || ( jQuery.cssNumber[ prop ] ? "" : "px" );
+	},
+	cur: function() {
+		var hooks = Tween.propHooks[ this.prop ];
+
+		return hooks && hooks.get ?
+			hooks.get( this ) :
+			Tween.propHooks._default.get( this );
+	},
+	run: function( percent ) {
+		var eased,
+			hooks = Tween.propHooks[ this.prop ];
+
+		if ( this.options.duration ) {
+			this.pos = eased = jQuery.easing[ this.easing ](
+				percent, this.options.duration * percent, 0, 1, this.options.duration
+			);
+		} else {
+			this.pos = eased = percent;
+		}
+		this.now = ( this.end - this.start ) * eased + this.start;
+
+		if ( this.options.step ) {
+			this.options.step.call( this.elem, this.now, this );
+		}
+
+		if ( hooks && hooks.set ) {
+			hooks.set( this );
+		} else {
+			Tween.propHooks._default.set( this );
+		}
+		return this;
+	}
+};
+
+Tween.prototype.init.prototype = Tween.prototype;
+
+Tween.propHooks = {
+	_default: {
+		get: function( tween ) {
+			var result;
+
+			if ( tween.elem[ tween.prop ] != null &&
+				(!tween.elem.style || tween.elem.style[ tween.prop ] == null) ) {
+				return tween.elem[ tween.prop ];
+			}
+
+			// passing an empty string as a 3rd parameter to .css will automatically
+			// attempt a parseFloat and fallback to a string if the parse fails
+			// so, simple values such as "10px" are parsed to Float.
+			// complex values such as "rotate(1rad)" are returned as is.
+			result = jQuery.css( tween.elem, tween.prop, "" );
+			// Empty strings, null, undefined and "auto" are converted to 0.
+			return !result || result === "auto" ? 0 : result;
+		},
+		set: function( tween ) {
+			// use step hook for back compat - use cssHook if its there - use .style if its
+			// available and use plain properties where available
+			if ( jQuery.fx.step[ tween.prop ] ) {
+				jQuery.fx.step[ tween.prop ]( tween );
+			} else if ( tween.elem.style && ( tween.elem.style[ jQuery.cssProps[ tween.prop ] ] != null || jQuery.cssHooks[ tween.prop ] ) ) {
+				jQuery.style( tween.elem, tween.prop, tween.now + tween.unit );
+			} else {
+				tween.elem[ tween.prop ] = tween.now;
+			}
+		}
+	}
+};
+
+// Support: IE <=9
+// Panic based approach to setting things on disconnected nodes
+
+Tween.propHooks.scrollTop = Tween.propHooks.scrollLeft = {
+	set: function( tween ) {
+		if ( tween.elem.nodeType && tween.elem.parentNode ) {
+			tween.elem[ tween.prop ] = tween.now;
+		}
+	}
+};
+
+jQuery.easing = {
+	linear: function( p ) {
+		return p;
+	},
+	swing: function( p ) {
+		return 0.5 - Math.cos( p * Math.PI ) / 2;
+	}
+};
+
+jQuery.fx = Tween.prototype.init;
+
+// Back Compat <1.8 extension point
+jQuery.fx.step = {};
+
+
+
+
+var
+	fxNow, timerId,
+	rfxtypes = /^(?:toggle|show|hide)$/,
+	rfxnum = new RegExp( "^(?:([+-])=|)(" + pnum + ")([a-z%]*)$", "i" ),
+	rrun = /queueHooks$/,
+	animationPrefilters = [ defaultPrefilter ],
+	tweeners = {
+		"*": [ function( prop, value ) {
+			var tween = this.createTween( prop, value ),
+				target = tween.cur(),
+				parts = rfxnum.exec( value ),
+				unit = parts && parts[ 3 ] || ( jQuery.cssNumber[ prop ] ? "" : "px" ),
+
+				// Starting value computation is required for potential unit mismatches
+				start = ( jQuery.cssNumber[ prop ] || unit !== "px" && +target ) &&
+					rfxnum.exec( jQuery.css( tween.elem, prop ) ),
+				scale = 1,
+				maxIterations = 20;
+
+			if ( start && start[ 3 ] !== unit ) {
+				// Trust units reported by jQuery.css
+				unit = unit || start[ 3 ];
+
+				// Make sure we update the tween properties later on
+				parts = parts || [];
+
+				// Iteratively approximate from a nonzero starting point
+				start = +target || 1;
+
+				do {
+					// If previous iteration zeroed out, double until we get *something*
+					// Use a string for doubling factor so we don't accidentally see scale as unchanged below
+					scale = scale || ".5";
+
+					// Adjust and apply
+					start = start / scale;
+					jQuery.style( tween.elem, prop, start + unit );
+
+				// Update scale, tolerating zero or NaN from tween.cur()
+				// And breaking the loop if scale is unchanged or perfect, or if we've just had enough
+				} while ( scale !== (scale = tween.cur() / target) && scale !== 1 && --maxIterations );
+			}
+
+			// Update tween properties
+			if ( parts ) {
+				start = tween.start = +start || +target || 0;
+				tween.unit = unit;
+				// If a +=/-= token was provided, we're doing a relative animation
+				tween.end = parts[ 1 ] ?
+					start + ( parts[ 1 ] + 1 ) * parts[ 2 ] :
+					+parts[ 2 ];
+			}
+
+			return tween;
+		} ]
+	};
+
+// Animations created synchronously will run synchronously
+function createFxNow() {
+	setTimeout(function() {
+		fxNow = undefined;
+	});
+	return ( fxNow = jQuery.now() );
+}
+
+// Generate parameters to create a standard animation
+function genFx( type, includeWidth ) {
+	var which,
+		attrs = { height: type },
+		i = 0;
+
+	// if we include width, step value is 1 to do all cssExpand values,
+	// if we don't include width, step value is 2 to skip over Left and Right
+	includeWidth = includeWidth ? 1 : 0;
+	for ( ; i < 4 ; i += 2 - includeWidth ) {
+		which = cssExpand[ i ];
+		attrs[ "margin" + which ] = attrs[ "padding" + which ] = type;
+	}
+
+	if ( includeWidth ) {
+		attrs.opacity = attrs.width = type;
+	}
+
+	return attrs;
+}
+
+function createTween( value, prop, animation ) {
+	var tween,
+		collection = ( tweeners[ prop ] || [] ).concat( tweeners[ "*" ] ),
+		index = 0,
+		length = collection.length;
+	for ( ; index < length; index++ ) {
+		if ( (tween = collection[ index ].call( animation, prop, value )) ) {
+
+			// we're done with this property
+			return tween;
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+function defaultPrefilter( elem, props, opts ) {
+	/* jshint validthis: true */
+	var prop, value, toggle, tween, hooks, oldfire, display, checkDisplay,
+		anim = this,
+		orig = {},
+		style = elem.style,
+		hidden = elem.nodeType && isHidden( elem ),
+		dataShow = jQuery._data( elem, "fxshow" );
+
+	// handle queue: false promises
+	if ( !opts.queue ) {
+		hooks = jQuery._queueHooks( elem, "fx" );
+		if ( hooks.unqueued == null ) {
+			hooks.unqueued = 0;
+			oldfire = hooks.empty.fire;
+			hooks.empty.fire = function() {
+				if ( !hooks.unqueued ) {
+					oldfire();
+				}
+			};
+		}
+		hooks.unqueued++;
+
+		anim.always(function() {
+			// doing this makes sure that the complete handler will be called
+			// before this completes
+			anim.always(function() {
+				hooks.unqueued--;
+				if ( !jQuery.queue( elem, "fx" ).length ) {
+					hooks.empty.fire();
+				}
+			});
+		});
+	}
+
+	// height/width overflow pass
+	if ( elem.nodeType === 1 && ( "height" in props || "width" in props ) ) {
+		// Make sure that nothing sneaks out
+		// Record all 3 overflow attributes because IE does not
+		// change the overflow attribute when overflowX and
+		// overflowY are set to the same value
+		opts.overflow = [ style.overflow, style.overflowX, style.overflowY ];
+
+		// Set display property to inline-block for height/width
+		// animations on inline elements that are having width/height animated
+		display = jQuery.css( elem, "display" );
+
+		// Test default display if display is currently "none"
+		checkDisplay = display === "none" ?
+			jQuery._data( elem, "olddisplay" ) || defaultDisplay( elem.nodeName ) : display;
+
+		if ( checkDisplay === "inline" && jQuery.css( elem, "float" ) === "none" ) {
+
+			// inline-level elements accept inline-block;
+			// block-level elements need to be inline with layout
+			if ( !support.inlineBlockNeedsLayout || defaultDisplay( elem.nodeName ) === "inline" ) {
+				style.display = "inline-block";
+			} else {
+				style.zoom = 1;
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	if ( opts.overflow ) {
+		style.overflow = "hidden";
+		if ( !support.shrinkWrapBlocks() ) {
+			anim.always(function() {
+				style.overflow = opts.overflow[ 0 ];
+				style.overflowX = opts.overflow[ 1 ];
+				style.overflowY = opts.overflow[ 2 ];
+			});
+		}
+	}
+
+	// show/hide pass
+	for ( prop in props ) {
+		value = props[ prop ];
+		if ( rfxtypes.exec( value ) ) {
+			delete props[ prop ];
+			toggle = toggle || value === "toggle";
+			if ( value === ( hidden ? "hide" : "show" ) ) {
+
+				// If there is dataShow left over from a stopped hide or show and we are going to proceed with show, we should pretend to be hidden
+				if ( value === "show" && dataShow && dataShow[ prop ] !== undefined ) {
+					hidden = true;
+				} else {
+					continue;
+				}
+			}
+			orig[ prop ] = dataShow && dataShow[ prop ] || jQuery.style( elem, prop );
+
+		// Any non-fx value stops us from restoring the original display value
+		} else {
+			display = undefined;
+		}
+	}
+
+	if ( !jQuery.isEmptyObject( orig ) ) {
+		if ( dataShow ) {
+			if ( "hidden" in dataShow ) {
+				hidden = dataShow.hidden;
+			}
+		} else {
+			dataShow = jQuery._data( elem, "fxshow", {} );
+		}
+
+		// store state if its toggle - enables .stop().toggle() to "reverse"
+		if ( toggle ) {
+			dataShow.hidden = !hidden;
+		}
+		if ( hidden ) {
+			jQuery( elem ).show();
+		} else {
+			anim.done(function() {
+				jQuery( elem ).hide();
+			});
+		}
+		anim.done(function() {
+			var prop;
+			jQuery._removeData( elem, "fxshow" );
+			for ( prop in orig ) {
+				jQuery.style( elem, prop, orig[ prop ] );
+			}
+		});
+		for ( prop in orig ) {
+			tween = createTween( hidden ? dataShow[ prop ] : 0, prop, anim );
+
+			if ( !( prop in dataShow ) ) {
+				dataShow[ prop ] = tween.start;
+				if ( hidden ) {
+					tween.end = tween.start;
+					tween.start = prop === "width" || prop === "height" ? 1 : 0;
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+	// If this is a noop like .hide().hide(), restore an overwritten display value
+	} else if ( (display === "none" ? defaultDisplay( elem.nodeName ) : display) === "inline" ) {
+		style.display = display;
+	}
+}
+
+function propFilter( props, specialEasing ) {
+	var index, name, easing, value, hooks;
+
+	// camelCase, specialEasing and expand cssHook pass
+	for ( index in props ) {
+		name = jQuery.camelCase( index );
+		easing = specialEasing[ name ];
+		value = props[ index ];
+		if ( jQuery.isArray( value ) ) {
+			easing = value[ 1 ];
+			value = props[ index ] = value[ 0 ];
+		}
+
+		if ( index !== name ) {
+			props[ name ] = value;
+			delete props[ index ];
+		}
+
+		hooks = jQuery.cssHooks[ name ];
+		if ( hooks && "expand" in hooks ) {
+			value = hooks.expand( value );
+			delete props[ name ];
+
+			// not quite $.extend, this wont overwrite keys already present.
+			// also - reusing 'index' from above because we have the correct "name"
+			for ( index in value ) {
+				if ( !( index in props ) ) {
+					props[ index ] = value[ index ];
+					specialEasing[ index ] = easing;
+				}
+			}
+		} else {
+			specialEasing[ name ] = easing;
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+function Animation( elem, properties, options ) {
+	var result,
+		stopped,
+		index = 0,
+		length = animationPrefilters.length,
+		deferred = jQuery.Deferred().always( function() {
+			// don't match elem in the :animated selector
+			delete tick.elem;
+		}),
+		tick = function() {
+			if ( stopped ) {
+				return false;
+			}
+			var currentTime = fxNow || createFxNow(),
+				remaining = Math.max( 0, animation.startTime + animation.duration - currentTime ),
+				// archaic crash bug won't allow us to use 1 - ( 0.5 || 0 ) (#12497)
+				temp = remaining / animation.duration || 0,
+				percent = 1 - temp,
+				index = 0,
+				length = animation.tweens.length;
+
+			for ( ; index < length ; index++ ) {
+				animation.tweens[ index ].run( percent );
+			}
+
+			deferred.notifyWith( elem, [ animation, percent, remaining ]);
+
+			if ( percent < 1 && length ) {
+				return remaining;
+			} else {
+				deferred.resolveWith( elem, [ animation ] );
+				return false;
+			}
+		},
+		animation = deferred.promise({
+			elem: elem,
+			props: jQuery.extend( {}, properties ),
+			opts: jQuery.extend( true, { specialEasing: {} }, options ),
+			originalProperties: properties,
+			originalOptions: options,
+			startTime: fxNow || createFxNow(),
+			duration: options.duration,
+			tweens: [],
+			createTween: function( prop, end ) {
+				var tween = jQuery.Tween( elem, animation.opts, prop, end,
+						animation.opts.specialEasing[ prop ] || animation.opts.easing );
+				animation.tweens.push( tween );
+				return tween;
+			},
+			stop: function( gotoEnd ) {
+				var index = 0,
+					// if we are going to the end, we want to run all the tweens
+					// otherwise we skip this part
+					length = gotoEnd ? animation.tweens.length : 0;
+				if ( stopped ) {
+					return this;
+				}
+				stopped = true;
+				for ( ; index < length ; index++ ) {
+					animation.tweens[ index ].run( 1 );
+				}
+
+				// resolve when we played the last frame
+				// otherwise, reject
+				if ( gotoEnd ) {
+					deferred.resolveWith( elem, [ animation, gotoEnd ] );
+				} else {
+					deferred.rejectWith( elem, [ animation, gotoEnd ] );
+				}
+				return this;
+			}
+		}),
+		props = animation.props;
+
+	propFilter( props, animation.opts.specialEasing );
+
+	for ( ; index < length ; index++ ) {
+		result = animationPrefilters[ index ].call( animation, elem, props, animation.opts );
+		if ( result ) {
+			return result;
+		}
+	}
+
+	jQuery.map( props, createTween, animation );
+
+	if ( jQuery.isFunction( animation.opts.start ) ) {
+		animation.opts.start.call( elem, animation );
+	}
+
+	jQuery.fx.timer(
+		jQuery.extend( tick, {
+			elem: elem,
+			anim: animation,
+			queue: animation.opts.queue
+		})
+	);
+
+	// attach callbacks from options
+	return animation.progress( animation.opts.progress )
+		.done( animation.opts.done, animation.opts.complete )
+		.fail( animation.opts.fail )
+		.always( animation.opts.always );
+}
+
+jQuery.Animation = jQuery.extend( Animation, {
+	tweener: function( props, callback ) {
+		if ( jQuery.isFunction( props ) ) {
+			callback = props;
+			props = [ "*" ];
+		} else {
+			props = props.split(" ");
+		}
+
+		var prop,
+			index = 0,
+			length = props.length;
+
+		for ( ; index < length ; index++ ) {
+			prop = props[ index ];
+			tweeners[ prop ] = tweeners[ prop ] || [];
+			tweeners[ prop ].unshift( callback );
+		}
+	},
+
+	prefilter: function( callback, prepend ) {
+		if ( prepend ) {
+			animationPrefilters.unshift( callback );
+		} else {
+			animationPrefilters.push( callback );
+		}
+	}
+});
+
+jQuery.speed = function( speed, easing, fn ) {
+	var opt = speed && typeof speed === "object" ? jQuery.extend( {}, speed ) : {
+		complete: fn || !fn && easing ||
+			jQuery.isFunction( speed ) && speed,
+		duration: speed,
+		easing: fn && easing || easing && !jQuery.isFunction( easing ) && easing
+	};
+
+	opt.duration = jQuery.fx.off ? 0 : typeof opt.duration === "number" ? opt.duration :
+		opt.duration in jQuery.fx.speeds ? jQuery.fx.speeds[ opt.duration ] : jQuery.fx.speeds._default;
+
+	// normalize opt.queue - true/undefined/null -> "fx"
+	if ( opt.queue == null || opt.queue === true ) {
+		opt.queue = "fx";
+	}
+
+	// Queueing
+	opt.old = opt.complete;
+
+	opt.complete = function() {
+		if ( jQuery.isFunction( opt.old ) ) {
+			opt.old.call( this );
+		}
+
+		if ( opt.queue ) {
+			jQuery.dequeue( this, opt.queue );
+		}
+	};
+
+	return opt;
+};
+
+jQuery.fn.extend({
+	fadeTo: function( speed, to, easing, callback ) {
+
+		// show any hidden elements after setting opacity to 0
+		return this.filter( isHidden ).css( "opacity", 0 ).show()
+
+			// animate to the value specified
+			.end().animate({ opacity: to }, speed, easing, callback );
+	},
+	animate: function( prop, speed, easing, callback ) {
+		var empty = jQuery.isEmptyObject( prop ),
+			optall = jQuery.speed( speed, easing, callback ),
+			doAnimation = function() {
+				// Operate on a copy of prop so per-property easing won't be lost
+				var anim = Animation( this, jQuery.extend( {}, prop ), optall );
+
+				// Empty animations, or finishing resolves immediately
+				if ( empty || jQuery._data( this, "finish" ) ) {
+					anim.stop( true );
+				}
+			};
+			doAnimation.finish = doAnimation;
+
+		return empty || optall.queue === false ?
+			this.each( doAnimation ) :
+			this.queue( optall.queue, doAnimation );
+	},
+	stop: function( type, clearQueue, gotoEnd ) {
+		var stopQueue = function( hooks ) {
+			var stop = hooks.stop;
+			delete hooks.stop;
+			stop( gotoEnd );
+		};
+
+		if ( typeof type !== "string" ) {
+			gotoEnd = clearQueue;
+			clearQueue = type;
+			type = undefined;
+		}
+		if ( clearQueue && type !== false ) {
+			this.queue( type || "fx", [] );
+		}
+
+		return this.each(function() {
+			var dequeue = true,
+				index = type != null && type + "queueHooks",
+				timers = jQuery.timers,
+				data = jQuery._data( this );
+
+			if ( index ) {
+				if ( data[ index ] && data[ index ].stop ) {
+					stopQueue( data[ index ] );
+				}
+			} else {
+				for ( index in data ) {
+					if ( data[ index ] && data[ index ].stop && rrun.test( index ) ) {
+						stopQueue( data[ index ] );
+					}
+				}
+			}
+
+			for ( index = timers.length; index--; ) {
+				if ( timers[ index ].elem === this && (type == null || timers[ index ].queue === type) ) {
+					timers[ index ].anim.stop( gotoEnd );
+					dequeue = false;
+					timers.splice( index, 1 );
+				}
+			}
+
+			// start the next in the queue if the last step wasn't forced
+			// timers currently will call their complete callbacks, which will dequeue
+			// but only if they were gotoEnd
+			if ( dequeue || !gotoEnd ) {
+				jQuery.dequeue( this, type );
+			}
+		});
+	},
+	finish: function( type ) {
+		if ( type !== false ) {
+			type = type || "fx";
+		}
+		return this.each(function() {
+			var index,
+				data = jQuery._data( this ),
+				queue = data[ type + "queue" ],
+				hooks = data[ type + "queueHooks" ],
+				timers = jQuery.timers,
+				length = queue ? queue.length : 0;
+
+			// enable finishing flag on private data
+			data.finish = true;
+
+			// empty the queue first
+			jQuery.queue( this, type, [] );
+
+			if ( hooks && hooks.stop ) {
+				hooks.stop.call( this, true );
+			}
+
+			// look for any active animations, and finish them
+			for ( index = timers.length; index--; ) {
+				if ( timers[ index ].elem === this && timers[ index ].queue === type ) {
+					timers[ index ].anim.stop( true );
+					timers.splice( index, 1 );
+				}
+			}
+
+			// look for any animations in the old queue and finish them
+			for ( index = 0; index < length; index++ ) {
+				if ( queue[ index ] && queue[ index ].finish ) {
+					queue[ index ].finish.call( this );
+				}
+			}
+
+			// turn off finishing flag
+			delete data.finish;
+		});
+	}
+});
+
+jQuery.each([ "toggle", "show", "hide" ], function( i, name ) {
+	var cssFn = jQuery.fn[ name ];
+	jQuery.fn[ name ] = function( speed, easing, callback ) {
+		return speed == null || typeof speed === "boolean" ?
+			cssFn.apply( this, arguments ) :
+			this.animate( genFx( name, true ), speed, easing, callback );
+	};
+});
+
+// Generate shortcuts for custom animations
+jQuery.each({
+	slideDown: genFx("show"),
+	slideUp: genFx("hide"),
+	slideToggle: genFx("toggle"),
+	fadeIn: { opacity: "show" },
+	fadeOut: { opacity: "hide" },
+	fadeToggle: { opacity: "toggle" }
+}, function( name, props ) {
+	jQuery.fn[ name ] = function( speed, easing, callback ) {
+		return this.animate( props, speed, easing, callback );
+	};
+});
+
+jQuery.timers = [];
+jQuery.fx.tick = function() {
+	var timer,
+		timers = jQuery.timers,
+		i = 0;
+
+	fxNow = jQuery.now();
+
+	for ( ; i < timers.length; i++ ) {
+		timer = timers[ i ];
+		// Checks the timer has not already been removed
+		if ( !timer() && timers[ i ] === timer ) {
+			timers.splice( i--, 1 );
+		}
+	}
+
+	if ( !timers.length ) {
+		jQuery.fx.stop();
+	}
+	fxNow = undefined;
+};
+
+jQuery.fx.timer = function( timer ) {
+	jQuery.timers.push( timer );
+	if ( timer() ) {
+		jQuery.fx.start();
+	} else {
+		jQuery.timers.pop();
+	}
+};
+
+jQuery.fx.interval = 13;
+
+jQuery.fx.start = function() {
+	if ( !timerId ) {
+		timerId = setInterval( jQuery.fx.tick, jQuery.fx.interval );
+	}
+};
+
+jQuery.fx.stop = function() {
+	clearInterval( timerId );
+	timerId = null;
+};
+
+jQuery.fx.speeds = {
+	slow: 600,
+	fast: 200,
+	// Default speed
+	_default: 400
+};
+
+
+// Based off of the plugin by Clint Helfers, with permission.
+// http://blindsignals.com/index.php/2009/07/jquery-delay/
+jQuery.fn.delay = function( time, type ) {
+	time = jQuery.fx ? jQuery.fx.speeds[ time ] || time : time;
+	type = type || "fx";
+
+	return this.queue( type, function( next, hooks ) {
+		var timeout = setTimeout( next, time );
+		hooks.stop = function() {
+			clearTimeout( timeout );
+		};
+	});
+};
+
+
+(function() {
+	// Minified: var a,b,c,d,e
+	var input, div, select, a, opt;
+
+	// Setup
+	div = document.createElement( "div" );
+	div.setAttribute( "className", "t" );
+	div.innerHTML = "  <link/><table></table><a href='/a'>a</a><input type='checkbox'/>";
+	a = div.getElementsByTagName("a")[ 0 ];
+
+	// First batch of tests.
+	select = document.createElement("select");
+	opt = select.appendChild( document.createElement("option") );
+	input = div.getElementsByTagName("input")[ 0 ];
+
+	a.style.cssText = "top:1px";
+
+	// Test setAttribute on camelCase class. If it works, we need attrFixes when doing get/setAttribute (ie6/7)
+	support.getSetAttribute = div.className !== "t";
+
+	// Get the style information from getAttribute
+	// (IE uses .cssText instead)
+	support.style = /top/.test( a.getAttribute("style") );
+
+	// Make sure that URLs aren't manipulated
+	// (IE normalizes it by default)
+	support.hrefNormalized = a.getAttribute("href") === "/a";
+
+	// Check the default checkbox/radio value ("" on WebKit; "on" elsewhere)
+	support.checkOn = !!input.value;
+
+	// Make sure that a selected-by-default option has a working selected property.
+	// (WebKit defaults to false instead of true, IE too, if it's in an optgroup)
+	support.optSelected = opt.selected;
+
+	// Tests for enctype support on a form (#6743)
+	support.enctype = !!document.createElement("form").enctype;
+
+	// Make sure that the options inside disabled selects aren't marked as disabled
+	// (WebKit marks them as disabled)
+	select.disabled = true;
+	support.optDisabled = !opt.disabled;
+
+	// Support: IE8 only
+	// Check if we can trust getAttribute("value")
+	input = document.createElement( "input" );
+	input.setAttribute( "value", "" );
+	support.input = input.getAttribute( "value" ) === "";
+
+	// Check if an input maintains its value after becoming a radio
+	input.value = "t";
+	input.setAttribute( "type", "radio" );
+	support.radioValue = input.value === "t";
+})();
+
+
+var rreturn = /\r/g;
+
+jQuery.fn.extend({
+	val: function( value ) {
+		var hooks, ret, isFunction,
+			elem = this[0];
+
+		if ( !arguments.length ) {
+			if ( elem ) {
+				hooks = jQuery.valHooks[ elem.type ] || jQuery.valHooks[ elem.nodeName.toLowerCase() ];
+
+				if ( hooks && "get" in hooks && (ret = hooks.get( elem, "value" )) !== undefined ) {
+					return ret;
+				}
+
+				ret = elem.value;
+
+				return typeof ret === "string" ?
+					// handle most common string cases
+					ret.replace(rreturn, "") :
+					// handle cases where value is null/undef or number
+					ret == null ? "" : ret;
+			}
+
+			return;
+		}
+
+		isFunction = jQuery.isFunction( value );
+
+		return this.each(function( i ) {
+			var val;
+
+			if ( this.nodeType !== 1 ) {
+				return;
+			}
+
+			if ( isFunction ) {
+				val = value.call( this, i, jQuery( this ).val() );
+			} else {
+				val = value;
+			}
+
+			// Treat null/undefined as ""; convert numbers to string
+			if ( val == null ) {
+				val = "";
+			} else if ( typeof val === "number" ) {
+				val += "";
+			} else if ( jQuery.isArray( val ) ) {
+				val = jQuery.map( val, function( value ) {
+					return value == null ? "" : value + "";
+				});
+			}
+
+			hooks = jQuery.valHooks[ this.type ] || jQuery.valHooks[ this.nodeName.toLowerCase() ];
+
+			// If set returns undefined, fall back to normal setting
+			if ( !hooks || !("set" in hooks) || hooks.set( this, val, "value" ) === undefined ) {
+				this.value = val;
+			}
+		});
+	}
+});
+
+jQuery.extend({
+	valHooks: {
+		option: {
+			get: function( elem ) {
+				var val = jQuery.find.attr( elem, "value" );
+				return val != null ?
+					val :
+					// Support: IE10-11+
+					// option.text throws exceptions (#14686, #14858)
+					jQuery.trim( jQuery.text( elem ) );
+			}
+		},
+		select: {
+			get: function( elem ) {
+				var value, option,
+					options = elem.options,
+					index = elem.selectedIndex,
+					one = elem.type === "select-one" || index < 0,
+					values = one ? null : [],
+					max = one ? index + 1 : options.length,
+					i = index < 0 ?
+						max :
+						one ? index : 0;
+
+				// Loop through all the selected options
+				for ( ; i < max; i++ ) {
+					option = options[ i ];
+
+					// oldIE doesn't update selected after form reset (#2551)
+					if ( ( option.selected || i === index ) &&
+							// Don't return options that are disabled or in a disabled optgroup
+							( support.optDisabled ? !option.disabled : option.getAttribute("disabled") === null ) &&
+							( !option.parentNode.disabled || !jQuery.nodeName( option.parentNode, "optgroup" ) ) ) {
+
+						// Get the specific value for the option
+						value = jQuery( option ).val();
+
+						// We don't need an array for one selects
+						if ( one ) {
+							return value;
+						}
+
+						// Multi-Selects return an array
+						values.push( value );
+					}
+				}
+
+				return values;
+			},
+
+			set: function( elem, value ) {
+				var optionSet, option,
+					options = elem.options,
+					values = jQuery.makeArray( value ),
+					i = options.length;
+
+				while ( i-- ) {
+					option = options[ i ];
+
+					if ( jQuery.inArray( jQuery.valHooks.option.get( option ), values ) >= 0 ) {
+
+						// Support: IE6
+						// When new option element is added to select box we need to
+						// force reflow of newly added node in order to workaround delay
+						// of initialization properties
+						try {
+							option.selected = optionSet = true;
+
+						} catch ( _ ) {
+
+							// Will be executed only in IE6
+							option.scrollHeight;
+						}
+
+					} else {
+						option.selected = false;
+					}
+				}
+
+				// Force browsers to behave consistently when non-matching value is set
+				if ( !optionSet ) {
+					elem.selectedIndex = -1;
+				}
+
+				return options;
+			}
+		}
+	}
+});
+
+// Radios and checkboxes getter/setter
+jQuery.each([ "radio", "checkbox" ], function() {
+	jQuery.valHooks[ this ] = {
+		set: function( elem, value ) {
+			if ( jQuery.isArray( value ) ) {
+				return ( elem.checked = jQuery.inArray( jQuery(elem).val(), value ) >= 0 );
+			}
+		}
+	};
+	if ( !support.checkOn ) {
+		jQuery.valHooks[ this ].get = function( elem ) {
+			// Support: Webkit
+			// "" is returned instead of "on" if a value isn't specified
+			return elem.getAttribute("value") === null ? "on" : elem.value;
+		};
+	}
+});
+
+
+
+
+var nodeHook, boolHook,
+	attrHandle = jQuery.expr.attrHandle,
+	ruseDefault = /^(?:checked|selected)$/i,
+	getSetAttribute = support.getSetAttribute,
+	getSetInput = support.input;
+
+jQuery.fn.extend({
+	attr: function( name, value ) {
+		return access( this, jQuery.attr, name, value, arguments.length > 1 );
+	},
+
+	removeAttr: function( name ) {
+		return this.each(function() {
+			jQuery.removeAttr( this, name );
+		});
+	}
+});
+
+jQuery.extend({
+	attr: function( elem, name, value ) {
+		var hooks, ret,
+			nType = elem.nodeType;
+
+		// don't get/set attributes on text, comment and attribute nodes
+		if ( !elem || nType === 3 || nType === 8 || nType === 2 ) {
+			return;
+		}
+
+		// Fallback to prop when attributes are not supported
+		if ( typeof elem.getAttribute === strundefined ) {
+			return jQuery.prop( elem, name, value );
+		}
+
+		// All attributes are lowercase
+		// Grab necessary hook if one is defined
+		if ( nType !== 1 || !jQuery.isXMLDoc( elem ) ) {
+			name = name.toLowerCase();
+			hooks = jQuery.attrHooks[ name ] ||
+				( jQuery.expr.match.bool.test( name ) ? boolHook : nodeHook );
+		}
+
+		if ( value !== undefined ) {
+
+			if ( value === null ) {
+				jQuery.removeAttr( elem, name );
+
+			} else if ( hooks && "set" in hooks && (ret = hooks.set( elem, value, name )) !== undefined ) {
+				return ret;
+
+			} else {
+				elem.setAttribute( name, value + "" );
+				return value;
+			}
+
+		} else if ( hooks && "get" in hooks && (ret = hooks.get( elem, name )) !== null ) {
+			return ret;
+
+		} else {
+			ret = jQuery.find.attr( elem, name );
+
+			// Non-existent attributes return null, we normalize to undefined
+			return ret == null ?
+				undefined :
+				ret;
+		}
+	},
+
+	removeAttr: function( elem, value ) {
+		var name, propName,
+			i = 0,
+			attrNames = value && value.match( rnotwhite );
+
+		if ( attrNames && elem.nodeType === 1 ) {
+			while ( (name = attrNames[i++]) ) {
+				propName = jQuery.propFix[ name ] || name;
+
+				// Boolean attributes get special treatment (#10870)
+				if ( jQuery.expr.match.bool.test( name ) ) {
+					// Set corresponding property to false
+					if ( getSetInput && getSetAttribute || !ruseDefault.test( name ) ) {
+						elem[ propName ] = false;
+					// Support: IE<9
+					// Also clear defaultChecked/defaultSelected (if appropriate)
+					} else {
+						elem[ jQuery.camelCase( "default-" + name ) ] =
+							elem[ propName ] = false;
+					}
+
+				// See #9699 for explanation of this approach (setting first, then removal)
+				} else {
+					jQuery.attr( elem, name, "" );
+				}
+
+				elem.removeAttribute( getSetAttribute ? name : propName );
+			}
+		}
+	},
+
+	attrHooks: {
+		type: {
+			set: function( elem, value ) {
+				if ( !support.radioValue && value === "radio" && jQuery.nodeName(elem, "input") ) {
+					// Setting the type on a radio button after the value resets the value in IE6-9
+					// Reset value to default in case type is set after value during creation
+					var val = elem.value;
+					elem.setAttribute( "type", value );
+					if ( val ) {
+						elem.value = val;
+					}
+					return value;
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+});
+
+// Hook for boolean attributes
+boolHook = {
+	set: function( elem, value, name ) {
+		if ( value === false ) {
+			// Remove boolean attributes when set to false
+			jQuery.removeAttr( elem, name );
+		} else if ( getSetInput && getSetAttribute || !ruseDefault.test( name ) ) {
+			// IE<8 needs the *property* name
+			elem.setAttribute( !getSetAttribute && jQuery.propFix[ name ] || name, name );
+
+		// Use defaultChecked and defaultSelected for oldIE
+		} else {
+			elem[ jQuery.camelCase( "default-" + name ) ] = elem[ name ] = true;
+		}
+
+		return name;
+	}
+};
+
+// Retrieve booleans specially
+jQuery.each( jQuery.expr.match.bool.source.match( /\w+/g ), function( i, name ) {
+
+	var getter = attrHandle[ name ] || jQuery.find.attr;
+
+	attrHandle[ name ] = getSetInput && getSetAttribute || !ruseDefault.test( name ) ?
+		function( elem, name, isXML ) {
+			var ret, handle;
+			if ( !isXML ) {
+				// Avoid an infinite loop by temporarily removing this function from the getter
+				handle = attrHandle[ name ];
+				attrHandle[ name ] = ret;
+				ret = getter( elem, name, isXML ) != null ?
+					name.toLowerCase() :
+					null;
+				attrHandle[ name ] = handle;
+			}
+			return ret;
+		} :
+		function( elem, name, isXML ) {
+			if ( !isXML ) {
+				return elem[ jQuery.camelCase( "default-" + name ) ] ?
+					name.toLowerCase() :
+					null;
+			}
+		};
+});
+
+// fix oldIE attroperties
+if ( !getSetInput || !getSetAttribute ) {
+	jQuery.attrHooks.value = {
+		set: function( elem, value, name ) {
+			if ( jQuery.nodeName( elem, "input" ) ) {
+				// Does not return so that setAttribute is also used
+				elem.defaultValue = value;
+			} else {
+				// Use nodeHook if defined (#1954); otherwise setAttribute is fine
+				return nodeHook && nodeHook.set( elem, value, name );
+			}
+		}
+	};
+}
+
+// IE6/7 do not support getting/setting some attributes with get/setAttribute
+if ( !getSetAttribute ) {
+
+	// Use this for any attribute in IE6/7
+	// This fixes almost every IE6/7 issue
+	nodeHook = {
+		set: function( elem, value, name ) {
+			// Set the existing or create a new attribute node
+			var ret = elem.getAttributeNode( name );
+			if ( !ret ) {
+				elem.setAttributeNode(
+					(ret = elem.ownerDocument.createAttribute( name ))
+				);
+			}
+
+			ret.value = value += "";
+
+			// Break association with cloned elements by also using setAttribute (#9646)
+			if ( name === "value" || value === elem.getAttribute( name ) ) {
+				return value;
+			}
+		}
+	};
+
+	// Some attributes are constructed with empty-string values when not defined
+	attrHandle.id = attrHandle.name = attrHandle.coords =
+		function( elem, name, isXML ) {
+			var ret;
+			if ( !isXML ) {
+				return (ret = elem.getAttributeNode( name )) && ret.value !== "" ?
+					ret.value :
+					null;
+			}
+		};
+
+	// Fixing value retrieval on a button requires this module
+	jQuery.valHooks.button = {
+		get: function( elem, name ) {
+			var ret = elem.getAttributeNode( name );
+			if ( ret && ret.specified ) {
+				return ret.value;
+			}
+		},
+		set: nodeHook.set
+	};
+
+	// Set contenteditable to false on removals(#10429)
+	// Setting to empty string throws an error as an invalid value
+	jQuery.attrHooks.contenteditable = {
+		set: function( elem, value, name ) {
+			nodeHook.set( elem, value === "" ? false : value, name );
+		}
+	};
+
+	// Set width and height to auto instead of 0 on empty string( Bug #8150 )
+	// This is for removals
+	jQuery.each([ "width", "height" ], function( i, name ) {
+		jQuery.attrHooks[ name ] = {
+			set: function( elem, value ) {
+				if ( value === "" ) {
+					elem.setAttribute( name, "auto" );
+					return value;
+				}
+			}
+		};
+	});
+}
+
+if ( !support.style ) {
+	jQuery.attrHooks.style = {
+		get: function( elem ) {
+			// Return undefined in the case of empty string
+			// Note: IE uppercases css property names, but if we were to .toLowerCase()
+			// .cssText, that would destroy case senstitivity in URL's, like in "background"
+			return elem.style.cssText || undefined;
+		},
+		set: function( elem, value ) {
+			return ( elem.style.cssText = value + "" );
+		}
+	};
+}
+
+
+
+
+var rfocusable = /^(?:input|select|textarea|button|object)$/i,
+	rclickable = /^(?:a|area)$/i;
+
+jQuery.fn.extend({
+	prop: function( name, value ) {
+		return access( this, jQuery.prop, name, value, arguments.length > 1 );
+	},
+
+	removeProp: function( name ) {
+		name = jQuery.propFix[ name ] || name;
+		return this.each(function() {
+			// try/catch handles cases where IE balks (such as removing a property on window)
+			try {
+				this[ name ] = undefined;
+				delete this[ name ];
+			} catch( e ) {}
+		});
+	}
+});
+
+jQuery.extend({
+	propFix: {
+		"for": "htmlFor",
+		"class": "className"
+	},
+
+	prop: function( elem, name, value ) {
+		var ret, hooks, notxml,
+			nType = elem.nodeType;
+
+		// don't get/set properties on text, comment and attribute nodes
+		if ( !elem || nType === 3 || nType === 8 || nType === 2 ) {
+			return;
+		}
+
+		notxml = nType !== 1 || !jQuery.isXMLDoc( elem );
+
+		if ( notxml ) {
+			// Fix name and attach hooks
+			name = jQuery.propFix[ name ] || name;
+			hooks = jQuery.propHooks[ name ];
+		}
+
+		if ( value !== undefined ) {
+			return hooks && "set" in hooks && (ret = hooks.set( elem, value, name )) !== undefined ?
+				ret :
+				( elem[ name ] = value );
+
+		} else {
+			return hooks && "get" in hooks && (ret = hooks.get( elem, name )) !== null ?
+				ret :
+				elem[ name ];
+		}
+	},
+
+	propHooks: {
+		tabIndex: {
+			get: function( elem ) {
+				// elem.tabIndex doesn't always return the correct value when it hasn't been explicitly set
+				// http://fluidproject.org/blog/2008/01/09/getting-setting-and-removing-tabindex-values-with-javascript/
+				// Use proper attribute retrieval(#12072)
+				var tabindex = jQuery.find.attr( elem, "tabindex" );
+
+				return tabindex ?
+					parseInt( tabindex, 10 ) :
+					rfocusable.test( elem.nodeName ) || rclickable.test( elem.nodeName ) && elem.href ?
+						0 :
+						-1;
+			}
+		}
+	}
+});
+
+// Some attributes require a special call on IE
+// http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms536429%28VS.85%29.aspx
+if ( !support.hrefNormalized ) {
+	// href/src property should get the full normalized URL (#10299/#12915)
+	jQuery.each([ "href", "src" ], function( i, name ) {
+		jQuery.propHooks[ name ] = {
+			get: function( elem ) {
+				return elem.getAttribute( name, 4 );
+			}
+		};
+	});
+}
+
+// Support: Safari, IE9+
+// mis-reports the default selected property of an option
+// Accessing the parent's selectedIndex property fixes it
+if ( !support.optSelected ) {
+	jQuery.propHooks.selected = {
+		get: function( elem ) {
+			var parent = elem.parentNode;
+
+			if ( parent ) {
+				parent.selectedIndex;
+
+				// Make sure that it also works with optgroups, see #5701
+				if ( parent.parentNode ) {
+					parent.parentNode.selectedIndex;
+				}
+			}
+			return null;
+		}
+	};
+}
+
+jQuery.each([
+	"tabIndex",
+	"readOnly",
+	"maxLength",
+	"cellSpacing",
+	"cellPadding",
+	"rowSpan",
+	"colSpan",
+	"useMap",
+	"frameBorder",
+	"contentEditable"
+], function() {
+	jQuery.propFix[ this.toLowerCase() ] = this;
+});
+
+// IE6/7 call enctype encoding
+if ( !support.enctype ) {
+	jQuery.propFix.enctype = "encoding";
+}
+
+
+
+
+var rclass = /[\t\r\n\f]/g;
+
+jQuery.fn.extend({
+	addClass: function( value ) {
+		var classes, elem, cur, clazz, j, finalValue,
+			i = 0,
+			len = this.length,
+			proceed = typeof value === "string" && value;
+
+		if ( jQuery.isFunction( value ) ) {
+			return this.each(function( j ) {
+				jQuery( this ).addClass( value.call( this, j, this.className ) );
+			});
+		}
+
+		if ( proceed ) {
+			// The disjunction here is for better compressibility (see removeClass)
+			classes = ( value || "" ).match( rnotwhite ) || [];
+
+			for ( ; i < len; i++ ) {
+				elem = this[ i ];
+				cur = elem.nodeType === 1 && ( elem.className ?
+					( " " + elem.className + " " ).replace( rclass, " " ) :
+					" "
+				);
+
+				if ( cur ) {
+					j = 0;
+					while ( (clazz = classes[j++]) ) {
+						if ( cur.indexOf( " " + clazz + " " ) < 0 ) {
+							cur += clazz + " ";
+						}
+					}
+
+					// only assign if different to avoid unneeded rendering.
+					finalValue = jQuery.trim( cur );
+					if ( elem.className !== finalValue ) {
+						elem.className = finalValue;
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		return this;
+	},
+
+	removeClass: function( value ) {
+		var classes, elem, cur, clazz, j, finalValue,
+			i = 0,
+			len = this.length,
+			proceed = arguments.length === 0 || typeof value === "string" && value;
+
+		if ( jQuery.isFunction( value ) ) {
+			return this.each(function( j ) {
+				jQuery( this ).removeClass( value.call( this, j, this.className ) );
+			});
+		}
+		if ( proceed ) {
+			classes = ( value || "" ).match( rnotwhite ) || [];
+
+			for ( ; i < len; i++ ) {
+				elem = this[ i ];
+				// This expression is here for better compressibility (see addClass)
+				cur = elem.nodeType === 1 && ( elem.className ?
+					( " " + elem.className + " " ).replace( rclass, " " ) :
+					""
+				);
+
+				if ( cur ) {
+					j = 0;
+					while ( (clazz = classes[j++]) ) {
+						// Remove *all* instances
+						while ( cur.indexOf( " " + clazz + " " ) >= 0 ) {
+							cur = cur.replace( " " + clazz + " ", " " );
+						}
+					}
+
+					// only assign if different to avoid unneeded rendering.
+					finalValue = value ? jQuery.trim( cur ) : "";
+					if ( elem.className !== finalValue ) {
+						elem.className = finalValue;
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		return this;
+	},
+
+	toggleClass: function( value, stateVal ) {
+		var type = typeof value;
+
+		if ( typeof stateVal === "boolean" && type === "string" ) {
+			return stateVal ? this.addClass( value ) : this.removeClass( value );
+		}
+
+		if ( jQuery.isFunction( value ) ) {
+			return this.each(function( i ) {
+				jQuery( this ).toggleClass( value.call(this, i, this.className, stateVal), stateVal );
+			});
+		}
+
+		return this.each(function() {
+			if ( type === "string" ) {
+				// toggle individual class names
+				var className,
+					i = 0,
+					self = jQuery( this ),
+					classNames = value.match( rnotwhite ) || [];
+
+				while ( (className = classNames[ i++ ]) ) {
+					// check each className given, space separated list
+					if ( self.hasClass( className ) ) {
+						self.removeClass( className );
+					} else {
+						self.addClass( className );
+					}
+				}
+
+			// Toggle whole class name
+			} else if ( type === strundefined || type === "boolean" ) {
+				if ( this.className ) {
+					// store className if set
+					jQuery._data( this, "__className__", this.className );
+				}
+
+				// If the element has a class name or if we're passed "false",
+				// then remove the whole classname (if there was one, the above saved it).
+				// Otherwise bring back whatever was previously saved (if anything),
+				// falling back to the empty string if nothing was stored.
+				this.className = this.className || value === false ? "" : jQuery._data( this, "__className__" ) || "";
+			}
+		});
+	},
+
+	hasClass: function( selector ) {
+		var className = " " + selector + " ",
+			i = 0,
+			l = this.length;
+		for ( ; i < l; i++ ) {
+			if ( this[i].nodeType === 1 && (" " + this[i].className + " ").replace(rclass, " ").indexOf( className ) >= 0 ) {
+				return true;
+			}
+		}
+
+		return false;
+	}
+});
+
+
+
+
+// Return jQuery for attributes-only inclusion
+
+
+jQuery.each( ("blur focus focusin focusout load resize scroll unload click dblclick " +
+	"mousedown mouseup mousemove mouseover mouseout mouseenter mouseleave " +
+	"change select submit keydown keypress keyup error contextmenu").split(" "), function( i, name ) {
+
+	// Handle event binding
+	jQuery.fn[ name ] = function( data, fn ) {
+		return arguments.length > 0 ?
+			this.on( name, null, data, fn ) :
+			this.trigger( name );
+	};
+});
+
+jQuery.fn.extend({
+	hover: function( fnOver, fnOut ) {
+		return this.mouseenter( fnOver ).mouseleave( fnOut || fnOver );
+	},
+
+	bind: function( types, data, fn ) {
+		return this.on( types, null, data, fn );
+	},
+	unbind: function( types, fn ) {
+		return this.off( types, null, fn );
+	},
+
+	delegate: function( selector, types, data, fn ) {
+		return this.on( types, selector, data, fn );
+	},
+	undelegate: function( selector, types, fn ) {
+		// ( namespace ) or ( selector, types [, fn] )
+		return arguments.length === 1 ? this.off( selector, "**" ) : this.off( types, selector || "**", fn );
+	}
+});
+
+
+var nonce = jQuery.now();
+
+var rquery = (/\?/);
+
+
+
+var rvalidtokens = /(,)|(\[|{)|(}|])|"(?:[^"\\\r\n]|\\["\\\/bfnrt]|\\u[\da-fA-F]{4})*"\s*:?|true|false|null|-?(?!0\d)\d+(?:\.\d+|)(?:[eE][+-]?\d+|)/g;
+
+jQuery.parseJSON = function( data ) {
+	// Attempt to parse using the native JSON parser first
+	if ( window.JSON && window.JSON.parse ) {
+		// Support: Android 2.3
+		// Workaround failure to string-cast null input
+		return window.JSON.parse( data + "" );
+	}
+
+	var requireNonComma,
+		depth = null,
+		str = jQuery.trim( data + "" );
+
+	// Guard against invalid (and possibly dangerous) input by ensuring that nothing remains
+	// after removing valid tokens
+	return str && !jQuery.trim( str.replace( rvalidtokens, function( token, comma, open, close ) {
+
+		// Force termination if we see a misplaced comma
+		if ( requireNonComma && comma ) {
+			depth = 0;
+		}
+
+		// Perform no more replacements after returning to outermost depth
+		if ( depth === 0 ) {
+			return token;
+		}
+
+		// Commas must not follow "[", "{", or ","
+		requireNonComma = open || comma;
+
+		// Determine new depth
+		// array/object open ("[" or "{"): depth += true - false (increment)
+		// array/object close ("]" or "}"): depth += false - true (decrement)
+		// other cases ("," or primitive): depth += true - true (numeric cast)
+		depth += !close - !open;
+
+		// Remove this token
+		return "";
+	}) ) ?
+		( Function( "return " + str ) )() :
+		jQuery.error( "Invalid JSON: " + data );
+};
+
+
+// Cross-browser xml parsing
+jQuery.parseXML = function( data ) {
+	var xml, tmp;
+	if ( !data || typeof data !== "string" ) {
+		return null;
+	}
+	try {
+		if ( window.DOMParser ) { // Standard
+			tmp = new DOMParser();
+			xml = tmp.parseFromString( data, "text/xml" );
+		} else { // IE
+			xml = new ActiveXObject( "Microsoft.XMLDOM" );
+			xml.async = "false";
+			xml.loadXML( data );
+		}
+	} catch( e ) {
+		xml = undefined;
+	}
+	if ( !xml || !xml.documentElement || xml.getElementsByTagName( "parsererror" ).length ) {
+		jQuery.error( "Invalid XML: " + data );
+	}
+	return xml;
+};
+
+
+var
+	// Document location
+	ajaxLocParts,
+	ajaxLocation,
+
+	rhash = /#.*$/,
+	rts = /([?&])_=[^&]*/,
+	rheaders = /^(.*?):[ \t]*([^\r\n]*)\r?$/mg, // IE leaves an \r character at EOL
+	// #7653, #8125, #8152: local protocol detection
+	rlocalProtocol = /^(?:about|app|app-storage|.+-extension|file|res|widget):$/,
+	rnoContent = /^(?:GET|HEAD)$/,
+	rprotocol = /^\/\//,
+	rurl = /^([\w.+-]+:)(?:\/\/(?:[^\/?#]*@|)([^\/?#:]*)(?::(\d+)|)|)/,
+
+	/* Prefilters
+	 * 1) They are useful to introduce custom dataTypes (see ajax/jsonp.js for an example)
+	 * 2) These are called:
+	 *    - BEFORE asking for a transport
+	 *    - AFTER param serialization (s.data is a string if s.processData is true)
+	 * 3) key is the dataType
+	 * 4) the catchall symbol "*" can be used
+	 * 5) execution will start with transport dataType and THEN continue down to "*" if needed
+	 */
+	prefilters = {},
+
+	/* Transports bindings
+	 * 1) key is the dataType
+	 * 2) the catchall symbol "*" can be used
+	 * 3) selection will start with transport dataType and THEN go to "*" if needed
+	 */
+	transports = {},
+
+	// Avoid comment-prolog char sequence (#10098); must appease lint and evade compression
+	allTypes = "*/".concat("*");
+
+// #8138, IE may throw an exception when accessing
+// a field from window.location if document.domain has been set
+try {
+	ajaxLocation = location.href;
+} catch( e ) {
+	// Use the href attribute of an A element
+	// since IE will modify it given document.location
+	ajaxLocation = document.createElement( "a" );
+	ajaxLocation.href = "";
+	ajaxLocation = ajaxLocation.href;
+}
+
+// Segment location into parts
+ajaxLocParts = rurl.exec( ajaxLocation.toLowerCase() ) || [];
+
+// Base "constructor" for jQuery.ajaxPrefilter and jQuery.ajaxTransport
+function addToPrefiltersOrTransports( structure ) {
+
+	// dataTypeExpression is optional and defaults to "*"
+	return function( dataTypeExpression, func ) {
+
+		if ( typeof dataTypeExpression !== "string" ) {
+			func = dataTypeExpression;
+			dataTypeExpression = "*";
+		}
+
+		var dataType,
+			i = 0,
+			dataTypes = dataTypeExpression.toLowerCase().match( rnotwhite ) || [];
+
+		if ( jQuery.isFunction( func ) ) {
+			// For each dataType in the dataTypeExpression
+			while ( (dataType = dataTypes[i++]) ) {
+				// Prepend if requested
+				if ( dataType.charAt( 0 ) === "+" ) {
+					dataType = dataType.slice( 1 ) || "*";
+					(structure[ dataType ] = structure[ dataType ] || []).unshift( func );
+
+				// Otherwise append
+				} else {
+					(structure[ dataType ] = structure[ dataType ] || []).push( func );
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	};
+}
+
+// Base inspection function for prefilters and transports
+function inspectPrefiltersOrTransports( structure, options, originalOptions, jqXHR ) {
+
+	var inspected = {},
+		seekingTransport = ( structure === transports );
+
+	function inspect( dataType ) {
+		var selected;
+		inspected[ dataType ] = true;
+		jQuery.each( structure[ dataType ] || [], function( _, prefilterOrFactory ) {
+			var dataTypeOrTransport = prefilterOrFactory( options, originalOptions, jqXHR );
+			if ( typeof dataTypeOrTransport === "string" && !seekingTransport && !inspected[ dataTypeOrTransport ] ) {
+				options.dataTypes.unshift( dataTypeOrTransport );
+				inspect( dataTypeOrTransport );
+				return false;
+			} else if ( seekingTransport ) {
+				return !( selected = dataTypeOrTransport );
+			}
+		});
+		return selected;
+	}
+
+	return inspect( options.dataTypes[ 0 ] ) || !inspected[ "*" ] && inspect( "*" );
+}
+
+// A special extend for ajax options
+// that takes "flat" options (not to be deep extended)
+// Fixes #9887
+function ajaxExtend( target, src ) {
+	var deep, key,
+		flatOptions = jQuery.ajaxSettings.flatOptions || {};
+
+	for ( key in src ) {
+		if ( src[ key ] !== undefined ) {
+			( flatOptions[ key ] ? target : ( deep || (deep = {}) ) )[ key ] = src[ key ];
+		}
+	}
+	if ( deep ) {
+		jQuery.extend( true, target, deep );
+	}
+
+	return target;
+}
+
+/* Handles responses to an ajax request:
+ * - finds the right dataType (mediates between content-type and expected dataType)
+ * - returns the corresponding response
+ */
+function ajaxHandleResponses( s, jqXHR, responses ) {
+	var firstDataType, ct, finalDataType, type,
+		contents = s.contents,
+		dataTypes = s.dataTypes;
+
+	// Remove auto dataType and get content-type in the process
+	while ( dataTypes[ 0 ] === "*" ) {
+		dataTypes.shift();
+		if ( ct === undefined ) {
+			ct = s.mimeType || jqXHR.getResponseHeader("Content-Type");
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Check if we're dealing with a known content-type
+	if ( ct ) {
+		for ( type in contents ) {
+			if ( contents[ type ] && contents[ type ].test( ct ) ) {
+				dataTypes.unshift( type );
+				break;
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Check to see if we have a response for the expected dataType
+	if ( dataTypes[ 0 ] in responses ) {
+		finalDataType = dataTypes[ 0 ];
+	} else {
+		// Try convertible dataTypes
+		for ( type in responses ) {
+			if ( !dataTypes[ 0 ] || s.converters[ type + " " + dataTypes[0] ] ) {
+				finalDataType = type;
+				break;
+			}
+			if ( !firstDataType ) {
+				firstDataType = type;
+			}
+		}
+		// Or just use first one
+		finalDataType = finalDataType || firstDataType;
+	}
+
+	// If we found a dataType
+	// We add the dataType to the list if needed
+	// and return the corresponding response
+	if ( finalDataType ) {
+		if ( finalDataType !== dataTypes[ 0 ] ) {
+			dataTypes.unshift( finalDataType );
+		}
+		return responses[ finalDataType ];
+	}
+}
+
+/* Chain conversions given the request and the original response
+ * Also sets the responseXXX fields on the jqXHR instance
+ */
+function ajaxConvert( s, response, jqXHR, isSuccess ) {
+	var conv2, current, conv, tmp, prev,
+		converters = {},
+		// Work with a copy of dataTypes in case we need to modify it for conversion
+		dataTypes = s.dataTypes.slice();
+
+	// Create converters map with lowercased keys
+	if ( dataTypes[ 1 ] ) {
+		for ( conv in s.converters ) {
+			converters[ conv.toLowerCase() ] = s.converters[ conv ];
+		}
+	}
+
+	current = dataTypes.shift();
+
+	// Convert to each sequential dataType
+	while ( current ) {
+
+		if ( s.responseFields[ current ] ) {
+			jqXHR[ s.responseFields[ current ] ] = response;
+		}
+
+		// Apply the dataFilter if provided
+		if ( !prev && isSuccess && s.dataFilter ) {
+			response = s.dataFilter( response, s.dataType );
+		}
+
+		prev = current;
+		current = dataTypes.shift();
+
+		if ( current ) {
+
+			// There's only work to do if current dataType is non-auto
+			if ( current === "*" ) {
+
+				current = prev;
+
+			// Convert response if prev dataType is non-auto and differs from current
+			} else if ( prev !== "*" && prev !== current ) {
+
+				// Seek a direct converter
+				conv = converters[ prev + " " + current ] || converters[ "* " + current ];
+
+				// If none found, seek a pair
+				if ( !conv ) {
+					for ( conv2 in converters ) {
+
+						// If conv2 outputs current
+						tmp = conv2.split( " " );
+						if ( tmp[ 1 ] === current ) {
+
+							// If prev can be converted to accepted input
+							conv = converters[ prev + " " + tmp[ 0 ] ] ||
+								converters[ "* " + tmp[ 0 ] ];
+							if ( conv ) {
+								// Condense equivalence converters
+								if ( conv === true ) {
+									conv = converters[ conv2 ];
+
+								// Otherwise, insert the intermediate dataType
+								} else if ( converters[ conv2 ] !== true ) {
+									current = tmp[ 0 ];
+									dataTypes.unshift( tmp[ 1 ] );
+								}
+								break;
+							}
+						}
+					}
+				}
+
+				// Apply converter (if not an equivalence)
+				if ( conv !== true ) {
+
+					// Unless errors are allowed to bubble, catch and return them
+					if ( conv && s[ "throws" ] ) {
+						response = conv( response );
+					} else {
+						try {
+							response = conv( response );
+						} catch ( e ) {
+							return { state: "parsererror", error: conv ? e : "No conversion from " + prev + " to " + current };
+						}
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	return { state: "success", data: response };
+}
+
+jQuery.extend({
+
+	// Counter for holding the number of active queries
+	active: 0,
+
+	// Last-Modified header cache for next request
+	lastModified: {},
+	etag: {},
+
+	ajaxSettings: {
+		url: ajaxLocation,
+		type: "GET",
+		isLocal: rlocalProtocol.test( ajaxLocParts[ 1 ] ),
+		global: true,
+		processData: true,
+		async: true,
+		contentType: "application/x-www-form-urlencoded; charset=UTF-8",
+		/*
+		timeout: 0,
+		data: null,
+		dataType: null,
+		username: null,
+		password: null,
+		cache: null,
+		throws: false,
+		traditional: false,
+		headers: {},
+		*/
+
+		accepts: {
+			"*": allTypes,
+			text: "text/plain",
+			html: "text/html",
+			xml: "application/xml, text/xml",
+			json: "application/json, text/javascript"
+		},
+
+		contents: {
+			xml: /xml/,
+			html: /html/,
+			json: /json/
+		},
+
+		responseFields: {
+			xml: "responseXML",
+			text: "responseText",
+			json: "responseJSON"
+		},
+
+		// Data converters
+		// Keys separate source (or catchall "*") and destination types with a single space
+		converters: {
+
+			// Convert anything to text
+			"* text": String,
+
+			// Text to html (true = no transformation)
+			"text html": true,
+
+			// Evaluate text as a json expression
+			"text json": jQuery.parseJSON,
+
+			// Parse text as xml
+			"text xml": jQuery.parseXML
+		},
+
+		// For options that shouldn't be deep extended:
+		// you can add your own custom options here if
+		// and when you create one that shouldn't be
+		// deep extended (see ajaxExtend)
+		flatOptions: {
+			url: true,
+			context: true
+		}
+	},
+
+	// Creates a full fledged settings object into target
+	// with both ajaxSettings and settings fields.
+	// If target is omitted, writes into ajaxSettings.
+	ajaxSetup: function( target, settings ) {
+		return settings ?
+
+			// Building a settings object
+			ajaxExtend( ajaxExtend( target, jQuery.ajaxSettings ), settings ) :
+
+			// Extending ajaxSettings
+			ajaxExtend( jQuery.ajaxSettings, target );
+	},
+
+	ajaxPrefilter: addToPrefiltersOrTransports( prefilters ),
+	ajaxTransport: addToPrefiltersOrTransports( transports ),
+
+	// Main method
+	ajax: function( url, options ) {
+
+		// If url is an object, simulate pre-1.5 signature
+		if ( typeof url === "object" ) {
+			options = url;
+			url = undefined;
+		}
+
+		// Force options to be an object
+		options = options || {};
+
+		var // Cross-domain detection vars
+			parts,
+			// Loop variable
+			i,
+			// URL without anti-cache param
+			cacheURL,
+			// Response headers as string
+			responseHeadersString,
+			// timeout handle
+			timeoutTimer,
+
+			// To know if global events are to be dispatched
+			fireGlobals,
+
+			transport,
+			// Response headers
+			responseHeaders,
+			// Create the final options object
+			s = jQuery.ajaxSetup( {}, options ),
+			// Callbacks context
+			callbackContext = s.context || s,
+			// Context for global events is callbackContext if it is a DOM node or jQuery collection
+			globalEventContext = s.context && ( callbackContext.nodeType || callbackContext.jquery ) ?
+				jQuery( callbackContext ) :
+				jQuery.event,
+			// Deferreds
+			deferred = jQuery.Deferred(),
+			completeDeferred = jQuery.Callbacks("once memory"),
+			// Status-dependent callbacks
+			statusCode = s.statusCode || {},
+			// Headers (they are sent all at once)
+			requestHeaders = {},
+			requestHeadersNames = {},
+			// The jqXHR state
+			state = 0,
+			// Default abort message
+			strAbort = "canceled",
+			// Fake xhr
+			jqXHR = {
+				readyState: 0,
+
+				// Builds headers hashtable if needed
+				getResponseHeader: function( key ) {
+					var match;
+					if ( state === 2 ) {
+						if ( !responseHeaders ) {
+							responseHeaders = {};
+							while ( (match = rheaders.exec( responseHeadersString )) ) {
+								responseHeaders[ match[1].toLowerCase() ] = match[ 2 ];
+							}
+						}
+						match = responseHeaders[ key.toLowerCase() ];
+					}
+					return match == null ? null : match;
+				},
+
+				// Raw string
+				getAllResponseHeaders: function() {
+					return state === 2 ? responseHeadersString : null;
+				},
+
+				// Caches the header
+				setRequestHeader: function( name, value ) {
+					var lname = name.toLowerCase();
+					if ( !state ) {
+						name = requestHeadersNames[ lname ] = requestHeadersNames[ lname ] || name;
+						requestHeaders[ name ] = value;
+					}
+					return this;
+				},
+
+				// Overrides response content-type header
+				overrideMimeType: function( type ) {
+					if ( !state ) {
+						s.mimeType = type;
+					}
+					return this;
+				},
+
+				// Status-dependent callbacks
+				statusCode: function( map ) {
+					var code;
+					if ( map ) {
+						if ( state < 2 ) {
+							for ( code in map ) {
+								// Lazy-add the new callback in a way that preserves old ones
+								statusCode[ code ] = [ statusCode[ code ], map[ code ] ];
+							}
+						} else {
+							// Execute the appropriate callbacks
+							jqXHR.always( map[ jqXHR.status ] );
+						}
+					}
+					return this;
+				},
+
+				// Cancel the request
+				abort: function( statusText ) {
+					var finalText = statusText || strAbort;
+					if ( transport ) {
+						transport.abort( finalText );
+					}
+					done( 0, finalText );
+					return this;
+				}
+			};
+
+		// Attach deferreds
+		deferred.promise( jqXHR ).complete = completeDeferred.add;
+		jqXHR.success = jqXHR.done;
+		jqXHR.error = jqXHR.fail;
+
+		// Remove hash character (#7531: and string promotion)
+		// Add protocol if not provided (#5866: IE7 issue with protocol-less urls)
+		// Handle falsy url in the settings object (#10093: consistency with old signature)
+		// We also use the url parameter if available
+		s.url = ( ( url || s.url || ajaxLocation ) + "" ).replace( rhash, "" ).replace( rprotocol, ajaxLocParts[ 1 ] + "//" );
+
+		// Alias method option to type as per ticket #12004
+		s.type = options.method || options.type || s.method || s.type;
+
+		// Extract dataTypes list
+		s.dataTypes = jQuery.trim( s.dataType || "*" ).toLowerCase().match( rnotwhite ) || [ "" ];
+
+		// A cross-domain request is in order when we have a protocol:host:port mismatch
+		if ( s.crossDomain == null ) {
+			parts = rurl.exec( s.url.toLowerCase() );
+			s.crossDomain = !!( parts &&
+				( parts[ 1 ] !== ajaxLocParts[ 1 ] || parts[ 2 ] !== ajaxLocParts[ 2 ] ||
+					( parts[ 3 ] || ( parts[ 1 ] === "http:" ? "80" : "443" ) ) !==
+						( ajaxLocParts[ 3 ] || ( ajaxLocParts[ 1 ] === "http:" ? "80" : "443" ) ) )
+			);
+		}
+
+		// Convert data if not already a string
+		if ( s.data && s.processData && typeof s.data !== "string" ) {
+			s.data = jQuery.param( s.data, s.traditional );
+		}
+
+		// Apply prefilters
+		inspectPrefiltersOrTransports( prefilters, s, options, jqXHR );
+
+		// If request was aborted inside a prefilter, stop there
+		if ( state === 2 ) {
+			return jqXHR;
+		}
+
+		// We can fire global events as of now if asked to
+		fireGlobals = s.global;
+
+		// Watch for a new set of requests
+		if ( fireGlobals && jQuery.active++ === 0 ) {
+			jQuery.event.trigger("ajaxStart");
+		}
+
+		// Uppercase the type
+		s.type = s.type.toUpperCase();
+
+		// Determine if request has content
+		s.hasContent = !rnoContent.test( s.type );
+
+		// Save the URL in case we're toying with the If-Modified-Since
+		// and/or If-None-Match header later on
+		cacheURL = s.url;
+
+		// More options handling for requests with no content
+		if ( !s.hasContent ) {
+
+			// If data is available, append data to url
+			if ( s.data ) {
+				cacheURL = ( s.url += ( rquery.test( cacheURL ) ? "&" : "?" ) + s.data );
+				// #9682: remove data so that it's not used in an eventual retry
+				delete s.data;
+			}
+
+			// Add anti-cache in url if needed
+			if ( s.cache === false ) {
+				s.url = rts.test( cacheURL ) ?
+
+					// If there is already a '_' parameter, set its value
+					cacheURL.replace( rts, "$1_=" + nonce++ ) :
+
+					// Otherwise add one to the end
+					cacheURL + ( rquery.test( cacheURL ) ? "&" : "?" ) + "_=" + nonce++;
+			}
+		}
+
+		// Set the If-Modified-Since and/or If-None-Match header, if in ifModified mode.
+		if ( s.ifModified ) {
+			if ( jQuery.lastModified[ cacheURL ] ) {
+				jqXHR.setRequestHeader( "If-Modified-Since", jQuery.lastModified[ cacheURL ] );
+			}
+			if ( jQuery.etag[ cacheURL ] ) {
+				jqXHR.setRequestHeader( "If-None-Match", jQuery.etag[ cacheURL ] );
+			}
+		}
+
+		// Set the correct header, if data is being sent
+		if ( s.data && s.hasContent && s.contentType !== false || options.contentType ) {
+			jqXHR.setRequestHeader( "Content-Type", s.contentType );
+		}
+
+		// Set the Accepts header for the server, depending on the dataType
+		jqXHR.setRequestHeader(
+			"Accept",
+			s.dataTypes[ 0 ] && s.accepts[ s.dataTypes[0] ] ?
+				s.accepts[ s.dataTypes[0] ] + ( s.dataTypes[ 0 ] !== "*" ? ", " + allTypes + "; q=0.01" : "" ) :
+				s.accepts[ "*" ]
+		);
+
+		// Check for headers option
+		for ( i in s.headers ) {
+			jqXHR.setRequestHeader( i, s.headers[ i ] );
+		}
+
+		// Allow custom headers/mimetypes and early abort
+		if ( s.beforeSend && ( s.beforeSend.call( callbackContext, jqXHR, s ) === false || state === 2 ) ) {
+			// Abort if not done already and return
+			return jqXHR.abort();
+		}
+
+		// aborting is no longer a cancellation
+		strAbort = "abort";
+
+		// Install callbacks on deferreds
+		for ( i in { success: 1, error: 1, complete: 1 } ) {
+			jqXHR[ i ]( s[ i ] );
+		}
+
+		// Get transport
+		transport = inspectPrefiltersOrTransports( transports, s, options, jqXHR );
+
+		// If no transport, we auto-abort
+		if ( !transport ) {
+			done( -1, "No Transport" );
+		} else {
+			jqXHR.readyState = 1;
+
+			// Send global event
+			if ( fireGlobals ) {
+				globalEventContext.trigger( "ajaxSend", [ jqXHR, s ] );
+			}
+			// Timeout
+			if ( s.async && s.timeout > 0 ) {
+				timeoutTimer = setTimeout(function() {
+					jqXHR.abort("timeout");
+				}, s.timeout );
+			}
+
+			try {
+				state = 1;
+				transport.send( requestHeaders, done );
+			} catch ( e ) {
+				// Propagate exception as error if not done
+				if ( state < 2 ) {
+					done( -1, e );
+				// Simply rethrow otherwise
+				} else {
+					throw e;
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		// Callback for when everything is done
+		function done( status, nativeStatusText, responses, headers ) {
+			var isSuccess, success, error, response, modified,
+				statusText = nativeStatusText;
+
+			// Called once
+			if ( state === 2 ) {
+				return;
+			}
+
+			// State is "done" now
+			state = 2;
+
+			// Clear timeout if it exists
+			if ( timeoutTimer ) {
+				clearTimeout( timeoutTimer );
+			}
+
+			// Dereference transport for early garbage collection
+			// (no matter how long the jqXHR object will be used)
+			transport = undefined;
+
+			// Cache response headers
+			responseHeadersString = headers || "";
+
+			// Set readyState
+			jqXHR.readyState = status > 0 ? 4 : 0;
+
+			// Determine if successful
+			isSuccess = status >= 200 && status < 300 || status === 304;
+
+			// Get response data
+			if ( responses ) {
+				response = ajaxHandleResponses( s, jqXHR, responses );
+			}
+
+			// Convert no matter what (that way responseXXX fields are always set)
+			response = ajaxConvert( s, response, jqXHR, isSuccess );
+
+			// If successful, handle type chaining
+			if ( isSuccess ) {
+
+				// Set the If-Modified-Since and/or If-None-Match header, if in ifModified mode.
+				if ( s.ifModified ) {
+					modified = jqXHR.getResponseHeader("Last-Modified");
+					if ( modified ) {
+						jQuery.lastModified[ cacheURL ] = modified;
+					}
+					modified = jqXHR.getResponseHeader("etag");
+					if ( modified ) {
+						jQuery.etag[ cacheURL ] = modified;
+					}
+				}
+
+				// if no content
+				if ( status === 204 || s.type === "HEAD" ) {
+					statusText = "nocontent";
+
+				// if not modified
+				} else if ( status === 304 ) {
+					statusText = "notmodified";
+
+				// If we have data, let's convert it
+				} else {
+					statusText = response.state;
+					success = response.data;
+					error = response.error;
+					isSuccess = !error;
+				}
+			} else {
+				// We extract error from statusText
+				// then normalize statusText and status for non-aborts
+				error = statusText;
+				if ( status || !statusText ) {
+					statusText = "error";
+					if ( status < 0 ) {
+						status = 0;
+					}
+				}
+			}
+
+			// Set data for the fake xhr object
+			jqXHR.status = status;
+			jqXHR.statusText = ( nativeStatusText || statusText ) + "";
+
+			// Success/Error
+			if ( isSuccess ) {
+				deferred.resolveWith( callbackContext, [ success, statusText, jqXHR ] );
+			} else {
+				deferred.rejectWith( callbackContext, [ jqXHR, statusText, error ] );
+			}
+
+			// Status-dependent callbacks
+			jqXHR.statusCode( statusCode );
+			statusCode = undefined;
+
+			if ( fireGlobals ) {
+				globalEventContext.trigger( isSuccess ? "ajaxSuccess" : "ajaxError",
+					[ jqXHR, s, isSuccess ? success : error ] );
+			}
+
+			// Complete
+			completeDeferred.fireWith( callbackContext, [ jqXHR, statusText ] );
+
+			if ( fireGlobals ) {
+				globalEventContext.trigger( "ajaxComplete", [ jqXHR, s ] );
+				// Handle the global AJAX counter
+				if ( !( --jQuery.active ) ) {
+					jQuery.event.trigger("ajaxStop");
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		return jqXHR;
+	},
+
+	getJSON: function( url, data, callback ) {
+		return jQuery.get( url, data, callback, "json" );
+	},
+
+	getScript: function( url, callback ) {
+		return jQuery.get( url, undefined, callback, "script" );
+	}
+});
+
+jQuery.each( [ "get", "post" ], function( i, method ) {
+	jQuery[ method ] = function( url, data, callback, type ) {
+		// shift arguments if data argument was omitted
+		if ( jQuery.isFunction( data ) ) {
+			type = type || callback;
+			callback = data;
+			data = undefined;
+		}
+
+		return jQuery.ajax({
+			url: url,
+			type: method,
+			dataType: type,
+			data: data,
+			success: callback
+		});
+	};
+});
+
+// Attach a bunch of functions for handling common AJAX events
+jQuery.each( [ "ajaxStart", "ajaxStop", "ajaxComplete", "ajaxError", "ajaxSuccess", "ajaxSend" ], function( i, type ) {
+	jQuery.fn[ type ] = function( fn ) {
+		return this.on( type, fn );
+	};
+});
+
+
+jQuery._evalUrl = function( url ) {
+	return jQuery.ajax({
+		url: url,
+		type: "GET",
+		dataType: "script",
+		async: false,
+		global: false,
+		"throws": true
+	});
+};
+
+
+jQuery.fn.extend({
+	wrapAll: function( html ) {
+		if ( jQuery.isFunction( html ) ) {
+			return this.each(function(i) {
+				jQuery(this).wrapAll( html.call(this, i) );
+			});
+		}
+
+		if ( this[0] ) {
+			// The elements to wrap the target around
+			var wrap = jQuery( html, this[0].ownerDocument ).eq(0).clone(true);
+
+			if ( this[0].parentNode ) {
+				wrap.insertBefore( this[0] );
+			}
+
+			wrap.map(function() {
+				var elem = this;
+
+				while ( elem.firstChild && elem.firstChild.nodeType === 1 ) {
+					elem = elem.firstChild;
+				}
+
+				return elem;
+			}).append( this );
+		}
+
+		return this;
+	},
+
+	wrapInner: function( html ) {
+		if ( jQuery.isFunction( html ) ) {
+			return this.each(function(i) {
+				jQuery(this).wrapInner( html.call(this, i) );
+			});
+		}
+
+		return this.each(function() {
+			var self = jQuery( this ),
+				contents = self.contents();
+
+			if ( contents.length ) {
+				contents.wrapAll( html );
+
+			} else {
+				self.append( html );
+			}
+		});
+	},
+
+	wrap: function( html ) {
+		var isFunction = jQuery.isFunction( html );
+
+		return this.each(function(i) {
+			jQuery( this ).wrapAll( isFunction ? html.call(this, i) : html );
+		});
+	},
+
+	unwrap: function() {
+		return this.parent().each(function() {
+			if ( !jQuery.nodeName( this, "body" ) ) {
+				jQuery( this ).replaceWith( this.childNodes );
+			}
+		}).end();
+	}
+});
+
+
+jQuery.expr.filters.hidden = function( elem ) {
+	// Support: Opera <= 12.12
+	// Opera reports offsetWidths and offsetHeights less than zero on some elements
+	return elem.offsetWidth <= 0 && elem.offsetHeight <= 0 ||
+		(!support.reliableHiddenOffsets() &&
+			((elem.style && elem.style.display) || jQuery.css( elem, "display" )) === "none");
+};
+
+jQuery.expr.filters.visible = function( elem ) {
+	return !jQuery.expr.filters.hidden( elem );
+};
+
+
+
+
+var r20 = /%20/g,
+	rbracket = /\[\]$/,
+	rCRLF = /\r?\n/g,
+	rsubmitterTypes = /^(?:submit|button|image|reset|file)$/i,
+	rsubmittable = /^(?:input|select|textarea|keygen)/i;
+
+function buildParams( prefix, obj, traditional, add ) {
+	var name;
+
+	if ( jQuery.isArray( obj ) ) {
+		// Serialize array item.
+		jQuery.each( obj, function( i, v ) {
+			if ( traditional || rbracket.test( prefix ) ) {
+				// Treat each array item as a scalar.
+				add( prefix, v );
+
+			} else {
+				// Item is non-scalar (array or object), encode its numeric index.
+				buildParams( prefix + "[" + ( typeof v === "object" ? i : "" ) + "]", v, traditional, add );
+			}
+		});
+
+	} else if ( !traditional && jQuery.type( obj ) === "object" ) {
+		// Serialize object item.
+		for ( name in obj ) {
+			buildParams( prefix + "[" + name + "]", obj[ name ], traditional, add );
+		}
+
+	} else {
+		// Serialize scalar item.
+		add( prefix, obj );
+	}
+}
+
+// Serialize an array of form elements or a set of
+// key/values into a query string
+jQuery.param = function( a, traditional ) {
+	var prefix,
+		s = [],
+		add = function( key, value ) {
+			// If value is a function, invoke it and return its value
+			value = jQuery.isFunction( value ) ? value() : ( value == null ? "" : value );
+			s[ s.length ] = encodeURIComponent( key ) + "=" + encodeURIComponent( value );
+		};
+
+	// Set traditional to true for jQuery <= 1.3.2 behavior.
+	if ( traditional === undefined ) {
+		traditional = jQuery.ajaxSettings && jQuery.ajaxSettings.traditional;
+	}
+
+	// If an array was passed in, assume that it is an array of form elements.
+	if ( jQuery.isArray( a ) || ( a.jquery && !jQuery.isPlainObject( a ) ) ) {
+		// Serialize the form elements
+		jQuery.each( a, function() {
+			add( this.name, this.value );
+		});
+
+	} else {
+		// If traditional, encode the "old" way (the way 1.3.2 or older
+		// did it), otherwise encode params recursively.
+		for ( prefix in a ) {
+			buildParams( prefix, a[ prefix ], traditional, add );
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Return the resulting serialization
+	return s.join( "&" ).replace( r20, "+" );
+};
+
+jQuery.fn.extend({
+	serialize: function() {
+		return jQuery.param( this.serializeArray() );
+	},
+	serializeArray: function() {
+		return this.map(function() {
+			// Can add propHook for "elements" to filter or add form elements
+			var elements = jQuery.prop( this, "elements" );
+			return elements ? jQuery.makeArray( elements ) : this;
+		})
+		.filter(function() {
+			var type = this.type;
+			// Use .is(":disabled") so that fieldset[disabled] works
+			return this.name && !jQuery( this ).is( ":disabled" ) &&
+				rsubmittable.test( this.nodeName ) && !rsubmitterTypes.test( type ) &&
+				( this.checked || !rcheckableType.test( type ) );
+		})
+		.map(function( i, elem ) {
+			var val = jQuery( this ).val();
+
+			return val == null ?
+				null :
+				jQuery.isArray( val ) ?
+					jQuery.map( val, function( val ) {
+						return { name: elem.name, value: val.replace( rCRLF, "\r\n" ) };
+					}) :
+					{ name: elem.name, value: val.replace( rCRLF, "\r\n" ) };
+		}).get();
+	}
+});
+
+
+// Create the request object
+// (This is still attached to ajaxSettings for backward compatibility)
+jQuery.ajaxSettings.xhr = window.ActiveXObject !== undefined ?
+	// Support: IE6+
+	function() {
+
+		// XHR cannot access local files, always use ActiveX for that case
+		return !this.isLocal &&
+
+			// Support: IE7-8
+			// oldIE XHR does not support non-RFC2616 methods (#13240)
+			// See http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ie/ms536648(v=vs.85).aspx
+			// and http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec9.html#sec9
+			// Although this check for six methods instead of eight
+			// since IE also does not support "trace" and "connect"
+			/^(get|post|head|put|delete|options)$/i.test( this.type ) &&
+
+			createStandardXHR() || createActiveXHR();
+	} :
+	// For all other browsers, use the standard XMLHttpRequest object
+	createStandardXHR;
+
+var xhrId = 0,
+	xhrCallbacks = {},
+	xhrSupported = jQuery.ajaxSettings.xhr();
+
+// Support: IE<10
+// Open requests must be manually aborted on unload (#5280)
+if ( window.ActiveXObject ) {
+	jQuery( window ).on( "unload", function() {
+		for ( var key in xhrCallbacks ) {
+			xhrCallbacks[ key ]( undefined, true );
+		}
+	});
+}
+
+// Determine support properties
+support.cors = !!xhrSupported && ( "withCredentials" in xhrSupported );
+xhrSupported = support.ajax = !!xhrSupported;
+
+// Create transport if the browser can provide an xhr
+if ( xhrSupported ) {
+
+	jQuery.ajaxTransport(function( options ) {
+		// Cross domain only allowed if supported through XMLHttpRequest
+		if ( !options.crossDomain || support.cors ) {
+
+			var callback;
+
+			return {
+				send: function( headers, complete ) {
+					var i,
+						xhr = options.xhr(),
+						id = ++xhrId;
+
+					// Open the socket
+					xhr.open( options.type, options.url, options.async, options.username, options.password );
+
+					// Apply custom fields if provided
+					if ( options.xhrFields ) {
+						for ( i in options.xhrFields ) {
+							xhr[ i ] = options.xhrFields[ i ];
+						}
+					}
+
+					// Override mime type if needed
+					if ( options.mimeType && xhr.overrideMimeType ) {
+						xhr.overrideMimeType( options.mimeType );
+					}
+
+					// X-Requested-With header
+					// For cross-domain requests, seeing as conditions for a preflight are
+					// akin to a jigsaw puzzle, we simply never set it to be sure.
+					// (it can always be set on a per-request basis or even using ajaxSetup)
+					// For same-domain requests, won't change header if already provided.
+					if ( !options.crossDomain && !headers["X-Requested-With"] ) {
+						headers["X-Requested-With"] = "XMLHttpRequest";
+					}
+
+					// Set headers
+					for ( i in headers ) {
+						// Support: IE<9
+						// IE's ActiveXObject throws a 'Type Mismatch' exception when setting
+						// request header to a null-value.
+						//
+						// To keep consistent with other XHR implementations, cast the value
+						// to string and ignore `undefined`.
+						if ( headers[ i ] !== undefined ) {
+							xhr.setRequestHeader( i, headers[ i ] + "" );
+						}
+					}
+
+					// Do send the request
+					// This may raise an exception which is actually
+					// handled in jQuery.ajax (so no try/catch here)
+					xhr.send( ( options.hasContent && options.data ) || null );
+
+					// Listener
+					callback = function( _, isAbort ) {
+						var status, statusText, responses;
+
+						// Was never called and is aborted or complete
+						if ( callback && ( isAbort || xhr.readyState === 4 ) ) {
+							// Clean up
+							delete xhrCallbacks[ id ];
+							callback = undefined;
+							xhr.onreadystatechange = jQuery.noop;
+
+							// Abort manually if needed
+							if ( isAbort ) {
+								if ( xhr.readyState !== 4 ) {
+									xhr.abort();
+								}
+							} else {
+								responses = {};
+								status = xhr.status;
+
+								// Support: IE<10
+								// Accessing binary-data responseText throws an exception
+								// (#11426)
+								if ( typeof xhr.responseText === "string" ) {
+									responses.text = xhr.responseText;
+								}
+
+								// Firefox throws an exception when accessing
+								// statusText for faulty cross-domain requests
+								try {
+									statusText = xhr.statusText;
+								} catch( e ) {
+									// We normalize with Webkit giving an empty statusText
+									statusText = "";
+								}
+
+								// Filter status for non standard behaviors
+
+								// If the request is local and we have data: assume a success
+								// (success with no data won't get notified, that's the best we
+								// can do given current implementations)
+								if ( !status && options.isLocal && !options.crossDomain ) {
+									status = responses.text ? 200 : 404;
+								// IE - #1450: sometimes returns 1223 when it should be 204
+								} else if ( status === 1223 ) {
+									status = 204;
+								}
+							}
+						}
+
+						// Call complete if needed
+						if ( responses ) {
+							complete( status, statusText, responses, xhr.getAllResponseHeaders() );
+						}
+					};
+
+					if ( !options.async ) {
+						// if we're in sync mode we fire the callback
+						callback();
+					} else if ( xhr.readyState === 4 ) {
+						// (IE6 & IE7) if it's in cache and has been
+						// retrieved directly we need to fire the callback
+						setTimeout( callback );
+					} else {
+						// Add to the list of active xhr callbacks
+						xhr.onreadystatechange = xhrCallbacks[ id ] = callback;
+					}
+				},
+
+				abort: function() {
+					if ( callback ) {
+						callback( undefined, true );
+					}
+				}
+			};
+		}
+	});
+}
+
+// Functions to create xhrs
+function createStandardXHR() {
+	try {
+		return new window.XMLHttpRequest();
+	} catch( e ) {}
+}
+
+function createActiveXHR() {
+	try {
+		return new window.ActiveXObject( "Microsoft.XMLHTTP" );
+	} catch( e ) {}
+}
+
+
+
+
+// Install script dataType
+jQuery.ajaxSetup({
+	accepts: {
+		script: "text/javascript, application/javascript, application/ecmascript, application/x-ecmascript"
+	},
+	contents: {
+		script: /(?:java|ecma)script/
+	},
+	converters: {
+		"text script": function( text ) {
+			jQuery.globalEval( text );
+			return text;
+		}
+	}
+});
+
+// Handle cache's special case and global
+jQuery.ajaxPrefilter( "script", function( s ) {
+	if ( s.cache === undefined ) {
+		s.cache = false;
+	}
+	if ( s.crossDomain ) {
+		s.type = "GET";
+		s.global = false;
+	}
+});
+
+// Bind script tag hack transport
+jQuery.ajaxTransport( "script", function(s) {
+
+	// This transport only deals with cross domain requests
+	if ( s.crossDomain ) {
+
+		var script,
+			head = document.head || jQuery("head")[0] || document.documentElement;
+
+		return {
+
+			send: function( _, callback ) {
+
+				script = document.createElement("script");
+
+				script.async = true;
+
+				if ( s.scriptCharset ) {
+					script.charset = s.scriptCharset;
+				}
+
+				script.src = s.url;
+
+				// Attach handlers for all browsers
+				script.onload = script.onreadystatechange = function( _, isAbort ) {
+
+					if ( isAbort || !script.readyState || /loaded|complete/.test( script.readyState ) ) {
+
+						// Handle memory leak in IE
+						script.onload = script.onreadystatechange = null;
+
+						// Remove the script
+						if ( script.parentNode ) {
+							script.parentNode.removeChild( script );
+						}
+
+						// Dereference the script
+						script = null;
+
+						// Callback if not abort
+						if ( !isAbort ) {
+							callback( 200, "success" );
+						}
+					}
+				};
+
+				// Circumvent IE6 bugs with base elements (#2709 and #4378) by prepending
+				// Use native DOM manipulation to avoid our domManip AJAX trickery
+				head.insertBefore( script, head.firstChild );
+			},
+
+			abort: function() {
+				if ( script ) {
+					script.onload( undefined, true );
+				}
+			}
+		};
+	}
+});
+
+
+
+
+var oldCallbacks = [],
+	rjsonp = /(=)\?(?=&|$)|\?\?/;
+
+// Default jsonp settings
+jQuery.ajaxSetup({
+	jsonp: "callback",
+	jsonpCallback: function() {
+		var callback = oldCallbacks.pop() || ( jQuery.expando + "_" + ( nonce++ ) );
+		this[ callback ] = true;
+		return callback;
+	}
+});
+
+// Detect, normalize options and install callbacks for jsonp requests
+jQuery.ajaxPrefilter( "json jsonp", function( s, originalSettings, jqXHR ) {
+
+	var callbackName, overwritten, responseContainer,
+		jsonProp = s.jsonp !== false && ( rjsonp.test( s.url ) ?
+			"url" :
+			typeof s.data === "string" && !( s.contentType || "" ).indexOf("application/x-www-form-urlencoded") && rjsonp.test( s.data ) && "data"
+		);
+
+	// Handle iff the expected data type is "jsonp" or we have a parameter to set
+	if ( jsonProp || s.dataTypes[ 0 ] === "jsonp" ) {
+
+		// Get callback name, remembering preexisting value associated with it
+		callbackName = s.jsonpCallback = jQuery.isFunction( s.jsonpCallback ) ?
+			s.jsonpCallback() :
+			s.jsonpCallback;
+
+		// Insert callback into url or form data
+		if ( jsonProp ) {
+			s[ jsonProp ] = s[ jsonProp ].replace( rjsonp, "$1" + callbackName );
+		} else if ( s.jsonp !== false ) {
+			s.url += ( rquery.test( s.url ) ? "&" : "?" ) + s.jsonp + "=" + callbackName;
+		}
+
+		// Use data converter to retrieve json after script execution
+		s.converters["script json"] = function() {
+			if ( !responseContainer ) {
+				jQuery.error( callbackName + " was not called" );
+			}
+			return responseContainer[ 0 ];
+		};
+
+		// force json dataType
+		s.dataTypes[ 0 ] = "json";
+
+		// Install callback
+		overwritten = window[ callbackName ];
+		window[ callbackName ] = function() {
+			responseContainer = arguments;
+		};
+
+		// Clean-up function (fires after converters)
+		jqXHR.always(function() {
+			// Restore preexisting value
+			window[ callbackName ] = overwritten;
+
+			// Save back as free
+			if ( s[ callbackName ] ) {
+				// make sure that re-using the options doesn't screw things around
+				s.jsonpCallback = originalSettings.jsonpCallback;
+
+				// save the callback name for future use
+				oldCallbacks.push( callbackName );
+			}
+
+			// Call if it was a function and we have a response
+			if ( responseContainer && jQuery.isFunction( overwritten ) ) {
+				overwritten( responseContainer[ 0 ] );
+			}
+
+			responseContainer = overwritten = undefined;
+		});
+
+		// Delegate to script
+		return "script";
+	}
+});
+
+
+
+
+// data: string of html
+// context (optional): If specified, the fragment will be created in this context, defaults to document
+// keepScripts (optional): If true, will include scripts passed in the html string
+jQuery.parseHTML = function( data, context, keepScripts ) {
+	if ( !data || typeof data !== "string" ) {
+		return null;
+	}
+	if ( typeof context === "boolean" ) {
+		keepScripts = context;
+		context = false;
+	}
+	context = context || document;
+
+	var parsed = rsingleTag.exec( data ),
+		scripts = !keepScripts && [];
+
+	// Single tag
+	if ( parsed ) {
+		return [ context.createElement( parsed[1] ) ];
+	}
+
+	parsed = jQuery.buildFragment( [ data ], context, scripts );
+
+	if ( scripts && scripts.length ) {
+		jQuery( scripts ).remove();
+	}
+
+	return jQuery.merge( [], parsed.childNodes );
+};
+
+
+// Keep a copy of the old load method
+var _load = jQuery.fn.load;
+
+/**
+ * Load a url into a page
+ */
+jQuery.fn.load = function( url, params, callback ) {
+	if ( typeof url !== "string" && _load ) {
+		return _load.apply( this, arguments );
+	}
+
+	var selector, response, type,
+		self = this,
+		off = url.indexOf(" ");
+
+	if ( off >= 0 ) {
+		selector = jQuery.trim( url.slice( off, url.length ) );
+		url = url.slice( 0, off );
+	}
+
+	// If it's a function
+	if ( jQuery.isFunction( params ) ) {
+
+		// We assume that it's the callback
+		callback = params;
+		params = undefined;
+
+	// Otherwise, build a param string
+	} else if ( params && typeof params === "object" ) {
+		type = "POST";
+	}
+
+	// If we have elements to modify, make the request
+	if ( self.length > 0 ) {
+		jQuery.ajax({
+			url: url,
+
+			// if "type" variable is undefined, then "GET" method will be used
+			type: type,
+			dataType: "html",
+			data: params
+		}).done(function( responseText ) {
+
+			// Save response for use in complete callback
+			response = arguments;
+
+			self.html( selector ?
+
+				// If a selector was specified, locate the right elements in a dummy div
+				// Exclude scripts to avoid IE 'Permission Denied' errors
+				jQuery("<div>").append( jQuery.parseHTML( responseText ) ).find( selector ) :
+
+				// Otherwise use the full result
+				responseText );
+
+		}).complete( callback && function( jqXHR, status ) {
+			self.each( callback, response || [ jqXHR.responseText, status, jqXHR ] );
+		});
+	}
+
+	return this;
+};
+
+
+
+
+jQuery.expr.filters.animated = function( elem ) {
+	return jQuery.grep(jQuery.timers, function( fn ) {
+		return elem === fn.elem;
+	}).length;
+};
+
+
+
+
+
+var docElem = window.document.documentElement;
+
+/**
+ * Gets a window from an element
+ */
+function getWindow( elem ) {
+	return jQuery.isWindow( elem ) ?
+		elem :
+		elem.nodeType === 9 ?
+			elem.defaultView || elem.parentWindow :
+			false;
+}
+
+jQuery.offset = {
+	setOffset: function( elem, options, i ) {
+		var curPosition, curLeft, curCSSTop, curTop, curOffset, curCSSLeft, calculatePosition,
+			position = jQuery.css( elem, "position" ),
+			curElem = jQuery( elem ),
+			props = {};
+
+		// set position first, in-case top/left are set even on static elem
+		if ( position === "static" ) {
+			elem.style.position = "relative";
+		}
+
+		curOffset = curElem.offset();
+		curCSSTop = jQuery.css( elem, "top" );
+		curCSSLeft = jQuery.css( elem, "left" );
+		calculatePosition = ( position === "absolute" || position === "fixed" ) &&
+			jQuery.inArray("auto", [ curCSSTop, curCSSLeft ] ) > -1;
+
+		// need to be able to calculate position if either top or left is auto and position is either absolute or fixed
+		if ( calculatePosition ) {
+			curPosition = curElem.position();
+			curTop = curPosition.top;
+			curLeft = curPosition.left;
+		} else {
+			curTop = parseFloat( curCSSTop ) || 0;
+			curLeft = parseFloat( curCSSLeft ) || 0;
+		}
+
+		if ( jQuery.isFunction( options ) ) {
+			options = options.call( elem, i, curOffset );
+		}
+
+		if ( options.top != null ) {
+			props.top = ( options.top - curOffset.top ) + curTop;
+		}
+		if ( options.left != null ) {
+			props.left = ( options.left - curOffset.left ) + curLeft;
+		}
+
+		if ( "using" in options ) {
+			options.using.call( elem, props );
+		} else {
+			curElem.css( props );
+		}
+	}
+};
+
+jQuery.fn.extend({
+	offset: function( options ) {
+		if ( arguments.length ) {
+			return options === undefined ?
+				this :
+				this.each(function( i ) {
+					jQuery.offset.setOffset( this, options, i );
+				});
+		}
+
+		var docElem, win,
+			box = { top: 0, left: 0 },
+			elem = this[ 0 ],
+			doc = elem && elem.ownerDocument;
+
+		if ( !doc ) {
+			return;
+		}
+
+		docElem = doc.documentElement;
+
+		// Make sure it's not a disconnected DOM node
+		if ( !jQuery.contains( docElem, elem ) ) {
+			return box;
+		}
+
+		// If we don't have gBCR, just use 0,0 rather than error
+		// BlackBerry 5, iOS 3 (original iPhone)
+		if ( typeof elem.getBoundingClientRect !== strundefined ) {
+			box = elem.getBoundingClientRect();
+		}
+		win = getWindow( doc );
+		return {
+			top: box.top  + ( win.pageYOffset || docElem.scrollTop )  - ( docElem.clientTop  || 0 ),
+			left: box.left + ( win.pageXOffset || docElem.scrollLeft ) - ( docElem.clientLeft || 0 )
+		};
+	},
+
+	position: function() {
+		if ( !this[ 0 ] ) {
+			return;
+		}
+
+		var offsetParent, offset,
+			parentOffset = { top: 0, left: 0 },
+			elem = this[ 0 ];
+
+		// fixed elements are offset from window (parentOffset = {top:0, left: 0}, because it is its only offset parent
+		if ( jQuery.css( elem, "position" ) === "fixed" ) {
+			// we assume that getBoundingClientRect is available when computed position is fixed
+			offset = elem.getBoundingClientRect();
+		} else {
+			// Get *real* offsetParent
+			offsetParent = this.offsetParent();
+
+			// Get correct offsets
+			offset = this.offset();
+			if ( !jQuery.nodeName( offsetParent[ 0 ], "html" ) ) {
+				parentOffset = offsetParent.offset();
+			}
+
+			// Add offsetParent borders
+			parentOffset.top  += jQuery.css( offsetParent[ 0 ], "borderTopWidth", true );
+			parentOffset.left += jQuery.css( offsetParent[ 0 ], "borderLeftWidth", true );
+		}
+
+		// Subtract parent offsets and element margins
+		// note: when an element has margin: auto the offsetLeft and marginLeft
+		// are the same in Safari causing offset.left to incorrectly be 0
+		return {
+			top:  offset.top  - parentOffset.top - jQuery.css( elem, "marginTop", true ),
+			left: offset.left - parentOffset.left - jQuery.css( elem, "marginLeft", true)
+		};
+	},
+
+	offsetParent: function() {
+		return this.map(function() {
+			var offsetParent = this.offsetParent || docElem;
+
+			while ( offsetParent && ( !jQuery.nodeName( offsetParent, "html" ) && jQuery.css( offsetParent, "position" ) === "static" ) ) {
+				offsetParent = offsetParent.offsetParent;
+			}
+			return offsetParent || docElem;
+		});
+	}
+});
+
+// Create scrollLeft and scrollTop methods
+jQuery.each( { scrollLeft: "pageXOffset", scrollTop: "pageYOffset" }, function( method, prop ) {
+	var top = /Y/.test( prop );
+
+	jQuery.fn[ method ] = function( val ) {
+		return access( this, function( elem, method, val ) {
+			var win = getWindow( elem );
+
+			if ( val === undefined ) {
+				return win ? (prop in win) ? win[ prop ] :
+					win.document.documentElement[ method ] :
+					elem[ method ];
+			}
+
+			if ( win ) {
+				win.scrollTo(
+					!top ? val : jQuery( win ).scrollLeft(),
+					top ? val : jQuery( win ).scrollTop()
+				);
+
+			} else {
+				elem[ method ] = val;
+			}
+		}, method, val, arguments.length, null );
+	};
+});
+
+// Add the top/left cssHooks using jQuery.fn.position
+// Webkit bug: https://bugs.webkit.org/show_bug.cgi?id=29084
+// getComputedStyle returns percent when specified for top/left/bottom/right
+// rather than make the css module depend on the offset module, we just check for it here
+jQuery.each( [ "top", "left" ], function( i, prop ) {
+	jQuery.cssHooks[ prop ] = addGetHookIf( support.pixelPosition,
+		function( elem, computed ) {
+			if ( computed ) {
+				computed = curCSS( elem, prop );
+				// if curCSS returns percentage, fallback to offset
+				return rnumnonpx.test( computed ) ?
+					jQuery( elem ).position()[ prop ] + "px" :
+					computed;
+			}
+		}
+	);
+});
+
+
+// Create innerHeight, innerWidth, height, width, outerHeight and outerWidth methods
+jQuery.each( { Height: "height", Width: "width" }, function( name, type ) {
+	jQuery.each( { padding: "inner" + name, content: type, "": "outer" + name }, function( defaultExtra, funcName ) {
+		// margin is only for outerHeight, outerWidth
+		jQuery.fn[ funcName ] = function( margin, value ) {
+			var chainable = arguments.length && ( defaultExtra || typeof margin !== "boolean" ),
+				extra = defaultExtra || ( margin === true || value === true ? "margin" : "border" );
+
+			return access( this, function( elem, type, value ) {
+				var doc;
+
+				if ( jQuery.isWindow( elem ) ) {
+					// As of 5/8/2012 this will yield incorrect results for Mobile Safari, but there
+					// isn't a whole lot we can do. See pull request at this URL for discussion:
+					// https://github.com/jquery/jquery/pull/764
+					return elem.document.documentElement[ "client" + name ];
+				}
+
+				// Get document width or height
+				if ( elem.nodeType === 9 ) {
+					doc = elem.documentElement;
+
+					// Either scroll[Width/Height] or offset[Width/Height] or client[Width/Height], whichever is greatest
+					// unfortunately, this causes bug #3838 in IE6/8 only, but there is currently no good, small way to fix it.
+					return Math.max(
+						elem.body[ "scroll" + name ], doc[ "scroll" + name ],
+						elem.body[ "offset" + name ], doc[ "offset" + name ],
+						doc[ "client" + name ]
+					);
+				}
+
+				return value === undefined ?
+					// Get width or height on the element, requesting but not forcing parseFloat
+					jQuery.css( elem, type, extra ) :
+
+					// Set width or height on the element
+					jQuery.style( elem, type, value, extra );
+			}, type, chainable ? margin : undefined, chainable, null );
+		};
+	});
+});
+
+
+// The number of elements contained in the matched element set
+jQuery.fn.size = function() {
+	return this.length;
+};
+
+jQuery.fn.andSelf = jQuery.fn.addBack;
+
+
+
+
+// Register as a named AMD module, since jQuery can be concatenated with other
+// files that may use define, but not via a proper concatenation script that
+// understands anonymous AMD modules. A named AMD is safest and most robust
+// way to register. Lowercase jquery is used because AMD module names are
+// derived from file names, and jQuery is normally delivered in a lowercase
+// file name. Do this after creating the global so that if an AMD module wants
+// to call noConflict to hide this version of jQuery, it will work.
+
+// Note that for maximum portability, libraries that are not jQuery should
+// declare themselves as anonymous modules, and avoid setting a global if an
+// AMD loader is present. jQuery is a special case. For more information, see
+// https://github.com/jrburke/requirejs/wiki/Updating-existing-libraries#wiki-anon
+
+if ( typeof define === "function" && define.amd ) {
+	define( "jquery", [], function() {
+		return jQuery;
+	});
+}
+
+
+
+
+var
+	// Map over jQuery in case of overwrite
+	_jQuery = window.jQuery,
+
+	// Map over the $ in case of overwrite
+	_$ = window.$;
+
+jQuery.noConflict = function( deep ) {
+	if ( window.$ === jQuery ) {
+		window.$ = _$;
+	}
+
+	if ( deep && window.jQuery === jQuery ) {
+		window.jQuery = _jQuery;
+	}
+
+	return jQuery;
+};
+
+// Expose jQuery and $ identifiers, even in
+// AMD (#7102#comment:10, https://github.com/jquery/jquery/pull/557)
+// and CommonJS for browser emulators (#13566)
+if ( typeof noGlobal === strundefined ) {
+	window.jQuery = window.$ = jQuery;
+}
+
+
+
+
+return jQuery;
+
+}));
diff --git a/slides/_static/jquery.js b/slides/_static/jquery.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ab28a247
--- /dev/null
+++ b/slides/_static/jquery.js
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+/*! jQuery v1.11.1 | (c) 2005, 2014 jQuery Foundation, Inc. | jquery.org/license */
+!function(a,b){"object"==typeof module&&"object"==typeof module.exports?module.exports=a.document?b(a,!0):function(a){if(!a.document)throw new Error("jQuery requires a window with a document");return b(a)}:b(a)}("undefined"!=typeof window?window:this,function(a,b){var c=[],d=c.slice,e=c.concat,f=c.push,g=c.indexOf,h={},i=h.toString,j=h.hasOwnProperty,k={},l="1.11.1",m=function(a,b){return new m.fn.init(a,b)},n=/^[\s\uFEFF\xA0]+|[\s\uFEFF\xA0]+$/g,o=/^-ms-/,p=/-([\da-z])/gi,q=function(a,b){return b.toUpperCase()};m.fn=m.prototype={jquery:l,constructor:m,selector:"",length:0,toArray:function(){return d.call(this)},get:function(a){return null!=a?0>a?this[a+this.length]:this[a]:d.call(this)},pushStack:function(a){var b=m.merge(this.constructor(),a);return b.prevObject=this,b.context=this.context,b},each:function(a,b){return m.each(this,a,b)},map:function(a){return this.pushStack(m.map(this,function(b,c){return a.call(b,c,b)}))},slice:function(){return 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+/*
+ * pyramid.css_t
+ * ~~~~~~~~~~~~
+ *
+ * Sphinx stylesheet -- pylons theme.
+ *
+ * :copyright: Copyright 2007-2014 by the Sphinx team, see AUTHORS.
+ * :license: BSD, see LICENSE for details.
+ *
+ */
+ 
+@import url("basic.css");
+ 
+/* -- page layout ----------------------------------------------------------- */
+ 
+body {
+    font-family: "Nobile", sans-serif;
+    font-size: 100%;
+    background-color: #393939;
+    color: #ffffff;
+    margin: 0;
+    padding: 0;
+}
+
+div.documentwrapper {
+    float: left;
+    width: 100%;
+}
+
+div.bodywrapper {
+    margin: 0 0 0 230px;
+}
+
+hr {
+    border: 1px solid #B1B4B6;
+}
+ 
+div.document {
+    background-color: #eee;
+}
+
+div.header {
+    width:100%;
+    background-color: #393939;
+    border-bottom: 2px solid #ffffff;
+    height:105px;
+    /* width:100%;
+    height:120px;
+    background:#eee; */
+}
+
+/* div.logo {
+    text-align: center;
+    padding-top: 10px;
+} */
+
+div.logo {
+    text-align: left;
+    padding: 10px;
+    margin-bottom: -20px
+}
+div.logo img {
+    height: auto;
+    width: auto;
+    position: absolute;
+    top: 0px;
+    left: 10px;
+}
+div.logo p {
+    font-size: 18px;
+    font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;
+    text-transform: uppercase;
+    color: #FFF;
+    text-decoration: none;
+    border: none;
+    padding: 14px 0px 19px;
+    margin: 0px 60px;
+}
+
+div.body {
+    background-color: #ffffff;
+    color: #3E4349;
+    padding: 0 30px 30px 30px;
+    font-size: 1em;
+    border: 2px solid #ddd;
+    border-right-style: none;
+    overflow: auto;
+}
+ 
+div.footer {
+    color: #ffffff;
+    width: 100%;
+    padding: 13px 0;
+    text-align: center;
+    font-size: 75%;
+    background: transparent;
+    clear:both;
+}
+ 
+div.footer a {
+    color: #ffffff;
+    text-decoration: none;
+}
+
+div.footer a:hover {
+    color: #e88f00;
+    text-decoration: underline;
+}
+ 
+div.related {
+    line-height: 30px;
+    color: #373839;
+    font-size: 0.8em;
+    background-color: #eee;
+}
+ 
+div.related a {
+    color: #1b61d6;
+}
+
+div.related ul {
+    padding-left: 240px;
+}
+ 
+div.sphinxsidebar {
+    font-size: 0.75em;
+    line-height: 1.5em;
+}
+
+div.sphinxsidebarwrapper{
+    padding: 10px 0;
+}
+ 
+div.sphinxsidebar h3,
+div.sphinxsidebar h4 {
+    font-family: "Neuton", sans-serif;
+    color: #373839;
+    font-size: 1.4em;
+    font-weight: normal;
+    margin: 0;
+    padding: 5px 10px;
+    border-bottom: 2px solid #ddd;
+}
+
+div.sphinxsidebar h4{
+    font-size: 1.3em;
+}
+ 
+div.sphinxsidebar h3 a {
+    color: #000000;
+}
+ 
+ 
+div.sphinxsidebar p {
+    color: #888;
+    padding: 5px 20px;
+}
+ 
+div.sphinxsidebar p.topless {
+}
+ 
+div.sphinxsidebar ul {
+    margin: 10px 20px;
+    padding: 0;
+    color: #373839;
+}
+ 
+div.sphinxsidebar a {
+    color: #444;
+}
+ 
+div.sphinxsidebar input {
+    border: 1px solid #ccc;
+    font-family: sans-serif;
+    font-size: 1em;
+}
+
+div.sphinxsidebar input[type=text]{
+    margin-left: 20px;
+}
+
+/* -- sidebars -------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+div.sidebar {
+    margin: 0 0 0.5em 1em;
+    border: 2px solid #c6d880;
+    background-color: #e6efc2;
+    width: 40%;
+    float: right;
+    border-right-style: none;
+    border-left-style: none;
+    padding: 10px 20px;
+}
+
+p.sidebar-title {
+    font-weight: bold;
+}
+
+/* -- body styles ----------------------------------------------------------- */
+ 
+a, a .pre {
+    color: #1b61d6;
+    text-decoration: none;
+}
+ 
+a:hover, a:hover .pre {
+    text-decoration: underline;
+}
+ 
+div.body h1,
+div.body h2,
+div.body h3,
+div.body h4,
+div.body h5,
+div.body h6 {
+    font-family: "Neuton", sans-serif;
+    background-color: #ffffff;
+    font-weight: normal;
+    color: #373839;
+    margin: 30px 0px 10px 0px;
+    padding: 5px 0;
+}
+ 
+div.body h1 { border-top: 20px solid white; margin-top: 0; font-size: 200%; }
+div.body h2 { font-size: 150%; background-color: #ffffff; }
+div.body h3 { font-size: 120%; background-color: #ffffff; }
+div.body h4 { font-size: 110%; background-color: #ffffff; }
+div.body h5 { font-size: 100%; background-color: #ffffff; }
+div.body h6 { font-size: 100%; background-color: #ffffff; }
+ 
+a.headerlink {
+    color: #1b61d6;
+    font-size: 0.8em;
+    padding: 0 4px 0 4px;
+    text-decoration: none;
+}
+ 
+a.headerlink:hover {
+    text-decoration: underline;
+}
+ 
+div.body p, div.body dd, div.body li {
+    line-height: 1.5em;
+}
+ 
+div.admonition p.admonition-title + p {
+    display: inline;
+}
+
+div.admonition {
+    background: #eeeeec;
+    border: 2px solid #babdb6;
+    border-right-style: none;
+    border-left-style: none;
+    padding: 10px 20px 10px 60px;
+}
+
+div.highlight{
+    background-color: white;
+}
+
+div.note {
+    border: 2px solid #7a9eec;
+    border-right-style: none;
+    border-left-style: none;
+    padding: 10px 20px 10px 60px;
+    background: #e1ecfe url(dialog-note.png) no-repeat 10px 8px;
+}
+ 
+div.seealso {
+    background: #fff6bf url(dialog-seealso.png) no-repeat 10px 8px;
+    border: 2px solid #ffd324;
+    border-left-style: none;
+    border-right-style: none;
+    padding: 10px 20px 10px 60px;
+}
+ 
+div.topic {
+    background: #eeeeee;
+    border: 2px solid #C6C9CB;
+    padding: 10px 20px;
+    border-right-style: none;
+    border-left-style: none;
+}
+ 
+div.warning {
+    background: #fbe3e4 url(dialog-warning.png) no-repeat 10px 8px;
+    border: 2px solid #fbc2c4;
+    border-right-style: none;
+    border-left-style: none;
+    padding: 10px 20px 10px 60px;
+}
+
+div.admonition-todo {
+    background: #f2d9b4 url(dialog-todo.png) no-repeat 10px 8px;
+    border: 2px solid #e9b96e;
+    border-right-style: none;
+    border-left-style: none;
+    padding: 10px 20px 10px 60px;
+}
+ 
+div.note p.admonition-title,
+div.warning p.admonition-title,
+div.seealso p.admonition-title,
+div.admonition-todo p.admonition-title {
+    display: none;
+}
+ 
+p.admonition-title:after {
+    content: ":";
+}
+ 
+pre {
+    padding: 10px;
+    background-color: #fafafa;
+    color: #222;
+    line-height: 1.2em;
+    border: 2px solid #C6C9CB;
+    font-size: 1.1em;
+    margin: 1.5em 0 1.5em 0;
+    border-right-style: none;
+    border-left-style: none;
+}
+ 
+tt {
+    background-color: transparent;
+    color: #222;
+    font-size: 1.1em;
+    font-family: monospace;
+}
+
+.viewcode-back {
+    font-family: "Nobile", sans-serif;
+}
+
+div.viewcode-block:target {
+    background-color: #fff6bf;
+    border: 2px solid #ffd324;
+    border-left-style: none;
+    border-right-style: none;
+    padding: 10px 20px;
+}
+
+table.highlighttable {
+    width: 100%;
+}
+
+table.highlighttable td {
+    padding: 0;
+}
+
+a em.std-term {
+   color: #007f00;
+}
+
+a:hover em.std-term {
+    text-decoration: underline;
+}
+
+.download {
+    font-family: "Nobile", sans-serif;
+    font-weight: normal;
+    font-style: normal;
+}
+
+tt.xref {
+    font-weight: normal;
+    font-style: normal;
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/slides/_static/python.png b/slides/_static/python.png
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..23a4c6e3
Binary files /dev/null and b/slides/_static/python.png differ
diff --git a/slides/_static/scream.jpg b/slides/_static/scream.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bccec178
Binary files /dev/null and b/slides/_static/scream.jpg differ
diff --git a/source/_themes/uwpce_slides2/static/scripts/md/README.md b/slides/_static/scripts/md/README.md
similarity index 100%
rename from source/_themes/uwpce_slides2/static/scripts/md/README.md
rename to slides/_static/scripts/md/README.md
diff --git a/source/_themes/uwpce_slides2/static/scripts/md/base.html b/slides/_static/scripts/md/base.html
similarity index 100%
rename from source/_themes/uwpce_slides2/static/scripts/md/base.html
rename to slides/_static/scripts/md/base.html
diff --git a/source/_themes/uwpce_slides2/static/scripts/md/render.py b/slides/_static/scripts/md/render.py
old mode 100755
new mode 100644
similarity index 100%
rename from source/_themes/uwpce_slides2/static/scripts/md/render.py
rename to slides/_static/scripts/md/render.py
diff --git a/source/_themes/uwpce_slides2/static/scripts/md/slides.md b/slides/_static/scripts/md/slides.md
similarity index 100%
rename from source/_themes/uwpce_slides2/static/scripts/md/slides.md
rename to slides/_static/scripts/md/slides.md
diff --git a/slides/_static/searchtools.js b/slides/_static/searchtools.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0e794fd3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/slides/_static/searchtools.js
@@ -0,0 +1,622 @@
+/*
+ * searchtools.js_t
+ * ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+ *
+ * Sphinx JavaScript utilties for the full-text search.
+ *
+ * :copyright: Copyright 2007-2015 by the Sphinx team, see AUTHORS.
+ * :license: BSD, see LICENSE for details.
+ *
+ */
+
+
+/**
+ * Porter Stemmer
+ */
+var Stemmer = function() {
+
+  var step2list = {
+    ational: 'ate',
+    tional: 'tion',
+    enci: 'ence',
+    anci: 'ance',
+    izer: 'ize',
+    bli: 'ble',
+    alli: 'al',
+    entli: 'ent',
+    eli: 'e',
+    ousli: 'ous',
+    ization: 'ize',
+    ation: 'ate',
+    ator: 'ate',
+    alism: 'al',
+    iveness: 'ive',
+    fulness: 'ful',
+    ousness: 'ous',
+    aliti: 'al',
+    iviti: 'ive',
+    biliti: 'ble',
+    logi: 'log'
+  };
+
+  var step3list = {
+    icate: 'ic',
+    ative: '',
+    alize: 'al',
+    iciti: 'ic',
+    ical: 'ic',
+    ful: '',
+    ness: ''
+  };
+
+  var c = "[^aeiou]";          // consonant
+  var v = "[aeiouy]";          // vowel
+  var C = c + "[^aeiouy]*";    // consonant sequence
+  var V = v + "[aeiou]*";      // vowel sequence
+
+  var mgr0 = "^(" + C + ")?" + V + C;                      // [C]VC... is m>0
+  var meq1 = "^(" + C + ")?" + V + C + "(" + V + ")?$";    // [C]VC[V] is m=1
+  var mgr1 = "^(" + C + ")?" + V + C + V + C;              // [C]VCVC... is m>1
+  var s_v   = "^(" + C + ")?" + v;                         // vowel in stem
+
+  this.stemWord = function (w) {
+    var stem;
+    var suffix;
+    var firstch;
+    var origword = w;
+
+    if (w.length < 3)
+      return w;
+
+    var re;
+    var re2;
+    var re3;
+    var re4;
+
+    firstch = w.substr(0,1);
+    if (firstch == "y")
+      w = firstch.toUpperCase() + w.substr(1);
+
+    // Step 1a
+    re = /^(.+?)(ss|i)es$/;
+    re2 = /^(.+?)([^s])s$/;
+
+    if (re.test(w))
+      w = w.replace(re,"$1$2");
+    else if (re2.test(w))
+      w = w.replace(re2,"$1$2");
+
+    // Step 1b
+    re = /^(.+?)eed$/;
+    re2 = /^(.+?)(ed|ing)$/;
+    if (re.test(w)) {
+      var fp = re.exec(w);
+      re = new RegExp(mgr0);
+      if (re.test(fp[1])) {
+        re = /.$/;
+        w = w.replace(re,"");
+      }
+    }
+    else if (re2.test(w)) {
+      var fp = re2.exec(w);
+      stem = fp[1];
+      re2 = new RegExp(s_v);
+      if (re2.test(stem)) {
+        w = stem;
+        re2 = /(at|bl|iz)$/;
+        re3 = new RegExp("([^aeiouylsz])\\1$");
+        re4 = new RegExp("^" + C + v + "[^aeiouwxy]$");
+        if (re2.test(w))
+          w = w + "e";
+        else if (re3.test(w)) {
+          re = /.$/;
+          w = w.replace(re,"");
+        }
+        else if (re4.test(w))
+          w = w + "e";
+      }
+    }
+
+    // Step 1c
+    re = /^(.+?)y$/;
+    if (re.test(w)) {
+      var fp = re.exec(w);
+      stem = fp[1];
+      re = new RegExp(s_v);
+      if (re.test(stem))
+        w = stem + "i";
+    }
+
+    // Step 2
+    re = /^(.+?)(ational|tional|enci|anci|izer|bli|alli|entli|eli|ousli|ization|ation|ator|alism|iveness|fulness|ousness|aliti|iviti|biliti|logi)$/;
+    if (re.test(w)) {
+      var fp = re.exec(w);
+      stem = fp[1];
+      suffix = fp[2];
+      re = new RegExp(mgr0);
+      if (re.test(stem))
+        w = stem + step2list[suffix];
+    }
+
+    // Step 3
+    re = /^(.+?)(icate|ative|alize|iciti|ical|ful|ness)$/;
+    if (re.test(w)) {
+      var fp = re.exec(w);
+      stem = fp[1];
+      suffix = fp[2];
+      re = new RegExp(mgr0);
+      if (re.test(stem))
+        w = stem + step3list[suffix];
+    }
+
+    // Step 4
+    re = /^(.+?)(al|ance|ence|er|ic|able|ible|ant|ement|ment|ent|ou|ism|ate|iti|ous|ive|ize)$/;
+    re2 = /^(.+?)(s|t)(ion)$/;
+    if (re.test(w)) {
+      var fp = re.exec(w);
+      stem = fp[1];
+      re = new RegExp(mgr1);
+      if (re.test(stem))
+        w = stem;
+    }
+    else if (re2.test(w)) {
+      var fp = re2.exec(w);
+      stem = fp[1] + fp[2];
+      re2 = new RegExp(mgr1);
+      if (re2.test(stem))
+        w = stem;
+    }
+
+    // Step 5
+    re = /^(.+?)e$/;
+    if (re.test(w)) {
+      var fp = re.exec(w);
+      stem = fp[1];
+      re = new RegExp(mgr1);
+      re2 = new RegExp(meq1);
+      re3 = new RegExp("^" + C + v + "[^aeiouwxy]$");
+      if (re.test(stem) || (re2.test(stem) && !(re3.test(stem))))
+        w = stem;
+    }
+    re = /ll$/;
+    re2 = new RegExp(mgr1);
+    if (re.test(w) && re2.test(w)) {
+      re = /.$/;
+      w = w.replace(re,"");
+    }
+
+    // and turn initial Y back to y
+    if (firstch == "y")
+      w = firstch.toLowerCase() + w.substr(1);
+    return w;
+  }
+}
+
+
+
+/**
+ * Simple result scoring code.
+ */
+var Scorer = {
+  // Implement the following function to further tweak the score for each result
+  // The function takes a result array [filename, title, anchor, descr, score]
+  // and returns the new score.
+  /*
+  score: function(result) {
+    return result[4];
+  },
+  */
+
+  // query matches the full name of an object
+  objNameMatch: 11,
+  // or matches in the last dotted part of the object name
+  objPartialMatch: 6,
+  // Additive scores depending on the priority of the object
+  objPrio: {0:  15,   // used to be importantResults
+            1:  5,   // used to be objectResults
+            2: -5},  // used to be unimportantResults
+  //  Used when the priority is not in the mapping.
+  objPrioDefault: 0,
+
+  // query found in title
+  title: 15,
+  // query found in terms
+  term: 5
+};
+
+
+/**
+ * Search Module
+ */
+var Search = {
+
+  _index : null,
+  _queued_query : null,
+  _pulse_status : -1,
+
+  init : function() {
+      var params = $.getQueryParameters();
+      if (params.q) {
+          var query = params.q[0];
+          $('input[name="q"]')[0].value = query;
+          this.performSearch(query);
+      }
+  },
+
+  loadIndex : function(url) {
+    $.ajax({type: "GET", url: url, data: null,
+            dataType: "script", cache: true,
+            complete: function(jqxhr, textstatus) {
+              if (textstatus != "success") {
+                document.getElementById("searchindexloader").src = url;
+              }
+            }});
+  },
+
+  setIndex : function(index) {
+    var q;
+    this._index = index;
+    if ((q = this._queued_query) !== null) {
+      this._queued_query = null;
+      Search.query(q);
+    }
+  },
+
+  hasIndex : function() {
+      return this._index !== null;
+  },
+
+  deferQuery : function(query) {
+      this._queued_query = query;
+  },
+
+  stopPulse : function() {
+      this._pulse_status = 0;
+  },
+
+  startPulse : function() {
+    if (this._pulse_status >= 0)
+        return;
+    function pulse() {
+      var i;
+      Search._pulse_status = (Search._pulse_status + 1) % 4;
+      var dotString = '';
+      for (i = 0; i < Search._pulse_status; i++)
+        dotString += '.';
+      Search.dots.text(dotString);
+      if (Search._pulse_status > -1)
+        window.setTimeout(pulse, 500);
+    }
+    pulse();
+  },
+
+  /**
+   * perform a search for something (or wait until index is loaded)
+   */
+  performSearch : function(query) {
+    // create the required interface elements
+    this.out = $('#search-results');
+    this.title = $('<h2>' + _('Searching') + '</h2>').appendTo(this.out);
+    this.dots = $('<span></span>').appendTo(this.title);
+    this.status = $('<p style="display: none"></p>').appendTo(this.out);
+    this.output = $('<ul class="search"/>').appendTo(this.out);
+
+    $('#search-progress').text(_('Preparing search...'));
+    this.startPulse();
+
+    // index already loaded, the browser was quick!
+    if (this.hasIndex())
+      this.query(query);
+    else
+      this.deferQuery(query);
+  },
+
+  /**
+   * execute search (requires search index to be loaded)
+   */
+  query : function(query) {
+    var i;
+    var stopwords = ["a","and","are","as","at","be","but","by","for","if","in","into","is","it","near","no","not","of","on","or","such","that","the","their","then","there","these","they","this","to","was","will","with"];
+
+    // stem the searchterms and add them to the correct list
+    var stemmer = new Stemmer();
+    var searchterms = [];
+    var excluded = [];
+    var hlterms = [];
+    var tmp = query.split(/\s+/);
+    var objectterms = [];
+    for (i = 0; i < tmp.length; i++) {
+      if (tmp[i] !== "") {
+          objectterms.push(tmp[i].toLowerCase());
+      }
+
+      if ($u.indexOf(stopwords, tmp[i].toLowerCase()) != -1 || tmp[i].match(/^\d+$/) ||
+          tmp[i] === "") {
+        // skip this "word"
+        continue;
+      }
+      // stem the word
+      var word = stemmer.stemWord(tmp[i].toLowerCase());
+      var toAppend;
+      // select the correct list
+      if (word[0] == '-') {
+        toAppend = excluded;
+        word = word.substr(1);
+      }
+      else {
+        toAppend = searchterms;
+        hlterms.push(tmp[i].toLowerCase());
+      }
+      // only add if not already in the list
+      if (!$u.contains(toAppend, word))
+        toAppend.push(word);
+    }
+    var highlightstring = '?highlight=' + $.urlencode(hlterms.join(" "));
+
+    // console.debug('SEARCH: searching for:');
+    // console.info('required: ', searchterms);
+    // console.info('excluded: ', excluded);
+
+    // prepare search
+    var terms = this._index.terms;
+    var titleterms = this._index.titleterms;
+
+    // array of [filename, title, anchor, descr, score]
+    var results = [];
+    $('#search-progress').empty();
+
+    // lookup as object
+    for (i = 0; i < objectterms.length; i++) {
+      var others = [].concat(objectterms.slice(0, i),
+                             objectterms.slice(i+1, objectterms.length));
+      results = results.concat(this.performObjectSearch(objectterms[i], others));
+    }
+
+    // lookup as search terms in fulltext
+    results = results.concat(this.performTermsSearch(searchterms, excluded, terms, Scorer.term))
+                     .concat(this.performTermsSearch(searchterms, excluded, titleterms, Scorer.title));
+
+    // let the scorer override scores with a custom scoring function
+    if (Scorer.score) {
+      for (i = 0; i < results.length; i++)
+        results[i][4] = Scorer.score(results[i]);
+    }
+
+    // now sort the results by score (in opposite order of appearance, since the
+    // display function below uses pop() to retrieve items) and then
+    // alphabetically
+    results.sort(function(a, b) {
+      var left = a[4];
+      var right = b[4];
+      if (left > right) {
+        return 1;
+      } else if (left < right) {
+        return -1;
+      } else {
+        // same score: sort alphabetically
+        left = a[1].toLowerCase();
+        right = b[1].toLowerCase();
+        return (left > right) ? -1 : ((left < right) ? 1 : 0);
+      }
+    });
+
+    // for debugging
+    //Search.lastresults = results.slice();  // a copy
+    //console.info('search results:', Search.lastresults);
+
+    // print the results
+    var resultCount = results.length;
+    function displayNextItem() {
+      // results left, load the summary and display it
+      if (results.length) {
+        var item = results.pop();
+        var listItem = $('<li style="display:none"></li>');
+        if (DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS.FILE_SUFFIX === '') {
+          // dirhtml builder
+          var dirname = item[0] + '/';
+          if (dirname.match(/\/index\/$/)) {
+            dirname = dirname.substring(0, dirname.length-6);
+          } else if (dirname == 'index/') {
+            dirname = '';
+          }
+          listItem.append($('<a/>').attr('href',
+            DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS.URL_ROOT + dirname +
+            highlightstring + item[2]).html(item[1]));
+        } else {
+          // normal html builders
+          listItem.append($('<a/>').attr('href',
+            item[0] + DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS.FILE_SUFFIX +
+            highlightstring + item[2]).html(item[1]));
+        }
+        if (item[3]) {
+          listItem.append($('<span> (' + item[3] + ')</span>'));
+          Search.output.append(listItem);
+          listItem.slideDown(5, function() {
+            displayNextItem();
+          });
+        } else if (DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS.HAS_SOURCE) {
+          $.ajax({url: DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS.URL_ROOT + '_sources/' + item[0] + '.txt',
+                  dataType: "text",
+                  complete: function(jqxhr, textstatus) {
+                    var data = jqxhr.responseText;
+                    if (data !== '' && data !== undefined) {
+                      listItem.append(Search.makeSearchSummary(data, searchterms, hlterms));
+                    }
+                    Search.output.append(listItem);
+                    listItem.slideDown(5, function() {
+                      displayNextItem();
+                    });
+                  }});
+        } else {
+          // no source available, just display title
+          Search.output.append(listItem);
+          listItem.slideDown(5, function() {
+            displayNextItem();
+          });
+        }
+      }
+      // search finished, update title and status message
+      else {
+        Search.stopPulse();
+        Search.title.text(_('Search Results'));
+        if (!resultCount)
+          Search.status.text(_('Your search did not match any documents. Please make sure that all words are spelled correctly and that you\'ve selected enough categories.'));
+        else
+            Search.status.text(_('Search finished, found %s page(s) matching the search query.').replace('%s', resultCount));
+        Search.status.fadeIn(500);
+      }
+    }
+    displayNextItem();
+  },
+
+  /**
+   * search for object names
+   */
+  performObjectSearch : function(object, otherterms) {
+    var filenames = this._index.filenames;
+    var objects = this._index.objects;
+    var objnames = this._index.objnames;
+    var titles = this._index.titles;
+
+    var i;
+    var results = [];
+
+    for (var prefix in objects) {
+      for (var name in objects[prefix]) {
+        var fullname = (prefix ? prefix + '.' : '') + name;
+        if (fullname.toLowerCase().indexOf(object) > -1) {
+          var score = 0;
+          var parts = fullname.split('.');
+          // check for different match types: exact matches of full name or
+          // "last name" (i.e. last dotted part)
+          if (fullname == object || parts[parts.length - 1] == object) {
+            score += Scorer.objNameMatch;
+          // matches in last name
+          } else if (parts[parts.length - 1].indexOf(object) > -1) {
+            score += Scorer.objPartialMatch;
+          }
+          var match = objects[prefix][name];
+          var objname = objnames[match[1]][2];
+          var title = titles[match[0]];
+          // If more than one term searched for, we require other words to be
+          // found in the name/title/description
+          if (otherterms.length > 0) {
+            var haystack = (prefix + ' ' + name + ' ' +
+                            objname + ' ' + title).toLowerCase();
+            var allfound = true;
+            for (i = 0; i < otherterms.length; i++) {
+              if (haystack.indexOf(otherterms[i]) == -1) {
+                allfound = false;
+                break;
+              }
+            }
+            if (!allfound) {
+              continue;
+            }
+          }
+          var descr = objname + _(', in ') + title;
+
+          var anchor = match[3];
+          if (anchor === '')
+            anchor = fullname;
+          else if (anchor == '-')
+            anchor = objnames[match[1]][1] + '-' + fullname;
+          // add custom score for some objects according to scorer
+          if (Scorer.objPrio.hasOwnProperty(match[2])) {
+            score += Scorer.objPrio[match[2]];
+          } else {
+            score += Scorer.objPrioDefault;
+          }
+          results.push([filenames[match[0]], fullname, '#'+anchor, descr, score]);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    return results;
+  },
+
+  /**
+   * search for full-text terms in the index
+   */
+  performTermsSearch : function(searchterms, excluded, terms, score) {
+    var filenames = this._index.filenames;
+    var titles = this._index.titles;
+
+    var i, j, file, files;
+    var fileMap = {};
+    var results = [];
+
+    // perform the search on the required terms
+    for (i = 0; i < searchterms.length; i++) {
+      var word = searchterms[i];
+      // no match but word was a required one
+      if ((files = terms[word]) === undefined)
+        break;
+      if (files.length === undefined) {
+        files = [files];
+      }
+      // create the mapping
+      for (j = 0; j < files.length; j++) {
+        file = files[j];
+        if (file in fileMap)
+          fileMap[file].push(word);
+        else
+          fileMap[file] = [word];
+      }
+    }
+
+    // now check if the files don't contain excluded terms
+    for (file in fileMap) {
+      var valid = true;
+
+      // check if all requirements are matched
+      if (fileMap[file].length != searchterms.length)
+          continue;
+
+      // ensure that none of the excluded terms is in the search result
+      for (i = 0; i < excluded.length; i++) {
+        if (terms[excluded[i]] == file ||
+          $u.contains(terms[excluded[i]] || [], file)) {
+          valid = false;
+          break;
+        }
+      }
+
+      // if we have still a valid result we can add it to the result list
+      if (valid) {
+        results.push([filenames[file], titles[file], '', null, score]);
+      }
+    }
+    return results;
+  },
+
+  /**
+   * helper function to return a node containing the
+   * search summary for a given text. keywords is a list
+   * of stemmed words, hlwords is the list of normal, unstemmed
+   * words. the first one is used to find the occurance, the
+   * latter for highlighting it.
+   */
+  makeSearchSummary : function(text, keywords, hlwords) {
+    var textLower = text.toLowerCase();
+    var start = 0;
+    $.each(keywords, function() {
+      var i = textLower.indexOf(this.toLowerCase());
+      if (i > -1)
+        start = i;
+    });
+    start = Math.max(start - 120, 0);
+    var excerpt = ((start > 0) ? '...' : '') +
+      $.trim(text.substr(start, 240)) +
+      ((start + 240 - text.length) ? '...' : '');
+    var rv = $('<div class="context"></div>').text(excerpt);
+    $.each(hlwords, function() {
+      rv = rv.highlightText(this, 'highlighted');
+    });
+    return rv;
+  }
+};
+
+$(document).ready(function() {
+  Search.init();
+});
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/slides/_static/sheep_pyramid.jpg b/slides/_static/sheep_pyramid.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..17b0858e
Binary files /dev/null and b/slides/_static/sheep_pyramid.jpg differ
diff --git a/slides/_static/skateboard.jpg b/slides/_static/skateboard.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ed47cd93
Binary files /dev/null and b/slides/_static/skateboard.jpg differ
diff --git a/source/_themes/uwpce_slides2/static/slide_config.js b/slides/_static/slide_config.js
similarity index 59%
rename from source/_themes/uwpce_slides2/static/slide_config.js
rename to slides/_static/slide_config.js
index 0d9b7c6f..fe6ee710 100644
--- a/source/_themes/uwpce_slides2/static/slide_config.js
+++ b/slides/_static/slide_config.js
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 var SLIDE_CONFIG = {
   // Slide settings
   settings: {
-    title: 'Title Goes Here<br>Up To Two Lines',
-    subtitle: 'Subtitle Goes Here',
+    title: 'Internet Programming with Python',
+    subtitle: 'UWPCE Python 200',
     //eventInfo: {
     //  title: 'Google I/O',
     //  date: '6/x/2013'
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ var SLIDE_CONFIG = {
     enableSlideAreas: true, // Default: true. False turns off the click areas on either slide of the slides.
     enableTouch: true, // Default: true. If touch support should enabled. Note: the device must support touch.
     //analytics: 'UA-XXXXXXXX-1', // TODO: Using this breaks GA for some reason (probably requirejs). Update your tracking code in template.html instead.
-    favIcon: 'images/google_developers_logo_tiny.png',
+    favIcon: '',
     fonts: [
       'Open Sans:regular,semibold,italic,italicsemibold',
       'Source Code Pro'
@@ -21,20 +21,6 @@ var SLIDE_CONFIG = {
   },
 
   // Author information
-  presenters: [{
-    name: 'Firstname Lastname',
-    company: 'Job Title<br>Google',
-    gplus: 'http://plus.google.com/1234567890',
-    twitter: '@yourhandle',
-    www: 'http://www.you.com',
-    github: 'http://github.com/you'
-  }/*, {
-    name: 'Second Name',
-    company: 'Job Title, Google',
-    gplus: 'http://plus.google.com/1234567890',
-    twitter: '@yourhandle',
-    www: 'http://www.you.com',
-    github: 'http://github.com/you'
-  }*/]
-};
-
+  presenters: [{"twitter": "@crisewing", "company": "Cris Ewing, Developer LLC", "github": "http://github.com/cewing", "name": "Cris Ewing", "www": "http://crisewing.com"}]
+  
+};
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/slides/_static/socket_interaction.png b/slides/_static/socket_interaction.png
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..69b9ac86
Binary files /dev/null and b/slides/_static/socket_interaction.png differ
diff --git a/source/_themes/uwpce_slides2/static/template.html b/slides/_static/template.html
similarity index 100%
rename from source/_themes/uwpce_slides2/static/template.html
rename to slides/_static/template.html
diff --git a/source/_themes/uwpce_slides2/static/theme/css/default.css b/slides/_static/theme/css/default.css
similarity index 100%
rename from source/_themes/uwpce_slides2/static/theme/css/default.css
rename to slides/_static/theme/css/default.css
diff --git a/source/_themes/uwpce_slides2/static/theme/css/hieroglyph.css b/slides/_static/theme/css/hieroglyph.css
similarity index 100%
rename from source/_themes/uwpce_slides2/static/theme/css/hieroglyph.css
rename to slides/_static/theme/css/hieroglyph.css
diff --git a/source/_themes/uwpce_slides2/static/theme/css/io2013.css b/slides/_static/theme/css/io2013.css
similarity index 100%
rename from source/_themes/uwpce_slides2/static/theme/css/io2013.css
rename to slides/_static/theme/css/io2013.css
diff --git a/source/_themes/uwpce_slides2/static/theme/css/phone.css b/slides/_static/theme/css/phone.css
similarity index 100%
rename from source/_themes/uwpce_slides2/static/theme/css/phone.css
rename to slides/_static/theme/css/phone.css
diff --git a/source/_themes/uwpce_slides2/static/theme/scss/_base.scss b/slides/_static/theme/scss/_base.scss
similarity index 100%
rename from source/_themes/uwpce_slides2/static/theme/scss/_base.scss
rename to slides/_static/theme/scss/_base.scss
diff --git a/source/_themes/uwpce_slides2/static/theme/scss/_variables.scss b/slides/_static/theme/scss/_variables.scss
similarity index 100%
rename from source/_themes/uwpce_slides2/static/theme/scss/_variables.scss
rename to slides/_static/theme/scss/_variables.scss
diff --git a/source/_themes/uwpce_slides2/static/theme/scss/default.scss b/slides/_static/theme/scss/default.scss
similarity index 100%
rename from source/_themes/uwpce_slides2/static/theme/scss/default.scss
rename to slides/_static/theme/scss/default.scss
diff --git a/source/_themes/uwpce_slides2/static/theme/scss/hieroglyph.scss b/slides/_static/theme/scss/hieroglyph.scss
similarity index 100%
rename from source/_themes/uwpce_slides2/static/theme/scss/hieroglyph.scss
rename to slides/_static/theme/scss/hieroglyph.scss
diff --git a/source/_themes/uwpce_slides2/static/theme/scss/io2013.scss b/slides/_static/theme/scss/io2013.scss
similarity index 100%
rename from source/_themes/uwpce_slides2/static/theme/scss/io2013.scss
rename to slides/_static/theme/scss/io2013.scss
diff --git a/source/_themes/uwpce_slides2/static/theme/scss/phone.scss b/slides/_static/theme/scss/phone.scss
similarity index 100%
rename from source/_themes/uwpce_slides2/static/theme/scss/phone.scss
rename to slides/_static/theme/scss/phone.scss
diff --git a/slides/_static/transparent.gif b/slides/_static/transparent.gif
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0341802e
Binary files /dev/null and b/slides/_static/transparent.gif differ
diff --git a/slides/_static/underscore-1.3.1.js b/slides/_static/underscore-1.3.1.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..208d4cd8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/slides/_static/underscore-1.3.1.js
@@ -0,0 +1,999 @@
+//     Underscore.js 1.3.1
+//     (c) 2009-2012 Jeremy Ashkenas, DocumentCloud Inc.
+//     Underscore is freely distributable under the MIT license.
+//     Portions of Underscore are inspired or borrowed from Prototype,
+//     Oliver Steele's Functional, and John Resig's Micro-Templating.
+//     For all details and documentation:
+//     http://documentcloud.github.com/underscore
+
+(function() {
+
+  // Baseline setup
+  // --------------
+
+  // Establish the root object, `window` in the browser, or `global` on the server.
+  var root = this;
+
+  // Save the previous value of the `_` variable.
+  var previousUnderscore = root._;
+
+  // Establish the object that gets returned to break out of a loop iteration.
+  var breaker = {};
+
+  // Save bytes in the minified (but not gzipped) version:
+  var ArrayProto = Array.prototype, ObjProto = Object.prototype, FuncProto = Function.prototype;
+
+  // Create quick reference variables for speed access to core prototypes.
+  var slice            = ArrayProto.slice,
+      unshift          = ArrayProto.unshift,
+      toString         = ObjProto.toString,
+      hasOwnProperty   = ObjProto.hasOwnProperty;
+
+  // All **ECMAScript 5** native function implementations that we hope to use
+  // are declared here.
+  var
+    nativeForEach      = ArrayProto.forEach,
+    nativeMap          = ArrayProto.map,
+    nativeReduce       = ArrayProto.reduce,
+    nativeReduceRight  = ArrayProto.reduceRight,
+    nativeFilter       = ArrayProto.filter,
+    nativeEvery        = ArrayProto.every,
+    nativeSome         = ArrayProto.some,
+    nativeIndexOf      = ArrayProto.indexOf,
+    nativeLastIndexOf  = ArrayProto.lastIndexOf,
+    nativeIsArray      = Array.isArray,
+    nativeKeys         = Object.keys,
+    nativeBind         = FuncProto.bind;
+
+  // Create a safe reference to the Underscore object for use below.
+  var _ = function(obj) { return new wrapper(obj); };
+
+  // Export the Underscore object for **Node.js**, with
+  // backwards-compatibility for the old `require()` API. If we're in
+  // the browser, add `_` as a global object via a string identifier,
+  // for Closure Compiler "advanced" mode.
+  if (typeof exports !== 'undefined') {
+    if (typeof module !== 'undefined' && module.exports) {
+      exports = module.exports = _;
+    }
+    exports._ = _;
+  } else {
+    root['_'] = _;
+  }
+
+  // Current version.
+  _.VERSION = '1.3.1';
+
+  // Collection Functions
+  // --------------------
+
+  // The cornerstone, an `each` implementation, aka `forEach`.
+  // Handles objects with the built-in `forEach`, arrays, and raw objects.
+  // Delegates to **ECMAScript 5**'s native `forEach` if available.
+  var each = _.each = _.forEach = function(obj, iterator, context) {
+    if (obj == null) return;
+    if (nativeForEach && obj.forEach === nativeForEach) {
+      obj.forEach(iterator, context);
+    } else if (obj.length === +obj.length) {
+      for (var i = 0, l = obj.length; i < l; i++) {
+        if (i in obj && iterator.call(context, obj[i], i, obj) === breaker) return;
+      }
+    } else {
+      for (var key in obj) {
+        if (_.has(obj, key)) {
+          if (iterator.call(context, obj[key], key, obj) === breaker) return;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  };
+
+  // Return the results of applying the iterator to each element.
+  // Delegates to **ECMAScript 5**'s native `map` if available.
+  _.map = _.collect = function(obj, iterator, context) {
+    var results = [];
+    if (obj == null) return results;
+    if (nativeMap && obj.map === nativeMap) return obj.map(iterator, context);
+    each(obj, function(value, index, list) {
+      results[results.length] = iterator.call(context, value, index, list);
+    });
+    if (obj.length === +obj.length) results.length = obj.length;
+    return results;
+  };
+
+  // **Reduce** builds up a single result from a list of values, aka `inject`,
+  // or `foldl`. Delegates to **ECMAScript 5**'s native `reduce` if available.
+  _.reduce = _.foldl = _.inject = function(obj, iterator, memo, context) {
+    var initial = arguments.length > 2;
+    if (obj == null) obj = [];
+    if (nativeReduce && obj.reduce === nativeReduce) {
+      if (context) iterator = _.bind(iterator, context);
+      return initial ? obj.reduce(iterator, memo) : obj.reduce(iterator);
+    }
+    each(obj, function(value, index, list) {
+      if (!initial) {
+        memo = value;
+        initial = true;
+      } else {
+        memo = iterator.call(context, memo, value, index, list);
+      }
+    });
+    if (!initial) throw new TypeError('Reduce of empty array with no initial value');
+    return memo;
+  };
+
+  // The right-associative version of reduce, also known as `foldr`.
+  // Delegates to **ECMAScript 5**'s native `reduceRight` if available.
+  _.reduceRight = _.foldr = function(obj, iterator, memo, context) {
+    var initial = arguments.length > 2;
+    if (obj == null) obj = [];
+    if (nativeReduceRight && obj.reduceRight === nativeReduceRight) {
+      if (context) iterator = _.bind(iterator, context);
+      return initial ? obj.reduceRight(iterator, memo) : obj.reduceRight(iterator);
+    }
+    var reversed = _.toArray(obj).reverse();
+    if (context && !initial) iterator = _.bind(iterator, context);
+    return initial ? _.reduce(reversed, iterator, memo, context) : _.reduce(reversed, iterator);
+  };
+
+  // Return the first value which passes a truth test. Aliased as `detect`.
+  _.find = _.detect = function(obj, iterator, context) {
+    var result;
+    any(obj, function(value, index, list) {
+      if (iterator.call(context, value, index, list)) {
+        result = value;
+        return true;
+      }
+    });
+    return result;
+  };
+
+  // Return all the elements that pass a truth test.
+  // Delegates to **ECMAScript 5**'s native `filter` if available.
+  // Aliased as `select`.
+  _.filter = _.select = function(obj, iterator, context) {
+    var results = [];
+    if (obj == null) return results;
+    if (nativeFilter && obj.filter === nativeFilter) return obj.filter(iterator, context);
+    each(obj, function(value, index, list) {
+      if (iterator.call(context, value, index, list)) results[results.length] = value;
+    });
+    return results;
+  };
+
+  // Return all the elements for which a truth test fails.
+  _.reject = function(obj, iterator, context) {
+    var results = [];
+    if (obj == null) return results;
+    each(obj, function(value, index, list) {
+      if (!iterator.call(context, value, index, list)) results[results.length] = value;
+    });
+    return results;
+  };
+
+  // Determine whether all of the elements match a truth test.
+  // Delegates to **ECMAScript 5**'s native `every` if available.
+  // Aliased as `all`.
+  _.every = _.all = function(obj, iterator, context) {
+    var result = true;
+    if (obj == null) return result;
+    if (nativeEvery && obj.every === nativeEvery) return obj.every(iterator, context);
+    each(obj, function(value, index, list) {
+      if (!(result = result && iterator.call(context, value, index, list))) return breaker;
+    });
+    return result;
+  };
+
+  // Determine if at least one element in the object matches a truth test.
+  // Delegates to **ECMAScript 5**'s native `some` if available.
+  // Aliased as `any`.
+  var any = _.some = _.any = function(obj, iterator, context) {
+    iterator || (iterator = _.identity);
+    var result = false;
+    if (obj == null) return result;
+    if (nativeSome && obj.some === nativeSome) return obj.some(iterator, context);
+    each(obj, function(value, index, list) {
+      if (result || (result = iterator.call(context, value, index, list))) return breaker;
+    });
+    return !!result;
+  };
+
+  // Determine if a given value is included in the array or object using `===`.
+  // Aliased as `contains`.
+  _.include = _.contains = function(obj, target) {
+    var found = false;
+    if (obj == null) return found;
+    if (nativeIndexOf && obj.indexOf === nativeIndexOf) return obj.indexOf(target) != -1;
+    found = any(obj, function(value) {
+      return value === target;
+    });
+    return found;
+  };
+
+  // Invoke a method (with arguments) on every item in a collection.
+  _.invoke = function(obj, method) {
+    var args = slice.call(arguments, 2);
+    return _.map(obj, function(value) {
+      return (_.isFunction(method) ? method || value : value[method]).apply(value, args);
+    });
+  };
+
+  // Convenience version of a common use case of `map`: fetching a property.
+  _.pluck = function(obj, key) {
+    return _.map(obj, function(value){ return value[key]; });
+  };
+
+  // Return the maximum element or (element-based computation).
+  _.max = function(obj, iterator, context) {
+    if (!iterator && _.isArray(obj)) return Math.max.apply(Math, obj);
+    if (!iterator && _.isEmpty(obj)) return -Infinity;
+    var result = {computed : -Infinity};
+    each(obj, function(value, index, list) {
+      var computed = iterator ? iterator.call(context, value, index, list) : value;
+      computed >= result.computed && (result = {value : value, computed : computed});
+    });
+    return result.value;
+  };
+
+  // Return the minimum element (or element-based computation).
+  _.min = function(obj, iterator, context) {
+    if (!iterator && _.isArray(obj)) return Math.min.apply(Math, obj);
+    if (!iterator && _.isEmpty(obj)) return Infinity;
+    var result = {computed : Infinity};
+    each(obj, function(value, index, list) {
+      var computed = iterator ? iterator.call(context, value, index, list) : value;
+      computed < result.computed && (result = {value : value, computed : computed});
+    });
+    return result.value;
+  };
+
+  // Shuffle an array.
+  _.shuffle = function(obj) {
+    var shuffled = [], rand;
+    each(obj, function(value, index, list) {
+      if (index == 0) {
+        shuffled[0] = value;
+      } else {
+        rand = Math.floor(Math.random() * (index + 1));
+        shuffled[index] = shuffled[rand];
+        shuffled[rand] = value;
+      }
+    });
+    return shuffled;
+  };
+
+  // Sort the object's values by a criterion produced by an iterator.
+  _.sortBy = function(obj, iterator, context) {
+    return _.pluck(_.map(obj, function(value, index, list) {
+      return {
+        value : value,
+        criteria : iterator.call(context, value, index, list)
+      };
+    }).sort(function(left, right) {
+      var a = left.criteria, b = right.criteria;
+      return a < b ? -1 : a > b ? 1 : 0;
+    }), 'value');
+  };
+
+  // Groups the object's values by a criterion. Pass either a string attribute
+  // to group by, or a function that returns the criterion.
+  _.groupBy = function(obj, val) {
+    var result = {};
+    var iterator = _.isFunction(val) ? val : function(obj) { return obj[val]; };
+    each(obj, function(value, index) {
+      var key = iterator(value, index);
+      (result[key] || (result[key] = [])).push(value);
+    });
+    return result;
+  };
+
+  // Use a comparator function to figure out at what index an object should
+  // be inserted so as to maintain order. Uses binary search.
+  _.sortedIndex = function(array, obj, iterator) {
+    iterator || (iterator = _.identity);
+    var low = 0, high = array.length;
+    while (low < high) {
+      var mid = (low + high) >> 1;
+      iterator(array[mid]) < iterator(obj) ? low = mid + 1 : high = mid;
+    }
+    return low;
+  };
+
+  // Safely convert anything iterable into a real, live array.
+  _.toArray = function(iterable) {
+    if (!iterable)                return [];
+    if (iterable.toArray)         return iterable.toArray();
+    if (_.isArray(iterable))      return slice.call(iterable);
+    if (_.isArguments(iterable))  return slice.call(iterable);
+    return _.values(iterable);
+  };
+
+  // Return the number of elements in an object.
+  _.size = function(obj) {
+    return _.toArray(obj).length;
+  };
+
+  // Array Functions
+  // ---------------
+
+  // Get the first element of an array. Passing **n** will return the first N
+  // values in the array. Aliased as `head`. The **guard** check allows it to work
+  // with `_.map`.
+  _.first = _.head = function(array, n, guard) {
+    return (n != null) && !guard ? slice.call(array, 0, n) : array[0];
+  };
+
+  // Returns everything but the last entry of the array. Especcialy useful on
+  // the arguments object. Passing **n** will return all the values in
+  // the array, excluding the last N. The **guard** check allows it to work with
+  // `_.map`.
+  _.initial = function(array, n, guard) {
+    return slice.call(array, 0, array.length - ((n == null) || guard ? 1 : n));
+  };
+
+  // Get the last element of an array. Passing **n** will return the last N
+  // values in the array. The **guard** check allows it to work with `_.map`.
+  _.last = function(array, n, guard) {
+    if ((n != null) && !guard) {
+      return slice.call(array, Math.max(array.length - n, 0));
+    } else {
+      return array[array.length - 1];
+    }
+  };
+
+  // Returns everything but the first entry of the array. Aliased as `tail`.
+  // Especially useful on the arguments object. Passing an **index** will return
+  // the rest of the values in the array from that index onward. The **guard**
+  // check allows it to work with `_.map`.
+  _.rest = _.tail = function(array, index, guard) {
+    return slice.call(array, (index == null) || guard ? 1 : index);
+  };
+
+  // Trim out all falsy values from an array.
+  _.compact = function(array) {
+    return _.filter(array, function(value){ return !!value; });
+  };
+
+  // Return a completely flattened version of an array.
+  _.flatten = function(array, shallow) {
+    return _.reduce(array, function(memo, value) {
+      if (_.isArray(value)) return memo.concat(shallow ? value : _.flatten(value));
+      memo[memo.length] = value;
+      return memo;
+    }, []);
+  };
+
+  // Return a version of the array that does not contain the specified value(s).
+  _.without = function(array) {
+    return _.difference(array, slice.call(arguments, 1));
+  };
+
+  // Produce a duplicate-free version of the array. If the array has already
+  // been sorted, you have the option of using a faster algorithm.
+  // Aliased as `unique`.
+  _.uniq = _.unique = function(array, isSorted, iterator) {
+    var initial = iterator ? _.map(array, iterator) : array;
+    var result = [];
+    _.reduce(initial, function(memo, el, i) {
+      if (0 == i || (isSorted === true ? _.last(memo) != el : !_.include(memo, el))) {
+        memo[memo.length] = el;
+        result[result.length] = array[i];
+      }
+      return memo;
+    }, []);
+    return result;
+  };
+
+  // Produce an array that contains the union: each distinct element from all of
+  // the passed-in arrays.
+  _.union = function() {
+    return _.uniq(_.flatten(arguments, true));
+  };
+
+  // Produce an array that contains every item shared between all the
+  // passed-in arrays. (Aliased as "intersect" for back-compat.)
+  _.intersection = _.intersect = function(array) {
+    var rest = slice.call(arguments, 1);
+    return _.filter(_.uniq(array), function(item) {
+      return _.every(rest, function(other) {
+        return _.indexOf(other, item) >= 0;
+      });
+    });
+  };
+
+  // Take the difference between one array and a number of other arrays.
+  // Only the elements present in just the first array will remain.
+  _.difference = function(array) {
+    var rest = _.flatten(slice.call(arguments, 1));
+    return _.filter(array, function(value){ return !_.include(rest, value); });
+  };
+
+  // Zip together multiple lists into a single array -- elements that share
+  // an index go together.
+  _.zip = function() {
+    var args = slice.call(arguments);
+    var length = _.max(_.pluck(args, 'length'));
+    var results = new Array(length);
+    for (var i = 0; i < length; i++) results[i] = _.pluck(args, "" + i);
+    return results;
+  };
+
+  // If the browser doesn't supply us with indexOf (I'm looking at you, **MSIE**),
+  // we need this function. Return the position of the first occurrence of an
+  // item in an array, or -1 if the item is not included in the array.
+  // Delegates to **ECMAScript 5**'s native `indexOf` if available.
+  // If the array is large and already in sort order, pass `true`
+  // for **isSorted** to use binary search.
+  _.indexOf = function(array, item, isSorted) {
+    if (array == null) return -1;
+    var i, l;
+    if (isSorted) {
+      i = _.sortedIndex(array, item);
+      return array[i] === item ? i : -1;
+    }
+    if (nativeIndexOf && array.indexOf === nativeIndexOf) return array.indexOf(item);
+    for (i = 0, l = array.length; i < l; i++) if (i in array && array[i] === item) return i;
+    return -1;
+  };
+
+  // Delegates to **ECMAScript 5**'s native `lastIndexOf` if available.
+  _.lastIndexOf = function(array, item) {
+    if (array == null) return -1;
+    if (nativeLastIndexOf && array.lastIndexOf === nativeLastIndexOf) return array.lastIndexOf(item);
+    var i = array.length;
+    while (i--) if (i in array && array[i] === item) return i;
+    return -1;
+  };
+
+  // Generate an integer Array containing an arithmetic progression. A port of
+  // the native Python `range()` function. See
+  // [the Python documentation](http://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#range).
+  _.range = function(start, stop, step) {
+    if (arguments.length <= 1) {
+      stop = start || 0;
+      start = 0;
+    }
+    step = arguments[2] || 1;
+
+    var len = Math.max(Math.ceil((stop - start) / step), 0);
+    var idx = 0;
+    var range = new Array(len);
+
+    while(idx < len) {
+      range[idx++] = start;
+      start += step;
+    }
+
+    return range;
+  };
+
+  // Function (ahem) Functions
+  // ------------------
+
+  // Reusable constructor function for prototype setting.
+  var ctor = function(){};
+
+  // Create a function bound to a given object (assigning `this`, and arguments,
+  // optionally). Binding with arguments is also known as `curry`.
+  // Delegates to **ECMAScript 5**'s native `Function.bind` if available.
+  // We check for `func.bind` first, to fail fast when `func` is undefined.
+  _.bind = function bind(func, context) {
+    var bound, args;
+    if (func.bind === nativeBind && nativeBind) return nativeBind.apply(func, slice.call(arguments, 1));
+    if (!_.isFunction(func)) throw new TypeError;
+    args = slice.call(arguments, 2);
+    return bound = function() {
+      if (!(this instanceof bound)) return func.apply(context, args.concat(slice.call(arguments)));
+      ctor.prototype = func.prototype;
+      var self = new ctor;
+      var result = func.apply(self, args.concat(slice.call(arguments)));
+      if (Object(result) === result) return result;
+      return self;
+    };
+  };
+
+  // Bind all of an object's methods to that object. Useful for ensuring that
+  // all callbacks defined on an object belong to it.
+  _.bindAll = function(obj) {
+    var funcs = slice.call(arguments, 1);
+    if (funcs.length == 0) funcs = _.functions(obj);
+    each(funcs, function(f) { obj[f] = _.bind(obj[f], obj); });
+    return obj;
+  };
+
+  // Memoize an expensive function by storing its results.
+  _.memoize = function(func, hasher) {
+    var memo = {};
+    hasher || (hasher = _.identity);
+    return function() {
+      var key = hasher.apply(this, arguments);
+      return _.has(memo, key) ? memo[key] : (memo[key] = func.apply(this, arguments));
+    };
+  };
+
+  // Delays a function for the given number of milliseconds, and then calls
+  // it with the arguments supplied.
+  _.delay = function(func, wait) {
+    var args = slice.call(arguments, 2);
+    return setTimeout(function(){ return func.apply(func, args); }, wait);
+  };
+
+  // Defers a function, scheduling it to run after the current call stack has
+  // cleared.
+  _.defer = function(func) {
+    return _.delay.apply(_, [func, 1].concat(slice.call(arguments, 1)));
+  };
+
+  // Returns a function, that, when invoked, will only be triggered at most once
+  // during a given window of time.
+  _.throttle = function(func, wait) {
+    var context, args, timeout, throttling, more;
+    var whenDone = _.debounce(function(){ more = throttling = false; }, wait);
+    return function() {
+      context = this; args = arguments;
+      var later = function() {
+        timeout = null;
+        if (more) func.apply(context, args);
+        whenDone();
+      };
+      if (!timeout) timeout = setTimeout(later, wait);
+      if (throttling) {
+        more = true;
+      } else {
+        func.apply(context, args);
+      }
+      whenDone();
+      throttling = true;
+    };
+  };
+
+  // Returns a function, that, as long as it continues to be invoked, will not
+  // be triggered. The function will be called after it stops being called for
+  // N milliseconds.
+  _.debounce = function(func, wait) {
+    var timeout;
+    return function() {
+      var context = this, args = arguments;
+      var later = function() {
+        timeout = null;
+        func.apply(context, args);
+      };
+      clearTimeout(timeout);
+      timeout = setTimeout(later, wait);
+    };
+  };
+
+  // Returns a function that will be executed at most one time, no matter how
+  // often you call it. Useful for lazy initialization.
+  _.once = function(func) {
+    var ran = false, memo;
+    return function() {
+      if (ran) return memo;
+      ran = true;
+      return memo = func.apply(this, arguments);
+    };
+  };
+
+  // Returns the first function passed as an argument to the second,
+  // allowing you to adjust arguments, run code before and after, and
+  // conditionally execute the original function.
+  _.wrap = function(func, wrapper) {
+    return function() {
+      var args = [func].concat(slice.call(arguments, 0));
+      return wrapper.apply(this, args);
+    };
+  };
+
+  // Returns a function that is the composition of a list of functions, each
+  // consuming the return value of the function that follows.
+  _.compose = function() {
+    var funcs = arguments;
+    return function() {
+      var args = arguments;
+      for (var i = funcs.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+        args = [funcs[i].apply(this, args)];
+      }
+      return args[0];
+    };
+  };
+
+  // Returns a function that will only be executed after being called N times.
+  _.after = function(times, func) {
+    if (times <= 0) return func();
+    return function() {
+      if (--times < 1) { return func.apply(this, arguments); }
+    };
+  };
+
+  // Object Functions
+  // ----------------
+
+  // Retrieve the names of an object's properties.
+  // Delegates to **ECMAScript 5**'s native `Object.keys`
+  _.keys = nativeKeys || function(obj) {
+    if (obj !== Object(obj)) throw new TypeError('Invalid object');
+    var keys = [];
+    for (var key in obj) if (_.has(obj, key)) keys[keys.length] = key;
+    return keys;
+  };
+
+  // Retrieve the values of an object's properties.
+  _.values = function(obj) {
+    return _.map(obj, _.identity);
+  };
+
+  // Return a sorted list of the function names available on the object.
+  // Aliased as `methods`
+  _.functions = _.methods = function(obj) {
+    var names = [];
+    for (var key in obj) {
+      if (_.isFunction(obj[key])) names.push(key);
+    }
+    return names.sort();
+  };
+
+  // Extend a given object with all the properties in passed-in object(s).
+  _.extend = function(obj) {
+    each(slice.call(arguments, 1), function(source) {
+      for (var prop in source) {
+        obj[prop] = source[prop];
+      }
+    });
+    return obj;
+  };
+
+  // Fill in a given object with default properties.
+  _.defaults = function(obj) {
+    each(slice.call(arguments, 1), function(source) {
+      for (var prop in source) {
+        if (obj[prop] == null) obj[prop] = source[prop];
+      }
+    });
+    return obj;
+  };
+
+  // Create a (shallow-cloned) duplicate of an object.
+  _.clone = function(obj) {
+    if (!_.isObject(obj)) return obj;
+    return _.isArray(obj) ? obj.slice() : _.extend({}, obj);
+  };
+
+  // Invokes interceptor with the obj, and then returns obj.
+  // The primary purpose of this method is to "tap into" a method chain, in
+  // order to perform operations on intermediate results within the chain.
+  _.tap = function(obj, interceptor) {
+    interceptor(obj);
+    return obj;
+  };
+
+  // Internal recursive comparison function.
+  function eq(a, b, stack) {
+    // Identical objects are equal. `0 === -0`, but they aren't identical.
+    // See the Harmony `egal` proposal: http://wiki.ecmascript.org/doku.php?id=harmony:egal.
+    if (a === b) return a !== 0 || 1 / a == 1 / b;
+    // A strict comparison is necessary because `null == undefined`.
+    if (a == null || b == null) return a === b;
+    // Unwrap any wrapped objects.
+    if (a._chain) a = a._wrapped;
+    if (b._chain) b = b._wrapped;
+    // Invoke a custom `isEqual` method if one is provided.
+    if (a.isEqual && _.isFunction(a.isEqual)) return a.isEqual(b);
+    if (b.isEqual && _.isFunction(b.isEqual)) return b.isEqual(a);
+    // Compare `[[Class]]` names.
+    var className = toString.call(a);
+    if (className != toString.call(b)) return false;
+    switch (className) {
+      // Strings, numbers, dates, and booleans are compared by value.
+      case '[object String]':
+        // Primitives and their corresponding object wrappers are equivalent; thus, `"5"` is
+        // equivalent to `new String("5")`.
+        return a == String(b);
+      case '[object Number]':
+        // `NaN`s are equivalent, but non-reflexive. An `egal` comparison is performed for
+        // other numeric values.
+        return a != +a ? b != +b : (a == 0 ? 1 / a == 1 / b : a == +b);
+      case '[object Date]':
+      case '[object Boolean]':
+        // Coerce dates and booleans to numeric primitive values. Dates are compared by their
+        // millisecond representations. Note that invalid dates with millisecond representations
+        // of `NaN` are not equivalent.
+        return +a == +b;
+      // RegExps are compared by their source patterns and flags.
+      case '[object RegExp]':
+        return a.source == b.source &&
+               a.global == b.global &&
+               a.multiline == b.multiline &&
+               a.ignoreCase == b.ignoreCase;
+    }
+    if (typeof a != 'object' || typeof b != 'object') return false;
+    // Assume equality for cyclic structures. The algorithm for detecting cyclic
+    // structures is adapted from ES 5.1 section 15.12.3, abstract operation `JO`.
+    var length = stack.length;
+    while (length--) {
+      // Linear search. Performance is inversely proportional to the number of
+      // unique nested structures.
+      if (stack[length] == a) return true;
+    }
+    // Add the first object to the stack of traversed objects.
+    stack.push(a);
+    var size = 0, result = true;
+    // Recursively compare objects and arrays.
+    if (className == '[object Array]') {
+      // Compare array lengths to determine if a deep comparison is necessary.
+      size = a.length;
+      result = size == b.length;
+      if (result) {
+        // Deep compare the contents, ignoring non-numeric properties.
+        while (size--) {
+          // Ensure commutative equality for sparse arrays.
+          if (!(result = size in a == size in b && eq(a[size], b[size], stack))) break;
+        }
+      }
+    } else {
+      // Objects with different constructors are not equivalent.
+      if ('constructor' in a != 'constructor' in b || a.constructor != b.constructor) return false;
+      // Deep compare objects.
+      for (var key in a) {
+        if (_.has(a, key)) {
+          // Count the expected number of properties.
+          size++;
+          // Deep compare each member.
+          if (!(result = _.has(b, key) && eq(a[key], b[key], stack))) break;
+        }
+      }
+      // Ensure that both objects contain the same number of properties.
+      if (result) {
+        for (key in b) {
+          if (_.has(b, key) && !(size--)) break;
+        }
+        result = !size;
+      }
+    }
+    // Remove the first object from the stack of traversed objects.
+    stack.pop();
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  // Perform a deep comparison to check if two objects are equal.
+  _.isEqual = function(a, b) {
+    return eq(a, b, []);
+  };
+
+  // Is a given array, string, or object empty?
+  // An "empty" object has no enumerable own-properties.
+  _.isEmpty = function(obj) {
+    if (_.isArray(obj) || _.isString(obj)) return obj.length === 0;
+    for (var key in obj) if (_.has(obj, key)) return false;
+    return true;
+  };
+
+  // Is a given value a DOM element?
+  _.isElement = function(obj) {
+    return !!(obj && obj.nodeType == 1);
+  };
+
+  // Is a given value an array?
+  // Delegates to ECMA5's native Array.isArray
+  _.isArray = nativeIsArray || function(obj) {
+    return toString.call(obj) == '[object Array]';
+  };
+
+  // Is a given variable an object?
+  _.isObject = function(obj) {
+    return obj === Object(obj);
+  };
+
+  // Is a given variable an arguments object?
+  _.isArguments = function(obj) {
+    return toString.call(obj) == '[object Arguments]';
+  };
+  if (!_.isArguments(arguments)) {
+    _.isArguments = function(obj) {
+      return !!(obj && _.has(obj, 'callee'));
+    };
+  }
+
+  // Is a given value a function?
+  _.isFunction = function(obj) {
+    return toString.call(obj) == '[object Function]';
+  };
+
+  // Is a given value a string?
+  _.isString = function(obj) {
+    return toString.call(obj) == '[object String]';
+  };
+
+  // Is a given value a number?
+  _.isNumber = function(obj) {
+    return toString.call(obj) == '[object Number]';
+  };
+
+  // Is the given value `NaN`?
+  _.isNaN = function(obj) {
+    // `NaN` is the only value for which `===` is not reflexive.
+    return obj !== obj;
+  };
+
+  // Is a given value a boolean?
+  _.isBoolean = function(obj) {
+    return obj === true || obj === false || toString.call(obj) == '[object Boolean]';
+  };
+
+  // Is a given value a date?
+  _.isDate = function(obj) {
+    return toString.call(obj) == '[object Date]';
+  };
+
+  // Is the given value a regular expression?
+  _.isRegExp = function(obj) {
+    return toString.call(obj) == '[object RegExp]';
+  };
+
+  // Is a given value equal to null?
+  _.isNull = function(obj) {
+    return obj === null;
+  };
+
+  // Is a given variable undefined?
+  _.isUndefined = function(obj) {
+    return obj === void 0;
+  };
+
+  // Has own property?
+  _.has = function(obj, key) {
+    return hasOwnProperty.call(obj, key);
+  };
+
+  // Utility Functions
+  // -----------------
+
+  // Run Underscore.js in *noConflict* mode, returning the `_` variable to its
+  // previous owner. Returns a reference to the Underscore object.
+  _.noConflict = function() {
+    root._ = previousUnderscore;
+    return this;
+  };
+
+  // Keep the identity function around for default iterators.
+  _.identity = function(value) {
+    return value;
+  };
+
+  // Run a function **n** times.
+  _.times = function (n, iterator, context) {
+    for (var i = 0; i < n; i++) iterator.call(context, i);
+  };
+
+  // Escape a string for HTML interpolation.
+  _.escape = function(string) {
+    return (''+string).replace(/&/g, '&amp;').replace(/</g, '&lt;').replace(/>/g, '&gt;').replace(/"/g, '&quot;').replace(/'/g, '&#x27;').replace(/\//g,'&#x2F;');
+  };
+
+  // Add your own custom functions to the Underscore object, ensuring that
+  // they're correctly added to the OOP wrapper as well.
+  _.mixin = function(obj) {
+    each(_.functions(obj), function(name){
+      addToWrapper(name, _[name] = obj[name]);
+    });
+  };
+
+  // Generate a unique integer id (unique within the entire client session).
+  // Useful for temporary DOM ids.
+  var idCounter = 0;
+  _.uniqueId = function(prefix) {
+    var id = idCounter++;
+    return prefix ? prefix + id : id;
+  };
+
+  // By default, Underscore uses ERB-style template delimiters, change the
+  // following template settings to use alternative delimiters.
+  _.templateSettings = {
+    evaluate    : /<%([\s\S]+?)%>/g,
+    interpolate : /<%=([\s\S]+?)%>/g,
+    escape      : /<%-([\s\S]+?)%>/g
+  };
+
+  // When customizing `templateSettings`, if you don't want to define an
+  // interpolation, evaluation or escaping regex, we need one that is
+  // guaranteed not to match.
+  var noMatch = /.^/;
+
+  // Within an interpolation, evaluation, or escaping, remove HTML escaping
+  // that had been previously added.
+  var unescape = function(code) {
+    return code.replace(/\\\\/g, '\\').replace(/\\'/g, "'");
+  };
+
+  // JavaScript micro-templating, similar to John Resig's implementation.
+  // Underscore templating handles arbitrary delimiters, preserves whitespace,
+  // and correctly escapes quotes within interpolated code.
+  _.template = function(str, data) {
+    var c  = _.templateSettings;
+    var tmpl = 'var __p=[],print=function(){__p.push.apply(__p,arguments);};' +
+      'with(obj||{}){__p.push(\'' +
+      str.replace(/\\/g, '\\\\')
+         .replace(/'/g, "\\'")
+         .replace(c.escape || noMatch, function(match, code) {
+           return "',_.escape(" + unescape(code) + "),'";
+         })
+         .replace(c.interpolate || noMatch, function(match, code) {
+           return "'," + unescape(code) + ",'";
+         })
+         .replace(c.evaluate || noMatch, function(match, code) {
+           return "');" + unescape(code).replace(/[\r\n\t]/g, ' ') + ";__p.push('";
+         })
+         .replace(/\r/g, '\\r')
+         .replace(/\n/g, '\\n')
+         .replace(/\t/g, '\\t')
+         + "');}return __p.join('');";
+    var func = new Function('obj', '_', tmpl);
+    if (data) return func(data, _);
+    return function(data) {
+      return func.call(this, data, _);
+    };
+  };
+
+  // Add a "chain" function, which will delegate to the wrapper.
+  _.chain = function(obj) {
+    return _(obj).chain();
+  };
+
+  // The OOP Wrapper
+  // ---------------
+
+  // If Underscore is called as a function, it returns a wrapped object that
+  // can be used OO-style. This wrapper holds altered versions of all the
+  // underscore functions. Wrapped objects may be chained.
+  var wrapper = function(obj) { this._wrapped = obj; };
+
+  // Expose `wrapper.prototype` as `_.prototype`
+  _.prototype = wrapper.prototype;
+
+  // Helper function to continue chaining intermediate results.
+  var result = function(obj, chain) {
+    return chain ? _(obj).chain() : obj;
+  };
+
+  // A method to easily add functions to the OOP wrapper.
+  var addToWrapper = function(name, func) {
+    wrapper.prototype[name] = function() {
+      var args = slice.call(arguments);
+      unshift.call(args, this._wrapped);
+      return result(func.apply(_, args), this._chain);
+    };
+  };
+
+  // Add all of the Underscore functions to the wrapper object.
+  _.mixin(_);
+
+  // Add all mutator Array functions to the wrapper.
+  each(['pop', 'push', 'reverse', 'shift', 'sort', 'splice', 'unshift'], function(name) {
+    var method = ArrayProto[name];
+    wrapper.prototype[name] = function() {
+      var wrapped = this._wrapped;
+      method.apply(wrapped, arguments);
+      var length = wrapped.length;
+      if ((name == 'shift' || name == 'splice') && length === 0) delete wrapped[0];
+      return result(wrapped, this._chain);
+    };
+  });
+
+  // Add all accessor Array functions to the wrapper.
+  each(['concat', 'join', 'slice'], function(name) {
+    var method = ArrayProto[name];
+    wrapper.prototype[name] = function() {
+      return result(method.apply(this._wrapped, arguments), this._chain);
+    };
+  });
+
+  // Start chaining a wrapped Underscore object.
+  wrapper.prototype.chain = function() {
+    this._chain = true;
+    return this;
+  };
+
+  // Extracts the result from a wrapped and chained object.
+  wrapper.prototype.value = function() {
+    return this._wrapped;
+  };
+
+}).call(this);
diff --git a/slides/_static/underscore.js b/slides/_static/underscore.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5b55f32b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/slides/_static/underscore.js
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+// Underscore.js 1.3.1
+// (c) 2009-2012 Jeremy Ashkenas, DocumentCloud Inc.
+// Underscore is freely distributable under the MIT license.
+// Portions of Underscore are inspired or borrowed from Prototype,
+// Oliver Steele's Functional, and John Resig's Micro-Templating.
+// For all details and documentation:
+// http://documentcloud.github.com/underscore
+(function(){function q(a,c,d){if(a===c)return a!==0||1/a==1/c;if(a==null||c==null)return a===c;if(a._chain)a=a._wrapped;if(c._chain)c=c._wrapped;if(a.isEqual&&b.isFunction(a.isEqual))return a.isEqual(c);if(c.isEqual&&b.isFunction(c.isEqual))return c.isEqual(a);var e=l.call(a);if(e!=l.call(c))return false;switch(e){case "[object String]":return a==String(c);case "[object Number]":return a!=+a?c!=+c:a==0?1/a==1/c:a==+c;case "[object Date]":case "[object Boolean]":return+a==+c;case "[object RegExp]":return a.source==
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diff --git a/slides/_static/up-pressed.png b/slides/_static/up-pressed.png
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..99e72109
Binary files /dev/null and b/slides/_static/up-pressed.png differ
diff --git a/slides/_static/up.png b/slides/_static/up.png
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..26de002e
Binary files /dev/null and b/slides/_static/up.png differ
diff --git a/slides/_static/websupport.js b/slides/_static/websupport.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..28d65db4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/slides/_static/websupport.js
@@ -0,0 +1,808 @@
+/*
+ * websupport.js
+ * ~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+ *
+ * sphinx.websupport utilties for all documentation.
+ *
+ * :copyright: Copyright 2007-2015 by the Sphinx team, see AUTHORS.
+ * :license: BSD, see LICENSE for details.
+ *
+ */
+
+(function($) {
+  $.fn.autogrow = function() {
+    return this.each(function() {
+    var textarea = this;
+
+    $.fn.autogrow.resize(textarea);
+
+    $(textarea)
+      .focus(function() {
+        textarea.interval = setInterval(function() {
+          $.fn.autogrow.resize(textarea);
+        }, 500);
+      })
+      .blur(function() {
+        clearInterval(textarea.interval);
+      });
+    });
+  };
+
+  $.fn.autogrow.resize = function(textarea) {
+    var lineHeight = parseInt($(textarea).css('line-height'), 10);
+    var lines = textarea.value.split('\n');
+    var columns = textarea.cols;
+    var lineCount = 0;
+    $.each(lines, function() {
+      lineCount += Math.ceil(this.length / columns) || 1;
+    });
+    var height = lineHeight * (lineCount + 1);
+    $(textarea).css('height', height);
+  };
+})(jQuery);
+
+(function($) {
+  var comp, by;
+
+  function init() {
+    initEvents();
+    initComparator();
+  }
+
+  function initEvents() {
+    $(document).on("click", 'a.comment-close', function(event) {
+      event.preventDefault();
+      hide($(this).attr('id').substring(2));
+    });
+    $(document).on("click", 'a.vote', function(event) {
+      event.preventDefault();
+      handleVote($(this));
+    });
+    $(document).on("click", 'a.reply', function(event) {
+      event.preventDefault();
+      openReply($(this).attr('id').substring(2));
+    });
+    $(document).on("click", 'a.close-reply', function(event) {
+      event.preventDefault();
+      closeReply($(this).attr('id').substring(2));
+    });
+    $(document).on("click", 'a.sort-option', function(event) {
+      event.preventDefault();
+      handleReSort($(this));
+    });
+    $(document).on("click", 'a.show-proposal', function(event) {
+      event.preventDefault();
+      showProposal($(this).attr('id').substring(2));
+    });
+    $(document).on("click", 'a.hide-proposal', function(event) {
+      event.preventDefault();
+      hideProposal($(this).attr('id').substring(2));
+    });
+    $(document).on("click", 'a.show-propose-change', function(event) {
+      event.preventDefault();
+      showProposeChange($(this).attr('id').substring(2));
+    });
+    $(document).on("click", 'a.hide-propose-change', function(event) {
+      event.preventDefault();
+      hideProposeChange($(this).attr('id').substring(2));
+    });
+    $(document).on("click", 'a.accept-comment', function(event) {
+      event.preventDefault();
+      acceptComment($(this).attr('id').substring(2));
+    });
+    $(document).on("click", 'a.delete-comment', function(event) {
+      event.preventDefault();
+      deleteComment($(this).attr('id').substring(2));
+    });
+    $(document).on("click", 'a.comment-markup', function(event) {
+      event.preventDefault();
+      toggleCommentMarkupBox($(this).attr('id').substring(2));
+    });
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Set comp, which is a comparator function used for sorting and
+   * inserting comments into the list.
+   */
+  function setComparator() {
+    // If the first three letters are "asc", sort in ascending order
+    // and remove the prefix.
+    if (by.substring(0,3) == 'asc') {
+      var i = by.substring(3);
+      comp = function(a, b) { return a[i] - b[i]; };
+    } else {
+      // Otherwise sort in descending order.
+      comp = function(a, b) { return b[by] - a[by]; };
+    }
+
+    // Reset link styles and format the selected sort option.
+    $('a.sel').attr('href', '#').removeClass('sel');
+    $('a.by' + by).removeAttr('href').addClass('sel');
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Create a comp function. If the user has preferences stored in
+   * the sortBy cookie, use those, otherwise use the default.
+   */
+  function initComparator() {
+    by = 'rating'; // Default to sort by rating.
+    // If the sortBy cookie is set, use that instead.
+    if (document.cookie.length > 0) {
+      var start = document.cookie.indexOf('sortBy=');
+      if (start != -1) {
+        start = start + 7;
+        var end = document.cookie.indexOf(";", start);
+        if (end == -1) {
+          end = document.cookie.length;
+          by = unescape(document.cookie.substring(start, end));
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    setComparator();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Show a comment div.
+   */
+  function show(id) {
+    $('#ao' + id).hide();
+    $('#ah' + id).show();
+    var context = $.extend({id: id}, opts);
+    var popup = $(renderTemplate(popupTemplate, context)).hide();
+    popup.find('textarea[name="proposal"]').hide();
+    popup.find('a.by' + by).addClass('sel');
+    var form = popup.find('#cf' + id);
+    form.submit(function(event) {
+      event.preventDefault();
+      addComment(form);
+    });
+    $('#s' + id).after(popup);
+    popup.slideDown('fast', function() {
+      getComments(id);
+    });
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Hide a comment div.
+   */
+  function hide(id) {
+    $('#ah' + id).hide();
+    $('#ao' + id).show();
+    var div = $('#sc' + id);
+    div.slideUp('fast', function() {
+      div.remove();
+    });
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Perform an ajax request to get comments for a node
+   * and insert the comments into the comments tree.
+   */
+  function getComments(id) {
+    $.ajax({
+     type: 'GET',
+     url: opts.getCommentsURL,
+     data: {node: id},
+     success: function(data, textStatus, request) {
+       var ul = $('#cl' + id);
+       var speed = 100;
+       $('#cf' + id)
+         .find('textarea[name="proposal"]')
+         .data('source', data.source);
+
+       if (data.comments.length === 0) {
+         ul.html('<li>No comments yet.</li>');
+         ul.data('empty', true);
+       } else {
+         // If there are comments, sort them and put them in the list.
+         var comments = sortComments(data.comments);
+         speed = data.comments.length * 100;
+         appendComments(comments, ul);
+         ul.data('empty', false);
+       }
+       $('#cn' + id).slideUp(speed + 200);
+       ul.slideDown(speed);
+     },
+     error: function(request, textStatus, error) {
+       showError('Oops, there was a problem retrieving the comments.');
+     },
+     dataType: 'json'
+    });
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Add a comment via ajax and insert the comment into the comment tree.
+   */
+  function addComment(form) {
+    var node_id = form.find('input[name="node"]').val();
+    var parent_id = form.find('input[name="parent"]').val();
+    var text = form.find('textarea[name="comment"]').val();
+    var proposal = form.find('textarea[name="proposal"]').val();
+
+    if (text == '') {
+      showError('Please enter a comment.');
+      return;
+    }
+
+    // Disable the form that is being submitted.
+    form.find('textarea,input').attr('disabled', 'disabled');
+
+    // Send the comment to the server.
+    $.ajax({
+      type: "POST",
+      url: opts.addCommentURL,
+      dataType: 'json',
+      data: {
+        node: node_id,
+        parent: parent_id,
+        text: text,
+        proposal: proposal
+      },
+      success: function(data, textStatus, error) {
+        // Reset the form.
+        if (node_id) {
+          hideProposeChange(node_id);
+        }
+        form.find('textarea')
+          .val('')
+          .add(form.find('input'))
+          .removeAttr('disabled');
+	var ul = $('#cl' + (node_id || parent_id));
+        if (ul.data('empty')) {
+          $(ul).empty();
+          ul.data('empty', false);
+        }
+        insertComment(data.comment);
+        var ao = $('#ao' + node_id);
+        ao.find('img').attr({'src': opts.commentBrightImage});
+        if (node_id) {
+          // if this was a "root" comment, remove the commenting box
+          // (the user can get it back by reopening the comment popup)
+          $('#ca' + node_id).slideUp();
+        }
+      },
+      error: function(request, textStatus, error) {
+        form.find('textarea,input').removeAttr('disabled');
+        showError('Oops, there was a problem adding the comment.');
+      }
+    });
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Recursively append comments to the main comment list and children
+   * lists, creating the comment tree.
+   */
+  function appendComments(comments, ul) {
+    $.each(comments, function() {
+      var div = createCommentDiv(this);
+      ul.append($(document.createElement('li')).html(div));
+      appendComments(this.children, div.find('ul.comment-children'));
+      // To avoid stagnating data, don't store the comments children in data.
+      this.children = null;
+      div.data('comment', this);
+    });
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * After adding a new comment, it must be inserted in the correct
+   * location in the comment tree.
+   */
+  function insertComment(comment) {
+    var div = createCommentDiv(comment);
+
+    // To avoid stagnating data, don't store the comments children in data.
+    comment.children = null;
+    div.data('comment', comment);
+
+    var ul = $('#cl' + (comment.node || comment.parent));
+    var siblings = getChildren(ul);
+
+    var li = $(document.createElement('li'));
+    li.hide();
+
+    // Determine where in the parents children list to insert this comment.
+    for(i=0; i < siblings.length; i++) {
+      if (comp(comment, siblings[i]) <= 0) {
+        $('#cd' + siblings[i].id)
+          .parent()
+          .before(li.html(div));
+        li.slideDown('fast');
+        return;
+      }
+    }
+
+    // If we get here, this comment rates lower than all the others,
+    // or it is the only comment in the list.
+    ul.append(li.html(div));
+    li.slideDown('fast');
+  }
+
+  function acceptComment(id) {
+    $.ajax({
+      type: 'POST',
+      url: opts.acceptCommentURL,
+      data: {id: id},
+      success: function(data, textStatus, request) {
+        $('#cm' + id).fadeOut('fast');
+        $('#cd' + id).removeClass('moderate');
+      },
+      error: function(request, textStatus, error) {
+        showError('Oops, there was a problem accepting the comment.');
+      }
+    });
+  }
+
+  function deleteComment(id) {
+    $.ajax({
+      type: 'POST',
+      url: opts.deleteCommentURL,
+      data: {id: id},
+      success: function(data, textStatus, request) {
+        var div = $('#cd' + id);
+        if (data == 'delete') {
+          // Moderator mode: remove the comment and all children immediately
+          div.slideUp('fast', function() {
+            div.remove();
+          });
+          return;
+        }
+        // User mode: only mark the comment as deleted
+        div
+          .find('span.user-id:first')
+          .text('[deleted]').end()
+          .find('div.comment-text:first')
+          .text('[deleted]').end()
+          .find('#cm' + id + ', #dc' + id + ', #ac' + id + ', #rc' + id +
+                ', #sp' + id + ', #hp' + id + ', #cr' + id + ', #rl' + id)
+          .remove();
+        var comment = div.data('comment');
+        comment.username = '[deleted]';
+        comment.text = '[deleted]';
+        div.data('comment', comment);
+      },
+      error: function(request, textStatus, error) {
+        showError('Oops, there was a problem deleting the comment.');
+      }
+    });
+  }
+
+  function showProposal(id) {
+    $('#sp' + id).hide();
+    $('#hp' + id).show();
+    $('#pr' + id).slideDown('fast');
+  }
+
+  function hideProposal(id) {
+    $('#hp' + id).hide();
+    $('#sp' + id).show();
+    $('#pr' + id).slideUp('fast');
+  }
+
+  function showProposeChange(id) {
+    $('#pc' + id).hide();
+    $('#hc' + id).show();
+    var textarea = $('#pt' + id);
+    textarea.val(textarea.data('source'));
+    $.fn.autogrow.resize(textarea[0]);
+    textarea.slideDown('fast');
+  }
+
+  function hideProposeChange(id) {
+    $('#hc' + id).hide();
+    $('#pc' + id).show();
+    var textarea = $('#pt' + id);
+    textarea.val('').removeAttr('disabled');
+    textarea.slideUp('fast');
+  }
+
+  function toggleCommentMarkupBox(id) {
+    $('#mb' + id).toggle();
+  }
+
+  /** Handle when the user clicks on a sort by link. */
+  function handleReSort(link) {
+    var classes = link.attr('class').split(/\s+/);
+    for (var i=0; i<classes.length; i++) {
+      if (classes[i] != 'sort-option') {
+	by = classes[i].substring(2);
+      }
+    }
+    setComparator();
+    // Save/update the sortBy cookie.
+    var expiration = new Date();
+    expiration.setDate(expiration.getDate() + 365);
+    document.cookie= 'sortBy=' + escape(by) +
+                     ';expires=' + expiration.toUTCString();
+    $('ul.comment-ul').each(function(index, ul) {
+      var comments = getChildren($(ul), true);
+      comments = sortComments(comments);
+      appendComments(comments, $(ul).empty());
+    });
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Function to process a vote when a user clicks an arrow.
+   */
+  function handleVote(link) {
+    if (!opts.voting) {
+      showError("You'll need to login to vote.");
+      return;
+    }
+
+    var id = link.attr('id');
+    if (!id) {
+      // Didn't click on one of the voting arrows.
+      return;
+    }
+    // If it is an unvote, the new vote value is 0,
+    // Otherwise it's 1 for an upvote, or -1 for a downvote.
+    var value = 0;
+    if (id.charAt(1) != 'u') {
+      value = id.charAt(0) == 'u' ? 1 : -1;
+    }
+    // The data to be sent to the server.
+    var d = {
+      comment_id: id.substring(2),
+      value: value
+    };
+
+    // Swap the vote and unvote links.
+    link.hide();
+    $('#' + id.charAt(0) + (id.charAt(1) == 'u' ? 'v' : 'u') + d.comment_id)
+      .show();
+
+    // The div the comment is displayed in.
+    var div = $('div#cd' + d.comment_id);
+    var data = div.data('comment');
+
+    // If this is not an unvote, and the other vote arrow has
+    // already been pressed, unpress it.
+    if ((d.value !== 0) && (data.vote === d.value * -1)) {
+      $('#' + (d.value == 1 ? 'd' : 'u') + 'u' + d.comment_id).hide();
+      $('#' + (d.value == 1 ? 'd' : 'u') + 'v' + d.comment_id).show();
+    }
+
+    // Update the comments rating in the local data.
+    data.rating += (data.vote === 0) ? d.value : (d.value - data.vote);
+    data.vote = d.value;
+    div.data('comment', data);
+
+    // Change the rating text.
+    div.find('.rating:first')
+      .text(data.rating + ' point' + (data.rating == 1 ? '' : 's'));
+
+    // Send the vote information to the server.
+    $.ajax({
+      type: "POST",
+      url: opts.processVoteURL,
+      data: d,
+      error: function(request, textStatus, error) {
+        showError('Oops, there was a problem casting that vote.');
+      }
+    });
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Open a reply form used to reply to an existing comment.
+   */
+  function openReply(id) {
+    // Swap out the reply link for the hide link
+    $('#rl' + id).hide();
+    $('#cr' + id).show();
+
+    // Add the reply li to the children ul.
+    var div = $(renderTemplate(replyTemplate, {id: id})).hide();
+    $('#cl' + id)
+      .prepend(div)
+      // Setup the submit handler for the reply form.
+      .find('#rf' + id)
+      .submit(function(event) {
+        event.preventDefault();
+        addComment($('#rf' + id));
+        closeReply(id);
+      })
+      .find('input[type=button]')
+      .click(function() {
+        closeReply(id);
+      });
+    div.slideDown('fast', function() {
+      $('#rf' + id).find('textarea').focus();
+    });
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Close the reply form opened with openReply.
+   */
+  function closeReply(id) {
+    // Remove the reply div from the DOM.
+    $('#rd' + id).slideUp('fast', function() {
+      $(this).remove();
+    });
+
+    // Swap out the hide link for the reply link
+    $('#cr' + id).hide();
+    $('#rl' + id).show();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Recursively sort a tree of comments using the comp comparator.
+   */
+  function sortComments(comments) {
+    comments.sort(comp);
+    $.each(comments, function() {
+      this.children = sortComments(this.children);
+    });
+    return comments;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Get the children comments from a ul. If recursive is true,
+   * recursively include childrens' children.
+   */
+  function getChildren(ul, recursive) {
+    var children = [];
+    ul.children().children("[id^='cd']")
+      .each(function() {
+        var comment = $(this).data('comment');
+        if (recursive)
+          comment.children = getChildren($(this).find('#cl' + comment.id), true);
+        children.push(comment);
+      });
+    return children;
+  }
+
+  /** Create a div to display a comment in. */
+  function createCommentDiv(comment) {
+    if (!comment.displayed && !opts.moderator) {
+      return $('<div class="moderate">Thank you!  Your comment will show up '
+               + 'once it is has been approved by a moderator.</div>');
+    }
+    // Prettify the comment rating.
+    comment.pretty_rating = comment.rating + ' point' +
+      (comment.rating == 1 ? '' : 's');
+    // Make a class (for displaying not yet moderated comments differently)
+    comment.css_class = comment.displayed ? '' : ' moderate';
+    // Create a div for this comment.
+    var context = $.extend({}, opts, comment);
+    var div = $(renderTemplate(commentTemplate, context));
+
+    // If the user has voted on this comment, highlight the correct arrow.
+    if (comment.vote) {
+      var direction = (comment.vote == 1) ? 'u' : 'd';
+      div.find('#' + direction + 'v' + comment.id).hide();
+      div.find('#' + direction + 'u' + comment.id).show();
+    }
+
+    if (opts.moderator || comment.text != '[deleted]') {
+      div.find('a.reply').show();
+      if (comment.proposal_diff)
+        div.find('#sp' + comment.id).show();
+      if (opts.moderator && !comment.displayed)
+        div.find('#cm' + comment.id).show();
+      if (opts.moderator || (opts.username == comment.username))
+        div.find('#dc' + comment.id).show();
+    }
+    return div;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * A simple template renderer. Placeholders such as <%id%> are replaced
+   * by context['id'] with items being escaped. Placeholders such as <#id#>
+   * are not escaped.
+   */
+  function renderTemplate(template, context) {
+    var esc = $(document.createElement('div'));
+
+    function handle(ph, escape) {
+      var cur = context;
+      $.each(ph.split('.'), function() {
+        cur = cur[this];
+      });
+      return escape ? esc.text(cur || "").html() : cur;
+    }
+
+    return template.replace(/<([%#])([\w\.]*)\1>/g, function() {
+      return handle(arguments[2], arguments[1] == '%' ? true : false);
+    });
+  }
+
+  /** Flash an error message briefly. */
+  function showError(message) {
+    $(document.createElement('div')).attr({'class': 'popup-error'})
+      .append($(document.createElement('div'))
+               .attr({'class': 'error-message'}).text(message))
+      .appendTo('body')
+      .fadeIn("slow")
+      .delay(2000)
+      .fadeOut("slow");
+  }
+
+  /** Add a link the user uses to open the comments popup. */
+  $.fn.comment = function() {
+    return this.each(function() {
+      var id = $(this).attr('id').substring(1);
+      var count = COMMENT_METADATA[id];
+      var title = count + ' comment' + (count == 1 ? '' : 's');
+      var image = count > 0 ? opts.commentBrightImage : opts.commentImage;
+      var addcls = count == 0 ? ' nocomment' : '';
+      $(this)
+        .append(
+          $(document.createElement('a')).attr({
+            href: '#',
+            'class': 'sphinx-comment-open' + addcls,
+            id: 'ao' + id
+          })
+            .append($(document.createElement('img')).attr({
+              src: image,
+              alt: 'comment',
+              title: title
+            }))
+            .click(function(event) {
+              event.preventDefault();
+              show($(this).attr('id').substring(2));
+            })
+        )
+        .append(
+          $(document.createElement('a')).attr({
+            href: '#',
+            'class': 'sphinx-comment-close hidden',
+            id: 'ah' + id
+          })
+            .append($(document.createElement('img')).attr({
+              src: opts.closeCommentImage,
+              alt: 'close',
+              title: 'close'
+            }))
+            .click(function(event) {
+              event.preventDefault();
+              hide($(this).attr('id').substring(2));
+            })
+        );
+    });
+  };
+
+  var opts = {
+    processVoteURL: '/_process_vote',
+    addCommentURL: '/_add_comment',
+    getCommentsURL: '/_get_comments',
+    acceptCommentURL: '/_accept_comment',
+    deleteCommentURL: '/_delete_comment',
+    commentImage: '/static/_static/comment.png',
+    closeCommentImage: '/static/_static/comment-close.png',
+    loadingImage: '/static/_static/ajax-loader.gif',
+    commentBrightImage: '/static/_static/comment-bright.png',
+    upArrow: '/static/_static/up.png',
+    downArrow: '/static/_static/down.png',
+    upArrowPressed: '/static/_static/up-pressed.png',
+    downArrowPressed: '/static/_static/down-pressed.png',
+    voting: false,
+    moderator: false
+  };
+
+  if (typeof COMMENT_OPTIONS != "undefined") {
+    opts = jQuery.extend(opts, COMMENT_OPTIONS);
+  }
+
+  var popupTemplate = '\
+    <div class="sphinx-comments" id="sc<%id%>">\
+      <p class="sort-options">\
+        Sort by:\
+        <a href="#" class="sort-option byrating">best rated</a>\
+        <a href="#" class="sort-option byascage">newest</a>\
+        <a href="#" class="sort-option byage">oldest</a>\
+      </p>\
+      <div class="comment-header">Comments</div>\
+      <div class="comment-loading" id="cn<%id%>">\
+        loading comments... <img src="<%loadingImage%>" alt="" /></div>\
+      <ul id="cl<%id%>" class="comment-ul"></ul>\
+      <div id="ca<%id%>">\
+      <p class="add-a-comment">Add a comment\
+        (<a href="#" class="comment-markup" id="ab<%id%>">markup</a>):</p>\
+      <div class="comment-markup-box" id="mb<%id%>">\
+        reStructured text markup: <i>*emph*</i>, <b>**strong**</b>, \
+        <code>``code``</code>, \
+        code blocks: <code>::</code> and an indented block after blank line</div>\
+      <form method="post" id="cf<%id%>" class="comment-form" action="">\
+        <textarea name="comment" cols="80"></textarea>\
+        <p class="propose-button">\
+          <a href="#" id="pc<%id%>" class="show-propose-change">\
+            Propose a change &#9657;\
+          </a>\
+          <a href="#" id="hc<%id%>" class="hide-propose-change">\
+            Propose a change &#9663;\
+          </a>\
+        </p>\
+        <textarea name="proposal" id="pt<%id%>" cols="80"\
+                  spellcheck="false"></textarea>\
+        <input type="submit" value="Add comment" />\
+        <input type="hidden" name="node" value="<%id%>" />\
+        <input type="hidden" name="parent" value="" />\
+      </form>\
+      </div>\
+    </div>';
+
+  var commentTemplate = '\
+    <div id="cd<%id%>" class="sphinx-comment<%css_class%>">\
+      <div class="vote">\
+        <div class="arrow">\
+          <a href="#" id="uv<%id%>" class="vote" title="vote up">\
+            <img src="<%upArrow%>" />\
+          </a>\
+          <a href="#" id="uu<%id%>" class="un vote" title="vote up">\
+            <img src="<%upArrowPressed%>" />\
+          </a>\
+        </div>\
+        <div class="arrow">\
+          <a href="#" id="dv<%id%>" class="vote" title="vote down">\
+            <img src="<%downArrow%>" id="da<%id%>" />\
+          </a>\
+          <a href="#" id="du<%id%>" class="un vote" title="vote down">\
+            <img src="<%downArrowPressed%>" />\
+          </a>\
+        </div>\
+      </div>\
+      <div class="comment-content">\
+        <p class="tagline comment">\
+          <span class="user-id"><%username%></span>\
+          <span class="rating"><%pretty_rating%></span>\
+          <span class="delta"><%time.delta%></span>\
+        </p>\
+        <div class="comment-text comment"><#text#></div>\
+        <p class="comment-opts comment">\
+          <a href="#" class="reply hidden" id="rl<%id%>">reply &#9657;</a>\
+          <a href="#" class="close-reply" id="cr<%id%>">reply &#9663;</a>\
+          <a href="#" id="sp<%id%>" class="show-proposal">proposal &#9657;</a>\
+          <a href="#" id="hp<%id%>" class="hide-proposal">proposal &#9663;</a>\
+          <a href="#" id="dc<%id%>" class="delete-comment hidden">delete</a>\
+          <span id="cm<%id%>" class="moderation hidden">\
+            <a href="#" id="ac<%id%>" class="accept-comment">accept</a>\
+          </span>\
+        </p>\
+        <pre class="proposal" id="pr<%id%>">\
+<#proposal_diff#>\
+        </pre>\
+          <ul class="comment-children" id="cl<%id%>"></ul>\
+        </div>\
+        <div class="clearleft"></div>\
+      </div>\
+    </div>';
+
+  var replyTemplate = '\
+    <li>\
+      <div class="reply-div" id="rd<%id%>">\
+        <form id="rf<%id%>">\
+          <textarea name="comment" cols="80"></textarea>\
+          <input type="submit" value="Add reply" />\
+          <input type="button" value="Cancel" />\
+          <input type="hidden" name="parent" value="<%id%>" />\
+          <input type="hidden" name="node" value="" />\
+        </form>\
+      </div>\
+    </li>';
+
+  $(document).ready(function() {
+    init();
+  });
+})(jQuery);
+
+$(document).ready(function() {
+  // add comment anchors for all paragraphs that are commentable
+  $('.sphinx-has-comment').comment();
+
+  // highlight search words in search results
+  $("div.context").each(function() {
+    var params = $.getQueryParameters();
+    var terms = (params.q) ? params.q[0].split(/\s+/) : [];
+    var result = $(this);
+    $.each(terms, function() {
+      result.highlightText(this.toLowerCase(), 'highlighted');
+    });
+  });
+
+  // directly open comment window if requested
+  var anchor = document.location.hash;
+  if (anchor.substring(0, 9) == '#comment-') {
+    $('#ao' + anchor.substring(9)).click();
+    document.location.hash = '#s' + anchor.substring(9);
+  }
+});
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@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
+<!--
+Google IO 2012/2013 HTML5 Slide Template
+
+Authors: Eric Bidelman <ebidel@gmail.com>
+         Luke Mahé <lukem@google.com>
+
+URL: https://code.google.com/p/io-2012-slides
+--><!DOCTYPE html>
+
+
+<html>
+<head>
+  <title>A Quick Flask Walkthrough &mdash; Internet Programming with Python</title>
+  <meta charset="utf-8">
+  
+  <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="chrome=1">
+  <!--<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, minimum-scale=1.0">-->
+  <!--<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">-->
+  <!--This one seems to work all the time, but really small on ipad-->
+  <!--<meta name="viewport" content="initial-scale=0.4">-->
+  <meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-capable" content="yes">
+  
+  <link rel="stylesheet" media="all"
+        href="../_static/theme/css/default.css">
+  <link rel="stylesheet" media="all"
+        href="../_static/theme/css/hieroglyph.css">
+  <link rel="stylesheet" media="only screen and (max-device-width: 480px)"
+        href="../_static/theme/css/phone.css">
+
+    
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/custom.css"
+          type="text/css" />
+    
+
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/pygments.css" type="text/css" />
+  <base target="_blank"> <!-- This amazingness opens all links in a new tab. -->
+  
+    <script type="text/javascript">
+      var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = {
+        URL_ROOT:    '../',
+        VERSION:     '2.0',
+        COLLAPSE_INDEX: false,
+        FILE_SUFFIX: '.html',
+        HAS_SOURCE:  true
+      };
+    </script>
+
+    <script data-main="../_static/js/slides"
+            src="../_static/js/require-1.0.8.min.js"></script>
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script>
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/underscore.js"></script>
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/doctools.js"></script>
+    
+    <link rel="top" title="Internet Programming with Python" href="../index.html" /> 
+</head>
+<body style="opacity: 0">
+
+<slides class="layout-widescreen">
+
+  <slide class="title-slide segue nobackground">
+  <aside class="gdbar"><img src="../_static/logo_UW.png"></aside>
+  <!-- The content of this hgroup is replaced programmatically through the slide_config.json. -->
+  <hgroup class="auto-fadein">
+    <h1 data-config-title><!-- populated from slide_config.json --></h1>
+    <h2 data-config-subtitle><!-- populated from slide_config.json --></h2>
+    <p data-config-presenter><!-- populated from slide_config.json --></p>
+  </hgroup>
+</slide>
+
+  
+    <slide class="admonition-a-quick-flask-walkthrough level-1">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h1>A Quick Flask Walkthrough</h1>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>This document contains no slides.</p>
+
+
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>
+
+
+    <slide class="thank-you-slide segue nobackground">
+    <aside class="gdbar right"><img src="../_static/logo_UW.png"></aside>
+    <article class="flexbox vleft auto-fadein">
+      <h2>&lt;Thank You!&gt;</h2>
+      <p>&nbsp;</p>
+    </article>
+    <p class="auto-fadein" data-config-contact>
+      <!-- populated from slide_config.json -->
+    </p>
+  </slide>
+
+  <slide class="backdrop"></slide>
+
+</slides>
+
+<!--[if IE]>
+  <script src="http://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/chrome-frame/1/CFInstall.min.js"></script>
+  <script>CFInstall.check({mode: 'overlay'});</script>
+<![endif]-->
+</body>
+</html>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/slides/additional/git_cleanup.html b/slides/additional/git_cleanup.html
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ea335242
--- /dev/null
+++ b/slides/additional/git_cleanup.html
@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
+<!--
+Google IO 2012/2013 HTML5 Slide Template
+
+Authors: Eric Bidelman <ebidel@gmail.com>
+         Luke Mahé <lukem@google.com>
+
+URL: https://code.google.com/p/io-2012-slides
+--><!DOCTYPE html>
+
+
+<html>
+<head>
+  <title>Steps to get a clean master branch for your git fork &mdash; Internet Programming with Python</title>
+  <meta charset="utf-8">
+  
+  <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="chrome=1">
+  <!--<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, minimum-scale=1.0">-->
+  <!--<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">-->
+  <!--This one seems to work all the time, but really small on ipad-->
+  <!--<meta name="viewport" content="initial-scale=0.4">-->
+  <meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-capable" content="yes">
+  
+  <link rel="stylesheet" media="all"
+        href="../_static/theme/css/default.css">
+  <link rel="stylesheet" media="all"
+        href="../_static/theme/css/hieroglyph.css">
+  <link rel="stylesheet" media="only screen and (max-device-width: 480px)"
+        href="../_static/theme/css/phone.css">
+
+    
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/custom.css"
+          type="text/css" />
+    
+
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/pygments.css" type="text/css" />
+  <base target="_blank"> <!-- This amazingness opens all links in a new tab. -->
+  
+    <script type="text/javascript">
+      var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = {
+        URL_ROOT:    '../',
+        VERSION:     '2.0',
+        COLLAPSE_INDEX: false,
+        FILE_SUFFIX: '.html',
+        HAS_SOURCE:  true
+      };
+    </script>
+
+    <script data-main="../_static/js/slides"
+            src="../_static/js/require-1.0.8.min.js"></script>
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script>
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/underscore.js"></script>
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/doctools.js"></script>
+    
+    <link rel="top" title="Internet Programming with Python" href="../index.html" /> 
+</head>
+<body style="opacity: 0">
+
+<slides class="layout-widescreen">
+
+  <slide class="title-slide segue nobackground">
+  <aside class="gdbar"><img src="../_static/logo_UW.png"></aside>
+  <!-- The content of this hgroup is replaced programmatically through the slide_config.json. -->
+  <hgroup class="auto-fadein">
+    <h1 data-config-title><!-- populated from slide_config.json --></h1>
+    <h2 data-config-subtitle><!-- populated from slide_config.json --></h2>
+    <p data-config-presenter><!-- populated from slide_config.json --></p>
+  </hgroup>
+</slide>
+
+  
+    <slide class="admonition-steps-to-get-a-clean-master-branch-for-your-git-fork level-1">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h1>Steps to get a clean master branch for your git fork</h1>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>This document contains no slides.</p>
+
+
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>
+
+
+    <slide class="thank-you-slide segue nobackground">
+    <aside class="gdbar right"><img src="../_static/logo_UW.png"></aside>
+    <article class="flexbox vleft auto-fadein">
+      <h2>&lt;Thank You!&gt;</h2>
+      <p>&nbsp;</p>
+    </article>
+    <p class="auto-fadein" data-config-contact>
+      <!-- populated from slide_config.json -->
+    </p>
+  </slide>
+
+  <slide class="backdrop"></slide>
+
+</slides>
+
+<!--[if IE]>
+  <script src="http://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/chrome-frame/1/CFInstall.min.js"></script>
+  <script>CFInstall.check({mode: 'overlay'});</script>
+<![endif]-->
+</body>
+</html>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/slides/additional/sql_persistence_tutorial.html b/slides/additional/sql_persistence_tutorial.html
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2da59388
--- /dev/null
+++ b/slides/additional/sql_persistence_tutorial.html
@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
+<!--
+Google IO 2012/2013 HTML5 Slide Template
+
+Authors: Eric Bidelman <ebidel@gmail.com>
+         Luke Mahé <lukem@google.com>
+
+URL: https://code.google.com/p/io-2012-slides
+--><!DOCTYPE html>
+
+
+<html>
+<head>
+  <title>SQL Persistence in Python &mdash; Internet Programming with Python</title>
+  <meta charset="utf-8">
+  
+  <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="chrome=1">
+  <!--<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, minimum-scale=1.0">-->
+  <!--<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">-->
+  <!--This one seems to work all the time, but really small on ipad-->
+  <!--<meta name="viewport" content="initial-scale=0.4">-->
+  <meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-capable" content="yes">
+  
+  <link rel="stylesheet" media="all"
+        href="../_static/theme/css/default.css">
+  <link rel="stylesheet" media="all"
+        href="../_static/theme/css/hieroglyph.css">
+  <link rel="stylesheet" media="only screen and (max-device-width: 480px)"
+        href="../_static/theme/css/phone.css">
+
+    
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/custom.css"
+          type="text/css" />
+    
+
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/pygments.css" type="text/css" />
+  <base target="_blank"> <!-- This amazingness opens all links in a new tab. -->
+  
+    <script type="text/javascript">
+      var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = {
+        URL_ROOT:    '../',
+        VERSION:     '2.0',
+        COLLAPSE_INDEX: false,
+        FILE_SUFFIX: '.html',
+        HAS_SOURCE:  true
+      };
+    </script>
+
+    <script data-main="../_static/js/slides"
+            src="../_static/js/require-1.0.8.min.js"></script>
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script>
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/underscore.js"></script>
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/doctools.js"></script>
+    
+    <link rel="top" title="Internet Programming with Python" href="../index.html" /> 
+</head>
+<body style="opacity: 0">
+
+<slides class="layout-widescreen">
+
+  <slide class="title-slide segue nobackground">
+  <aside class="gdbar"><img src="../_static/logo_UW.png"></aside>
+  <!-- The content of this hgroup is replaced programmatically through the slide_config.json. -->
+  <hgroup class="auto-fadein">
+    <h1 data-config-title><!-- populated from slide_config.json --></h1>
+    <h2 data-config-subtitle><!-- populated from slide_config.json --></h2>
+    <p data-config-presenter><!-- populated from slide_config.json --></p>
+  </hgroup>
+</slide>
+
+  
+    <slide class="admonition-sql-persistence-in-python level-1">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h1>SQL Persistence in Python</h1>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>This document contains no slides.</p>
+
+
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>
+
+
+    <slide class="thank-you-slide segue nobackground">
+    <aside class="gdbar right"><img src="../_static/logo_UW.png"></aside>
+    <article class="flexbox vleft auto-fadein">
+      <h2>&lt;Thank You!&gt;</h2>
+      <p>&nbsp;</p>
+    </article>
+    <p class="auto-fadein" data-config-contact>
+      <!-- populated from slide_config.json -->
+    </p>
+  </slide>
+
+  <slide class="backdrop"></slide>
+
+</slides>
+
+<!--[if IE]>
+  <script src="http://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/chrome-frame/1/CFInstall.min.js"></script>
+  <script>CFInstall.check({mode: 'overlay'});</script>
+<![endif]-->
+</body>
+</html>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/slides/additional/template_tutorial.html b/slides/additional/template_tutorial.html
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ba6990bf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/slides/additional/template_tutorial.html
@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
+<!--
+Google IO 2012/2013 HTML5 Slide Template
+
+Authors: Eric Bidelman <ebidel@gmail.com>
+         Luke Mahé <lukem@google.com>
+
+URL: https://code.google.com/p/io-2012-slides
+--><!DOCTYPE html>
+
+
+<html>
+<head>
+  <title>Jinja2 Template Introduction &mdash; Internet Programming with Python</title>
+  <meta charset="utf-8">
+  
+  <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="chrome=1">
+  <!--<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, minimum-scale=1.0">-->
+  <!--<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">-->
+  <!--This one seems to work all the time, but really small on ipad-->
+  <!--<meta name="viewport" content="initial-scale=0.4">-->
+  <meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-capable" content="yes">
+  
+  <link rel="stylesheet" media="all"
+        href="../_static/theme/css/default.css">
+  <link rel="stylesheet" media="all"
+        href="../_static/theme/css/hieroglyph.css">
+  <link rel="stylesheet" media="only screen and (max-device-width: 480px)"
+        href="../_static/theme/css/phone.css">
+
+    
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/custom.css"
+          type="text/css" />
+    
+
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/pygments.css" type="text/css" />
+  <base target="_blank"> <!-- This amazingness opens all links in a new tab. -->
+  
+    <script type="text/javascript">
+      var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = {
+        URL_ROOT:    '../',
+        VERSION:     '2.0',
+        COLLAPSE_INDEX: false,
+        FILE_SUFFIX: '.html',
+        HAS_SOURCE:  true
+      };
+    </script>
+
+    <script data-main="../_static/js/slides"
+            src="../_static/js/require-1.0.8.min.js"></script>
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script>
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/underscore.js"></script>
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/doctools.js"></script>
+    
+    <link rel="top" title="Internet Programming with Python" href="../index.html" /> 
+</head>
+<body style="opacity: 0">
+
+<slides class="layout-widescreen">
+
+  <slide class="title-slide segue nobackground">
+  <aside class="gdbar"><img src="../_static/logo_UW.png"></aside>
+  <!-- The content of this hgroup is replaced programmatically through the slide_config.json. -->
+  <hgroup class="auto-fadein">
+    <h1 data-config-title><!-- populated from slide_config.json --></h1>
+    <h2 data-config-subtitle><!-- populated from slide_config.json --></h2>
+    <p data-config-presenter><!-- populated from slide_config.json --></p>
+  </hgroup>
+</slide>
+
+  
+    <slide class="admonition-jinja2-template-introduction level-1">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h1>Jinja2 Template Introduction</h1>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>This document contains no slides.</p>
+
+
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>
+
+
+    <slide class="thank-you-slide segue nobackground">
+    <aside class="gdbar right"><img src="../_static/logo_UW.png"></aside>
+    <article class="flexbox vleft auto-fadein">
+      <h2>&lt;Thank You!&gt;</h2>
+      <p>&nbsp;</p>
+    </article>
+    <p class="auto-fadein" data-config-contact>
+      <!-- populated from slide_config.json -->
+    </p>
+  </slide>
+
+  <slide class="backdrop"></slide>
+
+</slides>
+
+<!--[if IE]>
+  <script src="http://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/chrome-frame/1/CFInstall.min.js"></script>
+  <script>CFInstall.check({mode: 'overlay'});</script>
+<![endif]-->
+</body>
+</html>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/slides/genindex.html b/slides/genindex.html
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c7226c46
--- /dev/null
+++ b/slides/genindex.html
@@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
+
+<!--
+Google IO 2012/2013 HTML5 Slide Template
+
+Authors: Eric Bidelman <ebidel@gmail.com>
+         Luke Mahé <lukem@google.com>
+
+URL: https://code.google.com/p/io-2012-slides
+--><!DOCTYPE html>
+
+
+<html>
+<head>
+  <title>Index &mdash; Internet Programming with Python</title>
+  <meta charset="utf-8">
+  
+  <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="chrome=1">
+  <!--<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, minimum-scale=1.0">-->
+  <!--<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">-->
+  <!--This one seems to work all the time, but really small on ipad-->
+  <!--<meta name="viewport" content="initial-scale=0.4">-->
+  <meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-capable" content="yes">
+
+  
+  <link rel="stylesheet" media="all"
+        href="_static/theme/css/default.css">
+  <link rel="stylesheet" media="all"
+        href="_static/theme/css/hieroglyph.css">
+  <link rel="stylesheet" media="only screen and (max-device-width: 480px)"
+        href="_static/theme/css/phone.css">
+
+    
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="_static/custom.css"
+          type="text/css" />
+    
+
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="_static/pygments.css" type="text/css" />
+  <base target="_blank"> <!-- This amazingness opens all links in a new tab. -->
+  
+    <script type="text/javascript">
+      var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = {
+        URL_ROOT:    './',
+        VERSION:     '3.0',
+        COLLAPSE_INDEX: false,
+        FILE_SUFFIX: '.html',
+        HAS_SOURCE:  true
+      };
+    </script>
+
+    <script data-main="_static/js/slides"
+            src="_static/js/require-1.0.8.min.js"></script>
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="_static/jquery.js"></script>
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="_static/underscore.js"></script>
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="_static/doctools.js"></script>
+    
+    <link rel="top" title="Internet Programming with Python" href="index.html" /> 
+</head>
+<body style="opacity: 0">
+
+<slides class="layout-widescreen">
+
+  <slide class="title-slide segue nobackground">
+  <aside class="gdbar"><img src="../_static/logo_UW.png"></aside>
+  <!-- The content of this hgroup is replaced programmatically through the slide_config.json. -->
+  <hgroup class="auto-fadein">
+    <h1 data-config-title><!-- populated from slide_config.json --></h1>
+    <h2 data-config-subtitle><!-- populated from slide_config.json --></h2>
+    <p data-config-presenter><!-- populated from slide_config.json --></p>
+  </hgroup>
+</slide>
+
+  
+
+<h1 id="index">Index</h1>
+
+<div class="genindex-jumpbox">
+ <a href="#S"><strong>S</strong></a>
+ 
+</div>
+<h2 id="S">S</h2>
+<table style="width: 100%" class="indextable genindextable"><tr>
+  <td style="width: 33%" valign="top"><dl>
+      
+  <dt><a href="presentations/django_intro.html#small">small (built-in class)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+  </dl></td>
+</tr></table>
+
+
+
+
+    <slide class="thank-you-slide segue nobackground">
+    <aside class="gdbar right"><img src="../_static/logo_UW.png"></aside>
+    <article class="flexbox vleft auto-fadein">
+      <h2>Good Night!</h2>
+      <p>&nbsp;</p>
+    </article>
+    <p class="auto-fadein" data-config-contact>
+      <!-- populated from slide_config.json -->
+    </p>
+  </slide>
+
+  <slide class="backdrop"></slide>
+
+</slides>
+
+<!--[if IE]>
+  <script src="http://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/chrome-frame/1/CFInstall.min.js"></script>
+  <script>CFInstall.check({mode: 'overlay'});</script>
+<![endif]-->
+</body>
+</html>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/slides/index.html b/slides/index.html
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0b031260
--- /dev/null
+++ b/slides/index.html
@@ -0,0 +1,110 @@
+<!--
+Google IO 2012/2013 HTML5 Slide Template
+
+Authors: Eric Bidelman <ebidel@gmail.com>
+         Luke Mahé <lukem@google.com>
+
+URL: https://code.google.com/p/io-2012-slides
+--><!DOCTYPE html>
+
+
+<html>
+<head>
+  <title>Internet Programming with Python &mdash; Internet Programming with Python</title>
+  <meta charset="utf-8">
+  
+  <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="chrome=1">
+  <!--<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, minimum-scale=1.0">-->
+  <!--<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">-->
+  <!--This one seems to work all the time, but really small on ipad-->
+  <!--<meta name="viewport" content="initial-scale=0.4">-->
+  <meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-capable" content="yes">
+
+  
+  <link rel="stylesheet" media="all"
+        href="_static/theme/css/default.css">
+  <link rel="stylesheet" media="all"
+        href="_static/theme/css/hieroglyph.css">
+  <link rel="stylesheet" media="only screen and (max-device-width: 480px)"
+        href="_static/theme/css/phone.css">
+
+    
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="_static/custom.css"
+          type="text/css" />
+    
+
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="_static/pygments.css" type="text/css" />
+  <base target="_blank"> <!-- This amazingness opens all links in a new tab. -->
+  
+    <script type="text/javascript">
+      var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = {
+        URL_ROOT:    './',
+        VERSION:     '3.0',
+        COLLAPSE_INDEX: false,
+        FILE_SUFFIX: '.html',
+        HAS_SOURCE:  true
+      };
+    </script>
+
+    <script data-main="_static/js/slides"
+            src="_static/js/require-1.0.8.min.js"></script>
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="_static/jquery.js"></script>
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="_static/underscore.js"></script>
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="_static/doctools.js"></script>
+    
+    <link rel="top" title="Internet Programming with Python" href="#" />
+    <link rel="next" title="Course Outline" href="outline.html" /> 
+</head>
+<body style="opacity: 0">
+
+<slides class="layout-widescreen">
+
+  <slide class="title-slide segue nobackground">
+  <aside class="gdbar"><img src="../_static/logo_UW.png"></aside>
+  <!-- The content of this hgroup is replaced programmatically through the slide_config.json. -->
+  <hgroup class="auto-fadein">
+    <h1 data-config-title><!-- populated from slide_config.json --></h1>
+    <h2 data-config-subtitle><!-- populated from slide_config.json --></h2>
+    <p data-config-presenter><!-- populated from slide_config.json --></p>
+  </hgroup>
+</slide>
+
+  
+    <slide class="title-slide segue nobackground admonition-internet-programming-with-python level-1" id="internet-programming-with-python">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h1>Internet Programming with Python</h1>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <div class="large center container">
+No Content</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">1</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>
+
+
+    <slide class="thank-you-slide segue nobackground">
+    <aside class="gdbar right"><img src="../_static/logo_UW.png"></aside>
+    <article class="flexbox vleft auto-fadein">
+      <h2>Good Night!</h2>
+      <p>&nbsp;</p>
+    </article>
+    <p class="auto-fadein" data-config-contact>
+      <!-- populated from slide_config.json -->
+    </p>
+  </slide>
+
+  <slide class="backdrop"></slide>
+
+</slides>
+
+<!--[if IE]>
+  <script src="http://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/chrome-frame/1/CFInstall.min.js"></script>
+  <script>CFInstall.check({mode: 'overlay'});</script>
+<![endif]-->
+</body>
+</html>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/slides/objects.inv b/slides/objects.inv
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..175e0821
--- /dev/null
+++ b/slides/objects.inv
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+# Sphinx inventory version 2
+# Project: Internet Programming with Python
+# Version: 3.0
+# The remainder of this file is compressed using zlib.
+xÚmËA
+Â0Ð}N1`·Qºí
\‚�±ÒÈd2)ØÛ‹$]Ý}þ_#2CÞ¦™QFÈ…”¤b
IôâÞ(>=ƒÔ’ÎK�|ÀOÄÑ´º‰ñEv„½m®¿lbr4ovº¾%·2õ“–yù¿´®ëGwôd¾}ÞD9
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/slides/outline.html b/slides/outline.html
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bfcdf6fd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/slides/outline.html
@@ -0,0 +1,110 @@
+<!--
+Google IO 2012/2013 HTML5 Slide Template
+
+Authors: Eric Bidelman <ebidel@gmail.com>
+         Luke Mahé <lukem@google.com>
+
+URL: https://code.google.com/p/io-2012-slides
+--><!DOCTYPE html>
+
+
+<html>
+<head>
+  <title>Course Outline &mdash; Internet Programming with Python</title>
+  <meta charset="utf-8">
+  
+  <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="chrome=1">
+  <!--<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, minimum-scale=1.0">-->
+  <!--<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">-->
+  <!--This one seems to work all the time, but really small on ipad-->
+  <!--<meta name="viewport" content="initial-scale=0.4">-->
+  <meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-capable" content="yes">
+
+  
+  <link rel="stylesheet" media="all"
+        href="_static/theme/css/default.css">
+  <link rel="stylesheet" media="all"
+        href="_static/theme/css/hieroglyph.css">
+  <link rel="stylesheet" media="only screen and (max-device-width: 480px)"
+        href="_static/theme/css/phone.css">
+
+    
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="_static/custom.css"
+          type="text/css" />
+    
+
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="_static/pygments.css" type="text/css" />
+  <base target="_blank"> <!-- This amazingness opens all links in a new tab. -->
+  
+    <script type="text/javascript">
+      var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = {
+        URL_ROOT:    './',
+        VERSION:     '3.0',
+        COLLAPSE_INDEX: false,
+        FILE_SUFFIX: '.html',
+        HAS_SOURCE:  true
+      };
+    </script>
+
+    <script data-main="_static/js/slides"
+            src="_static/js/require-1.0.8.min.js"></script>
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="_static/jquery.js"></script>
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="_static/underscore.js"></script>
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="_static/doctools.js"></script>
+    
+    <link rel="top" title="Internet Programming with Python" href="index.html" />
+    <link rel="next" title="Course Presentations" href="presentations/index.html" />
+    <link rel="prev" title="Internet Programming with Python" href="index.html" /> 
+</head>
+<body style="opacity: 0">
+
+<slides class="layout-widescreen">
+
+  <slide class="title-slide segue nobackground">
+  <aside class="gdbar"><img src="../_static/logo_UW.png"></aside>
+  <!-- The content of this hgroup is replaced programmatically through the slide_config.json. -->
+  <hgroup class="auto-fadein">
+    <h1 data-config-title><!-- populated from slide_config.json --></h1>
+    <h2 data-config-subtitle><!-- populated from slide_config.json --></h2>
+    <p data-config-presenter><!-- populated from slide_config.json --></p>
+  </hgroup>
+</slide>
+
+  
+    <slide class="title-slide segue nobackground admonition-course-outline level-1" id="course-outline">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h1>Course Outline</h1>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>This document contains no slides.</p>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">1</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>
+
+
+    <slide class="thank-you-slide segue nobackground">
+    <aside class="gdbar right"><img src="../_static/logo_UW.png"></aside>
+    <article class="flexbox vleft auto-fadein">
+      <h2>Good Night!</h2>
+      <p>&nbsp;</p>
+    </article>
+    <p class="auto-fadein" data-config-contact>
+      <!-- populated from slide_config.json -->
+    </p>
+  </slide>
+
+  <slide class="backdrop"></slide>
+
+</slides>
+
+<!--[if IE]>
+  <script src="http://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/chrome-frame/1/CFInstall.min.js"></script>
+  <script>CFInstall.check({mode: 'overlay'});</script>
+<![endif]-->
+</body>
+</html>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/slides/presentations/django_intro.html b/slides/presentations/django_intro.html
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..af4ea556
--- /dev/null
+++ b/slides/presentations/django_intro.html
@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+<!--
+Google IO 2012/2013 HTML5 Slide Template
+
+Authors: Eric Bidelman <ebidel@gmail.com>
+         Luke Mahé <lukem@google.com>
+
+URL: https://code.google.com/p/io-2012-slides
+--><!DOCTYPE html>
+
+
+<html>
+<head>
+  <title>An Introduction To Django &mdash; Internet Programming with Python</title>
+  <meta charset="utf-8">
+  
+  <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="chrome=1">
+  <!--<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, minimum-scale=1.0">-->
+  <!--<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">-->
+  <!--This one seems to work all the time, but really small on ipad-->
+  <!--<meta name="viewport" content="initial-scale=0.4">-->
+  <meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-capable" content="yes">
+
+  
+  <link rel="stylesheet" media="all"
+        href="../_static/theme/css/default.css">
+  <link rel="stylesheet" media="all"
+        href="../_static/theme/css/hieroglyph.css">
+  <link rel="stylesheet" media="only screen and (max-device-width: 480px)"
+        href="../_static/theme/css/phone.css">
+
+    
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/custom.css"
+          type="text/css" />
+    
+
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/pygments.css" type="text/css" />
+  <base target="_blank"> <!-- This amazingness opens all links in a new tab. -->
+  
+    <script type="text/javascript">
+      var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = {
+        URL_ROOT:    '../',
+        VERSION:     '3.0',
+        COLLAPSE_INDEX: false,
+        FILE_SUFFIX: '.html',
+        HAS_SOURCE:  true
+      };
+    </script>
+
+    <script data-main="../_static/js/slides"
+            src="../_static/js/require-1.0.8.min.js"></script>
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script>
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/underscore.js"></script>
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/doctools.js"></script>
+    
+    <link rel="top" title="Internet Programming with Python" href="../index.html" /> 
+</head>
+<body style="opacity: 0">
+
+<slides class="layout-widescreen">
+
+  <slide class="title-slide segue nobackground">
+  <aside class="gdbar"><img src="../_static/logo_UW.png"></aside>
+  <!-- The content of this hgroup is replaced programmatically through the slide_config.json. -->
+  <hgroup class="auto-fadein">
+    <h1 data-config-title><!-- populated from slide_config.json --></h1>
+    <h2 data-config-subtitle><!-- populated from slide_config.json --></h2>
+    <p data-config-presenter><!-- populated from slide_config.json --></p>
+  </hgroup>
+</slide>
+
+  
+    <slide class="title-slide segue nobackground admonition-internet-programming-with-python level-1" id="an-introduction-to-django">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h1>Internet Programming with Python</h1>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>This document contains no slides.</p>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">1</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>
+
+
+    <slide class="thank-you-slide segue nobackground">
+    <aside class="gdbar right"><img src="../_static/logo_UW.png"></aside>
+    <article class="flexbox vleft auto-fadein">
+      <h2>Good Night!</h2>
+      <p>&nbsp;</p>
+    </article>
+    <p class="auto-fadein" data-config-contact>
+      <!-- populated from slide_config.json -->
+    </p>
+  </slide>
+
+  <slide class="backdrop"></slide>
+
+</slides>
+
+<!--[if IE]>
+  <script src="http://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/chrome-frame/1/CFInstall.min.js"></script>
+  <script>CFInstall.check({mode: 'overlay'});</script>
+<![endif]-->
+</body>
+</html>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/slides/presentations/index.html b/slides/presentations/index.html
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7ee0870d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/slides/presentations/index.html
@@ -0,0 +1,110 @@
+<!--
+Google IO 2012/2013 HTML5 Slide Template
+
+Authors: Eric Bidelman <ebidel@gmail.com>
+         Luke Mahé <lukem@google.com>
+
+URL: https://code.google.com/p/io-2012-slides
+--><!DOCTYPE html>
+
+
+<html>
+<head>
+  <title>Course Presentations &mdash; Internet Programming with Python</title>
+  <meta charset="utf-8">
+  
+  <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="chrome=1">
+  <!--<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, minimum-scale=1.0">-->
+  <!--<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">-->
+  <!--This one seems to work all the time, but really small on ipad-->
+  <!--<meta name="viewport" content="initial-scale=0.4">-->
+  <meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-capable" content="yes">
+
+  
+  <link rel="stylesheet" media="all"
+        href="../_static/theme/css/default.css">
+  <link rel="stylesheet" media="all"
+        href="../_static/theme/css/hieroglyph.css">
+  <link rel="stylesheet" media="only screen and (max-device-width: 480px)"
+        href="../_static/theme/css/phone.css">
+
+    
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/custom.css"
+          type="text/css" />
+    
+
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/pygments.css" type="text/css" />
+  <base target="_blank"> <!-- This amazingness opens all links in a new tab. -->
+  
+    <script type="text/javascript">
+      var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = {
+        URL_ROOT:    '../',
+        VERSION:     '3.0',
+        COLLAPSE_INDEX: false,
+        FILE_SUFFIX: '.html',
+        HAS_SOURCE:  true
+      };
+    </script>
+
+    <script data-main="../_static/js/slides"
+            src="../_static/js/require-1.0.8.min.js"></script>
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script>
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/underscore.js"></script>
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/doctools.js"></script>
+    
+    <link rel="top" title="Internet Programming with Python" href="../index.html" />
+    <link rel="next" title="Session 01" href="session01.html" />
+    <link rel="prev" title="Course Outline" href="../outline.html" /> 
+</head>
+<body style="opacity: 0">
+
+<slides class="layout-widescreen">
+
+  <slide class="title-slide segue nobackground">
+  <aside class="gdbar"><img src="../_static/logo_UW.png"></aside>
+  <!-- The content of this hgroup is replaced programmatically through the slide_config.json. -->
+  <hgroup class="auto-fadein">
+    <h1 data-config-title><!-- populated from slide_config.json --></h1>
+    <h2 data-config-subtitle><!-- populated from slide_config.json --></h2>
+    <p data-config-presenter><!-- populated from slide_config.json --></p>
+  </hgroup>
+</slide>
+
+  
+    <slide class="title-slide segue nobackground admonition-course-presentations level-1" id="course-presentations">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h1>Course Presentations</h1>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>This document contains no slides.</p>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">1</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>
+
+
+    <slide class="thank-you-slide segue nobackground">
+    <aside class="gdbar right"><img src="../_static/logo_UW.png"></aside>
+    <article class="flexbox vleft auto-fadein">
+      <h2>Good Night!</h2>
+      <p>&nbsp;</p>
+    </article>
+    <p class="auto-fadein" data-config-contact>
+      <!-- populated from slide_config.json -->
+    </p>
+  </slide>
+
+  <slide class="backdrop"></slide>
+
+</slides>
+
+<!--[if IE]>
+  <script src="http://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/chrome-frame/1/CFInstall.min.js"></script>
+  <script>CFInstall.check({mode: 'overlay'});</script>
+<![endif]-->
+</body>
+</html>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/slides/presentations/session01.html b/slides/presentations/session01.html
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..71cbb02d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/slides/presentations/session01.html
@@ -0,0 +1,1693 @@
+<!--
+Google IO 2012/2013 HTML5 Slide Template
+
+Authors: Eric Bidelman <ebidel@gmail.com>
+         Luke Mahé <lukem@google.com>
+
+URL: https://code.google.com/p/io-2012-slides
+--><!DOCTYPE html>
+
+
+<html>
+<head>
+  <title>Session 01 &mdash; Internet Programming with Python</title>
+  <meta charset="utf-8">
+  
+  <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="chrome=1">
+  <!--<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, minimum-scale=1.0">-->
+  <!--<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">-->
+  <!--This one seems to work all the time, but really small on ipad-->
+  <!--<meta name="viewport" content="initial-scale=0.4">-->
+  <meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-capable" content="yes">
+
+  
+  <link rel="stylesheet" media="all"
+        href="../_static/theme/css/default.css">
+  <link rel="stylesheet" media="all"
+        href="../_static/theme/css/hieroglyph.css">
+  <link rel="stylesheet" media="only screen and (max-device-width: 480px)"
+        href="../_static/theme/css/phone.css">
+
+    
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/custom.css"
+          type="text/css" />
+    
+
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/pygments.css" type="text/css" />
+  <base target="_blank"> <!-- This amazingness opens all links in a new tab. -->
+  
+    <script type="text/javascript">
+      var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = {
+        URL_ROOT:    '../',
+        VERSION:     '3.0',
+        COLLAPSE_INDEX: false,
+        FILE_SUFFIX: '.html',
+        HAS_SOURCE:  true
+      };
+    </script>
+
+    <script data-main="../_static/js/slides"
+            src="../_static/js/require-1.0.8.min.js"></script>
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script>
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/underscore.js"></script>
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/doctools.js"></script>
+    
+    <link rel="top" title="Internet Programming with Python" href="../index.html" />
+    <link rel="up" title="Course Presentations" href="index.html" />
+    <link rel="next" title="Session 02" href="session02.html" />
+    <link rel="prev" title="Course Presentations" href="index.html" /> 
+</head>
+<body style="opacity: 0">
+
+<slides class="layout-widescreen">
+
+  <slide class="title-slide segue nobackground">
+  <aside class="gdbar"><img src="../_static/logo_UW.png"></aside>
+  <!-- The content of this hgroup is replaced programmatically through the slide_config.json. -->
+  <hgroup class="auto-fadein">
+    <h1 data-config-title><!-- populated from slide_config.json --></h1>
+    <h2 data-config-subtitle><!-- populated from slide_config.json --></h2>
+    <p data-config-presenter><!-- populated from slide_config.json --></p>
+  </hgroup>
+</slide>
+
+  
+    <slide class="title-slide segue nobackground level-1" id="session-01">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h1>Session 01</h1>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <div class="figure align-center" id="id2">
+<a class="reference internal image-reference" href="../_images/python.png"><img alt="../_images/python.png" src="../_images/python.png" style="width: 50%;" /></a>
+<p class="caption"><span class="caption-text"><strong>Networking and Sockets</strong></span></p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">1</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-2" id="computer-communications">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h2>Computer Communications</h2>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p class="large centered">Wherein we learn about how computers speak to each-other over a network.</p>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">2</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="but-first">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>But First</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <div class="left container">
+<p>Class presentations are available online for your use</p>
+<p class="small"><a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/UWPCE-PythonCert/training.python_web">https://github.com/UWPCE-PythonCert/training.python_web</a></p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Licensed with Creative Commons BY-NC-SA</p>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>You must attribute the work</li>
+<li>You may not use the work for commercial purposes</li>
+<li>You have to share your versions just like this one</li>
+</ul>
+<p>Find mistakes? See improvements? Make a pull request.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">3</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id5">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>But First</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>The rendered documentation is available as well:</p>
+<p><a class="reference external" href="http://uwpce-pythoncert.github.io">http://uwpce-pythoncert.github.io</a></p>
+<p>Please check frequently. I will update with great regularity</p>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">4</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id6">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>But First</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p><strong>Classroom Protocol</strong></p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Questions to ask:</p>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>What did you just say?</li>
+<li>Please explain what we just did again?</li>
+<li>How did that work?</li>
+<li>Why didn't that work for me?</li>
+<li>Is that a typo?</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">5</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id7">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>But First</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p><strong>Classroom Protocol</strong></p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Questions <strong>not</strong> to ask:</p>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li><strong>Hypotheticals</strong>: What happens if I do X?</li>
+<li><strong>Research</strong>: Can Python do Y?</li>
+<li><strong>Syllabus</strong>: Are we going to cover Z in class?</li>
+<li><strong>Marketing questions</strong>: please just don't.</li>
+<li><strong>Performance questions</strong>: Is Python fast enough?</li>
+<li><strong>Unpythonic</strong>: Why doesn't Python do it some other way?</li>
+<li><strong>Show off</strong>: Look what I just did!</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">6</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id8">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>But First</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p class="large center">Introductions</p>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">7</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="tcp-ip">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>TCP/IP</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <div class="figure align-left" id="id3">
+<img alt="../_images/network_topology.png" src="../_images/network_topology.png" />
+<p class="caption"><span class="caption-text"><a class="reference external" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocol_Suite">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocol_Suite</a></span></p>
+</div>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>processes can communicate</li>
+<li>inside one machine</li>
+<li>between two machines</li>
+<li>among many machines</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">8</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id9">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>TCP/IP</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <div class="figure align-left" id="id4">
+<a class="reference internal image-reference" href="../_images/data_in_tcpip_stack.png"><img alt="../_images/data_in_tcpip_stack.png" src="../_images/data_in_tcpip_stack.png" style="width: 100%;" /></a>
+<p class="caption"><span class="caption-text"><a class="reference external" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocol_Suite">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocol_Suite</a></span></p>
+</div>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>Process divided into 'layers'</li>
+<li>'Layers' are mostly arbitrary</li>
+<li>Different descriptions have different layers</li>
+<li>Most common is the 'TCP/IP Stack'</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">9</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="the-tcp-ip-stack-link">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>The TCP/IP Stack - Link</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>The bottom layer is the 'Link Layer'</p>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>Deals with the physical connections between machines, 'the wire'</li>
+<li>Packages data for physical transport</li>
+<li>Executes transmission over a physical medium<ul class="build">
+<li>what that medium is is arbitrary</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li>Implemented in the Network Interface Card(s) (NIC) in your computer</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">10</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="the-tcp-ip-stack-internet">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>The TCP/IP Stack - Internet</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Moving up, we have the 'Internet Layer'</p>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>Deals with addressing and routing<ul class="build">
+<li>Where are we going and how do we get there?</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li>Agnostic as to physical medium (IP over Avian Carrier - IPoAC)</li>
+<li>Makes no promises of reliability</li>
+<li>Two addressing systems<ul class="build">
+<li>IPv4 (current, limited '192.168.1.100')</li>
+<li>IPv6 (future, 3.4 x 10^38 addresses, '2001:0db8:85a3:0042:0000:8a2e:0370:7334')</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">11</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id10">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>The TCP/IP Stack - Internet</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p class="large center">That's 4.3 x 10^28 addresses <em>per person alive today</em></p>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">12</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="the-tcp-ip-stack-transport">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>The TCP/IP Stack - Transport</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Next up is the 'Transport Layer'</p>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>Deals with transmission and reception of data<ul>
+<li>error correction, flow control, congestion management</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li>Common protocols include TCP &amp; UDP<ul>
+<li>TCP: Tranmission Control Protocol</li>
+<li>UDP: User Datagram Protocol</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li>Not all Transport Protocols are 'reliable'<ul class="build">
+<li>TCP ensures that dropped packets are resent</li>
+<li>UDP makes no such assurance</li>
+<li>Reliability is slow and expensive</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">13</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id11">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>The TCP/IP Stack - Transport</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>The 'Transport Layer' also establishes the concept of a <strong>port</strong></p>
+<div class="build container">
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>IP Addresses designate a specific <em>machine</em> on the network</li>
+<li>A <strong>port</strong> provides addressing for individual <em>applications</em> in a single
+host</li>
+<li>192.168.1.100:80  (the <em>:80</em> part is the <strong>port</strong>)</li>
+<li>[2001:db8:85a3:8d3:1319:8a2e:370:7348]:443 (<em>:443</em> is the <strong>port</strong>)</li>
+</ul>
+<p>This means that you don't have to worry about information intended for your
+web browser being accidentally read by your email client.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">14</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id12">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>The TCP/IP Stack - Transport</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>There are certain <strong>ports</strong> which are commonly understood to belong to given
+applications or protocols:</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>80/443 - HTTP/HTTPS</li>
+<li>20 - FTP</li>
+<li>22 - SSH</li>
+<li>23 - Telnet</li>
+<li>25 - SMTP</li>
+<li>...</li>
+</ul>
+<p>These ports are often referred to as <strong>well-known ports</strong></p>
+<p class="small">(see <a class="reference external" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_TCP_and_UDP_port_numbers">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_TCP_and_UDP_port_numbers</a>)</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">15</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id13">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>The TCP/IP Stack - Transport</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Ports are grouped into a few different classes</p>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>Ports numbered 0 - 1023 are <em>reserved</em></li>
+<li>Ports numbered 1024 - 65535 are <em>open</em></li>
+<li>Ports numbered 1024 - 49151 may be <em>registered</em></li>
+<li>Ports numbered 49152 - 65535 are called <em>ephemeral</em></li>
+</ul>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">16</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="the-tcp-ip-stack-application">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>The TCP/IP Stack - Application</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>The topmost layer is the 'Application Layer'</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>Deals directly with data produced or consumed by an application</li>
+<li>Reads or writes data using a set of understood, well-defined <strong>protocols</strong><ul>
+<li>HTTP, SMTP, FTP etc.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li>Does not know (or need to know) about lower layer functionality<ul>
+<li>The exception to this rule is <strong>endpoint</strong> data (or IP:Port)</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<p class="centered"><strong>this is where we live and work</strong></p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">17</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="sockets">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Sockets</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Think back for a second to what we just finished discussing, the TCP/IP stack.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>The <em>Internet</em> layer gives us an <strong>IP Address</strong></li>
+<li>The <em>Transport</em> layer establishes the idea of a <strong>port</strong>.</li>
+<li>The <em>Application</em> layer doesn't care about what happens below...</li>
+<li><em>Except for</em> <strong>endpoint data</strong> (IP:Port)</li>
+</ul>
+<p>A <strong>Socket</strong> is the software representation of that endpoint.</p>
+<p>Opening a <strong>socket</strong> creates a kind of transceiver that can send and/or
+receive <em>bytes</em> at a given IP address and Port.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">18</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="sockets-in-python">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Sockets in Python</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Python provides a standard library module which provides socket functionality.
+It is called <strong>socket</strong>.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>The library is really just a very thin wrapper around the system
+implementation of <em>BSD Sockets</em></p>
+<p>Let's spend a few minutes getting to know this module.</p>
+<p>We're going to do this next part together, so open up a terminal and start
+an iPython interpreter</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">19</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id14">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Sockets in Python</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>The Python sockets library allows us to find out what port a <em>service</em> uses:</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [1]: </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">socket</span>
+
+<span class="gp">In [2]: </span><span class="n">socket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">getservbyname</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;ssh&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gh">Out[2]: </span><span class="go">22</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>You can also do a <em>reverse lookup</em>, finding what service uses a given <em>port</em>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [3]: </span><span class="n">socket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">getservbyport</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">80</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gh">Out[3]: </span><span class="go">&#39;http&#39;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">20</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id15">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Sockets in Python</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>The sockets library also provides tools for finding out information about
+<em>hosts</em>. For example, you can find out about the hostname and IP address of
+the machine you are currently using:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [4]: </span><span class="n">socket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">gethostname</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gh">Out[4]: </span><span class="go">&#39;Banks&#39;</span>
+
+<span class="gp">In [5]: </span><span class="n">socket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">gethostbyname</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">socket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">gethostname</span><span class="p">())</span>
+<span class="gh">Out[5]: </span><span class="go">&#39;127.0.0.1&#39;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">21</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id16">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Sockets in Python</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>You can also find out about machines that are located elsewhere, assuming you
+know their hostname. For example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [6]: </span><span class="n">socket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">gethostbyname</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;google.com&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gh">Out[6]: </span><span class="go">&#39;173.194.33.100&#39;</span>
+
+<span class="gp">In [7]: </span><span class="n">socket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">gethostbyname</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;uw.edu&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gh">Out[7]: </span><span class="go">&#39;128.95.155.134&#39;</span>
+
+<span class="gp">In [8]: </span><span class="n">socket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">gethostbyname</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;crisewing.com&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gh">Out[8]: </span><span class="go">&#39;108.168.213.86&#39;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">22</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id17">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Sockets in Python</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">gethostbyname_ex</span></code> method of the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">socket</span></code> library provides more
+information about the machines we are exploring:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [9]: </span><span class="n">socket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">gethostbyname_ex</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;crisewing.com&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gh">Out[9]: </span><span class="go">(&#39;crisewing.com&#39;, [], [&#39;108.168.213.86&#39;])</span>
+
+<span class="gp">In [10]: </span><span class="n">socket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">gethostbyname_ex</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;google.com&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gh">Out[10]:</span>
+<span class="go">(&#39;google.com&#39;,</span>
+<span class="go"> [],</span>
+<span class="go"> [&#39;173.194.33.100&#39;, &#39;173.194.33.103&#39;,</span>
+<span class="go">  ...</span>
+<span class="go">  &#39;173.194.33.97&#39;, &#39;173.194.33.104&#39;])</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">23</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id18">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Sockets in Python</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>To create a socket, you use the <strong>socket</strong> method of the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">socket</span></code> library.
+It takes up to three optional positional arguments (here we use none to get
+the default behavior):</p>
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [11]: </span><span class="n">foo</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">socket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">socket</span><span class="p">()</span>
+
+<span class="gp">In [12]: </span><span class="n">foo</span>
+<span class="gh">Out[12]: </span><span class="go">&lt;socket.socket fd=10, family=AddressFamily.AF_INET,</span>
+<span class="go">          type=SocketKind.SOCK_STREAM, proto=0, laddr=(&#39;0.0.0.0&#39;, 0)&gt;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">24</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id19">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Sockets in Python</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>A socket has some properties that are immediately important to us. These
+include the <em>family</em>, <em>type</em> and <em>protocol</em> of the socket:</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [13]: </span><span class="n">foo</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">family</span>
+<span class="gh">Out[13]: </span><span class="go">&lt;AddressFamily.AF_INET: 2&gt;</span>
+
+<span class="gp">In [14]: </span><span class="n">foo</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">type</span>
+<span class="gh">Out[14]: </span><span class="go">&lt;SocketKind.SOCK_STREAM: 1&gt;</span>
+
+<span class="gp">In [15]: </span><span class="n">foo</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">proto</span>
+<span class="gh">Out[15]: </span><span class="go">0</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>You might notice that the values for these properties are integers.  In
+fact, these integers are <strong>constants</strong> defined in the socket library.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">25</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id20">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>A quick utility method</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Let's define a method in place to help us see these constants. It will take a
+single argument, the shared prefix for a defined set of constants:</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>(you can also find this in <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">resources/session01/socket_tools.py</span></code>)</p>
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [37]: </span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">get_constants</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">prefix</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">   ....: </span>    <span class="sd">&quot;&quot;&quot;mapping of socket module constants to their names&quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
+<span class="gp">   ....: </span>    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="nb">getattr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">socket</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">n</span><span class="p">):</span> <span class="n">n</span>
+<span class="gp">   ....: </span>            <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">n</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="nb">dir</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">socket</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">   ....: </span>            <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">n</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">startswith</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">prefix</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">   ....: </span>    <span class="p">}</span>
+<span class="gp">   ....:</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">26</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="socket-families">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Socket Families</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Think back a moment to our discussion of the <em>Internet</em> layer of the TCP/IP
+stack.  There were a couple of different types of IP addresses:</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>IPv4 ('192.168.1.100')</li>
+<li>IPv6 ('2001:0db8:85a3:0042:0000:8a2e:0370:7334')</li>
+</ul>
+<p>The <strong>family</strong> of a socket corresponds to the <em>addressing system</em> it uses
+for connecting.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">27</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id21">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Socket Families</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Families defined in the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">socket</span></code> library are prefixed by <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">AF_</span></code>:</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [39]: </span><span class="n">families</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">get_constants</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;AF_&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+
+<span class="gp">In [40]: </span><span class="n">families</span>
+<span class="gh">Out[40]:</span>
+<span class="go">{&lt;AddressFamily.AF_UNSPEC: 0&gt;: &#39;AF_UNSPEC&#39;,</span>
+<span class="go"> &lt;AddressFamily.AF_UNIX: 1&gt;: &#39;AF_UNIX&#39;,</span>
+<span class="go"> &lt;AddressFamily.AF_INET: 2&gt;: &#39;AF_INET&#39;,</span>
+<span class="go"> ...</span>
+<span class="go"> &lt;AddressFamily.AF_INET6: 30&gt;: &#39;AF_INET6&#39;,</span>
+<span class="go"> &lt;AddressFamily.AF_SYSTEM: 32&gt;: &#39;AF_SYSTEM&#39;}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p><em>Your results may vary</em></p>
+<p>Of all of these, the ones we care most about are <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">2</span></code> (IPv4) and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">30</span></code>
+(IPv6).</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">28</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id22">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Unix Domain Sockets</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>When you are on a machine with an operating system that is Unix-like, you will
+find another generally useful socket family: <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">AF_UNIX</span></code>, or Unix Domain
+Sockets. Sockets in this family:</p>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>connect processes <strong>on the same machine</strong></li>
+<li>are generally a bit slower than IPC connnections</li>
+<li>have the benefit of allowing the same API for programs that might run on one
+machine __or__ across the network</li>
+<li>use an 'address' that looks like a pathname ('/tmp/foo.sock')</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">29</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id23">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Test your skills</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>What is the <em>default</em> family for the socket we created just a moment ago?</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>(remember we bound the socket to the symbol <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">foo</span></code>)</p>
+<p>How did you figure this out?</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">30</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="socket-types">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Socket Types</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>The socket <em>type</em> determines the semantics of socket communications.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Look up socket type constants with the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">SOCK_</span></code> prefix:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [42]: </span><span class="n">types</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">get_constants</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;SOCK_&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+
+<span class="gp">In [43]: </span><span class="n">types</span>
+<span class="gh">Out[43]:</span>
+<span class="go">{&lt;SocketKind.SOCK_STREAM: 1&gt;: &#39;SOCK_STREAM&#39;,</span>
+<span class="go"> &lt;SocketKind.SOCK_DGRAM: 2&gt;: &#39;SOCK_DGRAM&#39;,</span>
+<span class="go"> &lt;SocketKind.SOCK_RAW: 3&gt;: &#39;SOCK_RAW&#39;,</span>
+<span class="go"> &lt;SocketKind.SOCK_RDM: 4&gt;: &#39;SOCK_RDM&#39;,</span>
+<span class="go"> &lt;SocketKind.SOCK_SEQPACKET: 5&gt;: &#39;SOCK_SEQPACKET&#39;}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The most common are <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">1</span></code> (Stream communication (TCP)) and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">2</span></code> (Datagram
+communication (UDP)).</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">31</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id24">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Test your skills</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>What is the <em>default</em> type for our generic socket, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">foo</span></code>?</p>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">32</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="socket-protocols">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Socket Protocols</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>A socket also has a designated <em>protocol</em>. The constants for these are
+prefixed by <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">IPPROTO_</span></code>:</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [45]: </span><span class="n">protocols</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">get_constants</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;IPPROTO_&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+
+<span class="gp">In [46]: </span><span class="n">protocols</span>
+<span class="gh">Out[46]:</span>
+<span class="go">{0: &#39;IPPROTO_IP&#39;,</span>
+<span class="go"> ...</span>
+<span class="go"> 6: &#39;IPPROTO_TCP&#39;,</span>
+<span class="go"> ...</span>
+<span class="go"> 17: &#39;IPPROTO_UDP&#39;,</span>
+<span class="go"> ...}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The choice of which protocol to use for a socket is determined by the
+<em>internet layer</em> protocol you intend to use. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TCP</span></code>? <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">UDP</span></code>? <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ICMP</span></code>?
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">IGMP</span></code>?</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">33</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id25">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Test your skills</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>What is the <em>default</em> protocol used by our generic socket, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">foo</span></code>?</p>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">34</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="customizing-sockets">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Customizing Sockets</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>These three properties of a socket correspond to the three positional
+arguments you may pass to the socket constructor.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Using them allows you to create sockets with specific communications
+profiles:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [3]: </span><span class="n">socket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">socket</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">socket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">AF_INET</span><span class="p">,</span>
+<span class="gp">   ...: </span>              <span class="n">socket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">SOCK_DGRAM</span><span class="p">,</span>
+<span class="gp">   ...: </span>              <span class="n">socket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">IPPROTO_UDP</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gh">Out[3]: </span><span class="go">&lt;socket.socket fd=7,</span>
+<span class="go">            family=AddressFamily.AF_INET,</span>
+<span class="go">            type=SocketKind.SOCK_DGRAM,</span>
+<span class="go">            proto=17,</span>
+<span class="go">            laddr=(&#39;0.0.0.0&#39;, 0)&gt;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">35</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="break-time">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Break Time</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>So far we have:</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>learned about the &quot;layers&quot; of the TCP/IP Stack</li>
+<li>discussed <em>families</em>, <em>types</em> and <em>protocols</em> in sockets</li>
+<li>learned how to create sockets with a specific communications profile.</li>
+</ul>
+<p>When we return we'll learn how to find the communcations profiles of remote
+sockets, how to connect to them, and how to send and receive messages.</p>
+<p>Take a few minutes now to clear your head (do not quit your python
+interpreter).</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">36</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="address-information">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Address Information</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>When you are creating a socket to communicate with a remote service, the
+remote socket will have a specific communications profile.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>The local socket you create must match that communications profile.</p>
+<p>How can you determine the <em>correct</em> values to use?</p>
+<p class="centered"><strong>You ask.</strong></p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">37</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id26">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Address Information</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>The function <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">socket.getaddrinfo</span></code> provides information about available
+connections on a given host.</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">socket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">getaddrinfo</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;127.0.0.1&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">80</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>This provides all you need to make a proper connection to a socket on a
+remote host. The value returned is a tuple of:</p>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>socket family</li>
+<li>socket type</li>
+<li>socket protocol</li>
+<li>canonical name (usually empty, unless requested by flag)</li>
+<li>socket address (tuple of IP and Port)</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">38</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id27">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>A quick utility method</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Again, let's create a utility method in-place so we can see this in action:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [10]: </span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">get_address_info</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">host</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">port</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">   ....: </span>    <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">response</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">socket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">getaddrinfo</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">host</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">port</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">   ....: </span>        <span class="n">fam</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">typ</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">pro</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">nam</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">add</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">response</span>
+<span class="gp">   ....: </span>        <span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;family: {}&#39;</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">format</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">families</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">fam</span><span class="p">]))</span>
+<span class="gp">   ....: </span>        <span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;type: {}&#39;</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">format</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">types</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">typ</span><span class="p">]))</span>
+<span class="gp">   ....: </span>        <span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;protocol: {}&#39;</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">format</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">protocols</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">pro</span><span class="p">]))</span>
+<span class="gp">   ....: </span>        <span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;canonical name: {}&#39;</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">format</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">nam</span><span class="p">))</span>
+<span class="gp">   ....: </span>        <span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;socket address: {}&#39;</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">format</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">add</span><span class="p">))</span>
+<span class="gp">   ....: </span>        <span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">   ....:</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>(you can also find this in <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">resources/session01/socket_tools.py</span></code>)</p>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">39</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id28">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>On Your Own Machine</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Now, ask your own machine what possible connections are available for 'http':</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [11]: </span><span class="n">get_address_info</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">socket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">gethostname</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="s">&#39;http&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="go">family: AF_INET</span>
+<span class="go">type: SOCK_DGRAM</span>
+<span class="go">protocol: IPPROTO_UDP</span>
+<span class="go">canonical name:</span>
+<span class="go">socket address: (&#39;127.0.0.1&#39;, 80)</span>
+
+<span class="go">family: AF_INET</span>
+<span class="go">type: SOCK_STREAM</span>
+<span class="go">protocol: IPPROTO_TCP</span>
+<span class="go">canonical name:</span>
+<span class="go">socket address: (&#39;127.0.0.1&#39;, 80)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>What answers do you get?</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">40</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id29">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>On the Internet</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [12]: </span><span class="n">get_address_info</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;crisewing.com&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;http&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="go">family: AF_INET</span>
+<span class="go">type: SOCK_DGRAM</span>
+<span class="go">protocol: IPPROTO_UDP</span>
+<span class="go">canonical name:</span>
+<span class="go">socket address: (&#39;108.168.213.86&#39;, 80)</span>
+
+<span class="go">family: AF_INET</span>
+<span class="go">type: SOCK_STREAM</span>
+<span class="go">protocol: IPPROTO_TCP</span>
+<span class="go">canonical name:</span>
+<span class="go">socket address: (&#39;108.168.213.86&#39;, 80)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="build container">
+Try a few other servers you know about.</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">41</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-2" id="client-side">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h2>Client Side</h2>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <div class="build container">
+<p class="large">Let's put this to use</p>
+<p>We'll communicate with a remote server as a <em>client</em></p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">42</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="construct-a-socket">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Construct a Socket</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>We've already made a socket <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">foo</span></code> using the generic constructor without any
+arguments.  We can make a better one now by using real address information from
+a real server online [<strong>do not type this yet</strong>]:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [13]: </span><span class="n">streams</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="n">info</span>
+<span class="gp">   ....: </span>    <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">info</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">socket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">getaddrinfo</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;crisewing.com&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;http&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">   ....: </span>    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">info</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="n">socket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">SOCK_STREAM</span><span class="p">]</span>
+<span class="gp">   ....:</span>
+<span class="gp">In [14]: </span><span class="n">streams</span>
+<span class="gh">Out[14]:</span>
+<span class="go">[(&lt;AddressFamily.AF_INET: 2&gt;,</span>
+<span class="go">  &lt;SocketKind.SOCK_STREAM: 1&gt;,</span>
+<span class="go">  6,</span>
+<span class="go">  &#39;&#39;,</span>
+<span class="go">  (&#39;108.168.213.86&#39;, 80))]</span>
+<span class="gp">In [15]: </span><span class="n">info</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">streams</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">]</span>
+<span class="gp">In [16]: </span><span class="n">cewing_socket</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">socket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">socket</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">info</span><span class="p">[:</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">])</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">43</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="connecting-a-socket">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Connecting a Socket</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Once the socket is constructed with the appropriate <em>family</em>, <em>type</em> and
+<em>protocol</em>, we can connect it to the address of our remote server:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [18]: </span><span class="n">cewing_socket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">connect</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">info</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">])</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>a successful connection returns <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">None</span></code></li>
+<li>a failed connection raises an error</li>
+<li>you can use the <em>type</em> of error returned to tell why the connection failed.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">44</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="sending-a-message">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Sending a Message</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Send a message to the server on the other end of our connection (we'll
+learn in session 2 about the message we are sending):</p>
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [19]: </span><span class="n">msg</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&quot;GET / HTTP/1.1</span><span class="se">\r\n</span><span class="s">&quot;</span>
+<span class="gp">In [20]: </span><span class="n">msg</span> <span class="o">+=</span> <span class="s">&quot;Host: crisewing.com</span><span class="se">\r\n\r\n</span><span class="s">&quot;</span>
+<span class="gp">In [21]: </span><span class="n">msg</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">msg</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">encode</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;utf8&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">In [22]: </span><span class="n">msg</span>
+<span class="gh">Out[22]: </span><span class="go">b&#39;GET / HTTP/1.1\r\nHost: crisewing.com\r\n\r\n&#39;</span>
+<span class="gp">In [23]: </span><span class="n">cewing_socket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sendall</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">msg</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<ul class="build small simple">
+<li>the transmission continues until all data is sent or an error occurs</li>
+<li>success returns <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">None</span></code></li>
+<li>failure to send raises an error</li>
+<li>the type of error can tell you why the transmission failed</li>
+<li>but you <strong>cannot</strong> know how much, if any, of your data was sent</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">45</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="messages-are-bytes">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Messages Are Bytes</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>One detail from the previous code should stand out:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [21]: </span><span class="n">msg</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">msg</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">encode</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;utf8&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">In [22]: </span><span class="n">msg</span>
+<span class="gh">Out[22]: </span><span class="go">b&#39;GET / HTTP/1.1\r\nHost: crisewing.com\r\n\r\n&#39;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>You can <strong>only</strong> send bytes through a socket, <strong>never</strong> unicode</p>
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [35]: </span><span class="n">cewing_socket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sendall</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">msg</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">decode</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;utf8&#39;</span><span class="p">))</span>
+<span class="gt">---------------------------------------------------------------------------</span>
+<span class="ne">TypeError</span><span class="g-Whitespace">                                 </span>Traceback (most recent call last)
+<span class="nn">&lt;ipython-input-35-8178ec7f234d&gt;</span> in <span class="ni">&lt;module&gt;</span><span class="nt">()</span>
+<span class="ne">----&gt; </span><span class="mi">1</span> <span class="n">cewing_socket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sendall</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">msg</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">decode</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;utf8&#39;</span><span class="p">))</span>
+
+<span class="ne">TypeError</span>: &#39;str&#39; does not support the buffer interface
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">46</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="receiving-a-reply">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Receiving a Reply</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Whatever reply we get is received by the socket we created. We can read it
+back out (again, <strong>do not type this yet</strong>):</p>
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [24]: </span><span class="n">response</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">cewing_socket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">recv</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">4096</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">In [25]: </span><span class="n">response</span><span class="p">[:</span><span class="mi">60</span><span class="p">]</span>
+<span class="gh">Out[25]: </span><span class="go">b&#39;HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\nServer: nginx\r\nDate: Sun, 20 Sep 2015 03:38&#39;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>The sole required argument is <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">buffer_size</span></code> (an integer). It should be a
+power of 2 and smallish (~4096)</li>
+<li>It returns a byte string of <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">buffer_size</span></code> (or smaller if less data was
+received)</li>
+<li>If the response is longer than <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">buffer</span> <span class="pre">size</span></code>, you can call the method
+repeatedly. The last bunch will be less than <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">buffer</span> <span class="pre">size</span></code>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">47</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="cleaning-up">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Cleaning Up</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>When you are finished with a connection, you should always close it:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">cewing_socket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">close</span><span class="p">()</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">48</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="putting-it-all-together">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Putting it all together</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>First, connect and send a message:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [55]: </span><span class="n">info</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">socket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">getaddrinfo</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;crisewing.com&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;http&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">In [56]: </span><span class="n">streams</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="n">i</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">info</span> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">i</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="n">socket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">SOCK_STREAM</span><span class="p">]</span>
+<span class="gp">In [57]: </span><span class="n">sock_info</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">streams</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">]</span>
+<span class="gp">In [58]: </span><span class="n">msg</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&quot;GET / HTTP/1.1</span><span class="se">\r\n</span><span class="s">&quot;</span>
+<span class="gp">In [59]: </span><span class="n">msg</span> <span class="o">+=</span> <span class="s">&quot;Host: crisewing.com</span><span class="se">\r\n\r\n</span><span class="s">&quot;</span>
+<span class="gp">In [60]: </span><span class="n">msg</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">msg</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">encode</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;utf8&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">In [61]: </span><span class="n">cewing_socket</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">socket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">socket</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">sock_info</span><span class="p">[:</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">])</span>
+<span class="gp">In [62]: </span><span class="n">cewing_socket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">connect</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">sock_info</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">])</span>
+<span class="gp">In [63]: </span><span class="n">cewing_socket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sendall</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">msg</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">49</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id30">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Putting it all together</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Then, receive a reply, iterating until it is complete:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [65]: </span><span class="n">buffsize</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">4096</span>
+<span class="gp">In [66]: </span><span class="n">response</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">b</span><span class="s">&#39;&#39;</span>
+<span class="gp">In [67]: </span><span class="n">done</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="bp">False</span>
+<span class="gp">In [68]: </span><span class="k">while</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="n">done</span><span class="p">:</span>
+<span class="gp">   ....: </span>    <span class="n">msg_part</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">cewing_socket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">recv</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">buffsize</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">   ....: </span>    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">msg_part</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">&lt;</span> <span class="n">buffsize</span><span class="p">:</span>
+<span class="gp">   ....: </span>        <span class="n">done</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="bp">True</span>
+<span class="gp">   ....: </span>        <span class="n">cewing_socket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">close</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">   ....: </span>    <span class="n">response</span> <span class="o">+=</span> <span class="n">msg_part</span>
+<span class="gp">   ....:</span>
+<span class="gp">In [69]: </span><span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">response</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gh">Out[69]: </span><span class="go">19464</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">50</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-2" id="server-side">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h2>Server Side</h2>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <div class="build container">
+<p class="large">What about the other half of the equation?</p>
+<p>Let's build a server and see how that part works.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">51</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id1">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Construct a Socket</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p><strong>For the moment, stop typing this into your interpreter.</strong></p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Again, we begin by constructing a socket. Since we are actually the server
+this time, we get to choose family, type and protocol:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [70]: </span><span class="n">server_socket</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">socket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">socket</span><span class="p">(</span>
+<span class="gp">   ....: </span>    <span class="n">socket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">AF_INET</span><span class="p">,</span>
+<span class="gp">   ....: </span>    <span class="n">socket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">SOCK_STREAM</span><span class="p">,</span>
+<span class="gp">   ....: </span>    <span class="n">socket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">IPPROTO_TCP</span><span class="p">)</span>
+
+<span class="gp">In [71]: </span><span class="n">server_socket</span>
+<span class="gh">Out[71]: </span><span class="go">&lt;socket.socket fd=12, family=AddressFamily.AF_INET,</span>
+<span class="go">            type=SocketKind.SOCK_STREAM, proto=6, laddr=(&#39;0.0.0.0&#39;, 0)&gt;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">52</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="bind-the-socket">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Bind the Socket</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Our server socket needs to be <strong>bound</strong> to an address. This is the IP Address
+and Port to which clients must connect:</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [72]: </span><span class="n">address</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;127.0.0.1&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">50000</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">In [73]: </span><span class="n">server_socket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">bind</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">address</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p><strong>Terminology Note</strong>: In a server/client relationship, the server <em>binds</em>
+to an address and port. The client <em>connects</em></p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">53</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="listen-for-connections">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Listen for Connections</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Once our socket is bound to an address, we can listen for attempted
+connections:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [74]: </span><span class="n">server_socket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">listen</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>The argument to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">listen</span></code> is the <em>backlog</em></li>
+<li>The <em>backlog</em> is the <strong>maximum</strong> number of connection requests that the
+socket will queue</li>
+<li>Once the limit is reached, the socket refuses new connections.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">54</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="accept-a-connection">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Accept A Connection</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>When a socket is listening, it can receive incoming connection requests:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [75]: </span><span class="n">connection</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">client_address</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">server_socket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">accept</span><span class="p">()</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>The call to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">socket.accept()</span></code> is a <em>blocking</em> call.  It will not return
+values until a client <em>connects</em></li>
+<li>The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">connection</span></code> returned by a call to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">accept</span></code> is a <strong>new socket</strong>.
+This new socket is used to communicate with the client</li>
+<li>The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">client_address</span></code> is a two-tuple of IP Address and Port for the client
+socket</li>
+<li>When a connection request is 'accepted', it is removed from the backlog
+queue.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">55</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="communicate">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Communicate</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">connection</span></code> socket can now be used to receive messages from the client
+which made the connection:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [76]: </span><span class="n">connection</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">recv</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">buffsize</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>It may also be used to return a reply:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [77]: </span><span class="n">connection</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sendall</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;message received&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">56</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="clean-up">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Clean Up</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Once a transaction between the client and server is complete, the
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">connection</span></code> socket should be closed:</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [78]: </span><span class="n">connection</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">close</span><span class="p">()</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>At this point, the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">server_socket</span></code> can again accept a new client
+connection.</p>
+<p>Note that the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">server_socket</span></code> is <em>never</em> closed as long as the server
+continues to run.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">57</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-2" id="getting-the-flow">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h2>Getting the Flow</h2>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <div class="left container">
+<p>The flow of this interaction can be a bit confusing.  Let's see it in
+action step-by-step.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<div class="container">
+Open a second iPython interpreter and place it next to your first so
+you can see both of them at the same time.</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">58</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="create-a-server">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Create a Server</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>In your first python interpreter, create a server socket and prepare it for
+connections:</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [81]: </span><span class="n">server_socket</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">socket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">socket</span><span class="p">(</span>
+<span class="gp">   ....: </span>    <span class="n">socket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">AF_INET</span><span class="p">,</span>
+<span class="gp">   ....: </span>    <span class="n">socket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">SOCK_STREAM</span><span class="p">,</span>
+<span class="gp">   ....: </span>    <span class="n">socket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">IPPROTO_IP</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">In [82]: </span><span class="n">server_socket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">bind</span><span class="p">((</span><span class="s">&#39;127.0.0.1&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">50000</span><span class="p">))</span>
+<span class="gp">In [83]: </span><span class="n">server_socket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">listen</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">In [84]: </span><span class="n">conn</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">addr</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">server_socket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">accept</span><span class="p">()</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>At this point, you should <strong>not</strong> get back a prompt. The server socket is
+waiting for a connection to be made.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">59</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="create-a-client">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Create a Client</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>In your second interpreter, create a client socket and prepare to send a
+message:</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [1]: </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">socket</span>
+<span class="gp">In [2]: </span><span class="n">client_socket</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">socket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">socket</span><span class="p">(</span>
+<span class="gp">   ...: </span>    <span class="n">socket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">AF_INET</span><span class="p">,</span>
+<span class="gp">   ...: </span>    <span class="n">socket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">SOCK_STREAM</span><span class="p">,</span>
+<span class="gp">   ...: </span>    <span class="n">socket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">IPPROTO_IP</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Before connecting, keep your eye on the server interpreter:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [3]: </span><span class="n">client_socket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">connect</span><span class="p">((</span><span class="s">&#39;127.0.0.1&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">50000</span><span class="p">))</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">60</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="send-a-message-client-server">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Send a Message Client-&gt;Server</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>As soon as you made the connection above, you should have seen the prompt
+return in your server interpreter. The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">accept</span></code> method finally returned a
+new connection socket.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>When you're ready, type the following in the <em>client</em> interpreter:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [4]: </span><span class="n">client_socket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sendall</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;Hey, can you hear me?&#39;</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">encode</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;utf8&#39;</span><span class="p">))</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">61</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="receive-and-respond">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Receive and Respond</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Back in your server interpreter, go ahead and receive the message from your
+client:</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [87]: </span><span class="n">msg</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">conn</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">recv</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">4096</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">In [88]: </span><span class="n">msg</span>
+<span class="gh">Out[88]: </span><span class="go">b&#39;Hey, can you hear me?&#39;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Send a message back, and then close up your connection:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [89]: </span><span class="n">conn</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sendall</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;Yes, I can hear you.&#39;</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">encode</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;utf8&#39;</span><span class="p">))</span>
+<span class="gp">In [90]: </span><span class="n">conn</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">close</span><span class="p">()</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">62</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="finish-up">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Finish Up</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Back in your client interpreter, take a look at the response to your message,
+then be sure to close your client socket too:</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [5]: </span><span class="n">from_server</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">client_socket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">recv</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">4096</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">In [6]: </span><span class="n">from_server</span>
+<span class="gh">Out[6]: </span><span class="go">b&#39;Yes, I can hear you.&#39;</span>
+<span class="gp">In [7]: </span><span class="n">client_socket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">close</span><span class="p">()</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>And now that we're done, we can close up the server socket too (back in the
+server interpreter):</p>
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [91]: </span><span class="n">server_socket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">close</span><span class="p">()</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">63</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id31">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Congratulations!</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p class="large center">You've run your first client-server interaction</p>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">64</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-2" id="homework">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h2>Homework</h2>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <div class="left container">
+<p>Your homework assignment for this week is to take what you've learned here
+and build a simple &quot;echo&quot; server.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>The server should automatically return to any client that connects <em>exactly</em>
+what it receives (it should <strong>echo</strong> all messages).</p>
+<p>You will also write a python script that, when run, will send a message to the
+server and receive the reply, printing it to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">stdout</span></code>.</p>
+<p>Finally, you'll do all of this so that it can be tested.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">65</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="your-task">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Your Task</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>In our class repository, there is a folder <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">resources/session01</span></code>.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Inside that folder, you should find:</p>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>A file <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">tasks.txt</span></code> that contains these instructions</li>
+<li>A skeleton for your server in <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">echo_server.py</span></code></li>
+<li>A skeleton for your client script in <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">echo_client.py</span></code></li>
+<li>Some simple tests in <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">tests.py</span></code></li>
+</ul>
+<p>Your task is to make the tests pass.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">66</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="running-the-tests">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Running the Tests</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>To run the tests, you'll have to set the server running in one terminal:</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="nv">$ </span>python echo_server.py
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Then, in a second terminal, you will execute the tests:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="nv">$ </span>python tests.py
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>You should see output like this:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">[</span>...<span class="o">]</span>
+FAILED <span class="o">(</span><span class="nv">failures</span><span class="o">=</span>2<span class="o">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">67</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="submitting-your-homework">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Submitting Your Homework</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>To submit your homework:</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>Create a new repository in GitHub.  Call it <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">echo_sockets</span></code>.</li>
+<li>Put the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">echo_server.py</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">echo_client.py</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">tests.py</span></code> files in
+this repository.</li>
+<li>Send us an email with a link to your repository when you are
+done.</li>
+</ul>
+<p>We will clone your repository and run the tests as described above.</p>
+<p>And we'll make comments inline on your repository.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">68</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="going-further">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Going Further</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>In <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">resources/session01/tasks.txt</span></code> you'll find a few extra problems to try.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>If you finish the first part of the homework in less than 3-4 hours give
+one or more of these a whirl.</p>
+<p>They are not required, but if you include solutions in your repository,
+we'll review your work.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">69</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>
+
+
+    <slide class="thank-you-slide segue nobackground">
+    <aside class="gdbar right"><img src="../_static/logo_UW.png"></aside>
+    <article class="flexbox vleft auto-fadein">
+      <h2>Good Night!</h2>
+      <p>&nbsp;</p>
+    </article>
+    <p class="auto-fadein" data-config-contact>
+      <!-- populated from slide_config.json -->
+    </p>
+  </slide>
+
+  <slide class="backdrop"></slide>
+
+</slides>
+
+<!--[if IE]>
+  <script src="http://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/chrome-frame/1/CFInstall.min.js"></script>
+  <script>CFInstall.check({mode: 'overlay'});</script>
+<![endif]-->
+</body>
+</html>
\ No newline at end of file
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@@ -0,0 +1,2237 @@
+<!--
+Google IO 2012/2013 HTML5 Slide Template
+
+Authors: Eric Bidelman <ebidel@gmail.com>
+         Luke Mahé <lukem@google.com>
+
+URL: https://code.google.com/p/io-2012-slides
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+
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+<html>
+<head>
+  <title>Session 02 &mdash; Internet Programming with Python</title>
+  <meta charset="utf-8">
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+          type="text/css" />
+    
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+  <base target="_blank"> <!-- This amazingness opens all links in a new tab. -->
+  
+    <script type="text/javascript">
+      var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = {
+        URL_ROOT:    '../',
+        VERSION:     '3.0',
+        COLLAPSE_INDEX: false,
+        FILE_SUFFIX: '.html',
+        HAS_SOURCE:  true
+      };
+    </script>
+
+    <script data-main="../_static/js/slides"
+            src="../_static/js/require-1.0.8.min.js"></script>
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+    
+    <link rel="top" title="Internet Programming with Python" href="../index.html" />
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+    <link rel="next" title="Session 03" href="session03.html" />
+    <link rel="prev" title="Session 01" href="session01.html" /> 
+</head>
+<body style="opacity: 0">
+
+<slides class="layout-widescreen">
+
+  <slide class="title-slide segue nobackground">
+  <aside class="gdbar"><img src="../_static/logo_UW.png"></aside>
+  <!-- The content of this hgroup is replaced programmatically through the slide_config.json. -->
+  <hgroup class="auto-fadein">
+    <h1 data-config-title><!-- populated from slide_config.json --></h1>
+    <h2 data-config-subtitle><!-- populated from slide_config.json --></h2>
+    <p data-config-presenter><!-- populated from slide_config.json --></p>
+  </hgroup>
+</slide>
+
+  
+    <slide class="title-slide segue nobackground level-1" id="session-02">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h1>Session 02</h1>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <div class="figure align-center" id="id2">
+<a class="reference internal image-reference" href="../_images/protocol.png"><img alt="../_images/protocol.png" src="../_images/protocol.png" style="width: 40%;" /></a>
+<p class="caption"><span class="caption-text">Web Protocols</span></p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">1</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-2" id="the-languages-computers-speak">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h2>The Languages Computers Speak</h2>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <div class="build left container">
+<p>Programming languages like Python are the languages we speak to computers.</p>
+<p><em>Protocols</em> are the languages that computers speak to each-other.</p>
+<p>This sesson we'll look at a few of them and</p>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>Learn what makes them similar</li>
+<li>Learn what makes them different</li>
+<li>Learn about Python's tools for speaking them</li>
+<li>Learn how to speak one (HTTP) ourselves</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">2</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="but-first">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>But First</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p class="large centered">Questions from the Homework?</p>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">3</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id4">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>But First</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p class="large centered">Examples of an echo server using <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">select</span></code></p>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">4</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="what-is-a-protocol">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>What is a Protocol?</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <div class="build large centered container">
+<p><strong>a set of rules or conventions</strong></p>
+<p><strong>governing communications</strong></p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">5</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id5">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Protocols IRL</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Life has lots of sets of rules for how to do things.</p>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>What do you say when you get on the elevator?</li>
+<li>What do you do on a first date?</li>
+<li>What do you wear to a job interview?</li>
+<li>What do (and don't) you talk about at a dinner party?</li>
+<li>...?</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">6</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id6">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Protocols IRL</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <div class="figure align-center" id="id3">
+<a class="reference internal image-reference" href="../_images/icup.png"><img alt="../_images/icup.png" src="../_images/icup.png" style="width: 65%;" /></a>
+<p class="caption"><span class="caption-text"><a class="reference external" href="http://blog.xkcd.com/2009/09/02/urinal-protocol-vulnerability/">http://blog.xkcd.com/2009/09/02/urinal-protocol-vulnerability/</a></span></p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">7</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id7">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Protocols In Computers</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Digital life has lots of rules too:</p>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>how to say hello</li>
+<li>how to identify yourself</li>
+<li>how to ask for information</li>
+<li>how to provide answers</li>
+<li>how to say goodbye</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">8</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="real-protocol-examples">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Real Protocol Examples</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>What does this look like in practice?</p>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>SMTP (Simple Message Transfer Protocol) <br />
+<a class="reference external" href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5321#appendix-D">http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5321#appendix-D</a></li>
+<li>POP3 (Post Office Protocol) <br />
+<a class="reference external" href="http://www.faqs.org/docs/artu/ch05s03.html">http://www.faqs.org/docs/artu/ch05s03.html</a></li>
+<li>IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol) <br />
+<a class="reference external" href="http://www.faqs.org/docs/artu/ch05s03.html">http://www.faqs.org/docs/artu/ch05s03.html</a></li>
+<li>HTTP (Hyper-Text Transfer Protocol) <br />
+<a class="reference external" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">9</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id8">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>A Word on Typography</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Over the next few slides we'll be looking at server/client interactions.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Each interaction is line-based, each line represents one message.</p>
+<p>Messages from the Server to the Client are prefaced with <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">S</span> <span class="pre">(&lt;--)</span></code></p>
+<p>Messages from the Client to the Server are prefaced with <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">C</span> <span class="pre">(--&gt;)</span></code></p>
+<p><strong>All</strong> lines end with the character sequence <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">&lt;CRLF&gt;</span></code> (<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">\r\n</span></code>)</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">10</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="smtp">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>SMTP</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>What does SMTP look like?</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>SMTP (Say hello and identify yourself):</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>S (&lt;--): 220 foo.com Simple Mail Transfer Service Ready
+C (--&gt;): EHLO bar.com
+S (&lt;--): 250-foo.com greets bar.com
+S (&lt;--): 250-8BITMIME
+S (&lt;--): 250-SIZE
+S (&lt;--): 250-DSN
+S (&lt;--): 250 HELP
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">11</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id9">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>SMTP</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>What does SMTP look like?</p>
+<p>SMTP (Ask for information, provide answers):</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>C (--&gt;): MAIL FROM:&lt;Smith@bar.com&gt;
+S (&lt;--): 250 OK
+C (--&gt;): RCPT TO:&lt;Jones@foo.com&gt;
+S (&lt;--): 250 OK
+C (--&gt;): RCPT TO:&lt;Green@foo.com&gt;
+S (&lt;--): 550 No such user here
+C (--&gt;): DATA
+S (&lt;--): 354 Start mail input; end with &lt;CRLF&gt;.&lt;CRLF&gt;
+C (--&gt;): Blah blah blah...
+C (--&gt;): ...etc. etc. etc.
+C (--&gt;): .
+S (&lt;--): 250 OK
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">12</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id10">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>SMTP</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>What does SMTP look like?</p>
+<p>SMTP (Say goodbye):</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>C (--&gt;): QUIT
+S (&lt;--): 221 foo.com Service closing transmission channel
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">13</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id11">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>SMTP Characteristics</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <ul class="build simple">
+<li>Interaction consists of commands and replies</li>
+<li>Each command or reply is <em>one line</em> terminated by &lt;CRLF&gt; <br />
+(there are exceptions, see the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">250</span></code> reply to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">EHLO</span></code> above)</li>
+<li>The exception is message payload, terminated by &lt;CRLF&gt;.&lt;CRLF&gt;</li>
+<li>Each command has a <em>verb</em> and one or more <em>arguments</em></li>
+<li>Each reply has a formal <em>code</em> and an informal <em>explanation</em></li>
+</ul>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">14</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="pop3">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>POP3</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>What does POP3 look like?</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>POP3 (Say hello and identify yourself):</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>C (--&gt;): &lt;client connects to service port 110&gt;
+S (&lt;--): +OK POP3 server ready &lt;1896.6971@mailgate.dobbs.org&gt;
+C (--&gt;): USER bob
+S (&lt;--): +OK bob
+C (--&gt;): PASS redqueen
+S (&lt;--): +OK bob&#39;s maildrop has 2 messages (320 octets)
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">15</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id12">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>POP3</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>What does POP3 look like?</p>
+<p>POP3 (Ask for information, provide answers):</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>C (--&gt;): STAT
+S (&lt;--): +OK 2 320
+C (--&gt;): LIST
+S (&lt;--): +OK 1 messages (120 octets)
+S (&lt;--): 1 120
+S (&lt;--): .
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">16</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id13">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>POP3</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>What does POP3 look like?</p>
+<p>POP3 (Ask for information, provide answers):</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>C (--&gt;): RETR 1
+S (&lt;--): +OK 120 octets
+S (&lt;--): &lt;server sends the text of message 1&gt;
+S (&lt;--): .
+C (--&gt;): DELE 1
+S (&lt;--): +OK message 1 deleted
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">17</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id14">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>POP3</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>What does POP3 look like?</p>
+<p>POP3 (Say goodbye):</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>C (--&gt;): QUIT
+S (&lt;--): +OK dewey POP3 server signing off (maildrop empty)
+C (--&gt;): &lt;client hangs up&gt;
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">18</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id15">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>POP3 Characteristics</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <div class="build container">
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>Interaction consists of commands and replies</li>
+<li>Each command or reply is <em>one line</em> terminated by &lt;CRLF&gt;</li>
+<li>The exception is message payload, terminated by &lt;CRLF&gt;.&lt;CRLF&gt;</li>
+<li>Each command has a <em>verb</em> and one or more <em>arguments</em></li>
+<li>Each reply has a formal <em>code</em> and an informal <em>explanation</em></li>
+</ul>
+<p>The codes don't really look the same, though, do they?</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">19</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id16">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>One Other Difference</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>The exception to the one-line-per-message rule is <em>payload</em></p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>In both SMTP and POP3 this is terminated by &lt;CRLF&gt;.&lt;CRLF&gt;</p>
+<p>In SMTP, the <em>client</em> has this ability</p>
+<p>But in POP3, it belongs to the <em>server</em>.</p>
+<p class="large centered">Why?</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">20</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="imap">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>IMAP</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>What does IMAP look like?</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>IMAP (Say hello and identify yourself):</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>C (--&gt;): &lt;client connects to service port 143&gt;
+S (&lt;--): * OK example.com IMAP4rev1 v12.264 server ready
+C (--&gt;): A0001 USER &quot;frobozz&quot; &quot;xyzzy&quot;
+S (&lt;--): * OK User frobozz authenticated
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">21</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id17">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>IMAP</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>What does IMAP look like?</p>
+<p>IMAP (Ask for information, provide answers [connect to an inbox]):</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>C (--&gt;): A0002 SELECT INBOX
+S (&lt;--): * 1 EXISTS
+S (&lt;--): * 1 RECENT
+S (&lt;--): * FLAGS (\Answered \Flagged \Deleted \Draft \Seen)
+S (&lt;--): * OK [UNSEEN 1] first unseen message in /var/spool/mail/esr
+S (&lt;--): A0002 OK [READ-WRITE] SELECT completed
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">22</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id18">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>IMAP</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>What does IMAP look like?</p>
+<p>IMAP (Ask for information, provide answers [Get message sizes]):</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>C (--&gt;): A0003 FETCH 1 RFC822.SIZE
+S (&lt;--): * 1 FETCH (RFC822.SIZE 2545)
+S (&lt;--): A0003 OK FETCH completed
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">23</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id19">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>IMAP</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>What does IMAP look like?</p>
+<p>IMAP (Ask for information, provide answers [Get first message header]):</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>C (--&gt;): A0004 FETCH 1 BODY[HEADER]
+S (&lt;--): * 1 FETCH (RFC822.HEADER {1425}
+&lt;server sends 1425 octets of message payload&gt;
+S (&lt;--): )
+S (&lt;--): A0004 OK FETCH completed
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">24</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id20">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>IMAP</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>What does IMAP look like?</p>
+<p>IMAP (Ask for information, provide answers [Get first message body]):</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>C (--&gt;): A0005 FETCH 1 BODY[TEXT]
+S (&lt;--): * 1 FETCH (BODY[TEXT] {1120}
+&lt;server sends 1120 octets of message payload&gt;
+S (&lt;--): )
+S (&lt;--): * 1 FETCH (FLAGS (\Recent \Seen))
+S (&lt;--): A0005 OK FETCH completed
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">25</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id21">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>IMAP</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>What does IMAP look like?</p>
+<p>IMAP (Say goodbye):</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>C (--&gt;): A0006 LOGOUT
+S (&lt;--): * BYE example.com IMAP4rev1 server terminating connection
+S (&lt;--): A0006 OK LOGOUT completed
+C (--&gt;): &lt;client hangs up&gt;
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">26</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id22">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>IMAP Characteristics</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <ul class="build simple">
+<li>Interaction consists of commands and replies</li>
+<li>Each command or reply is <em>one line</em> terminated by &lt;CRLF&gt;</li>
+<li>Each command has a <em>verb</em> and one or more <em>arguments</em></li>
+<li>Each reply has a formal <em>code</em> and an informal <em>explanation</em></li>
+</ul>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">27</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id23">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>IMAP Differences</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <div class="build container">
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>Commands and replies are prefixed by 'sequence identifier'</li>
+<li>Payloads are prefixed by message size, rather than terminated by reserved
+sequence</li>
+</ul>
+<p>Compared with POP3, what do these differences suggest?</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">28</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="using-imap-in-python">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Using IMAP in Python</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Let's try this out for ourselves!</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<div class="container">
+Fire up your python interpreters and prepare to type.</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">29</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id24">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Using IMAP in Python</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Begin by importing the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">imaplib</span></code> module from the Python Standard Library:</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [1]: </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">imaplib</span>
+<span class="gp">In [2]: </span><span class="nb">dir</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">imaplib</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gh">Out[2]:</span>
+<span class="go">[&#39;AllowedVersions&#39;,</span>
+<span class="go"> &#39;CRLF&#39;,</span>
+<span class="go"> &#39;Commands&#39;,</span>
+<span class="go">...</span>
+<span class="go"> &#39;timedelta&#39;,</span>
+<span class="go"> &#39;timezone&#39;]</span>
+<span class="gp">In [3]: </span><span class="n">imaplib</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Debug</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">4</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Setting <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">imap.Debug</span></code> shows us what is sent and received</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">30</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id25">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Using IMAP in Python</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>I've prepared a server for us to use, but we'll need to set up a client to
+speak to it.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Our server requires SSL (Secure Socket Layer) for connecting to IMAP
+servers, so let's initialize an IMAP4_SSL client and authenticate:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [4]: </span><span class="n">conn</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">imaplib</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">IMAP4_SSL</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;mail.webfaction.com&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="go">  22:40.32 imaplib version 2.58</span>
+<span class="go">  22:40.32 new IMAP4 connection, tag=b&#39;IMKC&#39;</span>
+<span class="go">  22:40.38 &lt; b&#39;* OK [CAPABILITY IMAP4rev1 LITERAL+ SASL-IR LOGIN-REFERRALS ID ENABLE IDLE AUTH=PLAIN] Dovecot ready.&#39;</span>
+<span class="go">  22:40.38 &gt; b&#39;IMKC0 CAPABILITY&#39;</span>
+<span class="go">  22:40.45 &lt; b&#39;* CAPABILITY IMAP4rev1 LITERAL+ SASL-IR LOGIN-REFERRALS ID ENABLE IDLE AUTH=PLAIN&#39;</span>
+<span class="go">  22:40.45 &lt; b&#39;IMKC0 OK Capability completed.&#39;</span>
+<span class="go">  22:40.45 CAPABILITIES: (&#39;IMAP4REV1&#39;, &#39;LITERAL+&#39;, &#39;SASL-IR&#39;, &#39;LOGIN-REFERRALS&#39;, &#39;ID&#39;, &#39;ENABLE&#39;, &#39;IDLE&#39;, &#39;AUTH=PLAIN&#39;)</span>
+<span class="gp">In [5]: </span><span class="n">conn</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">login</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;crisewing_demobox&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;s00p3rs3cr3t&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="go">  22:59.92 &gt; b&#39;IMKC1 LOGIN crisewing_demobox &quot;s00p3rs3cr3t&quot;&#39;</span>
+<span class="go">  23:01.79 &lt; b&#39;* CAPABILITY IMAP4rev1 SASL-IR SORT THREAD=REFERENCES MULTIAPPEND UNSELECT LITERAL+ IDLE CHILDREN NAMESPACE LOGIN-REFERRALS STARTTLS AUTH=PLAIN&#39;</span>
+<span class="go">  23:01.79 &lt; b&#39;IMKC1 OK Logged in.&#39;</span>
+<span class="gh">Out[5]: </span><span class="go">(&#39;OK&#39;, [b&#39;Logged in.&#39;])</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">31</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id26">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Using IMAP in Python</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>We can start by listing the mailboxes we have on the server:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [6]: </span><span class="n">conn</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">list</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="go">  26:30.64 &gt; b&#39;IMKC2 LIST &quot;&quot; *&#39;</span>
+<span class="go">  26:30.72 &lt; b&#39;* LIST (\\HasNoChildren) &quot;.&quot; &quot;Trash&quot;&#39;</span>
+<span class="go">  26:30.72 &lt; b&#39;* LIST (\\HasNoChildren) &quot;.&quot; &quot;Drafts&quot;&#39;</span>
+<span class="go">  26:30.72 &lt; b&#39;* LIST (\\HasNoChildren) &quot;.&quot; &quot;Sent&quot;&#39;</span>
+<span class="go">  26:30.72 &lt; b&#39;* LIST (\\HasNoChildren) &quot;.&quot; &quot;Junk&quot;&#39;</span>
+<span class="go">  26:30.72 &lt; b&#39;* LIST (\\HasNoChildren) &quot;.&quot; &quot;INBOX&quot;&#39;</span>
+<span class="go">  26:30.72 &lt; b&#39;IMKC2 OK List completed.&#39;</span>
+<span class="gh">Out[6]:</span>
+<span class="go">(&#39;OK&#39;,</span>
+<span class="go"> [b&#39;(\\HasNoChildren) &quot;.&quot; &quot;Trash&quot;&#39;,</span>
+<span class="go">  b&#39;(\\HasNoChildren) &quot;.&quot; &quot;Drafts&quot;&#39;,</span>
+<span class="go">  b&#39;(\\HasNoChildren) &quot;.&quot; &quot;Sent&quot;&#39;,</span>
+<span class="go">  b&#39;(\\HasNoChildren) &quot;.&quot; &quot;Junk&quot;&#39;,</span>
+<span class="go">  b&#39;(\\HasNoChildren) &quot;.&quot; &quot;INBOX&quot;&#39;])</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">32</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id27">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Using IMAP in Python</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>To interact with our email, we must select a mailbox from the list we received
+earlier:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [7]: </span><span class="n">conn</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">select</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;INBOX&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="go">  27:20.96 &gt; b&#39;IMKC3 SELECT INBOX&#39;</span>
+<span class="go">  27:21.04 &lt; b&#39;* FLAGS (\\Answered \\Flagged \\Deleted \\Seen \\Draft)&#39;</span>
+<span class="go">  27:21.04 &lt; b&#39;* OK [PERMANENTFLAGS (\\Answered \\Flagged \\Deleted \\Seen \\Draft \\*)] Flags permitted.&#39;</span>
+<span class="go">  27:21.04 &lt; b&#39;* 1 EXISTS&#39;</span>
+<span class="go">  27:21.04 &lt; b&#39;* 0 RECENT&#39;</span>
+<span class="go">  27:21.04 &lt; b&#39;* OK [UNSEEN 1] First unseen.&#39;</span>
+<span class="go">  27:21.04 &lt; b&#39;* OK [UIDVALIDITY 1357449499] UIDs valid&#39;</span>
+<span class="go">  27:21.04 &lt; b&#39;* OK [UIDNEXT 24] Predicted next UID&#39;</span>
+<span class="go">  27:21.04 &lt; b&#39;IMKC3 OK [READ-WRITE] Select completed.&#39;</span>
+<span class="gh">Out[7]: </span><span class="go">(&#39;OK&#39;, [b&#39;1&#39;])</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">33</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id28">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Using IMAP in Python</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>We can search our selected mailbox for messages matching one or more criteria.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>The return value is a list of bytestrings containing the UIDs of messages
+that match our search:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [8]: </span><span class="n">conn</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">search</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;(FROM &quot;cris&quot;)&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="go">  28:43.02 &gt; b&#39;IMKC4 SEARCH (FROM &quot;cris&quot;)&#39;</span>
+<span class="go">  28:43.09 &lt; b&#39;* SEARCH 1&#39;</span>
+<span class="go">  28:43.09 &lt; b&#39;IMKC4 OK Search completed.&#39;</span>
+<span class="gh">Out[8]: </span><span class="go">(&#39;OK&#39;, [b&#39;1&#39;])</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">34</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id29">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Using IMAP in Python</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Once we've found a message we want to look at, we can use the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">fetch</span></code>
+command to read it from the server.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>IMAP allows fetching each part of a message independently:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [9]: </span><span class="n">conn</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">fetch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;1&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;BODY[HEADER]&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="go">  ...</span>
+<span class="gh">Out[9]: </span><span class="go">(&#39;OK&#39;, ...)</span>
+
+<span class="gp">In [10]: </span><span class="n">conn</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">fetch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;1&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;FLAGS&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="go">  ...</span>
+<span class="gh">Out[10]: </span><span class="go">(&#39;OK&#39;, [b&#39;1 (FLAGS (\\Seen))&#39;])</span>
+
+<span class="gp">In [11]: </span><span class="n">conn</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">fetch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;1&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;BODY[TEXT]&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="go">  ...</span>
+<span class="gh">Out[11]: </span><span class="go">(&#39;OK&#39;, ...)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>What does the message say?</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">35</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id30">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Batteries Included</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Python even includes an <em>email</em> library that would allow us to interact with
+this message in an <em>OO</em> style.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<em>Neat, Huh?</em></div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">36</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="what-have-we-learned">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>What Have We Learned?</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <div class="build container">
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>Protocols are just a set of rules for how to communicate</li>
+<li>Protocols tell us how to parse and delimit messages</li>
+<li>Protocols tell us what messages are valid</li>
+<li>If we properly format request messages to a server, we can get response
+messages</li>
+<li>Python supports a number of these protocols</li>
+<li>So we don't have to remember how to format the commands ourselves</li>
+</ul>
+<p>But in every case we've seen, we could do the same thing with a socket and
+some strings</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">37</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="break-time">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Break Time</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Let's take a few minutes here to clear our heads.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>When we return, we'll learn about the king of protocols,</p>
+<p class="large centered">HTTP</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">38</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-2" id="http">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h2>HTTP</h2>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <div class="left container">
+<p>HTTP is no different</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>HTTP is also message-centered, with two-way communications:</p>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>Requests (Asking for information)</li>
+<li>Responses (Providing answers)</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">39</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="what-does-http-look-like">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>What does HTTP look like?</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>HTTP (Ask for information):</p>
+<div class="highlight-http"><div class="highlight"><pre>GET /index.html HTTP/1.1&lt;CRLF&gt;
+Host: www.example.com&lt;CRLF&gt;
+&lt;CRLF&gt;
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p><strong>note</strong>: the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">&lt;CRLF&gt;</span></code> you see here is a visualization of the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">\r\n</span></code>
+character sequence.</p>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">40</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id31">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>What does HTTP look like?</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>HTTP (Provide answers):</p>
+<div class="highlight-http"><div class="highlight"><pre>HTTP/1.1 200 OK
+Date: Mon, 23 May 2005 22:38:34 GMT
+Server: Apache/1.3.3.7 (Unix) (Red-Hat/Linux)
+Last-Modified: Wed, 08 Jan 2003 23:11:55 GMT
+Etag: &quot;3f80f-1b6-3e1cb03b&quot;
+Accept-Ranges:  none
+Content-Length: 438
+Connection: close
+Content-Type: text/html; charset=UTF-8
+&lt;CRLF&gt;
+&lt;!DOCTYPE html&gt;\n&lt;html&gt;\n  &lt;head&gt;\n    &lt;title&gt;This is a .... &lt;/html&gt;
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Pay particular attention to the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">&lt;CRLF&gt;</span></code> on a line by itself.</p>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">41</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id32">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>HTTP Core Format</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>In HTTP, both <em>request</em> and <em>response</em> share a common basic format:</p>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>Line separators are &lt;CRLF&gt; (familiar, no?)</li>
+<li>A required initial line (a command or a response code)</li>
+<li>A (mostly) optional set of headers, one per line</li>
+<li>A blank line</li>
+<li>An optional body</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">42</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="implementing-http">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Implementing HTTP</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Let's investigate the HTTP protocol a bit in real life.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>We'll do so by building a simplified HTTP server, one step at a time.</p>
+<p>There is a copy of the echo server from last time in
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">resources/session02</span></code>. It's called <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">http_server.py</span></code>.</p>
+<p>In a terminal, move into that directory. We'll be doing our work here for
+the rest of the session</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">43</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id33">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>TDD IRL (a quick aside)</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Test Driven Development (TDD) is all the rage these days.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>It means that before you write code, you first write tests demonstrating
+what you want your code to do.</p>
+<p>When all your tests pass, you are finished. You did this for your last
+assignment.</p>
+<p>We'll be doing it again today.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">44</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id34">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Run the Tests</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>From inside <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">resources/session02</span></code> start a second python interpreter and run
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$</span> <span class="pre">python</span> <span class="pre">http_server.py</span></code></p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>In your first interpreter run the tests. You should see similar output:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="nv">$ </span>python tests.py
+<span class="o">[</span>...<span class="o">]</span>
+Ran <span class="m">10</span> tests in 0.054s
+
+FAILED <span class="o">(</span><span class="nv">failures</span><span class="o">=</span>3, <span class="nv">errors</span><span class="o">=</span>7<span class="o">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Let's take a few minutes here to look at these tests and understand them.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">45</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id35">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Viewing an HTTP Request</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Our job is to make all those tests pass.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>First, though, let's pretend this server really is a functional HTTP
+server.</p>
+<p>This time, instead of using the echo client to make a connection to the
+server, let's use a web browser!</p>
+<p>Point your favorite browser at <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">http://localhost:10000</span></code></p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">46</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id36">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>A Bad Interaction</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>First, look at the printed output from your echo server.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Second, note that your browser is still waiting to finish loading the page</p>
+<p>Moreover, your server should also be hung, waiting for more from the
+'client'</p>
+<p>This is because the server is waiting for the browser to respond</p>
+<p>And at the same time, the browser is waiting for the server to indicate it
+is done.</p>
+<p>Our server does not yet speak the HTTP protocol, but the browser is
+expecting it.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">47</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id37">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Echoing A Request</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Kill your server with <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ctrl-c</span></code> (the keyboard interrupt) and you should see
+some printed content in your browser:</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<div class="highlight-http"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="nf">GET</span> <span class="nn">/</span> <span class="kr">HTTP</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="m">1.1</span>
+<span class="na">Host</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="l">localhost:10000</span>
+<span class="na">User-Agent</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="l">Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10.6; rv:22.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/22.0</span>
+<span class="na">Accept</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="l">text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8</span>
+<span class="na">Accept-Language</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="l">en-US,en;q=0.5</span>
+<span class="na">Accept-Encoding</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="l">gzip, deflate</span>
+<span class="na">DNT</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="l">1</span>
+<span class="na">Cookie</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="l">__utma=111872281.383966302.1364503233.1364503233.1364503233.1; __utmz=111872281.1364503233.1.1.utmcsr=(direct)|utmccn=(direct)|utmcmd=(none); csrftoken=uiqj579iGRbReBHmJQNTH8PFfAz2qRJS</span>
+<span class="na">Connection</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="l">keep-alive</span>
+<span class="na">Cache-Control</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="l">max-age=0</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Your server is simply echoing what it receives, so this is an <em>HTTP
+Request</em> as sent by your browser.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">48</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id38">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>HTTP Debugging</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>When working on HTTP applications, it's nice to be able to see all this going back
+and forth.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Good browsers support this with a set of developer tools built-in.</p>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>firefox -&gt; ctrl-shift-K or cmd-opt-K (os X)</li>
+<li>safari -&gt; enable in preferences:advanced then cmd-opt-i</li>
+<li>chrome -&gt; ctrl-shift-i or cmd-opt-i (os X)</li>
+<li>IE (7.0+) -&gt; F12 or tools menu -&gt; developer tools</li>
+</ul>
+<p>The 'Net(work)' pane of these tools can show you both request and response,
+headers and all. Very useful.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">49</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id39">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Stop! Demo Time</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p class="centered"><strong>Let's take a quick look</strong></p>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">50</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id40">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Other Debugging Options</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Sometimes you need or want to debug http requests that are not going through
+your browser.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Or perhaps you need functionality that is not supported by in-browser tools
+(request munging, header mangling, decryption of https request/responses)</p>
+<p>Then it might be time for an HTTP debugging proxy:</p>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>windows: <a class="reference external" href="http://www.fiddler2.com/fiddler2/">http://www.fiddler2.com/fiddler2/</a></li>
+<li>win/osx/linux: <a class="reference external" href="http://www.charlesproxy.com/">http://www.charlesproxy.com/</a></li>
+</ul>
+<p>We won't cover any of these tools here today.  But you can check them out
+when you have the time.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">51</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="step-1-basic-http-protocol">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Step 1: Basic HTTP Protocol</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>In HTTP 1.0, the only required line in an HTTP request is this:</p>
+<div class="highlight-http"><div class="highlight"><pre>GET /path/to/index.html HTTP/1.0&lt;CRLF&gt;
+&lt;CRLF&gt;
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>As virtual hosting grew more common, that was not enough, so HTTP 1.1 adds
+a single required <em>header</em>, <strong>Host</strong>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-http"><div class="highlight"><pre>GET /path/to/index.html HTTP/1.1&lt;CRLF&gt;
+Host: www.mysite1.com:80&lt;CRLF&gt;
+&lt;CRLF&gt;
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">52</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id41">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>HTTP Responses</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>In both HTTP 1.0 and 1.1, a proper response consists of an intial line,
+followed by optional headers, a single blank line, and then optionally a
+response body:</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<div class="highlight-http"><div class="highlight"><pre>HTTP/1.1 200 OK&lt;CRLF&gt;
+Content-Type: text/plain&lt;CRLF&gt;
+&lt;CRLF&gt;
+this is a pretty minimal response
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Let's update our server to return such a response.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">53</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id42">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Returning a Canned HTTP Response</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Begin by implementing a new function in your <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">http_server.py</span></code> script called
+<cite>response_ok</cite>.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>It can be super-simple for now.  We'll improve it later.</p>
+<div class="container">
+<p>It needs to return our minimal response from above:</p>
+<div class="highlight-http"><div class="highlight"><pre>HTTP/1.1 200 OK&lt;CRLF&gt;
+Content-Type: text/plain&lt;CRLF&gt;
+&lt;CRLF&gt;
+this is a pretty minimal response
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p><strong>Remember, &lt;CRLF&gt; is a placeholder for the</strong> <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">\r\n</span></code> <strong>character sequence</strong></p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">54</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id43">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>My Solution</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">response_ok</span><span class="p">():</span>
+    <span class="sd">&quot;&quot;&quot;returns a basic HTTP response&quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
+    <span class="n">resp</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[]</span>
+    <span class="n">resp</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">append</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">b</span><span class="s">&quot;HTTP/1.1 200 OK&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="n">resp</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">append</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">b</span><span class="s">&quot;Content-Type: text/plain&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="n">resp</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">append</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">b</span><span class="s">&quot;&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="n">resp</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">append</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">b</span><span class="s">&quot;this is a pretty minimal response&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">b</span><span class="s">&quot;</span><span class="se">\r\n</span><span class="s">&quot;</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">join</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">resp</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Did you remember that sockets only accept bytes?</p>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">55</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id44">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Run The Tests</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>We've now implemented a function that is tested by our tests. Let's run them
+again:</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="nv">$ </span>python tests.py
+<span class="o">[</span>...<span class="o">]</span>
+----------------------------------------------------------------------
+Ran <span class="m">10</span> tests in 0.002s
+
+FAILED <span class="o">(</span><span class="nv">failures</span><span class="o">=</span>3, <span class="nv">errors</span><span class="o">=</span>3<span class="o">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Great!  We've now got 4 tests that pass.  Good work.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">56</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id45">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Server Modifications</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Next, we need to rebuild the server loop from our echo server for it's new
+purpose:</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>It should now wait for an incoming request to be <em>finished</em>, <em>then</em> send a
+response back to the client.</p>
+<p>The response it sends can be the result of calling our new <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">response_ok</span></code>
+function for now.</p>
+<p>We could also bump up the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">recv</span></code> buffer size to something more reasonable
+for HTTP traffic, say 1024.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">57</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id46">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>My Solution</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c"># ...</span>
+<span class="k">try</span><span class="p">:</span>
+    <span class="k">while</span> <span class="bp">True</span><span class="p">:</span>
+        <span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;waiting for a connection&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">file</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">log_buffer</span><span class="p">)</span>
+        <span class="n">conn</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">addr</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">sock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">accept</span><span class="p">()</span>  <span class="c"># blocking</span>
+        <span class="k">try</span><span class="p">:</span>
+            <span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;connection - {0}:{1}&#39;</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">format</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">addr</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="nb">file</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">log_buffer</span><span class="p">)</span>
+            <span class="k">while</span> <span class="bp">True</span><span class="p">:</span>
+                <span class="n">data</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">conn</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">recv</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1024</span><span class="p">)</span>
+                <span class="k">if</span> <span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">data</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">&lt;</span> <span class="mi">1024</span><span class="p">:</span>
+                    <span class="k">break</span>
+            <span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;sending response&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">file</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">log_buffer</span><span class="p">)</span>
+            <span class="n">response</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">response_ok</span><span class="p">()</span>
+            <span class="n">conn</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sendall</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">response</span><span class="p">)</span>
+        <span class="k">finally</span><span class="p">:</span>
+            <span class="n">conn</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">close</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="c"># ...</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">58</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id47">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Run The Tests</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Once you've got that set, restart your server:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>$ python http_server.py
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Then you can re-run your tests:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="nv">$ </span>python tests.py
+<span class="o">[</span>...<span class="o">]</span>
+----------------------------------------------------------------------
+Ran <span class="m">10</span> tests in 0.003s
+
+FAILED <span class="o">(</span><span class="nv">failures</span><span class="o">=</span>2, <span class="nv">errors</span><span class="o">=</span>3<span class="o">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Five tests now pass!</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">59</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="step-2-handling-http-methods">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Step 2: Handling HTTP Methods</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Every HTTP request <strong>must</strong> begin with a single line, broken by whitespace into
+three parts:</p>
+<div class="highlight-http"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="nf">GET</span> <span class="nn">/path/to/index.html</span> <span class="kr">HTTP</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="m">1.1</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>The three parts are the <em>method</em>, the <em>URI</em>, and the <em>protocol</em></p>
+<p>Let's look at each in turn.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">60</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id48">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>HTTP Methods</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p><strong>GET</strong> <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">/path/to/index.html</span> <span class="pre">HTTP/1.1</span></code></p>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>Every HTTP request must start with a <em>method</em></li>
+<li>There are four main HTTP methods:<ul class="build">
+<li>GET</li>
+<li>POST</li>
+<li>PUT</li>
+<li>DELETE</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li>There are others, notably HEAD, but you won't see them too much</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">61</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id49">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>HTTP Methods</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>These four methods are mapped to the four basic steps (<em>CRUD</em>) of persistent
+storage:</p>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>POST = Create</li>
+<li>GET = Read</li>
+<li>PUT = Update</li>
+<li>DELETE = Delete</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">62</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id50">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Methods: Safe &lt;--&gt; Unsafe</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>HTTP methods can be categorized as <strong>safe</strong> or <strong>unsafe</strong>, based on whether
+they might change something on the server:</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>Safe HTTP Methods<ul>
+<li>GET</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li>Unsafe HTTP Methods<ul>
+<li>POST</li>
+<li>PUT</li>
+<li>DELETE</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<p>This is a <em>normative</em> distinction, which is to say <strong>be careful</strong></p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">63</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id51">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Methods: Idempotent &lt;--&gt; ???</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>HTTP methods can be categorized as <strong>idempotent</strong>.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>This means that a given request will always have the same result:</p>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>Idempotent HTTP Methods<ul>
+<li>GET</li>
+<li>PUT</li>
+<li>DELETE</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li>Non-Idempotent HTTP Methods<ul>
+<li>POST</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<p>Again, <em>normative</em>. The developer is responsible for ensuring that it is true.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">64</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id52">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>HTTP Method Handling</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Let's keep things simple, our server will only respond to <em>GET</em> requests.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>We need to create a function that parses a request and determines if we can
+respond to it: <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">parse_request</span></code>.</p>
+<p>If the request method is not <em>GET</em>, our method should raise an error</p>
+<p>Remember, although a request is more than one line long, all we care about
+here is the first line</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">65</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id53">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>My Solution</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">parse_request</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">request</span><span class="p">):</span>
+    <span class="n">first_line</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">request</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">split</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;</span><span class="se">\r\n</span><span class="s">&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">]</span>
+    <span class="n">method</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">uri</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">protocol</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">first_line</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">split</span><span class="p">()</span>
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">method</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="s">&quot;GET&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span>
+        <span class="k">raise</span> <span class="ne">NotImplementedError</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;We only accept GET&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;request is okay&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">file</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">sys</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">stderr</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">66</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id54">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Update the Server</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>We'll also need to update the server code. It should</p>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>save the request as it comes in</li>
+<li>check the request using our new function</li>
+<li>send an OK response if things go well</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">67</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id55">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>My Solution</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c"># ...</span>
+<span class="n">conn</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">addr</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">sock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">accept</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="c"># blocking</span>
+<span class="k">try</span><span class="p">:</span>
+    <span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;connection - {0}:{1}&#39;</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">format</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">addr</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="nb">file</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">log_buffer</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="n">request</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&quot;&quot;</span>
+    <span class="k">while</span> <span class="bp">True</span><span class="p">:</span>
+        <span class="n">data</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">conn</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">recv</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1024</span><span class="p">)</span>
+        <span class="n">request</span> <span class="o">+=</span> <span class="n">data</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">decode</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;utf8&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+        <span class="k">if</span> <span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">data</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">&lt;</span> <span class="mi">1024</span> <span class="ow">or</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="n">data</span><span class="p">:</span>
+            <span class="k">break</span>
+
+    <span class="n">parse_request</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">request</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;sending response&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">file</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">log_buffer</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="n">response</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">response_ok</span><span class="p">()</span>
+    <span class="n">conn</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sendall</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">response</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="k">finally</span><span class="p">:</span>
+    <span class="n">conn</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">close</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="c"># ...</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">68</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id56">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Run The Tests</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Quit and restart your server now that you've updated the code:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>$ python http_server.py
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>At this point, we should have seven tests passing:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="nv">$ </span>python tests.py
+Ran <span class="m">10</span> tests in 0.002s
+
+FAILED <span class="o">(</span><span class="nv">failures</span><span class="o">=</span>1, <span class="nv">errors</span><span class="o">=</span>2<span class="o">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">69</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id57">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>What About a Browser?</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>The server quit during the tests, but an HTTP request from the browser should
+work fine now.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Restart the server and reload your browser.  You should see your OK
+response.</p>
+<p>We can use the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">simple_client.py</span></code> script in our resources to test our
+error condition.  In a second terminal window run the script like so:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>$ python simple_client.py &quot;POST / HTTP/1.0\r\n\r\n&quot;
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>This should cause the server to crash.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">70</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="step-3-error-responses">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Step 3: Error Responses</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Okay, so the outcome there was pretty ugly. The client went off the rails, and
+our server has terminated as well.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p class="centered"><strong>why?</strong></p>
+<p>The HTTP protocol allows us to handle errors like this more gracefully.</p>
+<p class="centered"><strong>Enter the Response Code</strong></p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">71</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id58">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>HTTP Response Codes</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">HTTP/1.1</span></code> <strong>200 OK</strong></p>
+<p>All HTTP responses must include a <strong>response code</strong> indicating the outcome of
+the request.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>1xx (HTTP 1.1 only) - Informational message</li>
+<li>2xx - Success of some kind</li>
+<li>3xx - Redirection of some kind</li>
+<li>4xx - Client Error of some kind</li>
+<li>5xx - Server Error of some kind</li>
+</ul>
+<p>The text bit makes the code more human-readable</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">72</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id59">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Common Response Codes</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>There are certain HTTP response codes you are likely to see (and use) most
+often:</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">200</span> <span class="pre">OK</span></code> - Everything is good</li>
+<li><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">301</span> <span class="pre">Moved</span> <span class="pre">Permanently</span></code> - You should update your link</li>
+<li><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">304</span> <span class="pre">Not</span> <span class="pre">Modified</span></code> - You should load this from cache</li>
+<li><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">404</span> <span class="pre">Not</span> <span class="pre">Found</span></code> - You've asked for something that doesn't exist</li>
+<li><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">500</span> <span class="pre">Internal</span> <span class="pre">Server</span> <span class="pre">Error</span></code> - Something bad happened</li>
+</ul>
+<p>Do not be afraid to use other, less common codes in building good apps.
+There are a lot of them for a reason.</p>
+<p>See <a class="reference external" href="http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec10.html">http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec10.html</a></p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">73</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id60">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Handling our Error</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Luckily, there's an error code that is tailor-made for this situation.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>The client has made a request using a method we do not support</p>
+<p><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">405</span> <span class="pre">Method</span> <span class="pre">Not</span> <span class="pre">Allowed</span></code></p>
+<p>Let's add a new function that returns this error code. It should be called
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">response_method_not_allowed</span></code></p>
+<p>Remember, it must be a complete HTTP Response with the correct <em>code</em></p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">74</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id61">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>My Solution</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">response_method_not_allowed</span><span class="p">():</span>
+    <span class="sd">&quot;&quot;&quot;returns a 405 Method Not Allowed response&quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
+    <span class="n">resp</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[]</span>
+    <span class="n">resp</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">append</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">b</span><span class="s">&quot;HTTP/1.1 405 Method Not Allowed&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="n">resp</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">append</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">b</span><span class="s">&quot;&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">b</span><span class="s">&quot;</span><span class="se">\r\n</span><span class="s">&quot;</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">join</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">resp</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">75</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id62">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Server Updates</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Again, we'll need to update the server to handle this error condition
+correctly.  It should</p>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>catch the exception raised by the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">parse_request</span></code> function</li>
+<li>create our new error response as a result</li>
+<li>if no exception is raised, then create the OK response</li>
+<li>return the generated response to the user</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">76</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id63">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>My Solution</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c"># ...</span>
+<span class="k">while</span> <span class="bp">True</span><span class="p">:</span>
+    <span class="n">data</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">conn</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">recv</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1024</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="n">request</span> <span class="o">+=</span> <span class="n">data</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">decode</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;utf8&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">data</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">&lt;</span> <span class="mi">1024</span><span class="p">:</span>
+        <span class="k">break</span>
+
+<span class="k">try</span><span class="p">:</span>
+    <span class="n">parse_request</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">request</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="k">except</span> <span class="ne">NotImplementedError</span><span class="p">:</span>
+    <span class="n">response</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">response_method_not_allowed</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="k">else</span><span class="p">:</span>
+    <span class="n">response</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">response_ok</span><span class="p">()</span>
+
+<span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;sending response&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">file</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">log_buffer</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="n">conn</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sendall</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">response</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="c"># ...</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">77</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id64">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Run The Tests</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Start your server (or restart it if by some miracle it's still going).</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Then run the tests again:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>$ python tests.py
+[...]
+Ran 10 tests in 0.002s
+
+OK
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Wahoo! All our tests are passing. That means we are done writing code for
+now.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">78</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="step-4-serving-resources">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Step 4: Serving Resources</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>We've got a very simple server that accepts a request and sends a response.
+But what happens if we make a different request?</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<div class="container">
+<p>In your web browser, enter the following URL:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>http://localhost:10000/page
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="container">
+<p>What happened? What happens if you use this URL:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>http://localhost:10000/section/page?
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">79</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id65">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Determining a Resource</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>We expect different urls to result in different responses.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Each separate <em>path</em> provided should map to a <em>resource</em></p>
+<p>But this isn't happening with our server, for obvious reasons.</p>
+<p>It brings us back to the second element of that first line of an HTTP
+request.</p>
+<p class="centered"><strong>The Return of the URI</strong></p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">80</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id66">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>HTTP Requests: URI</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">GET</span></code> <strong>/path/to/index.html</strong> <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">HTTP/1.1</span></code></p>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>Every HTTP request must include a <strong>URI</strong> used to determine the <strong>resource</strong> to
+be returned</li>
+<li>URI??
+<a class="reference external" href="http://stackoverflow.com/questions/176264/whats-the-difference-between-a-uri-and-a-url/1984225#1984225">http://stackoverflow.com/questions/176264/whats-the-difference-between-a-uri-and-a-url/1984225#1984225</a></li>
+<li>Resource?  Files (html, img, .js, .css), but also:<ul class="build">
+<li>Dynamic scripts</li>
+<li>Raw data</li>
+<li>API endpoints</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">81</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id67">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Parsing a Request</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Our <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">parse_request</span></code> method actually already finds the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">uri</span></code> in the first
+line of a request</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>All we need to do is update the method so that it <em>returns</em> that uri</p>
+<p>Then we can use it.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">82</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id68">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>My Solution</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">parse_request</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">request</span><span class="p">):</span>
+    <span class="n">first_line</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">request</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">split</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;</span><span class="se">\r\n</span><span class="s">&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">]</span>
+    <span class="n">method</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">uri</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">protocol</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">first_line</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">split</span><span class="p">()</span>
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">method</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="s">&quot;GET&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span>
+        <span class="k">raise</span> <span class="ne">NotImplementedError</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;We only accept GET&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">print</span> <span class="o">&gt;&gt;</span><span class="n">sys</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">stderr</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;request is okay&#39;</span>
+    <span class="c"># add the following line:</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">uri</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">83</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id69">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Pass It Along</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Now we can update our server code so that it uses the return value of
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">parse_request</span></code>.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>That's a pretty simple change:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">try</span><span class="p">:</span>
+    <span class="n">uri</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">parse_request</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">request</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c"># update this line</span>
+<span class="k">except</span> <span class="ne">NotImplementedError</span><span class="p">:</span>
+    <span class="n">response</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">response_method_not_allowed</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="k">else</span><span class="p">:</span>
+    <span class="c"># and modify this block</span>
+    <span class="k">try</span><span class="p">:</span>
+        <span class="n">content</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">mime_type</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">resolve_uri</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">url</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">except</span> <span class="ne">NameError</span><span class="p">:</span>
+        <span class="n">response</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">response_not_found</span><span class="p">()</span>
+    <span class="k">else</span><span class="p">:</span>
+        <span class="n">response</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">response_ok</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">content</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">mime_type</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">84</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-2" id="homework">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h2>Homework</h2>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <div class="left container">
+<p>You may have noticed that we just added calls to functions that don't yet
+exist</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>It's a program that shows you what you want to do, but won't actually
+run.</p>
+<p>For your homework this week you will create these functions, completing
+the HTTP server.</p>
+<p>Your starting point will be what we've made here in class.</p>
+<p>I've added a directory to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">resources/session02</span></code> called <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">homework</span></code>.</p>
+<p>In it, you'll find this <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">http_server.py</span></code> file we've just written in
+class.</p>
+<p>That file also contains enough stub code for the missing functions to
+let the server run.</p>
+<p>And there are more tests for you to make pass!</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">85</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="one-step-at-a-time">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>One Step At A Time</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Take the following steps one at a time. Run the tests in
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">assignments/session02/homework</span></code> between to ensure that you are getting it
+right.</p>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>Complete the stub <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">resolve_uri</span></code> function so that it handles looking up
+resources on disk using the URI returned by <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">parse_request</span></code>.</li>
+<li>Make sure that if the URI does not map to a file that exists, it raises an
+appropriate error for our server to handle.</li>
+<li>Complete the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">response_not_found</span></code> function stub so that it returns a 404
+response.</li>
+<li>Update <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">response_ok</span></code> so that it uses the values returned by <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">resolve_uri</span></code>
+by the URI. (these have already been added to the function signature)</li>
+<li>You'll plug those values into the response you generate in the way required
+by the protocol</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">86</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="http-headers">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>HTTP Headers</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Along the way, you'll discover that simply returning the content of a file as
+an HTTP response body is insufficient. Different <em>types</em> of content need to
+be identified to your browser</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>We can fix this by passing information about exactly what we are returning
+as part of the response.</p>
+<p>HTTP provides for this type of thing with the generic idea of <em>Headers</em></p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">87</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id1">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>HTTP Headers</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Both requests and responses can contain <strong>headers</strong> of the form <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Name:</span> <span class="pre">Value</span></code></p>
+<div class="build container">
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>HTTP 1.0 has 16 valid headers, 1.1 has 46</li>
+<li>Any number of spaces or tabs may separate the <em>name</em> from the <em>value</em></li>
+<li>If a header line starts with spaces or tabs, it is considered part of the
+value for the previous header</li>
+<li>Header <em>names</em> are <strong>not</strong> case-sensitive, but <em>values</em> may be</li>
+</ul>
+<p>read more about HTTP headers: <a class="reference external" href="http://www.cs.tut.fi/~jkorpela/http.html">http://www.cs.tut.fi/~jkorpela/http.html</a></p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">88</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="content-type-header">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Content-Type Header</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>A very common header used in HTTP responses is <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Content-Type</span></code>. It tells the
+client what to expect.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>uses <strong>mime-type</strong> (Multi-purpose Internet Mail Extensions)</li>
+<li>foo.jpeg - <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Content-Type:</span> <span class="pre">image/jpeg</span></code></li>
+<li>foo.png - <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Content-Type:</span> <span class="pre">image/png</span></code></li>
+<li>bar.txt - <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Content-Type:</span> <span class="pre">text/plain</span></code></li>
+<li>baz.html - <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Content-Type:</span> <span class="pre">text/html</span></code></li>
+</ul>
+<p>There are <em>many</em> mime-type identifiers:
+<a class="reference external" href="http://www.freeformatter.com/mime-types-list.html">http://www.freeformatter.com/mime-types-list.html</a></p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">89</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="mapping-mime-types">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Mapping Mime-types</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>By mapping a given file to a mime-type, we can write a header.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>The standard lib module <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">mimetypes</span></code> does just this.</p>
+<p>We can guess the mime-type of a file based on the filename or map a file
+extension to a type:</p>
+<div class="highlight-pycon"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">mimetypes</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mimetypes</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">guess_type</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;file.txt&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="go">(&#39;text/plain&#39;, None)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mimetypes</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">types_map</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s">&#39;.txt&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span>
+<span class="go">&#39;text/plain&#39;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">90</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="resolving-a-uri">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Resolving a URI</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Your <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">resolve_uri</span></code> function will need to accomplish the following tasks:</p>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>It should take a URI as the sole argument</li>
+<li>It should map the pathname represented by the URI to a filesystem location.</li>
+<li>It should have a 'home directory', and look only in that location.</li>
+<li>If the URI is a directory, it should return a plain-text listing of the
+directory contents and the mimetype <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">text/plain</span></code>.</li>
+<li>If the URI is a file, it should return the contents of that file and its
+correct mimetype.</li>
+<li>If the URI does not map to a real location, it should raise an exception
+that the server can catch to return a 404 response.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">91</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="use-your-tests">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Use Your Tests</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>One of the benefits of test-driven development is that the tests that are
+failing should tell you what code you need to write.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>As you work your way through the steps outlined above, look at your tests.
+Write code that makes them pass.</p>
+<p>If all the tests in <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">assignments/session02/tests.py</span></code> are passing, you've
+completed the assignment.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">92</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="submitting-your-homework">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Submitting Your Homework</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>To submit your homework:</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>Do your work in the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">assignments/session02</span></code> directory of <strong>your fork</strong> of
+the class respository</li>
+<li>When you have all tests passing, push your work to <strong>your fork</strong> in github.</li>
+<li>Using the github web interface, send me a pull request.</li>
+</ul>
+<p>I will review your work when I receive your pull requests, make comments on
+it there, and then close the pull request.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">93</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="a-few-steps-further">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>A Few Steps Further</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>If you are able to finish the above in less than 4-6 hours, consider taking on
+one or more of the following challenges:</p>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>Format directory listings as HTML, so you can link to files.</li>
+<li>Add a GMT <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Date:</span></code> header in the proper format (RFC-1123) to responses.
+<em>hint: see email.utils.formatdate in the python standard library</em></li>
+<li>Add a <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Content-Length:</span></code> header for <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">OK</span></code> responses that provides a
+correct value.</li>
+<li>Protect your server against errors by providing, and using, a function that
+returns a <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">500</span> <span class="pre">Internal</span> <span class="pre">Server</span> <span class="pre">Error</span></code> response.</li>
+<li>Instead of returning the python script in <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">webroot</span></code> as plain text, execute
+the file and return the results as HTML.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">94</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>
+
+
+    <slide class="thank-you-slide segue nobackground">
+    <aside class="gdbar right"><img src="../_static/logo_UW.png"></aside>
+    <article class="flexbox vleft auto-fadein">
+      <h2>Good Night!</h2>
+      <p>&nbsp;</p>
+    </article>
+    <p class="auto-fadein" data-config-contact>
+      <!-- populated from slide_config.json -->
+    </p>
+  </slide>
+
+  <slide class="backdrop"></slide>
+
+</slides>
+
+<!--[if IE]>
+  <script src="http://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/chrome-frame/1/CFInstall.min.js"></script>
+  <script>CFInstall.check({mode: 'overlay'});</script>
+<![endif]-->
+</body>
+</html>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/slides/presentations/session03.html b/slides/presentations/session03.html
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..641bb86d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/slides/presentations/session03.html
@@ -0,0 +1,1868 @@
+<!--
+Google IO 2012/2013 HTML5 Slide Template
+
+Authors: Eric Bidelman <ebidel@gmail.com>
+         Luke Mahé <lukem@google.com>
+
+URL: https://code.google.com/p/io-2012-slides
+--><!DOCTYPE html>
+
+
+<html>
+<head>
+  <title>Session 03 &mdash; Internet Programming with Python</title>
+  <meta charset="utf-8">
+  
+  <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="chrome=1">
+  <!--<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, minimum-scale=1.0">-->
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+  <!--<meta name="viewport" content="initial-scale=0.4">-->
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+
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+  <link rel="stylesheet" media="all"
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+        href="../_static/theme/css/hieroglyph.css">
+  <link rel="stylesheet" media="only screen and (max-device-width: 480px)"
+        href="../_static/theme/css/phone.css">
+
+    
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/custom.css"
+          type="text/css" />
+    
+
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/pygments.css" type="text/css" />
+  <base target="_blank"> <!-- This amazingness opens all links in a new tab. -->
+  
+    <script type="text/javascript">
+      var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = {
+        URL_ROOT:    '../',
+        VERSION:     '3.0',
+        COLLAPSE_INDEX: false,
+        FILE_SUFFIX: '.html',
+        HAS_SOURCE:  true
+      };
+    </script>
+
+    <script data-main="../_static/js/slides"
+            src="../_static/js/require-1.0.8.min.js"></script>
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script>
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/underscore.js"></script>
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/doctools.js"></script>
+    
+    <link rel="top" title="Internet Programming with Python" href="../index.html" />
+    <link rel="up" title="Course Presentations" href="index.html" />
+    <link rel="next" title="Session 04" href="session04.html" />
+    <link rel="prev" title="Session 02" href="session02.html" /> 
+</head>
+<body style="opacity: 0">
+
+<slides class="layout-widescreen">
+
+  <slide class="title-slide segue nobackground">
+  <aside class="gdbar"><img src="../_static/logo_UW.png"></aside>
+  <!-- The content of this hgroup is replaced programmatically through the slide_config.json. -->
+  <hgroup class="auto-fadein">
+    <h1 data-config-title><!-- populated from slide_config.json --></h1>
+    <h2 data-config-subtitle><!-- populated from slide_config.json --></h2>
+    <p data-config-presenter><!-- populated from slide_config.json --></p>
+  </hgroup>
+</slide>
+
+  
+    <slide class="title-slide segue nobackground level-1" id="session-03">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h1>Session 03</h1>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <div class="figure align-center" id="id2">
+<a class="reference internal image-reference" href="../_images/gateway.jpg"><img alt="../_images/gateway.jpg" src="../_images/gateway.jpg" style="width: 50%;" /></a>
+<p class="caption"><span class="caption-text">The Wandering Angel <a class="reference external" href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/wandering_angel/1467802750/">http://www.flickr.com/photos/wandering_angel/1467802750/</a> - CC-BY</span></p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">1</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-2" id="cgi-wsgi-and-living-online">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h2>CGI, WSGI and Living Online</h2>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Wherein we discover the gateways to dynamic processes on a server.</p>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">2</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="but-first">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>But First</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p class="large centered">Homework Review and Questions</p>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">3</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="previously">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Previously</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <ul class="build simple">
+<li>You've learned about passing messages back and forth with sockets</li>
+<li>You've created a simple HTTP server using sockets</li>
+<li>You may even have made your server <em>dynamic</em> by returning the output of a
+python script.</li>
+</ul>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>What if you want to pass information to that script?</p>
+<p>How can you give the script access to information about the HTTP request
+itself?</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">4</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="stepping-away-the-environment">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Stepping Away: The Environment</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>A computer has an <em>environment</em>:</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>in *nix, you can see this in a shell:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="nv">$ </span>printenv
+<span class="nv">TERM_PROGRAM</span><span class="o">=</span>iTerm.app
+...
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>or in Windows at the command prompt:</p>
+<div class="highlight-posh"><div class="highlight"><pre>C:\&gt; set
+ALLUSERSPROFILE=C:\ProgramData
+...
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>or in PowerShell:</p>
+<div class="highlight-posh"><div class="highlight"><pre>PS C:\&gt; Get-ChildItem Env:
+ALLUSERSPROFILE             C:\ProgramData
+...
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">5</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id3">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Setting The Environment</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <div class="build container">
+<p>In a <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">bash</span></code> shell we can do this:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="nv">$ </span><span class="nb">export </span><span class="nv">VARIABLE</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">&#39;some value&#39;</span>
+<span class="nv">$ </span><span class="nb">echo</span> <span class="nv">$VARIABLE</span>
+some value
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>or at a Windows command prompt:</p>
+<div class="highlight-posh"><div class="highlight"><pre>C:\Users\Administrator\&gt; set VARIABLE=&#39;some value&#39;
+C:\Users\Administrator\&gt; echo %VARIABLE%
+&#39;some value&#39;
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>or in PowerShell:</p>
+<div class="highlight-posh"><div class="highlight"><pre>PS C:\&gt; $env:VARIABLE = &quot;some value&quot;
+PS C:\&gt; Get-ChildItem Env:VARIABLE
+&#39;some value&#39;
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">6</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id4">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Viewing the Results</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>These new values are now part of the <em>environment</em></p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>*nix:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="nv">$ </span>printenv
+...
+<span class="nv">VARIABLE</span><span class="o">=</span>some value
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Windows:</p>
+<div class="highlight-posh"><div class="highlight"><pre>C:\&gt; set
+...
+VARIABLE=&#39;some value&#39;
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>PowerShell:</p>
+<div class="highlight-posh"><div class="highlight"><pre>PS C:\&gt; Get-ChildItem Env:
+...
+VARIABLE                    &#39;some value&#39;
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">7</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id5">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Environment in Python</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>We can see this <em>environment</em> in Python, too:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>$ python
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="highlight-pycon"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">os</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">environ</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s">&#39;VARIABLE&#39;</span><span class="p">])</span>
+<span class="go">some_value</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">environ</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">keys</span><span class="p">())</span>
+<span class="go">[&#39;VERSIONER_PYTHON_PREFER_32_BIT&#39;, &#39;VARIABLE&#39;,</span>
+<span class="go"> &#39;LOGNAME&#39;, &#39;USER&#39;, &#39;PATH&#39;, ...]</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">8</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id6">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Altering the Environment</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>You can alter os environment values while in Python:</p>
+<div class="highlight-pycon"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">environ</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s">&#39;VARIABLE&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&#39;new_value&#39;</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">environ</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s">&#39;VARIABLE&#39;</span><span class="p">])</span>
+<span class="go">new_value</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>But that doesn't change the original value, <em>outside</em> Python:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; ^D
+
+<span class="nv">$ </span><span class="nb">echo </span>this is the value: <span class="nv">$VARIABLE</span>
+this is the value: some_value
+&lt;OR&gt;
+C:<span class="se">\&gt;</span> <span class="se">\U</span>sers<span class="se">\A</span>dministrator<span class="se">\&gt;</span> <span class="nb">echo</span> %VARIABLE%
+<span class="s1">&#39;some value&#39;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">9</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id7">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Lessons Learned</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <div class="build container">
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>Subprocesses inherit their environment from their Parent</li>
+<li>Parents do not see changes to environment in subprocesses</li>
+<li>In Python, you can actually set the environment for a subprocess explicitly</li>
+</ul>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">subprocess</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Popen</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">bufsize</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">executable</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">,</span>
+                 <span class="n">stdin</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">stdout</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">stderr</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">,</span>
+                 <span class="n">preexec_fn</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">close_fds</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">False</span><span class="p">,</span>
+                 <span class="n">shell</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">False</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">cwd</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">env</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="c"># &lt;-------</span>
+                 <span class="n">universal_newlines</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">False</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">startupinfo</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">,</span>
+                 <span class="n">creationflags</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">10</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-2" id="cgi-the-web-environment">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h2>CGI - The Web Environment</h2>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p class="large centered">CGI is little more than a set of standard environmental variables</p>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">11</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="what-is-cgi">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>What is CGI</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>First discussed in 1993, formalized in 1997, the current version (1.1) has
+been in place since 2004.</p>
+<p>From the preamble:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>This memo provides information for the Internet community. It does not
+specify an Internet standard of any kind.
+
+-- RFC 3875 - CGI Version 1.1: http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3875
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">12</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id8">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Meta-Variables</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>4.  The CGI Request . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
+    4.1. Request Meta-Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
+         4.1.1.  AUTH_TYPE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
+         4.1.2.  CONTENT_LENGTH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
+         4.1.3.  CONTENT_TYPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
+         4.1.4.  GATEWAY_INTERFACE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13
+         4.1.5.  PATH_INFO. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13
+         4.1.6.  PATH_TRANSLATED. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
+         4.1.7.  QUERY_STRING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  15
+         4.1.8.  REMOTE_ADDR. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  15
+         4.1.9.  REMOTE_HOST. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  16
+         4.1.10. REMOTE_IDENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  16
+         4.1.11. REMOTE_USER. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  16
+         4.1.12. REQUEST_METHOD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  17
+         4.1.13. SCRIPT_NAME. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  17
+         4.1.14. SERVER_NAME. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  17
+         4.1.15. SERVER_PORT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  18
+         4.1.16. SERVER_PROTOCOL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  18
+         4.1.17. SERVER_SOFTWARE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  19
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">13</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="running-cgi">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Running CGI</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>You have a couple of options:</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>Python Standard Library CGIHTTPServer</li>
+<li>Apache</li>
+<li>IIS (on Windows)</li>
+<li>Some other HTTP server that implements CGI (lighttpd, ...?)</li>
+</ul>
+<p>Let's keep it simple by using the Python module</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">14</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id9">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Preparations</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>In the class resources for this session, you'll find a directory named <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">cgi</span></code>.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Make a copy of that folder in your class working directory.</p>
+<p>Windows Users, you may have to edit the first line of
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">cgi/cgi-bin/cgi_1.py</span></code> to point to your python executable.</p>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>Open <em>two</em> terminal windows in this <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">cgi</span></code> directory</li>
+<li>In the first terminal, run <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">python</span> <span class="pre">-m</span> <span class="pre">http.server</span> <span class="pre">--cgi</span></code></li>
+<li>Open a web browser and load <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">http://localhost:8000/</span></code></li>
+<li>Click on <em>CGI Test 1</em></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">15</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id10">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Did that work?</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <ul class="build simple">
+<li>Your browser might show a 404 or 403 error</li>
+<li>If you see something like that, check the permissions for <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">cgi-bin</span></code> <em>and</em>
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">cgi_1.py</span></code></li>
+<li>The file must be executable, the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">cgi-bin</span></code> directory needs to be readable
+<em>and</em> executable.</li>
+</ul>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Remember that you can use the bash <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">chmod</span></code> command to change permissions
+in *nix: <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">chmod</span> <span class="pre">a+x</span> <span class="pre">cgi-bin/cgi_1.py</span></code></p>
+<p>Windows users, use the 'properties' context menu to get to permissions,
+just grant 'full'</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">16</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id11">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Break It</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Problems with permissions can lead to failure. So can scripting errors</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>Open <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">cgi/cgi-bin/cgi_1.py</span></code> in an editor</li>
+<li>Before where it says <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">cgi.test()</span></code>, add a single line:</li>
+</ul>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="mi">1</span> <span class="o">/</span> <span class="mi">0</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Reload your browser, what happens now?</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">17</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id12">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Errors in CGI</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>CGI is famously difficult to debug.  There are reasons for this:</p>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>CGI is designed to provide access to runnable processes to <em>the internet</em></li>
+<li>The internet is a wretched hive of scum and villainy</li>
+<li>Revealing error conditions can expose data that could be exploited</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">18</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id13">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Viewing Errors in Python CGI</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Back in your editor, add the following lines, just below <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">import</span> <span class="pre">cgi</span></code>:</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">cgitb</span>
+<span class="n">cgitb</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">enable</span><span class="p">()</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Now, reload again.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">19</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id14">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>cgitb Output</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <div class="figure align-center">
+<a class="reference internal image-reference" href="../_images/cgitb_output.png"><img alt="../_images/cgitb_output.png" src="../_images/cgitb_output.png" style="width: 100%;" /></a>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">20</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id15">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Repair the Error</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Let's fix the error from our traceback.  Edit your <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">cgi_1.py</span></code> file to match:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c">#!/usr/bin/env python</span>
+<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">cgi</span>
+<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">cgitb</span>
+
+<span class="n">cgitb</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">enable</span><span class="p">()</span>
+
+<span class="n">cgi</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">test</span><span class="p">()</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Notice the first line of that script: <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">#!/usr/bin/env</span> <span class="pre">python</span></code>.</p>
+<p>This is called a <em>shebang</em> (short for hash-bang)</p>
+<p>It tells the system what executable program to use when running the script.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">21</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="cgi-process-execution">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>CGI Process Execution</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Servers like <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">http.server</span> <span class="pre">--cgi</span></code> run CGI scripts as a system user called
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">nobody</span></code>.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>This is just like you calling:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>$ ./cgi_bin/cgi_1.py
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>In fact try that now in your second terminal (use the real path), what do
+you get?</p>
+<p>Windows folks, you may need <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">C:\&gt;python</span> <span class="pre">cgi-bin/cgi_1.py</span></code></p>
+<p>Notice what is missing?</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">22</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id16">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>CGI Process Execution</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>There are a couple of important facts about CGI that derive from this:</p>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>The script <strong>must</strong> include a <em>shebang</em> so that the system knows how to run
+it.</li>
+<li>The script <strong>must</strong> be executable.</li>
+<li>The <em>executable</em> named in the <em>shebang</em> will be called as the <em>nobody</em> user.</li>
+<li>This is a security feature to prevent CGI scripts from running as a user
+with any privileges.</li>
+<li>This means that the <em>executable</em> from the script <em>shebang</em> must be one that
+<em>anyone</em> can run.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">23</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id17">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>The CGI Environment</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>CGI is largely a set of agreed-upon environmental variables.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>We've seen how environmental variables are found in python in
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">os.environ</span></code></p>
+<p>We've also seen that at least some of the variables in CGI are <strong>not</strong> part
+of the system environment.</p>
+<p>Where do they come from?</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">24</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id18">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>CGI Servers</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Let's find 'em.  In a terminal fire up python:</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [1]: </span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">http</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">server</span>
+<span class="gp">In [2]: </span><span class="n">server</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__file__</span>
+<span class="gh">Out[2]: </span><span class="go">&#39;/Users/cewing/pythons/parts/opt/lib/python3.5/http/server.py&#39;</span>
+<span class="gp">In [3]: </span><span class="o">!</span>subl <span class="s1">&#39;/Users/cewing/pythons/parts/opt/lib/python3.5/http/server.py&#39;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>If you don't have the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">subl</span></code> command, or another one that starts your
+editor, copy this path and open it in your text editor.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">25</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id19">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Environmental Set Up</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>From <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">http/server.py</span></code>, in the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">CGIHTTPRequestHandler</span></code> class, in the
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">run_cgi</span></code> method:</p>
+<div class="tiny highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">env</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">copy</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">deepcopy</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">environ</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="n">env</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s">&#39;SERVER_SOFTWARE&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">version_string</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="n">env</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s">&#39;SERVER_NAME&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">server</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">server_name</span>
+<span class="n">env</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s">&#39;GATEWAY_INTERFACE&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&#39;CGI/1.1&#39;</span>
+<span class="o">...</span>
+<span class="k">if</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">have_fork</span><span class="p">:</span>
+    <span class="c"># Unix -- fork as we should</span>
+    <span class="o">...</span>
+    <span class="n">pid</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">fork</span><span class="p">()</span>
+    <span class="o">...</span>
+    <span class="k">try</span><span class="p">:</span>
+        <span class="o">...</span>
+        <span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">execve</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">scriptfile</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">args</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">env</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="o">...</span>
+<span class="k">else</span><span class="p">:</span>
+    <span class="c"># Non-Unix -- use subprocess</span>
+    <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">subprocess</span>
+    <span class="o">...</span>
+    <span class="n">p</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">subprocess</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Popen</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">cmdline</span><span class="p">,</span>
+                         <span class="o">...</span>
+                         <span class="n">env</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">env</span>
+                         <span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="o">...</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">26</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id20">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>CGI Scripts</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>And that's it, the big secret. The server takes care of setting up the
+environment so it has what is needed.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Now, in reverse. How does the information that a script creates end up in
+your browser?</p>
+<p>A CGI Script must print its results to stdout.</p>
+<p>Use the same method as above to import and open the source file for the
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">cgi</span></code> module. Note what <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">test</span></code> does for an example of this.</p>
+<div class="tiny highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">test</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">environ</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">environ</span><span class="p">):</span>
+    <span class="o">...</span>
+    <span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;Content-type: text/html&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">print</span><span class="p">()</span>
+    <span class="k">try</span><span class="p">:</span>
+        <span class="n">form</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">FieldStorage</span><span class="p">()</span>   <span class="c"># Replace with other classes to test those</span>
+        <span class="n">print_directory</span><span class="p">()</span>
+        <span class="n">print_arguments</span><span class="p">()</span>
+        <span class="n">print_form</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">form</span><span class="p">)</span>
+        <span class="o">...</span>
+    <span class="k">except</span><span class="p">:</span>
+        <span class="n">print_exception</span><span class="p">()</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">27</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id21">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Recap</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>What the Server Does:</p>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>parses the request</li>
+<li>sets up the environment, including HTTP and SERVER variables</li>
+<li>sends a <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">HTTP/1.1</span> <span class="pre">200</span> <span class="pre">OK\r\n</span></code> first line to the client</li>
+<li>figures out if the URI points to a CGI script and runs it</li>
+<li>appends what comes from the script on stdout and sends that back</li>
+</ul>
+<p>What the Script Does:</p>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>names appropriate <em>executable</em> in the <em>shebang</em> line</li>
+<li>uses os.environ to read information from the HTTP request</li>
+<li>builds <em>any and all</em> extra <strong>HTTP Headers</strong> <br />
+(Content-type:, Content-length:, ...)</li>
+<li>prints the headers, empty line and script output (body) to stdout</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">28</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="in-class-exercise-i">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>In-Class Exercise I</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>You've seen the output from the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">cgi.test()</span></code> method from the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">cgi</span></code> module.
+Let's make our own version of this.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>In the directory <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">cgi-bin</span></code> you will find the file <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">cgi_2.py</span></code>.</li>
+<li>Open that file in your editor.</li>
+<li>The script contains some html with text containing placeholders.</li>
+<li>You should use Python and the CGI environment to fill the the blanks.</li>
+<li>You can view the results of your work by loading
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">http://localhost:8000/</span></code> and clicking on <em>Exercise One</em></li>
+</ul>
+<p><strong>GO</strong></p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">29</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="getting-data-from-users">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Getting Data from Users</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>All this is well and good, but where's the <em>dynamic</em> stuff?</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>It'd be nice if a user could pass form data to our script for it to use.</p>
+<p>In HTTP, data is often passed to the server as a part of a URL called the
+<em>query string</em></p>
+<p>The URL query string is formatted as <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">name=value</span></code> pairs, separated by the
+ampersand (<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">&amp;</span></code>) character</p>
+<p>The entire query string is separated from other parts of the URL by a
+question mark:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>http://localhost:8000/cgi_bin/somescript.py?a=23&amp;b=46&amp;b=92
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">30</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id22">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>The Query String in CGI</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>In the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">cgi</span></code> module, we get access to the query string with the
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">FieldStorage</span></code> class:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">cgi</span>
+
+<span class="n">form</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">cgi</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">FieldStorage</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="n">stringval</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">form</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">getvalue</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;a&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="n">listval</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">form</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">getlist</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;b&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>The values in the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">FieldStorage</span></code> are <em>always</em> strings</li>
+<li><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">getvalue</span></code> allows you to return a default, in case the field isn't present</li>
+<li><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">getlist</span></code> always returns a list: empty, one-valued, or as many values as
+are present</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">31</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="in-class-exercise-ii">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>In-Class Exercise II</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Let's create a dynamic adding machine.</p>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>In the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">cgi-bin</span></code> directory you'll find <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">cgi_sums.py</span></code>.</li>
+<li>In the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">index.html</span></code> file in the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">cgi</span></code> directory, the third link leads to
+this file.</li>
+<li>You will use the structure of that link, and what you learned just now about
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">cgi.FieldStorage</span></code>.</li>
+<li>Complete the cgi script in <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">cgi_sums.py</span></code> so that the result of adding all
+operands sent via the url query is returned.</li>
+<li>Return the results as plain text, with the appropriate <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Content-Type</span></code>
+header.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">32</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id23">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>My Solution</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <div class="build highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">form</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">cgi</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">FieldStorage</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="n">operands</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">form</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">getlist</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;operand&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="n">msg</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&quot;your total is {total}&quot;</span>
+<span class="k">try</span><span class="p">:</span>
+    <span class="n">total</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">sum</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">map</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">operands</span><span class="p">))</span>
+    <span class="n">msg</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">msg</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">format</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">total</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">total</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="k">except</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="ne">ValueError</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="ne">TypeError</span><span class="p">):</span>
+    <span class="n">msg</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&quot;Unable to calculate a sum, please provide integer operands&quot;</span>
+
+<span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;Content-Type: text/plain&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;Content-Length: </span><span class="si">%s</span><span class="s">&quot;</span> <span class="o">%</span> <span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">msg</span><span class="p">))</span>
+<span class="k">print</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">msg</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">33</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id24">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Break Time</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p class="centered">Let's take a break here, before continuing</p>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">34</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-2" id="wsgi">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h2>WSGI</h2>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p class="center large">The Web Server Gateway Interface</p>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">35</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="cgi-problems">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>CGI Problems</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>CGI is great, but there are problems:</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>Code is executed <em>in a new process</em></li>
+<li><strong>Every</strong> call to a CGI script starts a new process on the server</li>
+<li>Starting a new process is expensive in terms of server resources</li>
+<li><em>Especially for interpreted languages like Python</em></li>
+</ul>
+<p>How do we overcome this problem?</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">36</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id25">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Alternatives to CGI</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>The most popular approach is to have a long-running process <em>inside</em> the
+server that handles CGI scripts.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>FastCGI and SCGI are existing implementations of CGI in this fashion.</p>
+<p>The PHP scripting language works in much the same way.</p>
+<p>The Apache module <strong>mod_python</strong> offers a similar capability for Python
+code.</p>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>Each of these options has a specific API</li>
+<li>None are compatible with each-other</li>
+<li>Code written for one is <strong>not portable</strong> to another</li>
+</ul>
+<p>This makes it much more difficult to <em>share resources</em></p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">37</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="a-solution">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>A Solution</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Enter WSGI, the Web Server Gateway Interface.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Other alternatives are specific implementations of the CGI standard.</p>
+<p>WSGI is itself a new standard, not an implementation.</p>
+<p>WSGI is generalized to describe a set of interactions.</p>
+<p>Developers can write WSGI-capable apps and deploy them on any WSGI server.</p>
+<p>Read the original WSGI spec: <a class="reference external" href="http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0333">http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0333</a></p>
+<p>There is also an update for Python 3: <br /> <a class="reference external" href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-3333">https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-3333</a></p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">38</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="apps-and-servers">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Apps and Servers</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>WSGI consists of two parts, a <em>server</em> and an <em>application</em>.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<div class="container">
+<p>A WSGI Server must:</p>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>set up an environment, much like the one in CGI</li>
+<li>provide a method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">start_response(status,</span> <span class="pre">headers,</span> <span class="pre">exc_info=None)</span></code></li>
+<li>build a response body by calling an <em>application</em>, passing
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">environment</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">start_response</span></code> as args</li>
+<li>return a response with the status, headers and body</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="container">
+<p>A WSGI Appliction must:</p>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>Be a callable (function, method, class)</li>
+<li>Take an environment and a <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">start_response</span></code> callable as arguments</li>
+<li>Call the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">start_response</span></code> method.</li>
+<li>Return an <em>iterable</em> of 0 or more strings, which are treated as the
+body of the response.</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">39</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id26">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Simplified WSGI Server</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">some_application</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">simple_app</span>
+
+<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">build_env</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">request</span><span class="p">):</span>
+    <span class="c"># put together some environment info from the reqeuest</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">env</span>
+
+<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">handle_request</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">request</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">app</span><span class="p">):</span>
+    <span class="n">environ</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">build_env</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">request</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="n">iterable</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">app</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">environ</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">start_response</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">data</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">iterable</span><span class="p">:</span>
+        <span class="c"># send data to client here</span>
+
+<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">start_response</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">status</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">headers</span><span class="p">):</span>
+    <span class="c"># start an HTTP response, sending status and headers</span>
+
+<span class="c"># listen for HTTP requests and pass on to handle_request()</span>
+<span class="n">serve</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">simple_app</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">40</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id27">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Simple WSGI Application</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Where the simplified server above is <strong>not</strong> functional, this <em>is</em> a complete
+app:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">application</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">environ</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">start_response</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="n">status</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&quot;200 OK&quot;</span>
+    <span class="n">body</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&quot;Hello World</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s">&quot;</span>
+    <span class="n">response_headers</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[(</span><span class="s">&#39;Content-type&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;text/plain&#39;</span><span class="p">),</span>
+                        <span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;Content-length&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">body</span><span class="p">))]</span>
+    <span class="n">start_response</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">status</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">response_headers</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="n">body</span><span class="p">]</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">41</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id28">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>WSGI Middleware</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>A third part of the puzzle is something called WSGI <em>middleware</em></p>
+<div class="build container">
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>Middleware implements both the <em>server</em> and <em>application</em> interfaces</li>
+<li>Middleware acts as a server when viewed from an application</li>
+<li>Middleware acts as an application when viewed from a server</li>
+</ul>
+<div class="figure align-center">
+<a class="reference internal image-reference" href="../_images/wsgi_middleware_onion.png"><img alt="../_images/wsgi_middleware_onion.png" src="../_images/wsgi_middleware_onion.png" style="width: 38%;" /></a>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">42</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id29">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>WSGI Data Flow</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <div class="build container">
+<div class="container">
+<p>WSGI Servers:</p>
+<p class="large centered"><strong>HTTP &lt;---&gt; WSGI</strong></p>
+</div>
+<div class="container">
+<p>WSGI Applications:</p>
+<p class="large centered"><strong>WSGI &lt;---&gt; app code</strong></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">43</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id30">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>The WSGI Stack</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>The WSGI <em>Stack</em> can thus be expressed like so:</p>
+<p class="build large centered"><strong>HTTP &lt;---&gt; WSGI &lt;---&gt; app code</strong></p>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">44</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id31">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Using wsgiref</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>The Python standard lib provides a reference implementation of WSGI:</p>
+<div class="figure align-center">
+<a class="reference internal image-reference" href="../_images/wsgiref_flow.png"><img alt="../_images/wsgiref_flow.png" src="../_images/wsgiref_flow.png" style="width: 80%;" /></a>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">45</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id32">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Apache mod_wsgi</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>You can also deploy with Apache as your HTTP server, using <strong>mod_wsgi</strong>:</p>
+<div class="figure align-center">
+<a class="reference internal image-reference" href="../_images/mod_wsgi_flow.png"><img alt="../_images/mod_wsgi_flow.png" src="../_images/mod_wsgi_flow.png" style="width: 80%;" /></a>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">46</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id33">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Proxied WSGI Servers</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Finally, it is also common to see WSGI apps deployed via a proxied WSGI
+server:</p>
+<div class="figure align-center">
+<a class="reference internal image-reference" href="../_images/proxy_wsgi.png"><img alt="../_images/proxy_wsgi.png" src="../_images/proxy_wsgi.png" style="width: 80%;" /></a>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">47</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="the-wsgi-environment">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>The WSGI Environment</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <dl class="docutils">
+<dt>REQUEST_METHOD:</dt>
+<dd>The HTTP request method, such as &quot;GET&quot; or &quot;POST&quot;. This cannot ever be an
+empty string, and so is always required.</dd>
+<dt>SCRIPT_NAME:</dt>
+<dd>The initial portion of the request URL's &quot;path&quot; that corresponds to the
+application object, so that the application knows its virtual &quot;location&quot;.
+This may be an empty string, if the application corresponds to the &quot;root&quot; of
+the server.</dd>
+<dt>PATH_INFO:</dt>
+<dd>The remainder of the request URL's &quot;path&quot;, designating the virtual
+&quot;location&quot; of the request's target within the application. This may be an
+empty string, if the request URL targets the application root and does not
+have a trailing slash.</dd>
+<dt>QUERY_STRING:</dt>
+<dd>The portion of the request URL that follows the &quot;?&quot;, if any. May be empty or
+absent.</dd>
+<dt>CONTENT_TYPE:</dt>
+<dd>The contents of any Content-Type fields in the HTTP request. May be empty or
+absent.</dd>
+</dl>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">48</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id34">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>The WSGI Environment</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <dl class="docutils">
+<dt>CONTENT_LENGTH:</dt>
+<dd>The contents of any Content-Length fields in the HTTP request. May be empty
+or absent.</dd>
+<dt>SERVER_NAME, SERVER_PORT:</dt>
+<dd>When combined with SCRIPT_NAME and PATH_INFO, these variables can be used to
+complete the URL. Note, however, that HTTP_HOST, if present, should be used
+in preference to SERVER_NAME for reconstructing the request URL. See the URL
+Reconstruction section below for more detail. SERVER_NAME and SERVER_PORT
+can never be empty strings, and so are always required.</dd>
+<dt>SERVER_PROTOCOL:</dt>
+<dd>The version of the protocol the client used to send the request. Typically
+this will be something like &quot;HTTP/1.0&quot; or &quot;HTTP/1.1&quot; and may be used by the
+application to determine how to treat any HTTP request headers. (This
+variable should probably be called REQUEST_PROTOCOL, since it denotes the
+protocol used in the request, and is not necessarily the protocol that will
+be used in the server's response. However, for compatibility with CGI we
+have to keep the existing name.)</dd>
+</dl>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">49</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id35">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>The WSGI Environment</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <dl class="docutils">
+<dt>HTTP_ Variables:</dt>
+<dd>Variables corresponding to the client-supplied HTTP request headers (i.e.,
+variables whose names begin with &quot;HTTP_&quot;). The presence or absence of these
+variables should correspond with the presence or absence of the appropriate
+HTTP header in the request.</dd>
+</dl>
+<p class="build large centered"><strong>Seem Familiar?</strong></p>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">50</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="in-class-exercise-iii">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>In-Class Exercise III</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Let's start simply.  We'll begin by repeating our first CGI exercise in WSGI</p>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>Find the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">wsgi</span></code> directory in the class resources. Copy it to your working
+directory.</li>
+<li>Open the file <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">wsgi_1.py</span></code> in your text editor.</li>
+<li>We will fill in the missing values using Python and the wsgi <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">environ</span></code>,
+just as we use <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">os.environ</span></code> in cgi</li>
+</ul>
+<p class="build centered"><strong>But First</strong></p>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">51</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id36">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Orientation</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">__name__</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s">&#39;__main__&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span>
+    <span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">wsgiref.simple_server</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">make_server</span>
+    <span class="n">srv</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">make_server</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;localhost&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">8080</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">application</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="n">srv</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">serve_forever</span><span class="p">()</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Note that we pass our <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">application</span></code> function to the server factory</p>
+<p>We don't have to write a server, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">wsgiref</span></code> does that for us.</p>
+<p>In fact, you should <em>never</em> have to write a WSGI server.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">52</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id37">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Orientation</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">application</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">environ</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">start_response</span><span class="p">):</span>
+    <span class="n">response_body</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">body</span> <span class="o">%</span> <span class="p">(</span>
+         <span class="n">environ</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;SERVER_NAME&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;Unset&#39;</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="c"># server name</span>
+            <span class="o">...</span>
+         <span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="n">status</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&#39;200 OK&#39;</span>
+    <span class="n">response_headers</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[(</span><span class="s">&#39;Content-Type&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;text/html&#39;</span><span class="p">),</span>
+                        <span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;Content-Length&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">str</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">response_body</span><span class="p">)))]</span>
+    <span class="n">start_response</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">status</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">response_headers</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="n">response_body</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">encode</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;utf8&#39;</span><span class="p">)]</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>We do not define <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">start_response</span></code>, the application does that.</p>
+<p>We <em>are</em> responsible for determining the HTTP status.</p>
+<p>And the content we hand back <em>must</em> be <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">bytes</span></code>, not unicode.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">53</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id38">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Running a WSGI Script</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>You can run this script with python:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>$ python wsgi_1.py
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>This will start a wsgi server. What host and port will it use?</p>
+<p>Point your browser at <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">http://localhost:8080/</span></code>. Did it work?</p>
+<p>Go ahead and fill in the missing bits. Use the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">environ</span></code> passed into
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">application</span></code></p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">54</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id39">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Some Tips</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>WSGI is a long-running process.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>The file you are editing is <em>not</em> reloaded after you edit it.</p>
+<p>You'll need to quit and re-run the script between edits.</p>
+<p>Notice the use of <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pprint.pprint</span></code>, check your terminal for useful output.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">55</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="a-wsgi-application">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>A WSGI Application</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>So now we've learned a bit about the WSGI specification and how a WSGI
+application can get data that comes in via an HTTP request.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Let's create a multi-page wsgi application.</p>
+<p>It will serve a small database of python books.</p>
+<p>The database (with a very simple api) can be found in <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">wsgi/bookdb.py</span></code></p>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>We'll need a listing page that shows the titles of all the books</li>
+<li>Each title will link to a details page for that book</li>
+<li>The details page for each book will display all the information and have
+a link back to the list</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">56</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id40">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Some Questions to Ponder</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>When viewing our first wsgi app, do we see the name of the wsgi application
+script anywhere in the URL?</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>In our wsgi application script, how many applications did we actually have?</p>
+<p>How are we going to serve different types of information out of a single
+application?</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">57</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id41">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Dispatch</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>We have to write an app that will map our incoming request path to some code
+that can handle that request.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>This process is called <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">dispatch</span></code>. There are many possible approaches.</p>
+<p>Let's begin by designing this piece of our app.</p>
+<p>Open <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">bookapp.py</span></code> from the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">wsgi</span></code> folder.  We'll do our work here.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">58</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id42">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>PATH</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>The wsgi environment gives us access to <em>PATH_INFO</em>.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>This value is the URI from the client's HTTP request.</p>
+<p>We can design the URLs that our app will use to assist us in routing.</p>
+<p>Let's declare that any request for <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">/</span></code> will map to the list page.</p>
+<div class="container">
+<p>We can also say that the URL for a book will look like this:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>http://localhost:8080/book/&lt;identifier&gt;
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">59</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="writing-resolve-path">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Writing <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">resolve_path</span></code></h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Let's write a function, called <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">resolve_path</span></code> in our application file.</p>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>It should take the <em>PATH_INFO</em> value from environ as an argument.</li>
+<li>It should return the function that will be called.</li>
+<li>It should also return any arguments needed to call that function.</li>
+<li>This implies of course that the arguments should be part of the PATH</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">60</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id43">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>My Solution</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <div class="build highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">resolve_path</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="p">):</span>
+    <span class="n">urls</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[(</span><span class="s">r&#39;^$&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">books</span><span class="p">),</span>
+            <span class="p">(</span><span class="s">r&#39;^book/(id[\d]+)$&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">book</span><span class="p">)]</span>
+    <span class="n">matchpath</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">path</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">lstrip</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;/&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">regexp</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">func</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">urls</span><span class="p">:</span>
+        <span class="n">match</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">re</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">match</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">regexp</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">matchpath</span><span class="p">)</span>
+        <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">match</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">:</span>
+            <span class="k">continue</span>
+        <span class="n">args</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">match</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">groups</span><span class="p">([])</span>
+        <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">func</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">args</span>
+    <span class="c"># we get here if no url matches</span>
+    <span class="k">raise</span> <span class="ne">NameError</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">61</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id44">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Application Updates</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>We need to hook our new dispatch function into the application.</p>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>The path should be extracted from <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">environ</span></code>.</li>
+<li>The dispatch function should be used to get a function and arguments</li>
+<li>The body to return should come from calling that function with those
+arguments</li>
+<li>If an error is raised by calling the function, an appropriate response
+should be returned</li>
+<li>If the router raises a NameError, the application should return a 404
+response</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">62</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id45">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>My Solution</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <div class="build highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">application</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">environ</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">start_response</span><span class="p">):</span>
+    <span class="n">headers</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[(</span><span class="s">&quot;Content-type&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&quot;text/html&quot;</span><span class="p">)]</span>
+    <span class="k">try</span><span class="p">:</span>
+        <span class="n">path</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">environ</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;PATH_INFO&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">)</span>
+        <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">path</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">:</span>
+            <span class="k">raise</span> <span class="ne">NameError</span>
+        <span class="n">func</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">args</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">resolve_path</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="p">)</span>
+        <span class="n">body</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">func</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">)</span>
+        <span class="n">status</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&quot;200 OK&quot;</span>
+    <span class="k">except</span> <span class="ne">NameError</span><span class="p">:</span>
+        <span class="n">status</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&quot;404 Not Found&quot;</span>
+        <span class="n">body</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&quot;&lt;h1&gt;Not Found&lt;/h1&gt;&quot;</span>
+    <span class="k">except</span> <span class="ne">Exception</span><span class="p">:</span>
+        <span class="n">status</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&quot;500 Internal Server Error&quot;</span>
+        <span class="n">body</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&quot;&lt;h1&gt;Internal Server Error&lt;/h1&gt;&quot;</span>
+    <span class="k">finally</span><span class="p">:</span>
+        <span class="n">headers</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">append</span><span class="p">((</span><span class="s">&#39;Content-length&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">str</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">body</span><span class="p">))))</span>
+        <span class="n">start_response</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">status</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">headers</span><span class="p">)</span>
+        <span class="k">return</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="n">body</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">encode</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;utf8&#39;</span><span class="p">)]</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">63</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="test-your-work">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Test Your Work</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Once you've got your script settled, run it:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>$ python bookapp.py
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Then point your browser at <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">http://localhost:8080/</span></code></p>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">http://localhost/book/id3</span></code></li>
+<li><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">http://localhost/book/id73/</span></code></li>
+<li><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">http://localhost/sponge/damp</span></code></li>
+</ul>
+<p>Did that all work as you would have expected?</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">64</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="building-the-book-list">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Building the Book List</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>The function <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">books</span></code> should return an html list of book titles where each
+title is a link to the detail page for that book</p>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>You'll need all the ids and titles from the book database.</li>
+<li>You'll need to build a list in HTML using this information</li>
+<li>Each list item should have the book title as a link</li>
+<li>The href for the link should be of the form <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">/book/&lt;id&gt;</span></code></li>
+</ul>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">65</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id46">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>My Solution</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <div class="build highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">books</span><span class="p">():</span>
+    <span class="n">all_books</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">DB</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">titles</span><span class="p">()</span>
+    <span class="n">body</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="s">&#39;&lt;h1&gt;My Bookshelf&lt;/h1&gt;&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;&lt;ul&gt;&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span>
+    <span class="n">item_template</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&#39;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/book/{id}&quot;&gt;{title}&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#39;</span>
+    <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">book</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">all_books</span><span class="p">:</span>
+        <span class="n">body</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">append</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">item_template</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">format</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">**</span><span class="n">book</span><span class="p">))</span>
+    <span class="n">body</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">append</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;&lt;/ul&gt;&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="s">&#39;</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s">&#39;</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">join</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">body</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">66</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id1">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Test Your Work</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Quit and then restart your application script:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>$ python bookapp.py
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="build container">
+<div class="container">
+<p>Then reload the root of your application:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>http://localhost:8080/
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>You should see a nice list of the books in the database. Do you?</p>
+<p>Click on a link to view the detail page. Does it load without error?</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">67</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="showing-details">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Showing Details</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>The next step of course is to polish up those detail pages.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>You'll need to retrieve a single book from the database</li>
+<li>You'll need to format the details about that book and return them as HTML</li>
+<li>You'll need to guard against ids that do not map to books</li>
+</ul>
+<p>In this last case, what's the right HTTP response code to send?</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">68</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id47">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>My Solution</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <div class="build highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">book</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">book_id</span><span class="p">):</span>
+    <span class="n">page</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
+<span class="s">&lt;h1&gt;{title}&lt;/h1&gt;</span>
+<span class="s">&lt;table&gt;</span>
+<span class="s">    &lt;tr&gt;&lt;th&gt;Author&lt;/th&gt;&lt;td&gt;{author}&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;</span>
+<span class="s">    &lt;tr&gt;&lt;th&gt;Publisher&lt;/th&gt;&lt;td&gt;{publisher}&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;</span>
+<span class="s">    &lt;tr&gt;&lt;th&gt;ISBN&lt;/th&gt;&lt;td&gt;{isbn}&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;</span>
+<span class="s">&lt;/table&gt;</span>
+<span class="s">&lt;a href=&quot;/&quot;&gt;Back to the list&lt;/a&gt;</span>
+<span class="s">&quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
+    <span class="n">book</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">DB</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">title_info</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">book_id</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">book</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">:</span>
+        <span class="k">raise</span> <span class="ne">NameError</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">page</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">format</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">**</span><span class="n">book</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">69</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id48">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Revel in Your Success</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Quit and restart your script one more time</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Then poke around at your application and see the good you've made</p>
+<p>And your application is portable and sharable</p>
+<p>It should run equally well under any <a class="reference external" href="http://wsgi.readthedocs.org/en/latest/servers.html">wsgi server</a></p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">70</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id49">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>A Few Steps Further</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Next steps for an app like this might be:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>Create a shared full page template and incorporate it into your app</li>
+<li>Improve the error handling by emitting error codes other than 404 and 500</li>
+<li>Swap out the basic backend here with a different one, maybe a Web Service?</li>
+<li>Think about ways to make the application less tightly coupled to the pages
+it serves</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">71</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-2" id="homework">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h2>Homework</h2>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <div class="left container">
+<p>For your homework this week, you'll be creating a wsgi application of your
+own.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>You'll create an online calculator that can perform several operations</p>
+<p>You'll need to support:</p>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>Addition</li>
+<li>Subtraction</li>
+<li>Multiplication</li>
+<li>Division</li>
+</ul>
+<div class="container">
+<p>Your users should be able to send appropriate requests and get back
+proper responses:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>http://localhost:8080/multiply/3/5  =&gt; 15
+http://localhost:8080/add/23/42     =&gt; 65
+http://localhost:8080/divide/6/0    =&gt; HTTP &quot;400 Bad Request&quot;
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">72</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-2" id="id50">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h2>Submitting Your Homework</h2>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <div class="left container">
+<p>To submit your homework:</p>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>Create a new github repository.  Call it <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">wsgi-calc</span></code>.</li>
+<li>Add a python script to it called <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">calculator.py</span></code>.</li>
+<li>Your script should be runnable using <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$</span> <span class="pre">python</span> <span class="pre">calculator.py</span></code></li>
+<li>When the script is running, I should be able to view your application in
+my browser.</li>
+<li>I should be able to see a home page that explains how to perform
+calculations.</li>
+</ul>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Your repository should include a README.md file.</p>
+<p>Include all instructions I need to successfully run and view your
+script.</p>
+<p>When you are done, send Maria and I an email with a link to your
+repository.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">73</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="one-last-task">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>One Last Task</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Next week we will be installing Python packages that are not part of the
+standard library.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>This is a common occurence in web development.  But it can be hazardous.</p>
+<p>In order to practice safe development I am going to ask you to read and
+follow through a <a class="reference external" href="../../html/presentations/venv_intro.html">brief tutorial</a> I've created on the subject.</p>
+<p>If you have any trouble, or if things do not work the way they are supposed
+to, please reach out.  We will need this to be working next week.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">74</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="wrap-up">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Wrap-Up</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>For educational purposes, you might wish to take a look at the source code for
+the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">wsgiref</span></code> module. It's the canonical example of a simple wsgi server</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">wsgiref</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">wsgiref</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__file__</span>
+<span class="go">&#39;/full/path/to/your/copy/of/wsgiref.py&#39;</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p class="build centered"><strong>See you Next Time</strong></p>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">75</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>
+
+
+    <slide class="thank-you-slide segue nobackground">
+    <aside class="gdbar right"><img src="../_static/logo_UW.png"></aside>
+    <article class="flexbox vleft auto-fadein">
+      <h2>Good Night!</h2>
+      <p>&nbsp;</p>
+    </article>
+    <p class="auto-fadein" data-config-contact>
+      <!-- populated from slide_config.json -->
+    </p>
+  </slide>
+
+  <slide class="backdrop"></slide>
+
+</slides>
+
+<!--[if IE]>
+  <script src="http://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/chrome-frame/1/CFInstall.min.js"></script>
+  <script>CFInstall.check({mode: 'overlay'});</script>
+<![endif]-->
+</body>
+</html>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/slides/presentations/session04.html b/slides/presentations/session04.html
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..db29c430
--- /dev/null
+++ b/slides/presentations/session04.html
@@ -0,0 +1,2347 @@
+<!--
+Google IO 2012/2013 HTML5 Slide Template
+
+Authors: Eric Bidelman <ebidel@gmail.com>
+         Luke Mahé <lukem@google.com>
+
+URL: https://code.google.com/p/io-2012-slides
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+
+
+<html>
+<head>
+  <title>Session 04 &mdash; Internet Programming with Python</title>
+  <meta charset="utf-8">
+  
+  <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="chrome=1">
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+
+    
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/custom.css"
+          type="text/css" />
+    
+
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/pygments.css" type="text/css" />
+  <base target="_blank"> <!-- This amazingness opens all links in a new tab. -->
+  
+    <script type="text/javascript">
+      var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = {
+        URL_ROOT:    '../',
+        VERSION:     '3.0',
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+      };
+    </script>
+
+    <script data-main="../_static/js/slides"
+            src="../_static/js/require-1.0.8.min.js"></script>
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+    
+    <link rel="top" title="Internet Programming with Python" href="../index.html" />
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+    <link rel="next" title="Session 05" href="session05.html" />
+    <link rel="prev" title="Session 03" href="session03.html" /> 
+</head>
+<body style="opacity: 0">
+
+<slides class="layout-widescreen">
+
+  <slide class="title-slide segue nobackground">
+  <aside class="gdbar"><img src="../_static/logo_UW.png"></aside>
+  <!-- The content of this hgroup is replaced programmatically through the slide_config.json. -->
+  <hgroup class="auto-fadein">
+    <h1 data-config-title><!-- populated from slide_config.json --></h1>
+    <h2 data-config-subtitle><!-- populated from slide_config.json --></h2>
+    <p data-config-presenter><!-- populated from slide_config.json --></p>
+  </hgroup>
+</slide>
+
+  
+    <slide class="title-slide segue nobackground level-1" id="session-04">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h1>Session 04</h1>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <div class="figure align-center" id="id3">
+<a class="reference internal image-reference" href="../_images/granny_mashup.png"><img alt="../_images/granny_mashup.png" src="../_images/granny_mashup.png" style="width: 70%;" /></a>
+<p class="caption"><span class="caption-text">Paul Downey <a class="reference external" href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/psd/492139935/">http://www.flickr.com/photos/psd/492139935/</a> - CC-BY</span></p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">1</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-2" id="scraping-apis-and-mashups">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h2>Scraping, APIs and Mashups</h2>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Wherein we learn how to make order from the chaos of the wild internet.</p>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">2</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="a-dilemma">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>A Dilemma</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>The internet makes a vast quantity of data available.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>But not always in the form or combination you want.</p>
+<p>It would be nice to be able to combine data from different sources to
+create <em>meaning</em>.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">3</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="the-big-question">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>The Big Question</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p class="large centered">But How?</p>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">4</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="the-big-answer">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>The Big Answer</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p class="large centered">Mashups</p>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">5</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="mashups">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Mashups</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>A mashup is:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>a web page, or web application, that uses and combines data, presentation
+or functionality from two or more sources to create new services.
+
+-- wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mashup_(web_application_hybrid))
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">6</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="data-sources">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Data Sources</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>The key to mashups is the idea of data sources.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>These come in many flavors:</p>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>Simple websites with data in HTML</li>
+<li>Web services providing structured data</li>
+<li>Web services providing tranformative service (geocoding)</li>
+<li>Web services providing presentation (mapping)</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">7</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-2" id="web-scraping">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h2>Web Scraping</h2>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <div class="left container">
+<p>It would be nice if all online data were available in well-structured formats.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>The reality is that much data is available only in HTML.</p>
+<p>Still we can get at it, with some effort.</p>
+<p>By scraping the data from the web pages.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">8</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="html">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>HTML</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <div class="highlight-html"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="cp">&lt;!DOCTYPE html&gt;</span>
+<span class="nt">&lt;html&gt;</span>
+  <span class="nt">&lt;head&gt;</span>
+  <span class="nt">&lt;/head&gt;</span>
+  <span class="nt">&lt;body&gt;</span>
+    <span class="nt">&lt;p&gt;</span>A nice clean paragraph<span class="nt">&lt;/p&gt;</span>
+    <span class="nt">&lt;p&gt;</span>And another nice clean paragraph<span class="nt">&lt;/p&gt;</span>
+  <span class="nt">&lt;/body&gt;</span>
+<span class="nt">&lt;/html&gt;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">9</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id5">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>HTML... IRL</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <div class="highlight-html"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="nt">&lt;html&gt;</span>
+ <span class="nt">&lt;form&gt;</span>
+  <span class="nt">&lt;table&gt;</span>
+   <span class="nt">&lt;td&gt;&lt;input</span> <span class="na">name=</span><span class="s">&quot;input1&quot;</span><span class="nt">&gt;</span>Row 1 cell 1
+   <span class="nt">&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;</span>Row 2 cell 1
+  <span class="nt">&lt;/form&gt;</span>
+  <span class="nt">&lt;td&gt;</span>Row 2 cell 2<span class="nt">&lt;br&gt;</span>This<span class="nt">&lt;/br&gt;</span> sure is a long cell
+ <span class="nt">&lt;/body&gt;</span>
+<span class="nt">&lt;/html&gt;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">10</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id6">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>FFFFFFFFFUUUUUUUUUUUUU!!!!</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <div class="figure align-center" id="id4">
+<a class="reference internal image-reference" href="../_images/scream.jpg"><img alt="../_images/scream.jpg" src="../_images/scream.jpg" style="width: 32%;" /></a>
+<p class="caption"><span class="caption-text">Photo by Matthew via Flickr (<a class="reference external" href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/purplemattfish/3918004964/">http://www.flickr.com/photos/purplemattfish/3918004964/</a>) - CC-BY-NC-ND</span></p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">11</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id7">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>The Law of The Internet</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p class="large centered">&quot;Be strict in what you send and tolerant in what you receive&quot;</p>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">12</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="taming-the-mess">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Taming the Mess</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Luckily, there are tools to help with this.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>In python there are several candidates, but I like <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">BeautifulSoup</span></code>.</p>
+<p>BeautifulSoup is a great tool, but it's not in the Standard Library.</p>
+<p>We'll need to install it.</p>
+<p>Create a virtualenv to do so:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="nv">$ </span>pyvenv soupenv
+...
+<span class="nv">$ </span><span class="nb">source </span>soupenv/bin/activate
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>(remember, for Windows users that should be <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">soupenv/Scripts/activate.bat</span></code>)</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">13</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id8">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Install BeautifulSoup</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Once the virtualenv is activated, you can simply use pip or easy_install to
+install the libraries you want:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">(</span>soupenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>pip install beautifulsoup4
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">14</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id9">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Choose a Parsing Engine</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>BeautifulSoup is built to use the Python HTMLParser.</p>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>Batteries Included.  It's already there</li>
+<li>It's not great, especially before Python 2.7.3</li>
+</ul>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>BeautifulSoup also supports using other parsers.</p>
+<p>There are two good choices: <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">lxml</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">html5lib</span></code>.</p>
+<p><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">lxml</span></code> is better, but much harder to install.  Let's use <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">html5lib</span></code>.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">15</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id10">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Install a Parsing Engine</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Again, this is pretty simple:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>(soupenv)$ pip install html5lib
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Once installed, BeautifulSoup will choose it automatically.</p>
+<p>BeautifulSoup will choose the &quot;best&quot; available.</p>
+<p>You can specify the parser if you need to for some reason.</p>
+<p>In fact, in recent versions of BeautifulSoup, you'll be warned if you don't
+(though you can ignore the warning).</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">16</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id11">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Install Requests</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Python provides tools for opening urls and communicating with servers. It's
+spread across the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">urllib</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">urllib2</span></code> packages.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>These packages have pretty unintuitive APIs.</p>
+<p>The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">requests</span></code> library is becoming the de-facto standard for this type of
+work.  Let's install it too.</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">(</span>soupenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>pip install requests
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">17</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="our-class-mashup">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Our Class Mashup</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>We're going to explore some tools for making a mashup today</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>We'll be starting by scraping restaurant health code data for
+a given ZIP code</p>
+<p>Then, we'll look up the geographic location of those zipcodes using Google</p>
+<p>Finally, we'll display the results of our work on a map</p>
+<p>Start by opening a new file in your editor: <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">mashup.py</span></code>.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">18</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id12">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Getting Some HTML</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>The source for the data we'll be displaying is a search tool provided by King
+County.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>It's supposed to have a web service, but the service is broken.</p>
+<p>Luckily, the HTML search works just fine.</p>
+<p>Open <a class="reference external" href="http://info.kingcounty.gov/health/ehs/foodsafety/inspections/search.aspx">the search form</a> in your browser.</p>
+<p>Fill in a ZIP code (perhaps 98101).</p>
+<p>Add a start and end date (perhaps about 1 or 2 years apart).</p>
+<p>Submit the form, and take a look at what you get.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">19</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id13">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Repeat, But Automate</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Next we want to automate the process.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Copy the domain and path of the url into your new <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">mashup.py</span></code> file like
+so:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">INSPECTION_DOMAIN</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&quot;http://info.kingcounty.gov&quot;</span>
+<span class="n">INSPECTION_PATH</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&quot;/health/ehs/foodsafety/inspections/Results.aspx&quot;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">20</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id14">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Repeat, But Automate</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Next, copy the query parameters from the URL and convert them to a dictionary:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">INSPECTION_PARAMS</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+    <span class="s">&#39;Output&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">&#39;W&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+    <span class="s">&#39;Business_Name&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">&#39;&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+    <span class="s">&#39;Business_Address&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">&#39;&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+    <span class="s">&#39;Longitude&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">&#39;&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+    <span class="s">&#39;Latitude&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">&#39;&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+    <span class="s">&#39;City&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">&#39;&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+    <span class="s">&#39;Zip_Code&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">&#39;&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+    <span class="s">&#39;Inspection_Type&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">&#39;All&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+    <span class="s">&#39;Inspection_Start&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">&#39;&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+    <span class="s">&#39;Inspection_End&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">&#39;&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+    <span class="s">&#39;Inspection_Closed_Business&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">&#39;A&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+    <span class="s">&#39;Violation_Points&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">&#39;&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+    <span class="s">&#39;Violation_Red_Points&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">&#39;&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+    <span class="s">&#39;Violation_Descr&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">&#39;&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+    <span class="s">&#39;Fuzzy_Search&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">&#39;N&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+    <span class="s">&#39;Sort&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">&#39;H&#39;</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">21</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="fetching-search-results">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Fetching Search Results</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Next we'll use the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">requests</span></code> library to write a function to fetch these
+results on demand.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>In <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">requests</span></code>, each HTTP method has a module-level function:</p>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">GET</span></code> == <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">requests.get(url,</span> <span class="pre">**kwargs)</span></code></li>
+<li><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">POST</span></code> == <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">requests.post(url,</span> <span class="pre">**kwargs)</span></code></li>
+<li>...</li>
+</ul>
+<p><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">kwargs</span></code> represent other parts of an HTTP request:</p>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">params</span></code>: a dict of url parameters (?foo=bar&amp;baz=bim)</li>
+<li><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">headers</span></code>: a dict of headers to send with the request</li>
+<li><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">data</span></code>: the body of the request, if any (form data for POST goes here)</li>
+<li>...</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">22</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id15">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Handling Requests Responses</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>The return value from one of these functions is a <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">response</span></code> object which
+provides:</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">response.status_code</span></code>: see the HTTP Status Code returned</li>
+<li><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">response.ok</span></code>: True if <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">response.status_code</span></code> is not an error</li>
+<li><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">response.raise_for_status()</span></code>: call to raise a python error if it is</li>
+<li><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">response.headers</span></code>: The headers sent from the server</li>
+<li><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">response.text</span></code>: Body of the response, decoded to unicode</li>
+<li><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">response.encoding</span></code>: The encoding used to decode</li>
+<li><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">response.content</span></code>: The original encoded response body as bytes</li>
+</ul>
+<p><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">requests</span> <span class="pre">documentation</span></code>: <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python-requests.org/en/latest/">http://docs.python-requests.org/en/latest/</a></p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">23</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id16">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Fetch Search Results</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>We'll start by writing a function <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">get_inspection_page</span></code></p>
+<div class="build container">
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>It will accept keyword arguments for each of the possible query values</li>
+<li>It will build a dictionary of request query parameters from incoming
+keywords, using INSPECTION_PARAMS as a template</li>
+<li>It will make a request to the inspection service search page using this
+query</li>
+<li>It will return the encoded content and the encoding used as a tuple</li>
+</ul>
+<p>Try writing this function. Put it in <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">mashup.py</span></code></p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">24</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="my-solution">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>My Solution</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Here's the one I created:</p>
+<div class="build highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">requests</span>
+
+<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">get_inspection_page</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">**</span><span class="n">kwargs</span><span class="p">):</span>
+    <span class="n">url</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">INSPECTION_DOMAIN</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">INSPECTION_PATH</span>
+    <span class="n">params</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">INSPECTION_PARAMS</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">copy</span><span class="p">()</span>
+    <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">key</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">val</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">kwargs</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">items</span><span class="p">():</span>
+        <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">key</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">INSPECTION_PARAMS</span><span class="p">:</span>
+            <span class="n">params</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">key</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">val</span>
+    <span class="n">resp</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">requests</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">url</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">params</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">params</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="n">resp</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">raise_for_status</span><span class="p">()</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">resp</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">text</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">25</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="parse-the-results">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Parse the Results</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Next, we'll need to parse the results we get when we call that function</p>
+<p>But before we start, a word about parsing HTML with BeautifulSoup</p>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">26</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id17">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Parsing HTML with BeautifulSoup</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>The BeautifulSoup object can be instantiated with a string or a file-like
+object as the sole argument:</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">bs4</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">BeautifulSoup</span>
+<span class="n">parsed</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">BeautifulSoup</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;&lt;h1&gt;Some HTML&lt;/h1&gt;&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+
+<span class="n">fh</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">open</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;a_page.html&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;r&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="n">parsed</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">BeautifulSoup</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fh</span><span class="p">)</span>
+
+<span class="n">page</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">urllib2</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">urlopen</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;http://site.com/page.html&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="n">parsed</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">BeautifulSoup</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">page</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>You might want to open the documentation as reference
+(<a class="reference external" href="http://www.crummy.com/software/BeautifulSoup/bs4/doc">http://www.crummy.com/software/BeautifulSoup/bs4/doc</a>)</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">27</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id1">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>My Solution</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Take a shot at writing this new function in <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">mashup.py</span></code></p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c"># add this import at the top</span>
+<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">bs4</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">BeautifulSoup</span>
+
+<span class="c"># then add this function lower down</span>
+<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">parse_source</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">html</span><span class="p">):</span>
+    <span class="n">parsed</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">BeautifulSoup</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">html</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">parsed</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">28</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="put-it-together">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Put It Together</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>We'll need to make our script do something when run.</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">__name__</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s">&#39;__main__&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span>
+    <span class="c"># do something</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="build container">
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>Fetch a search results page</li>
+<li>Parse the resulting HTML</li>
+<li>For now, print out the results so we can see what we get</li>
+</ul>
+<div class="container">
+<p>Use the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">prettify</span></code> method on a BeautifulSoup object:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">parsed</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">prettify</span><span class="p">())</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">29</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id2">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>My Solution</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Try to come up with the proper code on your own.  Add it to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">mashup.py</span></code></p>
+<div class="build highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">__name__</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s">&#39;__main__&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span>
+    <span class="n">use_params</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+        <span class="s">&#39;Inspection_Start&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">&#39;2/1/2013&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s">&#39;Inspection_End&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">&#39;2/1/2015&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s">&#39;Zip_Code&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">&#39;98101&#39;</span>
+    <span class="p">}</span>
+    <span class="n">html</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">get_inspection_page</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">**</span><span class="n">use_params</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="n">parsed</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">parse_source</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">html</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">parsed</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">prettify</span><span class="p">())</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">30</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id18">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Test The Results</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Assuming your virtualenv is still active, you should be able to execute the
+script.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">(</span>soupenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>python mashup.py
+...
+   &lt;script <span class="nv">src</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;http://www.kingcounty.gov/kcscripts/kcPageAnalytics.js&quot;</span> <span class="nb">type</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;text/javascript&quot;</span>&gt;
+   &lt;/script&gt;
+   &lt;script <span class="nb">type</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;text/javascript&quot;</span>&gt;
+     //&lt;!<span class="o">[</span>CDATA<span class="o">[</span>
+     var <span class="nv">usasearch_config</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="o">{</span> siteHandle:<span class="s2">&quot;kingcounty&quot;</span> <span class="o">}</span><span class="p">;</span>
+     var <span class="nv">script</span> <span class="o">=</span> document.createElement<span class="o">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;script&quot;</span><span class="o">)</span><span class="p">;</span>
+     script.type <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;text/javascript&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+     script.src <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;http://search.usa.gov/javascripts/remote.loader.js&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+     document.getElementsByTagName<span class="o">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;head&quot;</span><span class="o">)[</span>0<span class="o">]</span>.appendChild<span class="o">(</span>script<span class="o">)</span><span class="p">;</span>
+     //<span class="o">]]</span>&gt;
+   &lt;/script&gt;
+  &lt;/form&gt;
+ &lt;/body&gt;
+&lt;/html&gt;
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>This script is available as <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">resources/session04/mashup_1.py</span></code></p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">31</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id19">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Preserve the Results</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Now, let's re-run the script, saving the output to a file so we can use it
+later:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>$ python mashup.py &gt; inspection_page.html
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Then add a quick function to our script that will use these saved results:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">load_inspection_page</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">):</span>
+    <span class="n">file_path</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">pathlib</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Path</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">file_path</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">read_text</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">encoding</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;utf8&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Finally, bolt that in to your script to use it:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c"># COMMENT OUT THIS LINE AND REPLACE IT</span>
+<span class="c"># html = get_inspection_page(**use_params)</span>
+<span class="n">html</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">load_inspection_page</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;inspection_page.html&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">32</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="extracting-data">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Extracting Data</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Next we find the bits of this pile of HTML that matter to us.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Open the page you just wrote to disk in your web browser and open the
+developer tools to inspect the page source.</p>
+<p>You'll want to start by finding the element in the page that contains all
+our search results.</p>
+<p>Look at the source and identify the single element we are looking for.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">33</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id20">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Tags and Searching</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Having found it visually, we can now search for it automatically. In
+BeautifulSoup:</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>All HTML elements (including the parsed document itself) are <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">tags</span></code></li>
+<li>A <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">tag</span></code> can be searched using its <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">find</span></code> or <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">find_all</span></code> methods</li>
+<li>This searches the descendents of the tag on which it is called.</li>
+<li>It takes arguments which act as <em>filters</em> on the search results</li>
+</ul>
+<div class="container">
+<p>like so:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">tag</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">find</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">attrs</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">recursive</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">text</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">kwargs</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="n">tag</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">find_all</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">attrs</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">recursive</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">text</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">limit</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">kwargs</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">34</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id21">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Searching by Attribute</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">find</span></code> method allows us to pass <em>kwargs</em>.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Keywords that are not among the named parameters will be considered an HTML
+attribute.</p>
+<p>We can use this to find the column that holds our search results:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">content_col</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">parsed</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">find</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;td&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">id</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;contentcol&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Add that line to our mashup script and try it out:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c">#...</span>
+<span class="n">parsed</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">parse_source</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">html</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="n">content_col</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">parsed</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">find</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;td&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">id</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;contentcol&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="k">print</span> <span class="n">content_col</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">prettify</span><span class="p">()</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">(</span>soupenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>python mashup.py
+&lt;td <span class="nv">id</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;contentcol&quot;</span>&gt;
+    ...
+&lt;/td&gt;
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">35</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id22">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Filtering By Regular Expression</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>The next job is to find the inspection data we can see when we click on the
+restaurant names in our page.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Do you notice a pattern in how that data is structured?</p>
+<p>For each restaurant in our results, there are <em>two</em> <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">&lt;div&gt;</span></code> tags.</p>
+<p>The first contains the content you see at first, the second the content
+that displays when we click.</p>
+<p>What can you see that identifies these items?</p>
+<p><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">&lt;div</span> <span class="pre">id=&quot;PR0084952&quot;...&gt;</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">&lt;div</span> <span class="pre">id=&quot;PR0084952~&quot;...&gt;</span></code></p>
+<p>Each pair shares an ID, and the stuff we want is in the second one</p>
+<p>Each number is different for each restaurant</p>
+<p>We can use a regular expression to help us here.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">36</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id23">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Getting the Information Divs</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Let's write a function in <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">mashup.py</span></code> that will find all the divs in our
+column with the right kind of id:</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>It should match <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">&lt;div&gt;</span></code> tags only</li>
+<li>It should match ids that start with <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">PR</span></code></li>
+<li>It should match ids that contain some number of <em>digits</em> after that</li>
+<li>It should match ids that end with a <em>tilde</em> (<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">~</span></code>) character</li>
+</ul>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c"># add an import up top</span>
+<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">re</span>
+
+<span class="c"># and add this function</span>
+<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">restaurant_data_generator</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">html</span><span class="p">):</span>
+    <span class="n">id_finder</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">re</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">compile</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">r&#39;PR[\d]+~&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">html</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">find_all</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;div&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">id</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">id_finder</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">37</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id24">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Verify It Works</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Let's add that step to the <em>main</em> block at the bottom of <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">mashup.py</span></code> (only
+print the first of the many divs that match):</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">html</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">encoding</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">load_inspection_page</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;inspection_page.html&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="n">parsed</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">parse_source</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">html</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">encoding</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="n">content_col</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">parsed</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">find</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;td&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">id</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;contentcol&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="n">data_list</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">restaurant_data_generator</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">content_col</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="k">print</span> <span class="n">data_list</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">prettify</span><span class="p">()</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Finally, test it out:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">(</span>soupenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>python mashup.py
+&lt;div <span class="nv">id</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;PR0001203~&quot;</span> <span class="nv">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;PR0001203~&quot;</span> <span class="nv">onclick</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;toggleShow(this.id);&quot;</span>...&gt;
+ &lt;table <span class="nv">style</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;width: 635px;&quot;</span>&gt;
+ ...
+ &lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>This code is available as <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">/resources/session04/mashup_2.py</span></code></p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">38</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="parsing-restaurant-data">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Parsing Restaurant Data</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Now that we have the records we want, we need to parse them.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>We'll start by extracting information about the restaurants:</p>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>Name</li>
+<li>Address</li>
+<li>Location</li>
+</ul>
+<p>How is this information contained in our records?</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">39</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id25">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Complex Filtering</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Each record consists of a table with a series of <em>rows</em> (<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">&lt;tr&gt;</span></code>).</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>The rows we want at this time all have two <em>cells</em> inside them.</p>
+<p>The first contains the <em>label</em> of the data, the second contains the <em>value</em></p>
+<p>We'll need a function in <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">mashup.py</span></code> that:</p>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>takes an HTML element as an argument</li>
+<li>verifies that it is a <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">&lt;tr&gt;</span></code> element</li>
+<li>verifies that it has two immediate children that are <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">&lt;td&gt;</span></code> elements</li>
+</ul>
+<p>My solution:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">has_two_tds</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">elem</span><span class="p">):</span>
+    <span class="n">is_tr</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">elem</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">name</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s">&#39;tr&#39;</span>
+    <span class="n">td_children</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">elem</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">find_all</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;td&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">recursive</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">False</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="n">has_two</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">td_children</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">2</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">is_tr</span> <span class="ow">and</span> <span class="n">has_two</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">40</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id26">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Test It Out</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Let's try this out in an interpreter:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [1]: </span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">mashup_3</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">load_inspection_page</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">parse_source</span><span class="p">,</span>
+<span class="go">        restaurant_data_generator, has_two_tds</span>
+<span class="gp">In [2]: </span><span class="n">html</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">load_inspection_page</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;inspection_page.html&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">In [3]: </span><span class="n">parsed</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">parse_source</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">html</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="go">...</span>
+<span class="gp">In [4]: </span><span class="n">content_col</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">parsed</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">find</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;td&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">id</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;contentcol&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">In [5]: </span><span class="n">records</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">restaurant_data_generator</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">content_col</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">In [6]: </span><span class="n">rec</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">records</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">]</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">41</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id27">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Test It Out</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>We'd like to find all table rows in that div that contain <em>two</em> cells</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>The table rows are all contained in a <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">&lt;tbody&gt;</span></code> tag.</p>
+<p>We only want the ones at the top of that tag (ones nested more deeply
+contain other data)</p>
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [13]: </span><span class="n">data_rows</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">rec</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">find</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;tbody&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">find_all</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">has_two_tds</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">recursive</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">False</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">In [14]: </span><span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">data_rows</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gh">Out[14]: </span><span class="go">7</span>
+<span class="gp">In [15]: </span><span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">data_rows</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">prettify</span><span class="p">())</span>
+<span class="go">&lt;tr&gt;</span>
+<span class="go"> &lt;td class=&quot;promptTextBox&quot; style=&quot;width: 125px; font-weight: bold&quot;&gt;</span>
+<span class="go">  - Business Name</span>
+<span class="go"> &lt;/td&gt;</span>
+<span class="go"> &lt;td class=&quot;promptTextBox&quot; style=&quot;width: 520px; font-weight: bold&quot;&gt;</span>
+<span class="go">  SPICE ORIENT</span>
+<span class="go"> &lt;/td&gt;</span>
+<span class="go">&lt;/tr&gt;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">42</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id28">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Extracting Labels and Values</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Now we have a list of the rows that contain our data.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Next we have to collect the data they contain</p>
+<p>The <em>label/value</em> structure of this data should suggest the right container
+to store the information.</p>
+<p>Let's start by trying to get at the first label</p>
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [18]: </span><span class="n">row1</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">data_rows</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">]</span>
+<span class="gp">In [19]: </span><span class="n">cells</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">row1</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">find_all</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;td&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">In [20]: </span><span class="n">cell1</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">cells</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">]</span>
+<span class="gp">In [21]: </span><span class="n">cell1</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">text</span>
+<span class="gh">Out[21]: </span><span class="go">&#39;\n            - Business Name\n           &#39;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>That works well enough, but all that extra stuff is nasty</p>
+<p>We need a method to clean up the text we get from these cells</p>
+<p>It should strip extra whitespace, and characters like <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">-</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">:</span></code> we
+don't want.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">43</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id29">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>My Solution</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Try writing such a function for yourself now in <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">mashup.py</span></code></p>
+<div class="build container">
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">clean_data</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">td</span><span class="p">):</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">td</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">text</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">strip</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot; </span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s">:-&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Add it to your interpreter and test it out:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [25]: </span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">clean_data</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">td</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">   ....: </span>    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">td</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">text</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">strip</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot; </span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s">:-&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">   ....:</span>
+<span class="gp">In [26]: </span><span class="n">clean_data</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">cell1</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gh">Out[26]: </span><span class="go">&#39;Business Name&#39;</span>
+<span class="gp">In [27]:</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Ahhh, much better</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">44</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id30">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>The Complete Function</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>So we can get a list of the rows that contain label/value pairs.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>And we can extract clean values from the cells in these rows</p>
+<p>Now we need a function in <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">mashup.py</span></code> that will iterate through the rows
+we find and build a dictionary of the pairs.</p>
+<p>We have to be cautious because some rows don't have a label.</p>
+<p>The values in these rows should go with the label from the previous row.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">45</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id31">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>My Solution</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Here's the version I came up with:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">extract_restaurant_metadata</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">elem</span><span class="p">):</span>
+    <span class="n">restaurant_data_rows</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">elem</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">find</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;tbody&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">find_all</span><span class="p">(</span>
+        <span class="n">has_two_tds</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">recursive</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">False</span>
+    <span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="n">rdata</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{}</span>
+    <span class="n">current_label</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&#39;&#39;</span>
+    <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">data_row</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">restaurant_data_rows</span><span class="p">:</span>
+        <span class="n">key_cell</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">val_cell</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">data_row</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">find_all</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;td&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">recursive</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">False</span><span class="p">)</span>
+        <span class="n">new_label</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">clean_data</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">key_cell</span><span class="p">)</span>
+        <span class="n">current_label</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">new_label</span> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">new_label</span> <span class="k">else</span> <span class="n">current_label</span>
+        <span class="n">rdata</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">setdefault</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">current_label</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">[])</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">append</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">clean_data</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">val_cell</span><span class="p">))</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">rdata</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">46</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id32">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Testing It Out</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Add it to our script:</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c"># ...</span>
+<span class="n">data_list</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">restaurant_data_generator</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">content_col</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">data_div</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">data_list</span><span class="p">:</span>
+    <span class="n">metadata</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">extract_restaurant_metadata</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">data_div</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">print</span> <span class="n">metadata</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>And then try it out:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">(</span>soupenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>python mashup.py
+...
+<span class="o">{</span>u<span class="s1">&#39;Business Category&#39;</span>: <span class="o">[</span>u<span class="s1">&#39;Seating 0-12 - Risk Category III&#39;</span><span class="o">]</span>,
+ u<span class="s1">&#39;Longitude&#39;</span>: <span class="o">[</span>u<span class="s1">&#39;122.3401786000&#39;</span><span class="o">]</span>, u<span class="s1">&#39;Phone&#39;</span>: <span class="o">[</span>u<span class="s1">&#39;(206) 501-9554&#39;</span><span class="o">]</span>,
+ u<span class="s1">&#39;Business Name&#39;</span>: <span class="o">[</span>u<span class="s2">&quot;ZACCAGNI&#39;S&quot;</span><span class="o">]</span>, u<span class="s1">&#39;Address&#39;</span>: <span class="o">[</span>u<span class="s1">&#39;97B PIKE ST&#39;</span>, u<span class="s1">&#39;SEATTLE, WA 98101&#39;</span><span class="o">]</span>,
+ u<span class="s1">&#39;Latitude&#39;</span>: <span class="o">[</span>u<span class="s1">&#39;47.6086651300&#39;</span><span class="o">]}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>This script is available as <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">resources/session04/mashup_3.py</span></code></p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">47</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="extracting-inspection-data">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Extracting Inspection Data</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>The final step is to extract the inspection data for each restaurant.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>We want to capture only the score from each inspection, details we can
+leave behind.</p>
+<p>We'd like to calculate the average score for all known inspections.</p>
+<p>We'd also like to know how many inspections there were in total.</p>
+<p>Finally, we'd like to preserve the highest score of all inspections for a
+restaurant.</p>
+<p>We'll add this information to our metadata about the restaurant.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">48</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id33">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Finding the Data</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Let's start by getting our bearings. Return to viewing the
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">inspection_page.html</span></code> you saved in a browser.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Find a restaurant that has had an inspection or two.</p>
+<p>What can you say about the HTML that contains the scores for these
+inspections?</p>
+<p>I notice four characteristics that let us isolate the information we want:</p>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>Inspection data is containd in <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">&lt;tr&gt;</span></code> elements</li>
+<li>Rows with inspection data in them have four <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">&lt;td&gt;</span></code> children</li>
+<li>The text in the first cell contains the word &quot;inspection&quot;</li>
+<li>But the text does not <em>start</em> with the word &quot;inspection&quot;</li>
+</ul>
+<p>Let's try to write a filter function like the one above that will catch
+these rows for us.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">49</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id34">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>The filter</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Add this new function <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">is_inspection_data_row</span></code> to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">mashup.py</span></code></p>
+<div class="build highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">is_inspection_data_row</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">elem</span><span class="p">):</span>
+    <span class="n">is_tr</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">elem</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">name</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s">&#39;tr&#39;</span>
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="n">is_tr</span><span class="p">:</span>
+        <span class="k">return</span> <span class="bp">False</span>
+    <span class="n">td_children</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">elem</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">find_all</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;td&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">recursive</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">False</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="n">has_four</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">td_children</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">4</span>
+    <span class="n">this_text</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">clean_data</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">td_children</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">])</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">lower</span><span class="p">()</span>
+    <span class="n">contains_word</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&#39;inspection&#39;</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">this_text</span>
+    <span class="n">does_not_start</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="n">this_text</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">startswith</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;inspection&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">is_tr</span> <span class="ow">and</span> <span class="n">has_four</span> <span class="ow">and</span> <span class="n">contains_word</span> <span class="ow">and</span> <span class="n">does_not_start</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">50</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id35">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Test It Out</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>We can test this function by adding it into our script:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">data_div</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">data_list</span><span class="p">:</span>
+    <span class="n">metadata</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">extract_restaurant_metadata</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">data_div</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="c"># UPDATE THIS BELOW HERE</span>
+    <span class="n">inspection_rows</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">data_div</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">find_all</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">is_inspection_data_row</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">metadata</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">inspection_rows</span><span class="p">))</span>
+    <span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;*&#39;</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>And try running the script in your terminal:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">(</span>soupenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>python mashup.py
+<span class="o">{</span>u<span class="s1">&#39;Business Category&#39;</span>: <span class="o">[</span>u<span class="s1">&#39;Seating 0-12 - Risk Category III&#39;</span><span class="o">]</span>,
+ u<span class="s1">&#39;Longitude&#39;</span>: <span class="o">[</span>u<span class="s1">&#39;122.3401786000&#39;</span><span class="o">]</span>, u<span class="s1">&#39;Phone&#39;</span>: <span class="o">[</span>u<span class="s1">&#39;(206) 501-9554&#39;</span><span class="o">]</span>,
+ u<span class="s1">&#39;Business Name&#39;</span>: <span class="o">[</span>u<span class="s2">&quot;ZACCAGNI&#39;S&quot;</span><span class="o">]</span>, u<span class="s1">&#39;Address&#39;</span>: <span class="o">[</span>u<span class="s1">&#39;97B PIKE ST&#39;</span>, u<span class="s1">&#39;SEATTLE, WA 98101&#39;</span><span class="o">]</span>,
+ u<span class="s1">&#39;Latitude&#39;</span>: <span class="o">[</span>u<span class="s1">&#39;47.6086651300&#39;</span><span class="o">]}</span>
+0
+**********
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">51</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id36">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Building Inspection Data</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Now we can isolate a list of the rows that contain inspection data.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Next we need to calculate the average score, total number and highest score
+for each restaurant.</p>
+<p>Let's add a function to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">mashup.py</span></code> that will:</p>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>Take a div containing a restaurant record</li>
+<li>Extract the rows containing inspection data</li>
+<li>Keep track of the highest score recorded</li>
+<li>Sum the total of all inspections</li>
+<li>Count the number of inspections made</li>
+<li>Calculate the average score for inspections</li>
+<li>Return the three calculated values in a dictionary</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">52</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id37">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>My Solution</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Try writing this routine yourself.</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">get_score_data</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">elem</span><span class="p">):</span>
+    <span class="n">inspection_rows</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">elem</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">find_all</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">is_inspection_data_row</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="n">samples</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">inspection_rows</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="n">total</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">high_score</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">average</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">0</span>
+    <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">row</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">inspection_rows</span><span class="p">:</span>
+        <span class="n">strval</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">clean_data</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">row</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">find_all</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;td&#39;</span><span class="p">)[</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">])</span>
+        <span class="k">try</span><span class="p">:</span>
+            <span class="n">intval</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">strval</span><span class="p">)</span>
+        <span class="k">except</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="ne">ValueError</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="ne">TypeError</span><span class="p">):</span>
+            <span class="n">samples</span> <span class="o">-=</span> <span class="mi">1</span>
+        <span class="k">else</span><span class="p">:</span>
+            <span class="n">total</span> <span class="o">+=</span> <span class="n">intval</span>
+            <span class="n">high_score</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">intval</span> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">intval</span> <span class="o">&gt;</span> <span class="n">high_score</span> <span class="k">else</span> <span class="n">high_score</span>
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">samples</span><span class="p">:</span>
+        <span class="n">average</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">total</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nb">float</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">samples</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="s">&#39;Average Score&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">average</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;High Score&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">high_score</span><span class="p">,</span>
+            <span class="s">&#39;Total Inspections&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">samples</span><span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">53</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id38">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Test It Out</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>We can now incorporate this new routine into our <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">mashup</span></code> script.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>We'll want to add the data it produces to the metadata we've already
+extracted.</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">data_div</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">data_list</span><span class="p">:</span>
+    <span class="n">metadata</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">extract_restaurant_metadata</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">data_div</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="n">inspection_data</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">get_score_data</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">data_div</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="n">metadata</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">update</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">inspection_data</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">print</span> <span class="n">metadata</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>And test it out at the command line:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">(</span>soupenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>python mashup.py
+...
+<span class="o">{</span>u<span class="s1">&#39;Business Category&#39;</span>: <span class="o">[</span>u<span class="s1">&#39;Seating 0-12 - Risk Category III&#39;</span><span class="o">]</span>,
+ u<span class="s1">&#39;Longitude&#39;</span>: <span class="o">[</span>u<span class="s1">&#39;122.3401786000&#39;</span><span class="o">]</span>, u<span class="s1">&#39;High Score&#39;</span>: 0,
+ u<span class="s1">&#39;Phone&#39;</span>: <span class="o">[</span>u<span class="s1">&#39;(206) 501-9554&#39;</span><span class="o">]</span>, u<span class="s1">&#39;Business Name&#39;</span>: <span class="o">[</span>u<span class="s2">&quot;ZACCAGNI&#39;S&quot;</span><span class="o">]</span>,
+ u<span class="s1">&#39;Total Inspections&#39;</span>: 0, u<span class="s1">&#39;Address&#39;</span>: <span class="o">[</span>u<span class="s1">&#39;97B PIKE ST&#39;</span>, u<span class="s1">&#39;SEATTLE, WA 98101&#39;</span><span class="o">]</span>,
+ u<span class="s1">&#39;Latitude&#39;</span>: <span class="o">[</span>u<span class="s1">&#39;47.6086651300&#39;</span><span class="o">]</span>, u<span class="s1">&#39;Average Score&#39;</span>: 0<span class="o">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">54</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="break-time">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Break Time</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Once you have this working, take a break.</p>
+<p>When we return, we'll try a saner approach to getting data from online</p>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">55</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-2" id="another-approach">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h2>Another Approach</h2>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <div class="left container">
+<p>Scraping web pages is tedious and inherently brittle</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>The owner of the website updates their layout, your code breaks</p>
+<p>But there is another way to get information from the web in a more normalized
+fashion</p>
+<p class="centered"><strong>Web Services</strong></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">56</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="web-services">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Web Services</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>&quot;a software system designed to support interoperable machine-to-machine
+interaction over a network&quot; - W3C</p>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>provides a defined set of calls</li>
+<li>returns structured data</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">57</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id39">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Early Web Services</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p><strong>RSS</strong> is one of the earliest forms of Web Services</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>A single web-based <em>endpoint</em> provides a dynamically updated listing of
+content</p>
+<p>Implemented in pure HTTP.  Returns XML</p>
+<p><strong>Atom</strong> is a competing, but similar standard</p>
+<p>There's a solid Python library for consuming RSS: <a class="reference external" href="https://pythonhosted.org/feedparser/">feedparser</a>.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">58</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id40">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>XML-RPC</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>XML-RPC extended the essentially static nature of RSS by allowing users to call
+procedures and pass arguments.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>Calls are made via HTTP GET, by passing an XML document</li>
+<li>Returns from a call are sent to the client in XML</li>
+</ul>
+<p>In python, you can access XML-RPC services using <a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3.5/library/xmlrpc.html">xmlrpc</a> from the
+standard library. It has two libraries, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">xmlrpc.client</span></code> and
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">xmlrpc.server</span></code></p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">59</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id41">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>SOAP</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>SOAP extends XML-RPC in a couple of useful ways:</p>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>It uses Web Services Description Language (WSDL) to provide meta-data about
+an entire service in a machine-readable format (Automatic introspection)</li>
+<li>It establishes a method for extending available data types using XML
+namespaces</li>
+</ul>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>There is no standard library module that supports SOAP directly.</p>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>The best-known and best-supported module available is <strong>Suds</strong></li>
+<li>The homepage is <a class="reference external" href="https://fedorahosted.org/suds/">https://fedorahosted.org/suds/</a></li>
+<li>It can be installed using <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">easy_install</span></code> or <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pip</span> <span class="pre">install</span></code></li>
+<li>A <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/cackharot/suds-py3">fork of the library</a> compatible with Python 3 does exist</li>
+</ul>
+<p><strong>I HATE SOAP</strong></p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">60</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id42">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>What about WSDL?</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>SOAP was invented in part to provide completely machine-readable
+interoperability.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p><em>Does that really work in real life?</em></p>
+<p class="centered"><strong>Hardly ever</strong></p>
+<p>Another reason was to provide extensibility via custom types</p>
+<p><em>Does that really work in real life?</em></p>
+<p class="centered"><strong>Hardly ever</strong></p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">61</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id43">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>I have to write XML?</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>In addition, XML is a pretty inefficient medium for transmitting data.  There's
+a lot of extra characters transmitted that lack any meaning.</p>
+<div class="highlight-xml"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="cp">&lt;?xml version=&quot;1.0&quot;?&gt;</span>
+<span class="nt">&lt;soap:Envelope</span> <span class="na">xmlns:soap=</span><span class="s">&quot;http://www.w3.org/2003/05/soap-envelope&quot;</span><span class="nt">&gt;</span>
+  <span class="nt">&lt;soap:Header&gt;</span>
+  <span class="nt">&lt;/soap:Header&gt;</span>
+  <span class="nt">&lt;soap:Body&gt;</span>
+    <span class="nt">&lt;m:GetStockPrice</span> <span class="na">xmlns:m=</span><span class="s">&quot;http://www.example.org/stock/Surya&quot;</span><span class="nt">&gt;</span>
+      <span class="nt">&lt;m:StockName&gt;</span>IBM<span class="nt">&lt;/m:StockName&gt;</span>
+    <span class="nt">&lt;/m:GetStockPrice&gt;</span>
+  <span class="nt">&lt;/soap:Body&gt;</span>
+<span class="nt">&lt;/soap:Envelope&gt;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">62</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id44">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Why Do All The Work?</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>So, if neither of the original goals is really achieved by using SOAP</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>And if the transmission medium is too bloated to use</p>
+<p>why pay all the overhead required to use the protocol?</p>
+<p>Is there another way we could consider approaching the problem?</p>
+<p class="centered"><strong>Enter REST</strong></p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">63</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="rest">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>REST</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p class="centered"><strong>Representational State Transfer</strong></p>
+<div class="build container">
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>Originally described by Roy T. Fielding (worth reading)</li>
+<li>Use HTTP for what it can do</li>
+<li>Read more in <a class="reference external" href="http://www.crummy.com/writing/RESTful-Web-Services/">RESTful Web Services</a>*</li>
+</ul>
+<p>* Seriously. Buy it and read it</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">64</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id45">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>A Comparison</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>The XML-RCP/SOAP way:</p>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>POST /getComment HTTP/1.1</li>
+<li>POST /getComments HTTP/1.1</li>
+<li>POST /addComment HTTP/1.1</li>
+<li>POST /editComment HTTP/1.1</li>
+<li>POST /deleteComment HTTP/1.1</li>
+</ul>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>The RESTful way:</p>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>GET /comment/&lt;id&gt; HTTP/1.1</li>
+<li>GET /comment HTTP/1.1</li>
+<li>POST /comment HTTP/1.1</li>
+<li>PUT /comment/&lt;id&gt; HTTP/1.1</li>
+<li>DELETE /comment/&lt;id&gt; HTTP/1.1</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">65</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id46">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>ROA</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>REST is a <strong>Resource Oriented Architecture</strong></p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>The URL represents the <em>resource</em> we are working with</p>
+<p>The HTTP Method indicates the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">action</span></code> to be taken</p>
+<p>The HTTP Code returned tells us the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">result</span></code> (whether success or failure)</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">66</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id47">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>HTTP Codes Revisited</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <div class="build container">
+<p>POST /comment HTTP/1.1  (creating a new comment):</p>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>Success: <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">HTTP/1.1</span> <span class="pre">201</span> <span class="pre">Created</span></code></li>
+<li>Failure (unauthorized): <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">HTTP/1.1</span> <span class="pre">401</span> <span class="pre">Unauthorized</span></code></li>
+<li>Failure (NotImplemented): <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">HTTP/1.1</span> <span class="pre">405</span> <span class="pre">Not</span> <span class="pre">Allowed</span></code></li>
+<li>Failure (ValueError): <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">HTTP/1.1</span> <span class="pre">406</span> <span class="pre">Not</span> <span class="pre">Acceptable</span></code></li>
+</ul>
+<p>PUT /comment/&lt;id&gt; HTTP/1.1 (edit comment):</p>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>Success: <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">HTTP/1.1</span> <span class="pre">200</span> <span class="pre">OK</span></code></li>
+<li>Failure: <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">HTTP/1.1</span> <span class="pre">409</span> <span class="pre">Conflict</span></code></li>
+</ul>
+<p>DELETE /comment/&lt;id&gt; HTTP/1.1 (delete comment):</p>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>Success: <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">HTTP/1.1</span> <span class="pre">204</span> <span class="pre">No</span> <span class="pre">Content</span></code></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">67</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="rest-uses-json">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>REST uses JSON</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>JavaScript Object Notation:</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>a lightweight data-interchange format</li>
+<li>easy for humans to read and write</li>
+<li>easy for machines to parse and generate</li>
+</ul>
+<p>Based on Two Structures:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>object: <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">{</span> <span class="pre">string:</span> <span class="pre">value,</span> <span class="pre">...}</span></code></li>
+<li>array: <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">[value,</span> <span class="pre">value,</span> <span class="pre">]</span></code></li>
+</ul>
+<p class="centered">pythonic, no?</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">68</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id48">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>JSON Data Types</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>JSON provides a few basic data types (see <a class="reference external" href="http://json.org/">http://json.org/</a>):</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>string: unicode, anything but &quot;, \ and control characters</li>
+<li>number: any number, but json does not use octal or hexadecimal</li>
+<li>object, array (we've seen these above)</li>
+<li>true</li>
+<li>false</li>
+<li>null</li>
+</ul>
+<p class="centered"><strong>No date type? OMGWTF??!!1!1</strong></p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">69</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id49">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Dates in JSON</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>You have two options:</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<div class="container">
+<p>Option 1 - Unix Epoch Time (number):</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">time</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">time</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">time</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="go">1358212616.7691269</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="container">
+<p>Option 2 - ISO 8661 (string):</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">datetime</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">datetime</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">datetime</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">now</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">isoformat</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="go">&#39;2013-01-14T17:18:10.727240&#39;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">70</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="json-in-python">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>JSON in Python</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>You can encode python to json, and decode json back to python:</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">In</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">]:</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">json</span>
+<span class="n">In</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">]:</span> <span class="n">array</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">]</span>
+<span class="n">In</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">]:</span> <span class="n">json</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">dumps</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">array</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="n">Out</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">]:</span> <span class="s">&#39;[1, 2, 3]&#39;</span>
+<span class="n">In</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">]:</span> <span class="n">orig</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="s">&#39;foo&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="s">&#39;bar&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">&#39;my resumé&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;baz&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="bp">True</span><span class="p">}</span>
+<span class="n">In</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">]:</span> <span class="n">encoded</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">json</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">dumps</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">orig</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="n">In</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">6</span><span class="p">]:</span> <span class="n">encoded</span>
+<span class="n">Out</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">6</span><span class="p">]:</span> <span class="s">&#39;{&quot;foo&quot;: [1, 2, 3], &quot;bar&quot;: &quot;my resum</span><span class="se">\\</span><span class="s">u00e9&quot;, &quot;baz&quot;: true}&#39;</span>
+<span class="n">In</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">7</span><span class="p">]:</span> <span class="n">decoded</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">json</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">loads</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">encoded</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="n">In</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">8</span><span class="p">]:</span> <span class="n">decoded</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="n">orig</span>
+<span class="n">Out</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">8</span><span class="p">]:</span> <span class="bp">True</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Customizing the encoder or decoder class allows for specialized serializations</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">71</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id50">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>JSON in Python</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>the json module also supports reading and writing to <em>file-like objects</em> via
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">json.dump(fp)</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">json.load(fp)</span></code> (note the missing 's')</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Remember duck-typing. Anything with a <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">.write</span></code> and a <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">.read</span></code> method is
+<em>file-like</em></p>
+<p>This usage can be much more memory-friendly with large files/sources</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">72</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="playing-with-rest">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Playing With REST</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Let's take a moment to play with REST.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>We'll use a common, public API provided by Google.</p>
+<p class="centered"><strong>Geocoding</strong></p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">73</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id51">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Geocoding with Google APIs</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p><a class="reference external" href="https://developers.google.com/maps/documentation/geocoding">https://developers.google.com/maps/documentation/geocoding</a></p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Open a python interpreter using our virtualenv:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>(soupenv)$ python
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [1]: </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">requests</span>
+<span class="gp">In [2]: </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">json</span>
+<span class="gp">In [3]: </span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">pprint</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">pprint</span>
+<span class="gp">In [4]: </span><span class="n">url</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&#39;http://maps.googleapis.com/maps/api/geocode/json&#39;</span>
+<span class="gp">In [5]: </span><span class="n">addr</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&#39;1325 4th Ave, Seattle, 98101&#39;</span>
+<span class="gp">In [6]: </span><span class="n">parameters</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="s">&#39;address&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">addr</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;sensor&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">&#39;false&#39;</span><span class="p">}</span>
+<span class="gp">In [7]: </span><span class="n">resp</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">requests</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">url</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">params</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">parameters</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">In [8]: </span><span class="n">data</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">resp</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">json</span><span class="p">()</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">74</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id52">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Reverse Geocoding</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>You can do the same thing in reverse, supply latitude and longitude and get
+back address information:</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [15]: </span><span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">data</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s">&#39;status&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s">&#39;OK&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span>
+<span class="gp">   ....: </span>    <span class="n">pprint</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">data</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s">&#39;results&#39;</span><span class="p">])</span>
+<span class="gp">   ....:</span>
+<span class="go">[{&#39;address_components&#39;: [{&#39;long_name&#39;: &#39;1325&#39;,</span>
+<span class="go">                          &#39;short_name&#39;: &#39;1325&#39;,</span>
+<span class="go">  ...</span>
+<span class="go">  &#39;types&#39;: [&#39;street_address&#39;]}]</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Notice that there may be a number of results returned, ordered from most
+specific to least.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">75</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="mashing-it-up">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Mashing It Up</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Google's geocoding data is quite nice.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>But it's not in a format we can use directly to create a map</p>
+<p>For that we need <cite>geojson</cite></p>
+<p>Moreover, formatting the data for all those requests is going to get
+tedious.</p>
+<p>Luckily, people create <em>wrappers</em> for popular REST apis like google's
+geocoding service.</p>
+<p>Once such wrapper is <a class="reference external" href="http://geocoder.readthedocs.org/en/latest/">geocoder</a>, which provides not only google's service,
+but many others under a single umbrella.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">76</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id53">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Install <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">geocoder</span></code></h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Install geocoder into your <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">soupenv</span></code> so that it's available to use:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">(</span>soupenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>pip install geocoder
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Our final step for tonight will be to geocode the results we have scraped
+from the inspection site.</p>
+<p>We'll then convert that to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">geojson</span></code>, insert our own properties and map
+the results.</p>
+<p>Let's begin by converting our script so that what we have so far is
+contained in a generator function</p>
+<p>We'll eventually sort our results and generate the top 10 or so for
+geocoding.</p>
+<p>Open up <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">mashup.py</span></code> and copy everthing in the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">main</span></code> block.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">77</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id54">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Make a Generator Function</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Add a new function <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">result_generator</span></code> to the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">mashup.py</span></code> script. Paste the
+code you copied from the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">main</span></code> block and then update it a bit:</p>
+<div class="build highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">result_generator</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">count</span><span class="p">):</span>
+    <span class="n">use_params</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+        <span class="s">&#39;Inspection_Start&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">&#39;2/1/2013&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s">&#39;Inspection_End&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">&#39;2/1/2015&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s">&#39;Zip_Code&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">&#39;98101&#39;</span>
+    <span class="p">}</span>
+    <span class="c"># html, encoding = get_inspection_page(**use_params)</span>
+    <span class="n">html</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">encoding</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">load_inspection_page</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;inspection_page.html&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="n">parsed</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">parse_source</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">html</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">encoding</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="n">content_col</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">parsed</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">find</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;td&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">id</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;contentcol&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="n">data_list</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">restaurant_data_generator</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">content_col</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">data_div</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">data_list</span><span class="p">[:</span><span class="n">count</span><span class="p">]:</span>
+        <span class="n">metadata</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">extract_restaurant_metadata</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">data_div</span><span class="p">)</span>
+        <span class="n">inspection_data</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">get_score_data</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">data_div</span><span class="p">)</span>
+        <span class="n">metadata</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">update</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">inspection_data</span><span class="p">)</span>
+        <span class="k">yield</span> <span class="n">metadata</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">78</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id55">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Test It Out</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Update the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">main</span></code> block of your <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">mashup.py</span></code> script to use the new function:</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">__name__</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s">&#39;__main__&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span>
+    <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">result</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">result_generator</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">):</span>
+        <span class="k">print</span> <span class="n">result</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Then run your script and verify that the only thing that has changed is the
+number of results that print.</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">(</span>soupenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>python mashup.py
+<span class="c"># you should see 10 dictionaries print here.</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">79</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="add-geocoding">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Add Geocoding</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>The API for geocoding with <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">geocoder</span></code> is the same for all providers.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>You give an address, it returns geocoded data.</p>
+<p>You provide latitude and longitude, it provides address data</p>
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [1]: </span><span class="n">response</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">geocoder</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">google</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">address</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">In [2]: </span><span class="n">response</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">json</span>
+<span class="gh">Out[2]: </span><span class="go"># json result data</span>
+<span class="gp">In [3]: </span><span class="n">response</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">geojson</span>
+<span class="gh">Out[3]: </span><span class="go"># geojson result data</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">80</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id56">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Adding The Function</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Let's add a new function <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">get_geojson</span></code> to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">mashup.py</span></code></p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>It will</p>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>Take a result from our search as it's input</li>
+<li>Get geocoding data from google using the address of the restaurant</li>
+<li>Return the geojson representation of that data</li>
+</ul>
+<p>Try to write this function on your own</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">get_geojson</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">result</span><span class="p">):</span>
+    <span class="n">address</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&quot; &quot;</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">join</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">result</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;Address&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;&#39;</span><span class="p">))</span>
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="n">address</span><span class="p">:</span>
+        <span class="k">return</span> <span class="bp">None</span>
+    <span class="n">geocoded</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">geocoder</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">google</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">address</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">geocoded</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">geojson</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">81</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id57">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Testing It Out</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Next, update our <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">main</span></code> block to get the geojson for each result and print
+it:</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">__name__</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s">&#39;__main__&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span>
+    <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">result</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">result_generator</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">):</span>
+        <span class="n">geojson</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">get_geojson</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">result</span><span class="p">)</span>
+        <span class="k">print</span> <span class="n">geojson</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Then test your results by running your script:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">(</span>soupenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>python mashup.py
+<span class="o">{</span><span class="s1">&#39;geometry&#39;</span>: <span class="o">{</span><span class="s1">&#39;type&#39;</span>: <span class="s1">&#39;Point&#39;</span>, <span class="s1">&#39;coordinates&#39;</span>: <span class="o">[</span>-122.3393005, 47.6134378<span class="o">]}</span>,
+ <span class="s1">&#39;type&#39;</span>: <span class="s1">&#39;Feature&#39;</span>, <span class="s1">&#39;properties&#39;</span>: <span class="o">{</span><span class="s1">&#39;neighborhood&#39;</span>: <span class="s1">&#39;Belltown&#39;</span>,
+ <span class="s1">&#39;encoding&#39;</span>: <span class="s1">&#39;utf-8&#39;</span>, <span class="s1">&#39;county&#39;</span>: <span class="s1">&#39;King County&#39;</span>, <span class="s1">&#39;city_long&#39;</span>: <span class="s1">&#39;Seattle&#39;</span>,
+ <span class="s1">&#39;lng&#39;</span>: -122.3393005, <span class="s1">&#39;quality&#39;</span>: u<span class="s1">&#39;street_address&#39;</span>, <span class="s1">&#39;city&#39;</span>: <span class="s1">&#39;Seattle&#39;</span>,
+ <span class="s1">&#39;confidence&#39;</span>: 9, <span class="s1">&#39;state&#39;</span>: <span class="s1">&#39;WA&#39;</span>, <span class="s1">&#39;location&#39;</span>: u<span class="s1">&#39;1933 5TH AVE SEATTLE, WA 98101&#39;</span>,
+ <span class="s1">&#39;provider&#39;</span>: <span class="s1">&#39;google&#39;</span>, <span class="s1">&#39;housenumber&#39;</span>: <span class="s1">&#39;1933&#39;</span>, <span class="s1">&#39;accuracy&#39;</span>: <span class="s1">&#39;ROOFTOP&#39;</span>,
+ <span class="s1">&#39;status&#39;</span>: <span class="s1">&#39;OK&#39;</span>, <span class="s1">&#39;state_long&#39;</span>: <span class="s1">&#39;Washington&#39;</span>,
+ <span class="s1">&#39;address&#39;</span>: <span class="s1">&#39;1933 5th Avenue, Seattle, WA 98101, USA&#39;</span>, <span class="s1">&#39;lat&#39;</span>: 47.6134378,
+ <span class="s1">&#39;postal&#39;</span>: <span class="s1">&#39;98101&#39;</span>, <span class="s1">&#39;ok&#39;</span>: True, <span class="s1">&#39;road_long&#39;</span>: <span class="s1">&#39;5th Avenue&#39;</span>, <span class="s1">&#39;country&#39;</span>: <span class="s1">&#39;US&#39;</span>,
+ <span class="s1">&#39;country_long&#39;</span>: <span class="s1">&#39;United States&#39;</span>, <span class="s1">&#39;street&#39;</span>: <span class="s1">&#39;5th Ave&#39;</span><span class="o">}</span>,
+ <span class="s1">&#39;bbox&#39;</span>: <span class="o">[</span>-122.3406494802915, 47.6120888197085, -122.3379515197085, 47.6147867802915<span class="o">]}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">82</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id58">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Update Geojson Properties</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">properties</span></code> of our geojson records are filled with data we don't really
+care about.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Let's replace that information with some of the metadata from our
+inspection results.</p>
+<p>We'll update our <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">get_geojson</span></code> function so that it:</p>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>Builds a dictionary containing only the values we want from our
+inspection record.</li>
+<li>Converts list values to strings (geojson requires this)</li>
+<li>Replaces the 'properties' of our geojson with this new data</li>
+<li>Returns the modified geojson record</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">83</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id59">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Write the Function</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>See if you can make the updates on your own.</p>
+<div class="build highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">get_geojson</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">result</span><span class="p">):</span>
+    <span class="c"># ...</span>
+    <span class="n">geocoded</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">geocoder</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">google</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">address</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="n">geojson</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">geocoded</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">geojson</span>
+    <span class="n">inspection_data</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{}</span>
+    <span class="n">use_keys</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">(</span>
+        <span class="s">&#39;Business Name&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;Average Score&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;Total Inspections&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;High Score&#39;</span>
+    <span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">key</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">val</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">result</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">items</span><span class="p">():</span>
+        <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">key</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">use_keys</span><span class="p">:</span>
+            <span class="k">continue</span>
+        <span class="k">if</span> <span class="nb">isinstance</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">val</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">list</span><span class="p">):</span>
+            <span class="n">val</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&quot; &quot;</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">join</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">val</span><span class="p">)</span>
+        <span class="n">inspection_data</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">key</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">val</span>
+    <span class="n">geojson</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s">&#39;properties&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">inspection_data</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">geojson</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">84</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id60">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Making Mappable Data</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>We are now generating a series of <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">geojson</span></code> <em>Feature</em> objects.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>To map these objects, we'll need to create a file which contains a
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">geojson</span></code> <em>FeatureCollection</em>.</p>
+<p>The structure of such a collection looks like this:</p>
+<div class="highlight-json"><div class="highlight"><pre>{&#39;type&#39;: &#39;FeatureCollection&#39;, &#39;features&#39;: [...]}
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Let's update our <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">main</span></code> function to append each feature to such a
+structure.</p>
+<p>Then we can dump the structure as <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">json</span></code> to a file.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">85</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id61">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Update the Script</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>In <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">mashup.py</span></code> update the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">main</span></code> block like so:</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c"># add an import at the top:</span>
+<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">json</span>
+
+<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">__name__</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s">&#39;__main__&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span>
+    <span class="n">total_result</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="s">&#39;type&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">&#39;FeatureCollection&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;features&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">[]}</span>
+    <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">result</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">result_generator</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">):</span>
+        <span class="n">geojson</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">get_geojson</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">result</span><span class="p">)</span>
+        <span class="n">total_result</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s">&#39;features&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">append</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">geojson</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">with</span> <span class="nb">open</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;my_map.json&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;w&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">fh</span><span class="p">:</span>
+        <span class="n">json</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">dump</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">total_result</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">fh</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>When you run the script nothing will print, but the new file will appear.</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">(</span>soupenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>python mashup.py
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>This script is available as <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">resources/session04/mashup_5.py</span></code></p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">86</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="display-the-results">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Display the Results</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Once the new file is written you are ready to display your results.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Open your web browser and go to <a class="reference external" href="http://geojson.io">http://geojson.io</a></p>
+<p>Then drag and drop the new file you wrote onto the map you see there.</p>
+<div class="figure align-center">
+<a class="reference internal image-reference" href="../_images/geojson-io.png"><img alt="../_images/geojson-io.png" src="../_images/geojson-io.png" style="width: 75%;" /></a>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">87</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="wrap-up">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Wrap Up</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>We've built a simple mashup combining data from different sources.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>We scraped health inspection data from the King County government site.</p>
+<p>We geocoded that data.</p>
+<p>And we've displayed the results on a map.</p>
+<p>What other sources of data might we choose to combine?</p>
+<p>Check out <a class="reference external" href="http://www.programmableweb.com/apis/directory">programmable web</a>
+to see some of the possibilities</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">88</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-2" id="homework">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h2>Homework</h2>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <div class="left container">
+<p>For your homework this week, you'll be polishing this mashup.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Begin by sorting the results of our search by the average score (can
+you do this and still use a generator for getting the geojson?).</p>
+<p>Then, update your script to allow the user to choose how to sort, by
+average, high score or most inspections:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>(soupenv)$ python mashup.py highscore
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Next, allow the user to choose how many results to map:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>(soupenv)$ python mashup.py highscore 25
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Or allow them to reverse the results, showing the lowest scores first:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>(soupenv)$ python mashup.py highscore 25 reverse
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>If you're feeling particularly adventurous, see if you can use the
+<a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/2/library/argparse.html#module-argparse">argparse</a> module from the standard library to handle command line
+arguments</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">89</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="more-fun">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>More Fun</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Next, try adding a bit of information to your map by setting the
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">marker-color</span></code> property. This will display a marker with the provided
+css-style color (<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">#FF0000</span></code>)</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>See if you can make the color change according to the values used for the
+sorting of the list.  Either vary the intensity of the color, or the hue.</p>
+<p>Finally, if you are feeling particularly frisky, you can update your script
+to automatically open a browser window with your map loaded on
+<em>geojson.io</em>.</p>
+<p>To do this, you'll want to read about the <a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/webbrowser.html">webbrowser</a> module from the
+standard library.</p>
+<p>In addition, you'll want to read up on using the URL parameters API for
+<em>geojson.io</em>.  Click on the <strong>help</strong> tab in the sidebar to view the
+information.</p>
+<p>You will also need to learn about how to properly quote special characters
+for a URL, using the <a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/urllib.parse.html#urllib.parse.quote">urllib.parse</a> <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">quote</span></code> function.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">90</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="submitting-your-work">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Submitting Your Work</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Create a github repository to contain your mashup work. Start by populating it
+with the script as we finished it today (mashup_5.py).</p>
+<p>As you implement the above features, commit early and commit often.</p>
+<p>When you're ready for us to look it over, email a link to your repository to
+Maria and I.</p>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">91</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>
+
+
+    <slide class="thank-you-slide segue nobackground">
+    <aside class="gdbar right"><img src="../_static/logo_UW.png"></aside>
+    <article class="flexbox vleft auto-fadein">
+      <h2>Good Night!</h2>
+      <p>&nbsp;</p>
+    </article>
+    <p class="auto-fadein" data-config-contact>
+      <!-- populated from slide_config.json -->
+    </p>
+  </slide>
+
+  <slide class="backdrop"></slide>
+
+</slides>
+
+<!--[if IE]>
+  <script src="http://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/chrome-frame/1/CFInstall.min.js"></script>
+  <script>CFInstall.check({mode: 'overlay'});</script>
+<![endif]-->
+</body>
+</html>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/slides/presentations/session05.html b/slides/presentations/session05.html
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0e9a8dda
--- /dev/null
+++ b/slides/presentations/session05.html
@@ -0,0 +1,1895 @@
+<!--
+Google IO 2012/2013 HTML5 Slide Template
+
+Authors: Eric Bidelman <ebidel@gmail.com>
+         Luke Mahé <lukem@google.com>
+
+URL: https://code.google.com/p/io-2012-slides
+--><!DOCTYPE html>
+
+
+<html>
+<head>
+  <title>Session 05 &mdash; Internet Programming with Python</title>
+  <meta charset="utf-8">
+  
+  <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="chrome=1">
+  <!--<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, minimum-scale=1.0">-->
+  <!--<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">-->
+  <!--This one seems to work all the time, but really small on ipad-->
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+
+  
+  <link rel="stylesheet" media="all"
+        href="../_static/theme/css/default.css">
+  <link rel="stylesheet" media="all"
+        href="../_static/theme/css/hieroglyph.css">
+  <link rel="stylesheet" media="only screen and (max-device-width: 480px)"
+        href="../_static/theme/css/phone.css">
+
+    
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/custom.css"
+          type="text/css" />
+    
+
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/pygments.css" type="text/css" />
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+    <link rel="top" title="Internet Programming with Python" href="../index.html" />
+    <link rel="up" title="Course Presentations" href="index.html" />
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+</head>
+<body style="opacity: 0">
+
+<slides class="layout-widescreen">
+
+  <slide class="title-slide segue nobackground">
+  <aside class="gdbar"><img src="../_static/logo_UW.png"></aside>
+  <!-- The content of this hgroup is replaced programmatically through the slide_config.json. -->
+  <hgroup class="auto-fadein">
+    <h1 data-config-title><!-- populated from slide_config.json --></h1>
+    <h2 data-config-subtitle><!-- populated from slide_config.json --></h2>
+    <p data-config-presenter><!-- populated from slide_config.json --></p>
+  </hgroup>
+</slide>
+
+  
+    <slide class="title-slide segue nobackground level-1" id="session-05">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h1>Session 05</h1>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <a class="reference internal image-reference" href="../_images/python.png"><img alt="../_images/python.png" class="align-center" src="../_images/python.png" style="width: 43%;" /></a>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">1</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-2" id="mvc-applications">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h2>MVC Applications</h2>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Wherin we learn about the Model View Controller approach to app design and
+explore data persistence in Python.</p>
+<div class="figure align-center" id="id4">
+<a class="reference internal image-reference" href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/40/MVC_passive_view.png"><img alt="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/40/MVC_passive_view.png" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/40/MVC_passive_view.png" style="width: 40%;" /></a>
+<p class="caption"><span class="caption-text">By Alan Evangelista (Own work) [CC0], via Wikimedia Commons</span></p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">2</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="separation-of-concerns">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Separation of Concerns</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <div class="build container">
+<p>In the first part of this course, you were introduced to the concept of
+<em>Object Oriented Programming</em></p>
+<p>OOP was <a class="reference external" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object-oriented_programming#History">first formalized</a> in the 1970s in <em>Smalltalk</em>, invented by Alan
+Kay at <em>Xerox PARC</em></p>
+<p><em>Smalltalk</em> was also the first language which utilized the
+<a class="reference external" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model–view–controller">Model View Controller</a> design pattern.</p>
+<p>This pattern (like all <a class="reference external" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_design_pattern">design patterns</a>) seeks to provide a <em>way of
+thinking</em> that helps to make software design easier.</p>
+<p>In this case, the goal is to help clarify the high-level <em>separation of
+concerns</em> in a system.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">3</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="three-components">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Three Components</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>The pattern divides the elements of a system into three parts:</p>
+<dl class="build docutils">
+<dt>Model:</dt>
+<dd>This component represents the <em>data</em> that comprises the system, and the
+<em>logic</em> used to manipulate that data.</dd>
+<dt>View:</dt>
+<dd><p class="first">This component can be any <em>representation</em> of the data to the outside world:
+a chart, diagram, table, user interface, etc.</p>
+<p class="last">It also includes representations of the <em>actions</em> available in the system.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt>Controller:</dt>
+<dd><p class="first">This component coordinates the Model and the View in a system.</p>
+<p>It accepts input from a user and channels that input into the Model.</p>
+<p class="last">It accepts information about the current state of the Model and transmits
+that information to the View.</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">4</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="on-the-web">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>On the Web</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>This pattern has proven useful for thinking about the applications we build for
+the web.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>A web browser provides a convenient container for <em>views</em> of data.</p>
+<p>These <em>views</em> are created by <em>controller</em> software hosted on a server.</p>
+<p>This <em>controller</em> software accepts input from users via <em>HTTP requests</em>,
+channeling it into a <em>data model</em>, often stored in some database.</p>
+<p>The <em>controller</em> returns information about the state of the <em>data model</em> to
+the user via <em>HTTP responses</em></p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">5</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id5">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>On the Web</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>This approach is so common, that it has been formalized into any number of <em>web
+frameworks</em></p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p><em>Web frameworks</em> abstract away the specifics of the <em>HTTP request/response
+cycle</em>, leaving simple MVC components for the developer to use.</p>
+<p><em>Web frameworks</em> exist in nearly all modern languages.</p>
+<p>Python has scores of them.</p>
+<p>Over the weeks to come, we'll learn about two of them, <a class="reference external" href="http://www.pylonsproject.org/projects/pyramid/about">Pyramid</a> and
+<a class="reference external" href="https://www.djangoproject.com/">Django</a>.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">6</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="a-word-about-terminology">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>A Word About Terminology</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Although the MVC pattern is a useful abstraction, there are a few differences
+in how things are named in Python web frameworks</p>
+<div class="build centered container">
+<p>model &lt;--&gt; model</p>
+<p>controller &lt;--&gt; view</p>
+<p>view &lt;--&gt; template (or even HTTP response)</p>
+<p class="left">For more on this difference, you can <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.pylonsproject.org/projects/pyramid/en/latest/designdefense.html#pyramid-gets-its-terminology-wrong-mvc">read this</a> from the Pyramid design
+documentation.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">7</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-2" id="our-first-application">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h2>Our First Application</h2>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p class="left">But enough abstract blabbering.</p>
+<div class="build left container">
+<p>There's no better way to make concepts like these concrete than to build
+something using them.</p>
+<p>Let's make an application!</p>
+<p>We're going to build a Learning Journal.</p>
+<p>When we're done, you'll have a live, online application you can use to keep
+note of the things you are learning about Python development.</p>
+<p>We'll use one of our Python web framework to do this: <a class="reference external" href="http://www.pylonsproject.org/projects/pyramid/about">Pyramid</a></p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">8</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id1">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Pyramid</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>First published in 2010, <a class="reference external" href="http://www.pylonsproject.org/projects/pyramid/about">Pyramid</a> is a powerful, flexible web framework.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>You can create compelling one-page applications, much like in
+microframeworks like Flask</p>
+<p>You can also create powerful, scalable applications using the full
+power of Python</p>
+<p>Created by the combined powers of the teams behind Pylons and Zope</p>
+<p>It represents the first true second-generation web framework in
+existence.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">9</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="starting-the-project">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Starting the Project</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>The first step is to prepare for the project.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Begin by creating a location where you'll do your work.</p>
+<p>I generally put all my work in a folder called <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">projects</span></code> in my home
+directory:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="nv">$ </span><span class="nb">cd</span>
+<span class="nv">$ </span>mkdir projects
+<span class="nv">$ </span><span class="nb">cd </span>projects
+<span class="nv">$ </span>mkdir learning-journal
+<span class="nv">$ </span><span class="nb">cd </span>learning-journal
+<span class="nv">$ </span><span class="nb">pwd</span>
+/Users/cewing/project/learning-journal
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">10</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id6">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Creating an Environment</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>We continue our preparations by creating the virtual environment we will use
+for our project.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Again, this will help us to keep our work here isolated from anything else
+we do.</p>
+<p>Remember how to make a new venv?</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="nv">$ </span>pyvenv ljenv
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="highlight-posh"><div class="highlight"><pre>c:\Temp&gt;python -m venv myenv
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>And then, how to activate it?</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre>$ source ljenv/bin/activate
+(ljenv)$
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="highlight-posh"><div class="highlight"><pre>C:&gt; ljenv/Scripts/activate.bat
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">11</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id7">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Installing Pyramid</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Next, we install the Pyramid web framework into our new virtualenv.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>We can do this with the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pip</span></code> in our active <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ljenv</span></code>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">(</span>ljenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>pip install pyramid
+Collecting pyramid
+  Downloading pyramid-1.5.2-py2.py3-none-any.whl <span class="o">(</span>545kB<span class="o">)</span>
+    100% <span class="p">|</span><span class="c">################################| 548kB 172kB/s</span>
+...
+Successfully installed PasteDeploy-1.5.2 WebOb-1.4
+pyramid-1.5.2 repoze.lru-0.6 translationstring-1.3
+venusian-1.0 zope.deprecation-4.1.1 zope.interface-4.1.2
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Once that is complete, we are ready to create a <em>scaffold</em> for our project.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">12</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="working-with-pyramid">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Working with Pyramid</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Many web frameworks require at least a bit of <em>boilerplate</em> code to get
+started.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Pyramid does not.</p>
+<p>However, our application will require a database and handling that does
+require some.</p>
+<p>Pyramid provides a system for creating boilerplate called <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pcreate</span></code>.</p>
+<p>You use it to generate the skeleton for a project based on some pattern:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">(</span>ljenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>pcreate -s alchemy learning_journal
+Creating directory /Users/cewing/projects/learning-journal/learning_journal
+...
+Welcome to Pyramid.  Sorry <span class="k">for</span> the convenience.
+<span class="o">===============================================================================</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Let's take a quick look at what that did</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">13</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id8">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>What You Get</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre>...
+├── development.ini
+├── learning_journal
+│   ├── __init__.py
+│   ├── models.py
+│   ├── scripts
+│   │   ├── __init__.py
+│   │   └── initializedb.py
+│   ├── static
+...
+│   ├── templates
+│   │   └── mytemplate.pt
+│   ├── tests.py
+│   └── views.py
+├── production.ini
+└── setup.py
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">14</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id9">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Saving Your Work</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>You've now created something worth saving.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Start by initializing a new git repository in the <cite>learning_journal</cite> folder
+you just created:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">(</span>ljenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span><span class="nb">cd </span>learning_journal
+<span class="o">(</span>ljenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>git init
+Initialized empty Git repository in
+ /Users/cewing/projects/learning-journal/learning_journal/.git/
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">15</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id10">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Saving Your Work</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Check <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">git</span> <span class="pre">status</span></code> to see where things stand:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">(</span>ljenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>git status
+On branch master
+
+Initial commit
+
+Untracked files:
+  <span class="o">(</span>use <span class="s2">&quot;git add &lt;file&gt;...&quot;</span> to include in what will be committed<span class="o">)</span>
+
+    CHANGES.txt
+    MANIFEST.in
+    README.txt
+    development.ini
+    learning_journal/
+    production.ini
+    setup.py
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">16</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id11">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Add the Project Code</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Add your work to this new repository:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">(</span>ljenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>git add .
+<span class="o">(</span>ljenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>git status
+...
+Changes to be committed:
+  <span class="o">(</span>use <span class="s2">&quot;git rm --cached &lt;file&gt;...&quot;</span> to unstage<span class="o">)</span>
+
+    new file:   CHANGES.txt
+    new file:   MANIFEST.in
+    ...
+    new file:   production.ini
+    new file:   setup.py
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">17</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id12">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Ignore Irrelevant Files</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Python creates <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">.pyc</span></code> files when it executes your code.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>There are many other files you don't want or need in your repository</p>
+<p>You can ignore this in <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">git</span></code> with the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">.gitignore</span></code> file.</p>
+<p>Create one now, in this same directory, and add the following basic lines:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>*.pyc
+.DS_Store
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Finally, add this new file to your repository, too.</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">(</span>ljenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>git add .gitignore
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">18</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id13">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Make It Permanent</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>To preserve all these changes, you'll need to commit what you've done:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">(</span>ljenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>git commit -m <span class="s2">&quot;initial commit of the Pyramid learning journal&quot;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>This will make a first commit here in this local repository.</p>
+<p>For homework, you'll put this into GitHub, but this is enough for now.</p>
+<p>Let's move on to learning about what we've built so far.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">19</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id14">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Project Structure</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>When you ran the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pcreate</span></code> command, a new folder was created:
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">learning_journal</span></code>.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>This folder contains your <em>project</em>.</p>
+<p>At the top level, you have <em>configuration</em> (.ini files)</p>
+<p>You also have a file called <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">setup.py</span></code></p>
+<p>This file turns this collection of Python code and configuration into an
+<em>installable Python distribution</em></p>
+<p>Let's take a moment to look over the code in that file</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">20</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id15">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">setup.py</span></code></h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">setuptools</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">setup</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">find_packages</span>
+<span class="o">...</span>
+<span class="n">requires</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span>
+    <span class="s">&#39;pyramid&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+    <span class="o">...</span> <span class="c"># packages on which this software depends (dependencies)</span>
+    <span class="p">]</span>
+<span class="n">setup</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;learning_journal&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+      <span class="n">version</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;0.0&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+      <span class="o">...</span> <span class="c"># package metadata (used by PyPI)</span>
+      <span class="n">install_requires</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">requires</span><span class="p">,</span>
+      <span class="c"># Entry points are ways that we can run our code once installed</span>
+      <span class="n">entry_points</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;&quot;&quot;</span><span class="se">\</span>
+<span class="s">      [paste.app_factory]</span>
+<span class="s">      main = learning_journal:main</span>
+<span class="s">      [console_scripts]</span>
+<span class="s">      initialize_learning_journal_db = learning_journal.scripts.initializedb:main</span>
+<span class="s">      &quot;&quot;&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+      <span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">21</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="pyramid-is-python">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Pyramid is Python</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>In the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__init__.py</span></code> file of your app <em>package</em>, you'll find a <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">main</span></code>
+function:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">main</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">global_config</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">settings</span><span class="p">):</span>
+    <span class="sd">&quot;&quot;&quot; This function returns a Pyramid WSGI application.</span>
+<span class="sd">    &quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
+    <span class="n">engine</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">engine_from_config</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">settings</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;sqlalchemy.&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="n">DBSession</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">configure</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">bind</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">engine</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="n">Base</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">metadata</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">bind</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">engine</span>
+    <span class="n">config</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Configurator</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">settings</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">settings</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="n">config</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">include</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;pyramid_chameleon&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="n">config</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add_static_view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;static&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;static&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">cache_max_age</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">3600</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="n">config</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add_route</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;home&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;/&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="n">config</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">scan</span><span class="p">()</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">config</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">make_wsgi_app</span><span class="p">()</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Let's take a closer look at this, line by line.</p>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">22</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id16">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>System Configuration</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">main</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">global_config</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">settings</span><span class="p">):</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Configuration is passed in to an application after being read from the
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">.ini</span></code> file we saw above.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>These files contain sections (<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">[app:main]</span></code>) containing <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">name</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">value</span></code>
+pairs of <em>configuration data</em></p>
+<p>This data is parsed with the Python
+<a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/2/library/configparser.html">ConfigParser</a> module.</p>
+<p>The result is a dict of values:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="p">{</span><span class="s">&#39;app:main&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="s">&#39;pyramid.reload_templates&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="bp">True</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">...</span><span class="p">},</span> <span class="o">...</span><span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The default section of the file is passed in as <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">global_config</span></code>, the
+section for <em>this app</em> as <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">settings</span></code>.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">23</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id17">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Database Configuration</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">sqlalchemy</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">engine_from_config</span>
+<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">.models</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">DBSession</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Base</span>
+<span class="o">...</span>
+<span class="n">engine</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">engine_from_config</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">settings</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;sqlalchemy.&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="n">DBSession</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">configure</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">bind</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">engine</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="n">Base</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">metadata</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">bind</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">engine</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>We will use a package called <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">SQLAlchemy</span></code> to interact with our database.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Our connection is set up using settings read from the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">.ini</span></code> file.</p>
+<p>Can you find the settings for the database?</p>
+<p>The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">DBSession</span></code> ensures that each <em>database transaction</em> is tied to HTTP
+requests.</p>
+<p>The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Base</span></code> provides a parent class that will hook our <em>models</em> to the
+database.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">24</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id18">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>App Configuration</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">config</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Configurator</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">settings</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">settings</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="n">config</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">include</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;pyramid_chameleon&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="n">config</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add_static_view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;static&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;static&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">cache_max_age</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">3600</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="n">config</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add_route</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;home&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;/&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="n">config</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">scan</span><span class="p">()</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Pyramid controlls application-level configuration using a <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Configurator</span></code> class.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>It uses app-specific settings passed in from the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">.ini</span></code> file</p>
+<p>We can also <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">include</span></code> configuration from other add-on packages</p>
+<p>Additionally, we can configure <em>routes</em> and <em>views</em> needed to connect our
+application to the outside world here (more on this next week).</p>
+<p>Finally, the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Configurator</span></code> instance performs a <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">scan</span></code> to ensure there
+are no problems with what we've created.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">25</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id19">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>A Last Word on Configuration</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>We will return to the configuration of our application repeatedly over the next
+sessions.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Pyramid configuration is powerful and flexible.</p>
+<p>We'll use a few of its features</p>
+<p>But there's a lot more you could (and should) learn.</p>
+<p>Read about it in the <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.pylonsproject.org/projects/pyramid/en/latest/api/config.html">configuration chapter</a> of the Pyramid documentation.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">26</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id20">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Break Time</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Let's take a moment to rest up and absorb what we've learned.</p>
+<p>When we return, we'll see how we can create <em>models</em> that will embody the data
+for our Learning Journal application.</p>
+<p class="centered"><strong>Pyramid Models</strong></p>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">27</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-2" id="models-in-pyramid">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h2>Models in Pyramid</h2>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <div class="left container">
+<p>The central component of MVC, the model, captures the behavior of the
+application in terms of its problem domain, independent of the user
+interface. The model directly manages the data, logic and rules of the
+application</p>
+<p>-- from the Wikipedia article on <a class="reference external" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model–view–controller">Model-view-controller</a></p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">28</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="models-and-orms">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Models and ORMs</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>In an MVC application, we define the <em>problem domain</em> by creating one or more
+<em>Models</em>.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>These capture relevant details about the information we want to preserve
+and how we want to interact with it.</p>
+<p>In Python-based MVC applications, these <em>Models</em> are implemented as Python
+classes.</p>
+<p>The individual bits of data we want to know about are <em>attributes</em> of our
+classes.</p>
+<p>The actions we want to take using that data are <em>methods</em> of our classes.</p>
+<p>Together, we can refer to this as the <em>API</em> of our system.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">29</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id21">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Persistence</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>It's all well and good to have a set of Python classes that represent your
+system.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>But what happens when you want to <em>save</em> information.</p>
+<p>What happens to a instance of a Python class when you quit the interprer?</p>
+<p>When your script stops running?</p>
+<p>The code in a website runs when an HTTP request comes in from a client.</p>
+<p>It stops running when an HTTP response goes back out to the client.</p>
+<p>So what happens to the data in your system in-between these moments?</p>
+<p>The data must be <em>persisted</em></p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">30</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id22">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Alternatives</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>In the last class from part one of this series, you explored a number of
+alternatives for persistence</p>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>Python Literals</li>
+<li>Pickle/Shelf</li>
+<li>Interchange Files (CSV, XML, INI)</li>
+<li>Object Stores (ZODB, Durus)</li>
+<li>NoSQL Databases (MongoDB, CouchDB)</li>
+<li>SQL Databases (sqlite, MySQL, PostgreSQL, Oracle, SQLServer)</li>
+</ul>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Any of these might be useful for certain types of applications.</p>
+<p>On the web, you tend to see two used the most:</p>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>NoSQL</li>
+<li>SQL</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">31</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id23">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Choosing One</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>How do you choose one over the other?</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>In general, the telling factor is going to be how you intend to use your
+data.</p>
+<p>In systems where the dominant feature is viewing/interacting with
+individual objects, a NoSQL storage solution might be the best way to go.</p>
+<p>In systems with objects that are related to eachother, SQL-based Relational
+Databases are a better choice.</p>
+<p>Our system is more like this latter type (trust me on that one for now).</p>
+<p>We'll be using SQL (sqlite to start with).</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">32</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id24">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Objects and Tables</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>So we have a system where our data is captured in Python <em>objects</em></p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>And a storage system where our data must be rendered as database <em>tables</em></p>
+<p>Python provides a specification for interacting directly with databases:
+<a class="reference external" href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0249/">dbapi2</a></p>
+<p>And there are multiple Python packages that implement this specification
+for various databases:</p>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>sqlite3</li>
+<li>python-mysql</li>
+<li>psycopg2</li>
+<li>...</li>
+</ul>
+<p>With these, you can write SQL to save your Python objects into your
+database.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">33</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id25">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>ORMs</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>But that's a pain.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>SQL, while not impossible, is yet another language to learn.</p>
+<p>And there is a viable alternative in using an <em>Object Relational Manager</em>
+(ORM)</p>
+<p>An ORM provides a layer of <em>abstraction</em> between you and SQL</p>
+<p>You instantiate Python objects and set attributes on them</p>
+<p>The ORM handles converting data from these objects into SQL statements (and
+back)</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">34</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="sqlalchemy">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>SQLAlchemy</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>In our project we will be using the <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.sqlalchemy.org/en/rel_0_9/">SQLAlchemy</a> ORM.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>You can find SQLAlchemy among the packages in <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">requires</span></code> in <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">setup.py</span></code>
+in our new <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">learning_journal</span></code> package.</p>
+<p>However, we don't yet have that code installed.</p>
+<p>To do so, we will need to &quot;install&quot; our own package</p>
+<p>Make sure your <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ljenv</span></code> virtualenv is active and then type the following:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">(</span>ljenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>python setup.py develop
+running develop
+running egg_info
+creating learning_journal.egg-info
+...
+Finished processing dependencies <span class="k">for</span> learning-journal<span class="o">==</span>0.0
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">35</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id26">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>SQLAlchemy</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Once that is complete, all the <em>dependencies</em> listed in our <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">setup.py</span></code> will
+be installed.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>You can also install the package using <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">python</span> <span class="pre">setup.py</span> <span class="pre">install</span></code></p>
+<p>But using <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">develop</span></code> allows us to continue developing our package without
+needing to re-install it every time we change something.</p>
+<p>It is very similar to using the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">-e</span></code> option to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pip</span></code></p>
+<p>Now, we'll only need to re-run this command if we change <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">setup.py</span></code>
+itself.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">36</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id27">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>SQLAlchemy</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>We also need to adjust our <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">.gitignore</span></code> file:</p>
+<div class="build highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">(</span>ljenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>git status
+...
+Untracked files:
+  <span class="o">(</span>use <span class="s2">&quot;git add &lt;file&gt;...&quot;</span> to include in what will be committed<span class="o">)</span>
+
+    learning_journal.egg-info/
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">egg-info</span></code> directory that was just created is an artifact of
+installing a Python egg.</p>
+<p>It should never be committed to a repository.</p>
+<p>Let's add <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">*.egg-info</span></code> to our <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">.gitignore</span></code> file and then commit that
+change</p>
+<p>Remember how?</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">37</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id28">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Our First Model</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Our project skeleton contains up a first, basic model created for us:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c"># in models.py</span>
+<span class="n">Base</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">declarative_base</span><span class="p">()</span>
+
+<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">MyModel</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Base</span><span class="p">):</span>
+    <span class="n">__tablename__</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&#39;models&#39;</span>
+    <span class="nb">id</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Column</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Integer</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">primary_key</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">True</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="n">name</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Column</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Text</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="n">value</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Column</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Integer</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="n">Index</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;my_index&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">MyModel</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">unique</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">True</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">mysql_length</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">255</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Our class inherits from <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Base</span></code></p>
+<p>We ran into <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Base</span></code> earlier when discussing configuration.</p>
+<p>We were binding it to the database we wanted to use (the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">engine</span></code>)</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">38</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id29">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Base</span></code></h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Any class we create that inherits from this <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Base</span></code> becomes a <em>model</em></p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>It will be connected through the ORM to a table in our database.</p>
+<p>The name of the table is determined by the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__tablename__</span></code> special
+attribute.</p>
+<p>Other aspects of table configuration can also be controlled through special
+attributes</p>
+<p>Instances of the class, once saved, will become rows in the table.</p>
+<p>Attributes of the model that are instances of <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Column</span></code> will become
+columns in the table.</p>
+<p>You can learn much more in the <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.sqlalchemy.org/en/rel_0_9/orm/extensions/declarative/">Declarative</a> chapter of the SQLAlchemy docs</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">39</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id30">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Columns</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Each attribute of your model that will be persisted must be an instance of
+<a class="reference external" href="http://docs.sqlalchemy.org/en/rel_0_9/core/metadata.html#sqlalchemy.schema.Column">Column</a>.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Each instance requires <em>at least</em> a specific <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.sqlalchemy.org/en/rel_0_9/core/types.html">data type</a> (such as
+Integer).</p>
+<p>Additionally, you can control other aspects of the column such as it being
+a primary key.</p>
+<p>In the <em>declarative</em> style we are using, the name of the column in the
+database will default to the attribute name you assigned.</p>
+<p>If you wish, you may provide a name specifically.  It must be the first
+argument and must be a string.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">40</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="creating-the-database">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Creating The Database</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>We have a <em>model</em> which allows us to persist Python objects to an SQL database.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>But we're still missing one ingredient here.</p>
+<p>We need to create our database, or there will be nowhere for our data to
+go.</p>
+<p>Luckily, our <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pcreate</span></code> scaffold also gave us a convenient way to handle
+this:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c"># in setup.py</span>
+<span class="n">entry_points</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;&quot;&quot;</span><span class="se">\</span>
+<span class="s">[paste.app_factory]</span>
+<span class="s">main = learning_journal:main</span>
+<span class="s">[console_scripts]</span>
+<span class="s">initialize_learning_journal_db = learning_journal.scripts.initializedb:main</span>
+<span class="s">&quot;&quot;&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">console_script</span></code> set up as an entry point will help us.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">41</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id31">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Initializing the Database</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Let's look at that code for a moment.</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c"># in scripts/intitalizedb.py</span>
+<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">..models</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">DBSession</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">MyModel</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Base</span>
+<span class="c"># ...</span>
+<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">main</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">argv</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">sys</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">argv</span><span class="p">):</span>
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">argv</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">&lt;</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">:</span>
+        <span class="n">usage</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">argv</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="n">config_uri</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">argv</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">]</span>
+    <span class="n">options</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">parse_vars</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">argv</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">:])</span>
+    <span class="n">setup_logging</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">config_uri</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="n">settings</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">get_appsettings</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">config_uri</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">options</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">options</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="n">engine</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">engine_from_config</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">settings</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;sqlalchemy.&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="n">DBSession</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">configure</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">bind</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">engine</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="n">Base</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">metadata</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">create_all</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">engine</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">transaction</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">manager</span><span class="p">:</span>
+        <span class="n">model</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MyModel</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;one&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span>
+        <span class="n">DBSession</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">model</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">42</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id32">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Console Scripts</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>By connecting this function as a <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">console</span> <span class="pre">script</span></code>, our Python package makes
+this command available to us when we install it.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>When we exectute the script at the command line, we will be running this
+function.</p>
+<p>But before we try it out, let's update the name we use so we don't have to
+type that whole big mess.</p>
+<p>In <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">setup.py</span></code> change <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">initialize_learning_journal_db</span></code> to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">setup_db</span></code>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">entry_points</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;&quot;&quot;</span><span class="se">\</span>
+<span class="s">[paste.app_factory]</span>
+<span class="s">main = learning_journal:main</span>
+<span class="s">[console_scripts]</span>
+<span class="s">setup_db = learning_journal.scripts.initializedb:main</span>
+<span class="s">&quot;&quot;&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Then, as you have changed <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">setup.py</span></code>, re-install your package:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">(</span>ljenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>python setup.py develop
+...
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">43</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id33">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Running the Script</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Now that the script has been renamed, let's try it out.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>We'll need to provide a configuration file name, let's use
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">development.ini</span></code>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">(</span>ljenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>setup_db development.ini
+2015-01-05 18:59:55,426 INFO  <span class="o">[</span>sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine<span class="o">][</span>MainThread<span class="o">]</span> SELECT CAST<span class="o">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;test plain returns&#39;</span> AS VARCHAR<span class="o">(</span>60<span class="o">))</span> AS anon_1
+...
+2015-01-05 18:59:55,434 INFO  <span class="o">[</span>sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine<span class="o">][</span>MainThread<span class="o">]</span> COMMIT
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">[loggers]</span></code> configuration in our <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">.ini</span></code> file sends a stream of
+INFO-level logging to sys.stdout as the console script runs.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">44</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id34">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>A Bit More Cleanup</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>So what was the outcome of running that script?</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">(</span>ljenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>ls
+...
+learning_journal.sqlite
+...
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>We've now created an sqlite database.</p>
+<p>You'll need to add <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">*.sqlite</span></code> to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">.gitignore</span></code> so you don't
+inadvertently add that file to your repository.</p>
+<p>Once you've done so, commit the change to your repository</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">45</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="interacting-with-sqla-models">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Interacting with SQLA Models</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>It's pretty easy to play with your models from in an interpreter.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>But before we do so, let's make a nicer interpreter available for our
+project</p>
+<p>You've been using iPython in class, we can use it here too.</p>
+<p>Just install it with <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pip</span></code>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">(</span>ljenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>pip install ipython pyramid_ipython
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Once that finishes, you'll be able to use iPython as your interpreter for
+this project.</p>
+<p>And <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Pyramid</span></code> provides a way to connect your interpreter to the
+application code you are writing:</p>
+<p>The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pshell</span></code> command</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">46</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id35">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pshell</span></code> command</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Let's fire up <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pshell</span></code> and explore for a moment to see what we have at our
+disposal:</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">(</span>ljenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>pshell development.ini
+Python 3.5.0 <span class="o">(</span>default, Sep <span class="m">16</span> 2015, 10:42:55<span class="o">)</span>
+Type <span class="s2">&quot;copyright&quot;</span>, <span class="s2">&quot;credits&quot;</span> or <span class="s2">&quot;license&quot;</span> <span class="k">for</span> more information.
+
+IPython 4.0.1 -- An enhanced Interactive Python.
+?         -&gt; Introduction and overview of IPython<span class="s1">&#39;s features.</span>
+<span class="s1">%quickref -&gt; Quick reference.</span>
+<span class="s1">help      -&gt; Python&#39;</span>s own <span class="nb">help </span>system.
+object?   -&gt; Details about <span class="s1">&#39;object&#39;</span>, use <span class="s1">&#39;object??&#39;</span> <span class="k">for</span> extra details.
+
+Environment:
+  app          The WSGI application.
+  registry     Active Pyramid registry.
+  request      Active request object.
+  root         Root of the default resource tree.
+  root_factory Default root factory used to create <span class="sb">`</span>root<span class="sb">`</span>.
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">47</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id36">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Interacting with SQLA Models</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">environment</span></code> created by <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pshell</span></code> provides us with a few useful tools.</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre>app          The WSGI application.
+registry     Active Pyramid registry.
+request      Active request object.
+root         Root of the default resource tree.
+root_factory Default root factory used to create <span class="sb">`</span>root<span class="sb">`</span>.
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">app</span></code> is our new learning journal application</li>
+<li>The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">registry</span></code> provides us with access to settings and other useful
+information</li>
+<li>The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">request</span></code> is an artificial HTTP request we can use if we need to
+pretend we are listening to clients</li>
+<li>...</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">48</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id37">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Interacting with SQLA Models</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Let's use this environment to build a database session and interact with our
+data:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [1]: </span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">sqlalchemy</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">engine_from_config</span>
+<span class="gp">In [2]: </span><span class="n">engine</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">engine_from_config</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">registry</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">settings</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;sqlalchemy.&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">In [3]: </span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">sqlalchemy.orm</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">sessionmaker</span>
+<span class="gp">In [4]: </span><span class="n">Session</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">sessionmaker</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">bind</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">engine</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">In [5]: </span><span class="n">session</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Session</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">In [6]: </span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">learning_journal.models</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">MyModel</span>
+<span class="gp">In [7]: </span><span class="n">session</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">MyModel</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">all</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="go">...</span>
+<span class="go">2015-12-21 18:06:05,179 INFO  [sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine][MainThread] SELECT models.id AS models_id, models.name AS models_name, models.value AS models_value</span>
+<span class="go">FROM models</span>
+<span class="go">2015-12-21 18:06:05,179 INFO  [sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine][MainThread] ()</span>
+<span class="gh">Out[7]: </span><span class="go">[&lt;learning_journal.models.MyModel at 0x105f30208&gt;]</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>We've stolen a lot of this from the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">initializedb.py</span></code> script</p>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">49</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id38">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Basic Interactions</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Any interaction with the database requires a <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">session</span></code>.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>This object represents the connection to the database.</p>
+<p>All database queries are phrased as methods of the session.</p>
+<div class="container">
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [8]: </span><span class="n">query</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">session</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">MyModel</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">In [9]: </span><span class="nb">type</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">query</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gh">Out[9]: </span><span class="go">sqlalchemy.orm.query.Query</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">query</span></code> method of the session object returns a <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Query</span></code> object</p>
+</div>
+<p>Arguments to the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">query</span></code> method can be a <em>model</em> class or <em>columns</em> from
+a model class.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">50</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id39">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Queries are Iterators</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>You can iterate over a query object. The result depends on the args you passed.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [10]: </span><span class="n">q1</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">session</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">MyModel</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">In [11]: </span><span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">row</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">q1</span><span class="p">:</span>
+<span class="gp">   ....: </span>    <span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">row</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">   ....: </span>    <span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">type</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">row</span><span class="p">))</span>
+<span class="gp">   ....:</span>
+<span class="go">&lt;learning_journal.models.MyModel object at 0x105f30208&gt;</span>
+<span class="go">&lt;class &#39;learning_journal.models.MyModel&#39;&gt;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">51</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id40">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Queries are Iterators</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>You can iterate over a query object. The result depends on the args you passed.</p>
+<blockquote>
+<div><div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [12]: </span><span class="n">q2</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">session</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">MyModel</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">MyModel</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">id</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">MyModel</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">value</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">In [13]: </span><span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">id</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">val</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">q2</span><span class="p">:</span>
+<span class="gp">   ....: </span>    <span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">   ....: </span>    <span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">type</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">))</span>
+<span class="gp">   ....: </span>    <span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">id</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">   ....: </span>    <span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">type</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">id</span><span class="p">))</span>
+<span class="gp">   ....: </span>    <span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">val</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">   ....: </span>    <span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">type</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">val</span><span class="p">))</span>
+<span class="gp">   ....:</span>
+<span class="go">one</span>
+<span class="go">&lt;class &#39;str&#39;&gt;</span>
+<span class="go">1</span>
+<span class="go">&lt;class &#39;int&#39;&gt;</span>
+<span class="go">1</span>
+<span class="go">&lt;class &#39;int&#39;&gt;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div></blockquote>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">52</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id41">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Queries have SQL</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>You can view the SQL that your query will use:</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [14]: </span><span class="nb">str</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">q1</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gh">Out[14]: </span><span class="go">&#39;SELECT models.id AS models_id, models.name AS models_name, models.value AS models_value \nFROM models&#39;</span>
+
+<span class="gp">In [15]: </span><span class="nb">str</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">q2</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gh">Out[15]: </span><span class="go">&#39;SELECT models.name AS models_name, models.id AS models_id, models.value AS models_value \nFROM models&#39;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>You can use this to check that the query the ORM is constructing looks like
+you expect.</p>
+<p>It can be helpful in debugging.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">53</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id42">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Methods of the Query Object</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>The methods of the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Query</span></code> object fall into two rough categories</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<ol class="build arabic simple">
+<li>Methods that return a new <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Query</span></code> object</li>
+<li>Methods that return <em>scalar</em> values or <em>model</em> instances</li>
+</ol>
+<p>Let's start by looking quickly at a few methods from the second category</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">54</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id43">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">query.get()</span></code></h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>A good example of this category of methods is <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">get</span></code>, which returns one
+instance only.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>It takes a primary key as an argument:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [16]: </span><span class="n">session</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">MyModel</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gh">Out[16]: </span><span class="go">&lt;learning_journal.models.MyModel at 0x105f30208&gt;</span>
+<span class="gp">In [17]: </span><span class="n">session</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">MyModel</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">In [18]:</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>If no item with that primary key is present, then the method returns
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">None</span></code></p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">55</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id44">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">query.all()</span></code></h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Another example is one we've already seen.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">query.all()</span></code> returns a list of all rows returned by the database:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [18]: </span><span class="n">q1</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">all</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gh">Out[18]: </span><span class="go">[&lt;learning_journal.models.MyModel at 0x105f30208&gt;]</span>
+
+<span class="gp">In [19]: </span><span class="nb">type</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">q1</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">all</span><span class="p">())</span>
+<span class="gh">Out[19]: </span><span class="go">list</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">query.count()</span></code> returns the number of rows that would have been returned
+by the query:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [20]: </span><span class="n">q1</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">count</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gh">Out[20]: </span><span class="go">1</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">56</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id45">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Creating New Objects</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Before getting into the other category, let's learn how to create new objects.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<div class="container">
+<p>We can create new instances of our <em>model</em> just like normal Python
+objects:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [21]: </span><span class="n">new_model</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MyModel</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;fred&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">In [22]: </span><span class="n">new_model</span>
+<span class="gh">Out[22]: </span><span class="go">&lt;learning_journal.models.MyModel at 0x105f4af28&gt;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="container">
+<p>In this state, the instance is <em>ephemeral</em>, our <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">session</span></code> knows
+nothing about it:</p>
+<div class="highlight-pycon"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="go">In [23]: session.new</span>
+<span class="go">Out[23]: IdentitySet([])</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">57</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id46">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Adding Objects to the Session</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>For the database to know about our new object, we must <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">add</span></code> it to the
+session:</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [24]: </span><span class="n">session</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">new_model</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">In [25]: </span><span class="n">session</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">new</span>
+<span class="gh">Out[25]: </span><span class="go">IdentitySet([&lt;learning_journal.models.MyModel object at 0x105f4af28&gt;])</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>We can even bulk-add new objects:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [26]: </span><span class="n">new</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[]</span>
+<span class="gp">In [27]: </span><span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">val</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="p">[(</span><span class="s">&#39;bob&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">34</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;tom&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">13</span><span class="p">)]:</span>
+<span class="gp">   ....: </span>    <span class="n">new</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">append</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">MyModel</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">val</span><span class="p">))</span>
+<span class="gp">   ....:</span>
+<span class="gp">In [28]: </span><span class="n">session</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add_all</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">new</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">In [29]: </span><span class="n">session</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">new</span>
+<span class="gh">Out[29]: </span><span class="go">IdentitySet([&lt;learning_journal.models.MyModel object at 0x105f4af28&gt;,</span>
+<span class="go">                      &lt;learning_journal.models.MyModel object at 0x105f4a4a8&gt;,</span>
+<span class="go">                      &lt;learning_journal.models.MyModel object at 0x105f30550&gt;])</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">58</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id47">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Committing Changes</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Up until now, the changes you've made are not permanent.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>In order for these new objects to be saved to the database, the session
+must be <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">committed</span></code>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [30]: </span><span class="n">other_session</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Session</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">In [31]: </span><span class="n">other_session</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">MyModel</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">count</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gh">Out[31]: </span><span class="go">1</span>
+<span class="gp">In [32]: </span><span class="n">session</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">commit</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">In [33]: </span><span class="n">other_session</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">MyModel</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">count</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gh">Out[33]: </span><span class="go">4</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>When you are using a <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">scoped_session</span></code> in Pyramid, this action is
+automatically handled for you.</p>
+<p>The session that is bound to a particular HTTP request is committed when a
+response is sent back.</p>
+<p>(don't worry if this seems confusing, more to come next week)</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">59</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id48">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Altering Objects</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>You can edit objects that are already part of a session, or that are fetched by
+a query.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Simply change the values of a persisted attribute, the session will know
+it's been updated:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [34]: </span><span class="n">new_model</span>
+<span class="gh">Out[34]: </span><span class="go">&lt;learning_journal.models.MyModel at 0x105f4af28&gt;</span>
+<span class="gp">In [35]: </span><span class="n">new_model</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">name</span>
+<span class="gh">Out[35]: </span><span class="go">&#39;fred&#39;</span>
+<span class="gp">In [36]: </span><span class="n">new_model</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">name</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&#39;larry&#39;</span>
+<span class="gp">In [37]: </span><span class="n">session</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">dirty</span>
+<span class="gh">Out[37]: </span><span class="go">IdentitySet([&lt;learning_journal.models.MyModel object at 0x105f4af28&gt;])</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Commit the session to persist the changes:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [38]: </span><span class="n">session</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">commit</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">In [39]: </span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">model</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">name</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">model</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">other_session</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">MyModel</span><span class="p">)]</span>
+<span class="gh">Out[39]: </span><span class="go">[&#39;one&#39;, &#39;larry&#39;, &#39;bob&#39;, &#39;tom&#39;]</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">60</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id49">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Methods Returning Queries</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Returning to query methods, a good example of the second type is the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">filter</span></code>
+method.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>This method allows you to reduce the number of results, based on criteria:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [40]: </span><span class="p">[(</span><span class="n">o</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">o</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">value</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">o</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">session</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">MyModel</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">filter</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">MyModel</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">value</span> <span class="o">&lt;</span> <span class="mi">20</span><span class="p">)]</span>
+<span class="gh">Out[40]: </span><span class="go">[(&#39;one&#39;, 1), (&#39;larry&#39;, 3), (&#39;tom&#39;, 13)]</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">61</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id50">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">order_by</span></code></h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Another typical method in this category is <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">order_by</span></code>:</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [41]: </span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">o</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">value</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">o</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">session</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">MyModel</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">order_by</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">MyModel</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">value</span><span class="p">)]</span>
+<span class="gh">Out[41]: </span><span class="go">[1, 3, 13, 34]</span>
+
+<span class="gp">In [42]: </span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">o</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">name</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">o</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">session</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">MyModel</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">order_by</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">MyModel</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">)]</span>
+<span class="gh">Out[42]: </span><span class="go">[&#39;bob&#39;, &#39;larry&#39;, &#39;one&#39;, &#39;tom&#39;]</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">62</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id51">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Method Chaining</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Since methods in this category return <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Query</span></code> objects, they can be safely
+<em>chained</em> to build more complex queries:</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [43]: </span><span class="n">q1</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">session</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">MyModel</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">filter</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">MyModel</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">value</span> <span class="o">&lt;</span> <span class="mi">20</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">In [44]: </span><span class="n">q1</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">q1</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">order_by</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">MyModel</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">In [45]: </span><span class="p">[(</span><span class="n">o</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">o</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">value</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">o</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">q1</span><span class="p">]</span>
+<span class="gh">Out[45]: </span><span class="go">[(&#39;larry&#39;, 3), (&#39;one&#39;, 1), (&#39;tom&#39;, 13)]</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Note that you can do this inline as well
+(<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">s.query(Model).filter().order_by()</span></code>)</p>
+<p>Also note that when using chained queries like this, no query is actually
+sent to the database until you require a result.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">63</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="cleaning-up-after-ourselves">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Cleaning Up After Ourselves</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>When you are experimenting with a new system, you often create data that is
+messy or incomplete.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>It's good to remember that none of the information we've persisted to our
+database is vital to us.</p>
+<p>For homework this week we'll be making new models, and the data we have in
+our current database will only get in the way.</p>
+<p>Until you have real production data it is always safe simply to delete the
+database and start over:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="nv">$ </span>rm learning_journal.sqlite
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>You can always re-create it by executing <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">setup_db</span></code></p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">64</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-2" id="homework">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h2>Homework</h2>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p class="left">Okay, that's enough for the moment.</p>
+<div class="build left container">
+<p>You've learned quite a bit about how <em>models</em> work in SQLAlchemy</p>
+<p>It's time to put that knowledge to good use.</p>
+<p>For the first part of your assignment this week you will begin to define
+the data model for our learning journal application.</p>
+<p>I'll provide a specification, you define the model required to do the job.</p>
+<p>I'll also ask you to define a few methods to complete the first part of our
+API.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">65</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="the-model">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>The Model</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Our model will be called an <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Entry</span></code>. Here's what you need to know:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>It should be stored in a database table called <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">entries</span></code></li>
+<li>It should have a primary key field called <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">id</span></code></li>
+<li>It should have a <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">title</span></code> field which accepts unicode text up to 255 characters in length</li>
+<li>The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">title</span></code> should be unique and it should be impossible to save an
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">entry</span></code> without a <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">title</span></code>.</li>
+<li>It should have a <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">body</span></code> field which accepts unicode text of any length
+(including none)</li>
+<li>It should have a <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">created</span></code> field which stores the date and time the object
+was created.</li>
+<li>It should have an <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">edited</span></code> field which stores the date and time the object
+was last edited.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">66</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id52">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>The Model</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <ul class="simple">
+<li>Both the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">created</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">edited</span></code> field should default to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">now</span></code> if not
+provided when a new instance is constructed.</li>
+<li>The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">entry</span></code> class should support a classmethod <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">all</span></code> that returns all the
+entries in the database, ordered so that the most recent entry is first.</li>
+<li>The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">entry</span></code> class should support a classmethod <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">by_id</span></code> that returns a
+single entry, given an <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">id</span></code>.</li>
+</ul>
+<p>Remember that in order to have your new model table created, you will have to
+re-run the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">initialize_learning_journal_db</span></code> script after creating your model.</p>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">67</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id53">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Words of Advice</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Use the documentation linked in this presentation to assist you.  SQLAlchemy
+has fantastic documentation, but it can be a bit overwhelming.  Everything you
+require for this assignment is on one or more of the pages linked above.</p>
+<p>As you define this new model for our application, make frequent commits to your
+github repository. Remember to write meaningful commit messages.</p>
+<p>Don't be afraid to start up a Python interpreter and play with your model. Try
+things out. Learn how this all works by making mistakes. Remember the
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pshell</span></code> command and how we set up a session once the shell is running.</p>
+<p>Errors at the SQL level can sometimes leave your session unusable. To restore
+it, use the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">session.rollback()</span></code> method.  You'll lose uncommitted changes,
+but you'll gain a session that can be used again.</p>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">68</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id54">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Submitting Your Work</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>I want to be able to review your code (and you want to be able to share it).</p>
+<p>To submit this assignment, you'll need to add this learning_journal repository
+to GitHub.</p>
+<p>On the GitHub website you can create a new repository.  Set it up to be
+completely empty. Name it <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">learning_journal</span></code> and give it any description you
+like.</p>
+<p>When you've created an empty repository in GitHub, you should see a set of
+directions for connecting it to a repository that you've already built. Follow
+those instructions to connect your emtpy GitHub repository as the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">origin</span></code>
+remote to your <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">learning_journal</span></code> repository on your machine.</p>
+<p>Finally, push your <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">master</span></code> branch to your new <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">origin</span></code> remote on GitHub.</p>
+<p>When you are done, send me an email with the URL for your new repository.</p>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">69</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id55">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>The Model</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p><strong>Our work next week will assume that you have completed this assignment</strong></p>
+<p>Do not delay working on this until the last moment.</p>
+<p>Do not skip this assignment.</p>
+<p>Do ask questions frequently via email (use the <a class="reference external" href="https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/programming-in-python">class google group</a>).</p>
+<p>See you next week!</p>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">70</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>
+
+
+    <slide class="thank-you-slide segue nobackground">
+    <aside class="gdbar right"><img src="../_static/logo_UW.png"></aside>
+    <article class="flexbox vleft auto-fadein">
+      <h2>Good Night!</h2>
+      <p>&nbsp;</p>
+    </article>
+    <p class="auto-fadein" data-config-contact>
+      <!-- populated from slide_config.json -->
+    </p>
+  </slide>
+
+  <slide class="backdrop"></slide>
+
+</slides>
+
+<!--[if IE]>
+  <script src="http://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/chrome-frame/1/CFInstall.min.js"></script>
+  <script>CFInstall.check({mode: 'overlay'});</script>
+<![endif]-->
+</body>
+</html>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/slides/presentations/session06.html b/slides/presentations/session06.html
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f38d3770
--- /dev/null
+++ b/slides/presentations/session06.html
@@ -0,0 +1,1977 @@
+<!--
+Google IO 2012/2013 HTML5 Slide Template
+
+Authors: Eric Bidelman <ebidel@gmail.com>
+         Luke Mahé <lukem@google.com>
+
+URL: https://code.google.com/p/io-2012-slides
+--><!DOCTYPE html>
+
+
+<html>
+<head>
+  <title>Session 06 &mdash; Internet Programming with Python</title>
+  <meta charset="utf-8">
+  
+  <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="chrome=1">
+  <!--<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, minimum-scale=1.0">-->
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+  <link rel="stylesheet" media="all"
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+        href="../_static/theme/css/hieroglyph.css">
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+        href="../_static/theme/css/phone.css">
+
+    
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/custom.css"
+          type="text/css" />
+    
+
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/pygments.css" type="text/css" />
+  <base target="_blank"> <!-- This amazingness opens all links in a new tab. -->
+  
+    <script type="text/javascript">
+      var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = {
+        URL_ROOT:    '../',
+        VERSION:     '3.0',
+        COLLAPSE_INDEX: false,
+        FILE_SUFFIX: '.html',
+        HAS_SOURCE:  true
+      };
+    </script>
+
+    <script data-main="../_static/js/slides"
+            src="../_static/js/require-1.0.8.min.js"></script>
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script>
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/underscore.js"></script>
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/doctools.js"></script>
+    
+    <link rel="top" title="Internet Programming with Python" href="../index.html" />
+    <link rel="up" title="Course Presentations" href="index.html" />
+    <link rel="next" title="Session 07" href="session07.html" />
+    <link rel="prev" title="Session 05" href="session05.html" /> 
+</head>
+<body style="opacity: 0">
+
+<slides class="layout-widescreen">
+
+  <slide class="title-slide segue nobackground">
+  <aside class="gdbar"><img src="../_static/logo_UW.png"></aside>
+  <!-- The content of this hgroup is replaced programmatically through the slide_config.json. -->
+  <hgroup class="auto-fadein">
+    <h1 data-config-title><!-- populated from slide_config.json --></h1>
+    <h2 data-config-subtitle><!-- populated from slide_config.json --></h2>
+    <p data-config-presenter><!-- populated from slide_config.json --></p>
+  </hgroup>
+</slide>
+
+  
+    <slide class="title-slide segue nobackground level-1" id="session-06">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h1>Session 06</h1>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <a class="reference internal image-reference" href="../_images/lj_entry.png"><img alt="../_images/lj_entry.png" class="align-center" src="../_images/lj_entry.png" style="width: 65%;" /></a>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">1</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-2" id="interacting-with-data">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h2>Interacting with Data</h2>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p><strong>Wherein we learn to display our data, and to create and edit it too!</strong></p>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">2</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="but-first">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>But First</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Last week we discussed the <strong>model</strong> part of the <em>MVC</em> application design
+pattern.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>We set up a project using the <a class="reference external" href="http://www.pylonsproject.org/projects/pyramid/about">Pyramid</a> web framework and the <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.sqlalchemy.org/en/rel_0_9/">SQLAlchemy</a>
+library for persisting our data to a database.</p>
+<p>We looked at how to define a simple model by investigating the demo model
+created on our behalf.</p>
+<p>And we went over, briefly, the way we can interact with this model at the
+command line to make sure we've got it right.</p>
+<p>Finally, we defined what attributes a learning journal entry would have,
+and a pair of methods we think we will need to make the model complete.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">3</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="our-data-model">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Our Data Model</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Over the last week, your assignment was to create the new model.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Did you get that done?</p>
+<p>If not, what stopped you?</p>
+<p>Let's take a few minutes here to answer questions about this task so you
+are more comfortable.</p>
+<p>Questions?</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">4</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id4">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>A Complete Example</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>I've added a working <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">models.py</span></code> file to our <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/UWPCE-PythonCert/training.python_web/tree/master/resources/session06">class repository</a> in the
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">resources/session06/</span></code> folder.</p>
+<p>Let's review how it works.</p>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">5</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id5">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Demo Interaction</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>I've also made a few small changes to make the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pshell</span></code> command a bit more
+helpful.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>In <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">learning_journal/__init__.py</span></code> I added the following function:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">create_session</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">settings</span><span class="p">):</span>
+    <span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">sqlalchemy.orm</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">sessionmaker</span>
+    <span class="n">engine</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">engine_from_config</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">settings</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;sqlalchemy.&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="n">Session</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">sessionmaker</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">bind</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">engine</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">Session</span><span class="p">()</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Then, in <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">development.ini</span></code> I added the following configuration:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ini"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">[pshell]</span>
+<span class="na">create_session</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">learning_journal.create_session</span>
+<span class="na">entry</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">learning_journal.models.Entry</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">6</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id6">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Using the new <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pshell</span></code></h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Here's a demo interaction using <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pshell</span></code> with these new features:</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>First <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">cd</span></code> to your project code, fire up your project virtualenv and
+start python:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="nv">$ </span><span class="nb">cd </span>projects/learning-journal/learning_journal
+<span class="nv">$ </span><span class="nb">source</span> ../ljenv/bin/activate
+<span class="o">(</span>ljenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>pshell development.ini
+Python 3.5.0 <span class="o">(</span>default, Sep <span class="m">16</span> 2015, 10:42:55<span class="o">)</span>
+...
+Environment:
+  app          The WSGI application.
+  ...
+Custom Variables:
+  create_session learning_journal.create_session
+  entry        learning_journal.models.Entry
+
+In <span class="o">[</span>1<span class="o">]</span>: <span class="nv">session</span> <span class="o">=</span> create_session<span class="o">(</span>registry.settings<span class="o">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>[demo]</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">7</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-2" id="the-mvc-controller">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h2>The MVC Controller</h2>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <div class="left container">
+<p>Let's go back to thinking for a bit about the <em>Model-View-Controller</em>
+pattern.</p>
+<div class="figure align-center" id="id1">
+<a class="reference internal image-reference" href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/40/MVC_passive_view.png"><img alt="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/40/MVC_passive_view.png" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/40/MVC_passive_view.png" style="width: 25%;" /></a>
+<p class="caption"><span class="caption-text">By Alan Evangelista (Own work) [CC0], via Wikimedia Commons</span></p>
+</div>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>We talked last week (and today) about the <em>model</em></p>
+<p>Today, we'll dig into <em>controllers</em> and <em>views</em></p>
+<p>or as we will know them in Pyramid: <em>views</em> and <em>renderers</em></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">8</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="http-request-response">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>HTTP Request/Response</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Internet software is driven by the HTTP Request/Response cycle.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>A <em>client</em> (perhaps a user with a web browser) makes a <strong>request</strong></p>
+<p>A <em>server</em> receives and handles that request and returns a <strong>response</strong></p>
+<p>The <em>client</em> receives the response and views it, perhaps making a new
+<strong>request</strong></p>
+<p>And around and around it goes.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">9</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id7">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>URLs</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>An HTTP request arrives at a server through the magic of a <strong>URL</strong></p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre>http://uwpce-pythoncert.github.io/training.python_web/html/index.html
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Let's break that up into its constituent parts:</p>
+<dl class="build docutils">
+<dt>http://:</dt>
+<dd>This part is the <em>protocol</em>, it determines how the request will be sent</dd>
+<dt>uwpce-pythoncert.github.io:</dt>
+<dd>This is a <em>domain name</em>.  It's the human-facing address for a server
+somewhere.</dd>
+<dt>/training.python_web/html/index.html:</dt>
+<dd>This part is the <em>path</em>.  It serves as a locator for a resource <em>on the
+server</em></dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">10</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id8">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Paths</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>In a static website (like our documentation) the <em>path</em> identifies a <strong>physical
+location</strong> in the server's filesystem.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Some directory on the server is the <em>home</em> for the web process, and the
+<em>path</em> is looked up there.</p>
+<p>Whatever resource (a file, an image, whatever) is located there is returned
+to the user as a response.</p>
+<p>If the path leads to a location that doesn't exist, the server responds
+with a <strong>404 Not Found</strong> error.</p>
+<p>In the golden days of yore, this was the only way content was served via
+HTTP.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">11</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id9">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Paths in an MVC System</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>In todays world we have dynamic systems, server-side web frameworks like
+Pyramid.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>The requests that you send to a server are handled by a software process
+that assembles a response instead of looking up a physical location.</p>
+<p>But we still have URLs, with <em>protocol</em>, <em>domain</em> and <em>path</em>.</p>
+<p>What is the role for a path in a process that doesn't refer to a physical
+file system?</p>
+<p>Most web frameworks now call the <em>path</em> a <strong>route</strong>.</p>
+<p>They provide a way of matching <em>routes</em> to the code that will be run to
+handle requests.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">12</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="routes-in-pyramid">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Routes in Pyramid</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>In Pyramid, routes are handled as <em>configuration</em> and are set up in the <em>main</em>
+function in <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__init__.py</span></code>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c"># learning_journal/__init__.py</span>
+<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">main</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">global_config</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">settings</span><span class="p">):</span>
+    <span class="c"># ...</span>
+    <span class="n">config</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add_route</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;home&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;/&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="c"># ...</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Our code template created a sample route for us, using the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">add_route</span></code>
+method of the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Configurator</span></code> class.</p>
+<p>The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">add_route</span></code> method has two required arguments: a <em>name</em> and a
+<em>pattern</em></p>
+<p>In our sample route, the <em>name</em> is <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'home'</span></code></p>
+<p>In our sample route, the <em>pattern</em> is <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'/'</span></code></p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">13</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id10">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Routes in Pyramid</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>When a request comes in to a Pyramid application, the framework looks at all
+the <em>routes</em> that have been configured.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>One by one, in order, it tries to match the <em>path</em> of the incoming request
+against the <em>pattern</em> of the route.</p>
+<p>As soon as a <em>pattern</em> matches the <em>path</em> from the incoming request, that
+route is used and no further matching is performed.</p>
+<p>If no route is found that matches, then the request will automatically get
+a <strong>404 Not Found</strong> error response.</p>
+<p>In our sample app, we have one sample <em>route</em> named <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'home'</span></code>, with a
+pattern of <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">/</span></code>.</p>
+<p>This means that any request that comes in for <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">/</span></code> will be matched to this
+route, and any other request will be <strong>404</strong>.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">14</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id11">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Routes as API</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>In a very real sense, the <em>routes</em> defined in an application <em>are</em> the public
+API.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Any route that is present represents something the user can do.</p>
+<p>Any route that is not present is something the user cannot do.</p>
+<p>You can use the proper definition of routes to help conceptualize what your
+app will do.</p>
+<p>What routes might we want for a learning journal application?</p>
+<p>What will our application do?</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">15</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id12">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Defining our Routes</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Let's add routes for our application.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Open <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">learning_journal/__init__.py</span></code>.</p>
+<p>For our list page, the existing <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'home'</span></code> route will do fine, leave it.</p>
+<p>Add the following two routes:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">config</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add_route</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;home&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;/&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c"># already there</span>
+<span class="n">config</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add_route</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;detail&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;/journal/{id:\d+}&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="n">config</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add_route</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;action&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;/journal/{action}&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'detail'</span></code> route will serve a single journal entry, identified by an
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">id</span></code>.</p>
+<p>The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">action</span></code> route will serve <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">create</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">edit</span></code> views, depending on
+the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">action</span></code> specified.</p>
+<p>In both cases, we want to capture a portion of the matched path to use
+information it provides.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">16</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id13">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Matching an ID</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>In a pattern, you can capture a <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">path</span> <span class="pre">segment</span></code> <em>replacement
+marker</em>, a valid Python symbol surrounded by curly braces:</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>/home/{foo}/
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>If you want to match a particular pattern, like digits only, add a
+<em>regular expression</em>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>/journal/{id:\d+}
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Matched path segments are captured in a <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">matchdict</span></code>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre># pattern          # actual url   # matchdict
+/journal/{id:\d+}  /journal/27    {&#39;id&#39;: &#39;27&#39;}
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">matchdict</span></code> is made available as an attribute of the <em>request object</em></p>
+<p>(more on that soon)</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">17</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id14">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Connecting Routes to Views</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>In Pyramid, a <em>route</em> is connected by configuration to a <em>view</em>.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>In our app, a sample view has been created for us, in <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">views.py</span></code>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="nd">@view_config</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">route_name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;home&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">renderer</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;templates/mytemplate.pt&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">my_view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">request</span><span class="p">):</span>
+    <span class="c"># ...</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The order in which <em>routes</em> are configured <em>is important</em>, so that must be
+done in <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__init__.py</span></code>.</p>
+<p>The order in which views are connected to routes <em>is not important</em>, so the
+<em>declarative</em> <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">&#64;view_config</span></code> decorator can be used.</p>
+<p>When <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">config.scan</span></code> is called, all files in our application are searched
+for such <em>declarative configuration</em> and it is added.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">18</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="the-pyramid-view">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>The Pyramid View</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Let's imagine that a <em>request</em> has come to our application for the path
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'/'</span></code>.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>The framework made a match of that path to a <em>route</em> with the pattern <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'/'</span></code>.</p>
+<p>Configuration connected that route to a <em>view</em> in our application.</p>
+<p>Now, the view that was connected will be <em>called</em>, which brings us to the
+nature of <em>views</em></p>
+<p class="centered">--A Pyramid view is a <em>callable</em> that takes <em>request</em> as an argument--</p>
+<p>Remember what a <em>callable</em> is?</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">19</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id15">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>What the View Does</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>So, a <em>view</em> is a callable that takes the <em>request</em> as an argument.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>It can then use information from that request to build appropriate data,
+perhaps using the application's <em>models</em>.</p>
+<p>Then, it returns the data it assembled, passing it on to a <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.pylonsproject.org/projects/pyramid/en/1.5-branch/narr/renderers.html">renderer</a>.</p>
+<p>Which <em>renderer</em> to use is determined, again, by configuration:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="nd">@view_config</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">route_name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;home&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">renderer</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;templates/mytemplate.pt&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">my_view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">request</span><span class="p">):</span>
+    <span class="c"># ...</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>More about this in a moment.</p>
+<p>The <em>view</em> stands at the intersection of <em>input data</em>, the application
+<em>model</em> and <em>renderers</em> that offer rendering of the results.</p>
+<p>It is the <em>Controller</em> in our MVC application.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">20</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id16">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Adding Stub Views</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Add temporary views to our application in <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">views.py</span></code> (and comment out the
+sample view):</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="nd">@view_config</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">route_name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;home&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">renderer</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;string&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">index_page</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">request</span><span class="p">):</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="s">&#39;list page&#39;</span>
+
+<span class="nd">@view_config</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">route_name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;detail&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">renderer</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;string&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">request</span><span class="p">):</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="s">&#39;detail page&#39;</span>
+
+<span class="nd">@view_config</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">route_name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;action&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">match_param</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;action=create&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">renderer</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;string&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">create</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">request</span><span class="p">):</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="s">&#39;create page&#39;</span>
+
+<span class="nd">@view_config</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">route_name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;action&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">match_param</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;action=edit&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">renderer</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;string&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">update</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">request</span><span class="p">):</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="s">&#39;edit page&#39;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">21</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id17">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Testing Our Views</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Now we can verify that our view configuration has worked.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Make sure your virtualenv is properly activated, and start the web server:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">(</span>ljenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>pserve development.ini
+Starting server in PID 84467.
+serving on http://0.0.0.0:6543
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Then try viewing some of the expected application urls:</p>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://localhost:6543/">http://localhost:6543/</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://localhost:6543/journal/1">http://localhost:6543/journal/1</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://localhost:6543/journal/create">http://localhost:6543/journal/create</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://localhost:6543/journal/edit">http://localhost:6543/journal/edit</a></li>
+</ul>
+<p>What happens if you visit a URL that <em>isn't</em> in our configuration?</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">22</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id18">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Interacting With the Model</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Now that we've got temporary views that work, we can fix them to get
+information from our database</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>We'll begin with the list view.</p>
+<p>We need some code that will fetch all the journal entries we've written, in
+reverse order, and hand that collection back for rendering.</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">.models</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="p">(</span>
+    <span class="n">DBSession</span><span class="p">,</span>
+    <span class="n">MyModel</span><span class="p">,</span>
+    <span class="n">Entry</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="c"># &lt;- Add this import</span>
+<span class="p">)</span>
+
+<span class="c"># and update this view function</span>
+<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">index_page</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">request</span><span class="p">):</span>
+    <span class="n">entries</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Entry</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">all</span><span class="p">()</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="s">&#39;entries&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">entries</span><span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">23</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id19">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Using the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">matchdict</span></code></h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Next, we want to write the view for a single entry.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>We'll need to use the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">id</span></code> value our route captures into the
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">matchdict</span></code>.</p>
+<p>Remember that the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">matchdict</span></code> is an attribute of the request.</p>
+<p>We'll get the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">id</span></code> from there, and use it to get the correct entry.</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c"># add this import at the top</span>
+<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">pyramid.httpexceptions</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">HTTPNotFound</span>
+
+<span class="c"># and update this view function:</span>
+<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">request</span><span class="p">):</span>
+    <span class="n">this_id</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">request</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">matchdict</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;id&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="n">entry</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Entry</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">by_id</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">this_id</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="n">entry</span><span class="p">:</span>
+        <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">HTTPNotFound</span><span class="p">()</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="s">&#39;entry&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">entry</span><span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">24</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id20">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Testing Our Views</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>We can now verify that these views work correctly.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Make sure your virtualenv is properly activated, and start the web server:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">(</span>ljenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>pserve development.ini
+Starting server in PID 84467.
+serving on http://0.0.0.0:6543
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Then try viewing the list page and an entry page:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://localhost:6543">http://localhost:6543</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://localhost:6543/journal/1">http://localhost:6543/journal/1</a></li>
+</ul>
+<p>What happens when you request an entry with an id that isn't in the
+database?</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://localhost:6543/journal/100">http://localhost:6543/journal/100</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">25</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-2" id="the-mvc-view">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h2>The MVC View</h2>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <div class="left container">
+<p>Again, back to the <em>Model-View-Controller</em> pattern.</p>
+<div class="figure align-center" id="id2">
+<a class="reference internal image-reference" href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/40/MVC_passive_view.png"><img alt="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/40/MVC_passive_view.png" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/40/MVC_passive_view.png" style="width: 25%;" /></a>
+<p class="caption"><span class="caption-text">By Alan Evangelista (Own work) [CC0], via Wikimedia Commons</span></p>
+</div>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>We've built a <em>model</em> and we've created some <em>controllers</em> that use it.</p>
+<p>In Pyramid, we call <em>controllers</em> <strong>views</strong> and they are callables that
+take <em>request</em> as an argument.</p>
+<p>Let's turn to the last piece of the <em>MVC</em> patter, the <em>view</em></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">26</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="presenting-data">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Presenting Data</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>The job of the <em>view</em> in the <em>MVC</em> pattern is to present data in a format that
+is readable to the user of the system.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>There are many ways to present data.</p>
+<p>Some are readable by humans (tables, charts, graphs, HTML pages, text
+files).</p>
+<p>Some are more for machines (xml files, csv, json).</p>
+<p>Which of these formats is the <em>right one</em> depends on your purpose.</p>
+<p>What is the purpose of our learning journal?</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">27</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="pyramid-renderers">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Pyramid Renderers</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>In Pyramid, the job of presenting data is performed by a <em>renderer</em>.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>So we can consider the Pyramid <strong>renderer</strong> to be the <em>view</em> in our <em>MVC</em>
+app.</p>
+<p>We've already seen how we can connect a <em>renderer</em> to a Pyramid <em>view</em> with
+configuration.</p>
+<p>In fact, we have already done so, using a built-in renderer called
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'string'</span></code>.</p>
+<p>This renderer converts the return value of its <em>view</em> to a string and sends
+that back to the client as an HTTP response.</p>
+<p>But the result isn't so nice looking.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">28</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id21">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Template Renderers</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>The <cite>built-in renderers</cite> (<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'string'</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'json'</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'jsonp'</span></code>) in Pyramid are
+not the only ones available.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>There are add-ons to Pyramid that support using various <em>template
+languages</em> as renderers.</p>
+<p>In fact, one of these was installed by default when you created this
+project.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">29</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id22">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Configuring a Template Renderer</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c"># in setup.py</span>
+<span class="n">requires</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span>
+    <span class="c"># ...</span>
+    <span class="s">&#39;pyramid_chameleon&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+    <span class="c"># ...</span>
+<span class="p">]</span>
+
+<span class="c"># in learning_journal/__init__.py</span>
+<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">main</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">global_config</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">settings</span><span class="p">):</span>
+    <span class="c"># ...</span>
+    <span class="n">config</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">include</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;pyramid_chameleon&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>The <cite>pyramid_chameleon</cite> package supports using the <cite>chameleon</cite> template
+language.</p>
+<p>The language is quite nice and powerful, but not so easy to learn.</p>
+<p>Let's use a different one, <em>jinja2</em></p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">30</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id23">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Changing Template Renderers</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Change <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pyramid_chameleon</span></code> to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pyramid_jinja2</span></code> in both of these files:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c"># in setup.py</span>
+<span class="n">requires</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span>
+    <span class="c"># ...</span>
+    <span class="s">&#39;pyramid_jinja2&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+    <span class="c"># ...</span>
+<span class="p">]</span>
+
+<span class="c"># in learning_journal/__init__.py</span>
+<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">main</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">global_config</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">settings</span><span class="p">):</span>
+    <span class="c"># ...</span>
+    <span class="n">config</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">include</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;pyramid_jinja2&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">31</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id24">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Picking up the Changes</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>We've changed the dependencies for our Pyramid project.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>As a result, we will need to re-install it so the new dependencies are also
+installed:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre>(ljenv)$ python setup.py develop
+...
+Finished processing dependencies for learning-journal==0.0
+(ljenv)$
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Now, we can use <em>Jinja2</em> templates in our project.</p>
+<p>Let's learn a bit about how <a class="reference external" href="http://jinja.pocoo.org/docs/templates/">Jinja2 templates</a> work.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">32</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="jinja2-template-basics">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Jinja2 Template Basics</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>We'll start with the absolute basics.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Fire up an iPython interpreter, using your <cite>ljenv</cite> virtualenv:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">(</span>ljenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>ipython
+...
+In <span class="o">[</span>1<span class="o">]</span>:
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Then import the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Template</span></code> class from the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">jinja2</span></code> package:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [1]: </span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">jinja2</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">Template</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">33</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id25">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Templates are Strings</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>A template is constructed with a simple string:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [2]: </span><span class="n">t1</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Template</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;Hello {{ name }}, how are you&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Here, we've simply typed the string directly, but it is more common to
+build a template from the contents of a <em>file</em>.</p>
+<p>Notice that our string has some odd stuff in it: <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">{{</span> <span class="pre">name</span> <span class="pre">}}</span></code>.</p>
+<p>This is called a <em>placeholder</em> and when the template is <em>rendered</em> it is
+replaced.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">34</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id26">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Rendering a Template</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Call the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">render</span></code> method, providing <em>context</em>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [3]: </span><span class="n">t1</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">render</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;Freddy&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gh">Out[3]: </span><span class="go">&#39;Hello Freddy, how are you&#39;</span>
+<span class="gp">In [4]: </span><span class="n">t1</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">render</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;Gloria&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gh">Out[4]: </span><span class="go">&#39;Hello Gloria, how are you&#39;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="build container">
+<p><em>Context</em> can either be keyword arguments, or a dictionary</p>
+<p>Note the resemblance to something you've seen before:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="s">&quot;This is {owner}&#39;s string&quot;</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">format</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">owner</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;Cris&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="go">&#39;This is Cris&#39;s string&#39;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">35</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id27">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Dictionaries in Context</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Dictionaries passed in as part of the <em>context</em> can be addressed with <em>either</em>
+subscript or dotted notation:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [5]: </span><span class="n">person</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="s">&#39;first_name&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">&#39;Frank&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+<span class="gp">   ...: </span>          <span class="s">&#39;last_name&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">&#39;Herbert&#39;</span><span class="p">}</span>
+<span class="gp">In [6]: </span><span class="n">t2</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Template</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;{{ person.last_name }}, {{ person[&#39;first_name&#39;] }}&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">In [7]: </span><span class="n">t2</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">render</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">person</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">person</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gh">Out[7]: </span><span class="go">&#39;Herbert, Frank&#39;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>Jinja2 will try the <em>correct</em> way first (attr for dotted, item for
+subscript).</li>
+<li>If nothing is found, it will try the opposite.</li>
+<li>If nothing is found, it will return an <em>undefined</em> object.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">36</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id28">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Objects in Context</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>The exact same is true of objects passed in as part of <em>context</em>:</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [8]: </span><span class="n">t3</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Template</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;{{ obj.x }} + {{ obj[&#39;y&#39;] }} = Fun!&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">In [9]: </span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Game</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">object</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">   ...: </span>    <span class="n">x</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&#39;babies&#39;</span>
+<span class="gp">   ...: </span>    <span class="n">y</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&#39;bubbles&#39;</span>
+<span class="gp">   ...:</span>
+<span class="gp">In [10]: </span><span class="n">bathtime</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Game</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">In [11]: </span><span class="n">t3</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">render</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">obj</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">bathtime</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gh">Out[11]: </span><span class="go">&#39;babies + bubbles = Fun!&#39;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>This means your templates can be agnostic as to the nature of the
+things found in <em>context</em></p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">37</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id29">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Filtering values in Templates</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>You can apply <a class="reference external" href="http://jinja.pocoo.org/docs/dev/templates/#filters">filters</a> to the data passed in <em>context</em> with the pipe ('|')
+operator:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [12]: </span><span class="n">t4</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Template</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;shouted: {{ phrase|upper }}&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">In [13]: </span><span class="n">t4</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">render</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">phrase</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;this is very important&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gh">Out[13]: </span><span class="go">&#39;shouted: THIS IS VERY IMPORTANT&#39;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>You can also chain filters together:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [14]: </span><span class="n">t5</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Template</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;confusing: {{ phrase|upper|reverse }}&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">In [15]: </span><span class="n">t5</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">render</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">phrase</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;howdy doody&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gh">Out[15]: </span><span class="go">&#39;confusing: YDOOD YDWOH&#39;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">38</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id30">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Control Flow</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Logical <a class="reference external" href="http://jinja.pocoo.org/docs/dev/templates/#list-of-control-structures">control structures</a> are also available:</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [16]: </span><span class="n">tmpl</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
+<span class="gp">   ....: </span><span class="s">{</span><span class="si">% f</span><span class="s">or item in list %}{{ item}}, {</span><span class="si">% e</span><span class="s">ndfor %}</span>
+<span class="gp">   ....: </span><span class="s">&quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
+<span class="gp">In [17]: </span><span class="n">t6</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Template</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">tmpl</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">In [18]: </span><span class="n">t6</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">render</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">list</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s">&#39;a&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;b&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;c&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;d&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;e&#39;</span><span class="p">])</span>
+<span class="gh">Out[18]: </span><span class="go">&#39;\na, b, c, d, e, &#39;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Any control structure introduced in a template <strong>must</strong> be paired with an
+explicit closing tag (<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">{%</span> <span class="pre">for</span> <span class="pre">%}...{%</span> <span class="pre">endfor</span> <span class="pre">%}</span></code>)</p>
+<p>Remember, although template tags like <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">{%</span> <span class="pre">for</span> <span class="pre">%}</span></code> or <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">{%</span> <span class="pre">if</span> <span class="pre">%}</span></code> look a
+lot like Python, <em>they are not</em>.</p>
+<p>The syntax is specific and must be followed correctly.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">39</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id31">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Template Tests</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>There are a number of specialized <em>tests</em> available for use with the
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">if...elif...else</span></code> control structure:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [19]: </span><span class="n">tmpl</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
+<span class="gp">   ....: </span><span class="s">{</span><span class="si">% i</span><span class="s">f phrase is upper %}</span>
+<span class="gp">   ....: </span><span class="s">  {{ phrase|lower }}</span>
+<span class="gp">   ....: </span><span class="s">{</span><span class="si">% e</span><span class="s">lif phrase is lower %}</span>
+<span class="gp">   ....: </span><span class="s">  {{ phrase|upper }}</span>
+<span class="gp">   ....: </span><span class="s">{</span><span class="si">% e</span><span class="s">lse %}{{ phrase }}{</span><span class="si">% e</span><span class="s">ndif %}&quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
+<span class="gp">In [20]: </span><span class="n">t7</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Template</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">tmpl</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">In [21]: </span><span class="n">t7</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">render</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">phrase</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;FOO&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gh">Out[21]: </span><span class="go">&#39;\n\n  foo\n&#39;</span>
+<span class="gp">In [22]: </span><span class="n">t7</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">render</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">phrase</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;bar&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gh">Out[22]: </span><span class="go">&#39;\n\n  BAR\n&#39;</span>
+<span class="gp">In [23]: </span><span class="n">t7</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">render</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">phrase</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;This should print as-is&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gh">Out[23]: </span><span class="go">&#39;\nThis should print as-is&#39;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">40</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id32">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Basic Expressions</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Basic <a class="reference external" href="http://jinja.pocoo.org/docs/dev/templates/#expressions">Python-like expressions</a> are also supported:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [24]: </span><span class="n">tmpl</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
+<span class="gp">   ....: </span><span class="s">{</span><span class="si">% s</span><span class="s">et sum = 0 %}</span>
+<span class="gp">   ....: </span><span class="s">{</span><span class="si">% f</span><span class="s">or val in values %}</span>
+<span class="gp">   ....: </span><span class="s">{{ val }}: {{ sum + val }}</span>
+<span class="gp">   ....: </span><span class="s">  {</span><span class="si">% s</span><span class="s">et sum = sum + val %}</span>
+<span class="gp">   ....: </span><span class="s">{</span><span class="si">% e</span><span class="s">ndfor %}</span>
+<span class="gp">   ....: </span><span class="s">&quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
+<span class="gp">In [25]: </span><span class="n">t8</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Template</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">tmpl</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">In [26]: </span><span class="n">t8</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">render</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">values</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="nb">range</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">11</span><span class="p">))</span>
+<span class="gh">Out[26]: </span><span class="go">&#39;\n\n\n1: 1\n  \n\n2: 3\n  \n\n3: 6\n  \n\n4: 10\n</span>
+<span class="go">          \n\n5: 15\n  \n\n6: 21\n  \n\n7: 28\n  \n\n8: 36\n</span>
+<span class="go">          \n\n9: 45\n  \n\n10: 55\n  \n\n&#39;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">41</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="our-templates">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Our Templates</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>There's more that Jinja2 templates can do, but it will be easier to introduce
+you to that in the context of a working template.  So let's make some.</p>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">42</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id33">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Detail Template</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>We have a Pyramid view that returns a single entry. Let's create a template to
+show it.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>In <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">learning_journal/templates</span></code> create a new file <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">detail.jinja2</span></code>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-jinja"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="x">&lt;article&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">  &lt;h1&gt;</span><span class="cp">{{</span> <span class="nv">entry.title</span> <span class="cp">}}</span><span class="x">&lt;/h1&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">  &lt;hr/&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">  &lt;p&gt;</span><span class="cp">{{</span> <span class="nv">entry.body</span> <span class="cp">}}</span><span class="x">&lt;/p&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">  &lt;hr/&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">  &lt;p&gt;Created &lt;strong title=&quot;</span><span class="cp">{{</span> <span class="nv">entry.created</span> <span class="cp">}}</span><span class="x">&quot;&gt;</span><span class="cp">{{</span><span class="nv">entry.created</span><span class="cp">}}</span><span class="x">&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">&lt;/article&gt;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Then wire it up to the detail view in <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">views.py</span></code>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c"># views.py</span>
+<span class="nd">@view_config</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">route_name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;detail&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">renderer</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;templates/detail.jinja2&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">request</span><span class="p">):</span>
+    <span class="c"># ...</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">43</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id34">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Try It Out</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Now we should be able to see some rendered HTML for our journal entry details.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Start up your server:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">(</span>ljenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>pserve development.ini
+Starting server in PID 90536.
+serving on http://0.0.0.0:6543
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Then try viewing an individual journal entry</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://localhost:6543/journal/1">http://localhost:6543/journal/1</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">44</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id35">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Listing Page</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>The index page of our journal should show a list of journal entries, let's do
+that next.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>In <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">learning_journal/templates</span></code> create a new file <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">list.jinja2</span></code>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-jinja"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="nv">entries</span> <span class="cp">%}</span><span class="x"></span>
+<span class="x">&lt;h2&gt;Journal Entries&lt;/h2&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">&lt;ul&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">  </span><span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="nv">entry</span> <span class="k">in</span> <span class="nv">entries</span> <span class="cp">%}</span><span class="x"></span>
+<span class="x">    &lt;li&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">    &lt;a href=&quot;</span><span class="cp">{{</span> <span class="nv">request.route_url</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;detail&#39;</span><span class="o">,</span> <span class="nv">id</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="nv">entry.id</span><span class="o">)</span> <span class="cp">}}</span><span class="x">&quot;&gt;</span><span class="cp">{{</span> <span class="nv">entry.title</span> <span class="cp">}}</span><span class="x">&lt;/a&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">    &lt;/li&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">  </span><span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">endfor</span> <span class="cp">%}</span><span class="x"></span>
+<span class="x">&lt;/ul&gt;</span>
+<span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">else</span> <span class="cp">%}</span><span class="x"></span>
+<span class="x">&lt;p&gt;This journal is empty&lt;/p&gt;</span>
+<span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">endif</span> <span class="cp">%}</span><span class="x"></span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">45</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id36">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Our Templates</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>It's worth taking a look at a few specifics of this template.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<div class="highlight-jinja"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="nv">entry</span> <span class="k">in</span> <span class="nv">entries</span> <span class="cp">%}</span><span class="x"></span>
+<span class="x"> ...</span>
+<span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">endfor</span> <span class="cp">%}</span><span class="x"></span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Jinja2 templates are rendered with a <em>context</em>.</p>
+<p>A Pyramid <em>view</em> returns a dictionary, which is passed to the renderer as
+part of of that <em>context</em></p>
+<p>This means we can access values we return from our <em>view</em> in the <em>renderer</em>
+using the names we assigned to them.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">46</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id37">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Our Templates</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>It's worth taking a look at a few specifics of this template.</p>
+<blockquote>
+<div><div class="highlight-jinja"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="x">&lt;a href=&quot;</span><span class="cp">{{</span> <span class="nv">request.route_url</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;detail&#39;</span><span class="o">,</span> <span class="nv">id</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="nv">entry.id</span><span class="o">)</span> <span class="cp">}}</span><span class="x">&quot;&gt;</span><span class="cp">{{</span> <span class="nv">entry.title</span> <span class="cp">}}</span><span class="x">&lt;/a&gt;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The <em>request</em> object is also placed in the context by Pyramid.</p>
+<p>Request has a method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">route_url</span></code> that will create a URL for a named
+route.</p>
+<p>This allows you to include URLs in your template without needing to know
+exactly what they will be.</p>
+<p>This process is called <em>reversing</em>, since it's a bit like a reverse phone
+book lookup.</p>
+</div></blockquote>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">47</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id38">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Our Templates</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Finally, you'll need to connect this new renderer to your listing view:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="nd">@view_config</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">route_name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;home&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">renderer</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;templates/list.jinja2&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">index_page</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">request</span><span class="p">):</span>
+    <span class="c"># ...</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">48</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id39">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Try It Out</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>We can now see our list page too.  Let's try starting the server:</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">(</span>ljenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>pserve development.ini
+Starting server in PID 90536.
+serving on http://0.0.0.0:6543
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Then try viewing the home page of your journal:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://localhost:6543/">http://localhost:6543/</a></li>
+</ul>
+<p>Click on the link to an entry, it should work.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">49</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id40">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Sharing Structure</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>These views are reasonable, if quite plain.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>It'd be nice to put them into something that looks a bit more like a
+website.</p>
+<p>Jinja2 allows you to combine templates using something called
+<a class="reference external" href="http://jinja.pocoo.org/docs/dev/templates/#template-inheritance">template inheritance</a>.</p>
+<p>You can create a basic page structure, and then <em>inherit</em> that structure in
+other templates.</p>
+<p>In our class resources I've added a page template <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">layout.jinja2</span></code>.  Copy
+that page to your templates directory</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">50</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id41">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">layout.jinja2</span></code></h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <div class="highlight-jinja"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="x">&lt;!DOCTYPE html&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">&lt;html lang=&quot;en&quot;&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">  &lt;head&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">    &lt;meta charset=&quot;utf-8&quot;&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">    &lt;title&gt;Python Learning Journal&lt;/title&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">    &lt;!--[if lt IE 9]&gt;&lt;script src=&quot;http://html5shiv.googlecode.com/svn/trunk/html5.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">  &lt;/head&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">  &lt;body&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">    &lt;header&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">      &lt;nav&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;</span><span class="cp">{{</span> <span class="nv">request.route_url</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;home&#39;</span><span class="o">)</span> <span class="cp">}}</span><span class="x">&quot;&gt;Home&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/nav&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">    &lt;/header&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">    &lt;main&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">      &lt;h1&gt;My Python Journal&lt;/h1&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">      &lt;section id=&quot;content&quot;&gt;</span><span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">block</span> <span class="nv">body</span> <span class="cp">%}{%</span> <span class="k">endblock</span> <span class="cp">%}</span><span class="x">&lt;/section&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">    &lt;/main&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">    &lt;footer&gt;&lt;p&gt;Created in the UW PCE Python Certificate Program&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/footer&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">  &lt;/body&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">&lt;/html&gt;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">51</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id42">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Template Blocks</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>The important part here is the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">{%</span> <span class="pre">block</span> <span class="pre">body</span> <span class="pre">%}{%</span> <span class="pre">endblock</span> <span class="pre">%}</span></code> expression.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>This is a template <strong>block</strong> and it is a kind of placeholder.</p>
+<p>Other templates can inherit from this one, and fill that block with
+additional HTML.</p>
+<p>Let's update our detail and list templates:</p>
+<div class="highlight-jinja"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">extends</span> <span class="s2">&quot;layout.jinja2&quot;</span> <span class="cp">%}</span><span class="x"></span>
+<span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">block</span> <span class="nv">body</span> <span class="cp">%}</span><span class="x"></span>
+<span class="x">&lt;!-- everything else that was already there goes here --&gt;</span>
+<span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">endblock</span> <span class="cp">%}</span><span class="x"></span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">52</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id43">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Try It Out</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Let's try starting the server so we can see the result:</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">(</span>ljenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>pserve development.ini
+Starting server in PID 90536.
+serving on http://0.0.0.0:6543
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Then try viewing the home page of your journal:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://localhost:6543/">http://localhost:6543/</a></li>
+</ul>
+<p>Click on the link to an entry, it should work.</p>
+<p>And now you have shared page structure that is in both.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">53</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="static-assets">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Static Assets</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Although we have a shared structure, it isn't particularly nice to look at.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Aspects of how a website looks are controlled by CSS (<em>Cascading Style
+Sheets</em>).</p>
+<p>Stylesheets are one of what we generally speak of as <em>static assets</em>.</p>
+<p>Other static assets include <em>images</em> that are part of the look and feel of
+the site (logos, button images, etc) and the <em>JavaScript</em> files that add
+client-side dynamic behavior to the site.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">54</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id44">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Static Assets in Pyramid</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Serving static assets in Pyramid requires a <em>static view</em> to configuration.
+Luckily, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pcreate</span></code> already handled that for us:</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c"># in learning_journal/__init__.py</span>
+<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">main</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">global_config</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">settings</span><span class="p">):</span>
+    <span class="c"># ...</span>
+    <span class="n">config</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add_static_view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;static&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;static&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">cache_max_age</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">3600</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="c"># ...</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The first argument to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">add_static_view</span></code> is a <em>name</em> that will need to
+appear in the path of URLs requesting assets.</p>
+<p>The second argument is a <em>path</em> that is relative to the package being
+configured.</p>
+<p>Assets referenced by the <em>name</em> in a URL will be searched for in the
+location defined by the <em>path</em></p>
+<p>Additional keyword arguments control other aspects of how the view works.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">55</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id45">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Static Assets in Templates</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Once you have a static view configured, you can use assets in that location in
+templates.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>The <em>request</em> object in Pyramid provides a <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">static_path</span></code> method that
+will render an appropriate asset path for us.</p>
+<p>Add the following to our <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">layout.jinja2</span></code> template:</p>
+<div class="highlight-jinja"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="x">&lt;head&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">  &lt;!-- ... --&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">  &lt;link href=&quot;</span><span class="cp">{{</span> <span class="nv">request.static_path</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;learning_journal:static/styles.css&#39;</span><span class="o">)</span> <span class="cp">}}</span><span class="x">&quot; rel=&quot;stylesheet&quot;&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">&lt;/head&gt;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The one required argument to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">request.static_path</span></code> is a <em>path</em> to an
+asset.</p>
+<p>Note that because any package <em>might</em> define a static view, we have to
+specify which package we want to look in.</p>
+<p>That's why we have <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">learning_journal:static/styles.css</span></code> in our call.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">56</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id46">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Basic Styles</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>I've created some very very basic styles for our learning journal.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>You can find them in <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">resources/session06/styles.css</span></code>.  Go ahead and copy
+that file.</p>
+<p>Add it to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">learning_journal/static</span></code>.</p>
+<p>Then restart your web server and see what a difference a little style
+makes:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">(</span>ljenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>pserve development.ini
+Starting server in PID 90536.
+serving on http://0.0.0.0:6543
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">57</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id47">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>The Outcome</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Your site should look something like this:</p>
+<div class="figure align-center" id="id3">
+<a class="reference internal image-reference" href="../_images/learning_journal_styled.png"><img alt="../_images/learning_journal_styled.png" src="../_images/learning_journal_styled.png" style="width: 75%;" /></a>
+<p class="caption"><span class="caption-text">The learning journal with basic styles applied</span></p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">58</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-2" id="getting-interactive">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h2>Getting Interactive</h2>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <div class="left container">
+<p>We have a site that allows us to view a list of journal entries.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>We can also view the details of a single entry.</p>
+<p>But as yet, we don't really have any <em>interaction</em> in our site yet.</p>
+<p>We can't create new entries.</p>
+<p>Let's add that functionality next.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">59</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="user-input">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>User Input</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>In HTML websites, the traditional way of getting input from users is via
+<a class="reference external" href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/Guide/HTML/Forms">HTML forms</a>.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Forms use <em>input elements</em> to allow users to enter data, pick from
+drop-down lists, or choose items via checkbox or radio button.</p>
+<p>It is possible to create plain HTML forms in templates and use them with
+Pyramid.</p>
+<p>It's a lot easier, however, to work with a <em>form library</em> to create forms,
+render them in templates and interact with data sent by a client.</p>
+<p>We'll be using a form library called <a class="reference external" href="http://wtforms.readthedocs.org/en/latest/">WTForms</a> in our project</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">60</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id48">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Installing WTForms</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>The first step to working with this library is to install it.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Start by makin the library as a <em>dependency</em> of our package by adding it to
+the <em>requires</em> list in <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">setup.py</span></code>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">requires</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span>
+    <span class="c"># ...</span>
+    <span class="s">&#39;wtforms&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="c"># &lt;- add this to the list</span>
+<span class="p">]</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Then, re-install our package to download and install the new dependency:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">(</span>ljenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>python setup.py develop
+...
+Finished processing dependencies <span class="k">for</span> learning-journal<span class="o">==</span>0.0
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">61</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="using-wtforms">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Using WTForms</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>We'll want a form to allow a user to create a new Journal Entry.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Add a new file called <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">forms.py</span></code> in our learning_journal package, next to
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">models.py</span></code>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">wtforms</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">Form</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">TextField</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">TextAreaField</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">validators</span>
+
+<span class="n">strip_filter</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">lambda</span> <span class="n">x</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">x</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">strip</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">x</span> <span class="k">else</span> <span class="bp">None</span>
+
+<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">EntryCreateForm</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Form</span><span class="p">):</span>
+    <span class="n">title</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">TextField</span><span class="p">(</span>
+        <span class="s">&#39;Entry title&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="p">[</span><span class="n">validators</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Length</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">min</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">max</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">255</span><span class="p">)],</span>
+        <span class="n">filters</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">strip_filter</span><span class="p">])</span>
+    <span class="n">body</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">TextAreaField</span><span class="p">(</span>
+        <span class="s">&#39;Entry body&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="p">[</span><span class="n">validators</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Length</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">min</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)],</span>
+        <span class="n">filters</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">strip_filter</span><span class="p">])</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">62</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id49">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Using a Form in a View</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Next, we need to add a new view that uses this form to create a new entry.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Add this to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">views.py</span></code>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c"># add these imports</span>
+<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">pyramid.httpexceptions</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">HTTPFound</span>
+<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">.forms</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">EntryCreateForm</span>
+
+<span class="c"># and update this view function</span>
+<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">create</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">request</span><span class="p">):</span>
+    <span class="n">entry</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Entry</span><span class="p">()</span>
+    <span class="n">form</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">EntryCreateForm</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">request</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">POST</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">request</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s">&#39;POST&#39;</span> <span class="ow">and</span> <span class="n">form</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">validate</span><span class="p">():</span>
+        <span class="n">form</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">populate_obj</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">entry</span><span class="p">)</span>
+        <span class="n">DBSession</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">entry</span><span class="p">)</span>
+        <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">HTTPFound</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">location</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">request</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">route_url</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;home&#39;</span><span class="p">))</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="s">&#39;form&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">form</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;action&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">request</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">matchdict</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;action&#39;</span><span class="p">)}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">63</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id50">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Testing the Route/View Connection</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>We already have a route that connects here.  Let's test it.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Start your server:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">(</span>ljenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>pserve development.ini
+Starting server in PID 90536.
+serving on http://0.0.0.0:6543
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>And then try connecting to the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">action</span></code> route:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://localhost:6543/journal/create">http://localhost:6543/journal/create</a></li>
+</ul>
+<p>You should see something like this:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>{&#39;action&#39;: u&#39;create&#39;, &#39;form&#39;: &lt;learning_journal.forms.EntryCreateForm object at 0x10e7d6b90&gt;}
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">64</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id51">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Rendering A Form</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Finally, we need to create a template that will render our form.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Add a new template called <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">edit.jinja2</span></code> in
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">learning_journal/templates</span></code>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-jinja"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">extends</span> <span class="s2">&quot;templates/layout.jinja2&quot;</span> <span class="cp">%}</span><span class="x"></span>
+<span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">block</span> <span class="nv">body</span> <span class="cp">%}</span><span class="x"></span>
+<span class="x">&lt;form action=&quot;.&quot; method=&quot;POST&quot;&gt;</span>
+<span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="nv">field</span> <span class="k">in</span> <span class="nv">form</span> <span class="cp">%}</span><span class="x"></span>
+<span class="x">  </span><span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="nv">field.errors</span> <span class="cp">%}</span><span class="x"></span>
+<span class="x">    &lt;ul&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">    </span><span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="nv">error</span> <span class="k">in</span> <span class="nv">field.errors</span> <span class="cp">%}</span><span class="x"></span>
+<span class="x">        &lt;li&gt;</span><span class="cp">{{</span> <span class="nv">error</span> <span class="cp">}}</span><span class="x">&lt;/li&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">    </span><span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">endfor</span> <span class="cp">%}</span><span class="x"></span>
+<span class="x">    &lt;/ul&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">  </span><span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">endif</span> <span class="cp">%}</span><span class="x"></span>
+<span class="x">    &lt;p&gt;</span><span class="cp">{{</span> <span class="nv">field.label</span> <span class="cp">}}</span><span class="x">: </span><span class="cp">{{</span> <span class="nv">field</span> <span class="cp">}}</span><span class="x">&lt;/p&gt;</span>
+<span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">endfor</span> <span class="cp">%}</span><span class="x"></span>
+<span class="x">    &lt;p&gt;&lt;input type=&quot;submit&quot; name=&quot;submit&quot; value=&quot;Submit&quot; /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">&lt;/form&gt;</span>
+<span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">endblock</span> <span class="cp">%}</span><span class="x"></span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">65</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id52">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Connecting the Renderer</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>You'll need to update the view configuration to use this new renderer.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Update the configuration in <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">learning_journal/views.py</span></code>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="nd">@view_config</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">route_name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;action&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">match_param</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;action=create&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+             <span class="n">renderer</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;templates/edit.jinja2&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">create</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">request</span><span class="p">):</span>
+    <span class="c"># ...</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>And then you should be able to start your server and test:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">(</span>ljenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>pserve development.ini
+Starting server in PID 90536.
+serving on http://0.0.0.0:6543
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://localhost:6543/journal/create">http://localhost:6543/journal/create</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">66</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id53">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Providing Access</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Great!  Now you can add new entries to your journal.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>But in order to do so, you have to hand-enter the url.</p>
+<p>You should add a new link in the UI somewhere that helps you get there more
+easily.</p>
+<p>Add the following to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">list.jinja2</span></code>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-jinja"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">extends</span> <span class="s2">&quot;layout.jinja2&quot;</span> <span class="cp">%}</span><span class="x"></span>
+<span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">block</span> <span class="nv">body</span> <span class="cp">%}</span><span class="x"></span>
+<span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="nv">entries</span> <span class="cp">%}</span><span class="x"></span>
+<span class="x">...</span>
+<span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">else</span> <span class="cp">%}</span><span class="x"></span>
+<span class="x">...</span>
+<span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">endif</span> <span class="cp">%}</span><span class="x"></span>
+<span class="x">&lt;!-- Add This Link --&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;</span><span class="cp">{{</span> <span class="nv">request.route_url</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;action&#39;</span><span class="o">,</span> <span class="nv">action</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">&#39;create&#39;</span><span class="o">)</span> <span class="cp">}}</span><span class="x">&quot;&gt;New Entry&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</span>
+<span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">endblock</span> <span class="cp">%}</span><span class="x"></span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">67</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-2" id="homework">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h2>Homework</h2>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <div class="left container">
+<p>You have a website now that allows you to create, view and list journal
+entries</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>However, there are still a few flaws in this system.</p>
+<p>You should be able to edit a journal entry that already exists, in case
+you make a spelling error.</p>
+<p>It would also be nice to see a prettier site.</p>
+<p>Let's handle that for homework this week.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">68</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="part-1-add-editing">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Part 1: Add Editing</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>For part one of your assignment, add editing of existing entries. You will need:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>A form that shows an existing entry (what is different about this form from
+one for creating a new entry?)</li>
+<li>A pyramid view that handles that form. It should:<ul>
+<li>Show the form with the requested entry when the page is first loaded</li>
+<li>Accept edits only on POST</li>
+<li>Update an existing entry with new data from the form</li>
+<li>Show the view of the entry after editing so that the user can see the edits
+saved correctly</li>
+<li>Show errors from form validation, if any are present</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li>A link somewhere that leads to the editing page for a single entry (probably
+on the view page for a entry)</li>
+</ul>
+<p>You'll need to update a bit of configuration, but not much.  Use the create
+form we did here in class as an example.</p>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">69</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="part-2-make-it-yours">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Part 2: Make it Yours</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>I've created for you a very bare-bones layout and stylesheet.</p>
+<p>You will certainly want to add a bit of your own style and panache.</p>
+<p>Spend a few hours this week playing with the styles and getting a site that
+looks more like you want it to look.</p>
+<p>The Mozilla Developer Network has <a class="reference external" href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS">some excellent resources</a> for learning CSS.</p>
+<p>In particular, the <a class="reference external" href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/CSS/Getting_Started">Getting Started with CSS</a> tutorial is a thorough
+introduction to the basics.</p>
+<p>You might also look at their <a class="reference external" href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/demos/tag/tech:css3">CSS 3 Demos</a> to help fire up your creative
+juices.</p>
+<p>Here are a few more resources:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://alistapart.com">A List Apart</a> offers outstanding articles.  Their
+<a class="reference external" href="http://alistapart.com/topics">Topics list</a> is worth a browse.</li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://www.smashingmagazine.com">Smashing Magazine</a> is another excellent
+resource for articles on design.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">70</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="part-3-user-model">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Part 3: User Model</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>As it stands, our journal accepts entries from anyone who comes by.</p>
+<p>Next week we will add security to allow only logged-in users to create and edit
+entries.</p>
+<p>To do so, we'll need a user model</p>
+<p>The model should have:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>An <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">id</span></code> field that is a primary key</li>
+<li>A <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">username</span></code> field that is unicode, no more than 255 characters, not
+nullable, unique and indexed.</li>
+<li>A <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">password</span></code> field that is unicode and not nullable</li>
+</ul>
+<p>In addition, the model should have a classmethod that retrieves a specific user
+when given a username.</p>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">71</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="part-4-preparation-for-deployment">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Part 4: Preparation for Deployment</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>At the end of class next week we will be deploying our application to Heroku.</p>
+<p>You will need to get a free account.</p>
+<p>Once you have your free account set up and you have logged in, run through the
+<a class="reference external" href="https://devcenter.heroku.com/articles/getting-started-with-python#introduction">getting started with Python</a> tutorial.</p>
+<p>Be sure to at least complete the <em>set up</em> step. It will have you install the
+Heroku Toolbelt, which you will need to have ready in class.</p>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">72</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="submitting-your-work">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Submitting Your Work</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>As usual, submit your work by committing and pushing it to your project github
+repository</p>
+<p>Commit early and commit often.</p>
+<p>Write yourself good commit messages explaining what you have done and why.</p>
+<p>When you are ready to have your work reviewed, email the link to your
+repository to us, we'll take a look and make comments.</p>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">73</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>
+
+
+    <slide class="thank-you-slide segue nobackground">
+    <aside class="gdbar right"><img src="../_static/logo_UW.png"></aside>
+    <article class="flexbox vleft auto-fadein">
+      <h2>Good Night!</h2>
+      <p>&nbsp;</p>
+    </article>
+    <p class="auto-fadein" data-config-contact>
+      <!-- populated from slide_config.json -->
+    </p>
+  </slide>
+
+  <slide class="backdrop"></slide>
+
+</slides>
+
+<!--[if IE]>
+  <script src="http://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/chrome-frame/1/CFInstall.min.js"></script>
+  <script>CFInstall.check({mode: 'overlay'});</script>
+<![endif]-->
+</body>
+</html>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/slides/presentations/session07.html b/slides/presentations/session07.html
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5f081252
--- /dev/null
+++ b/slides/presentations/session07.html
@@ -0,0 +1,2273 @@
+<!--
+Google IO 2012/2013 HTML5 Slide Template
+
+Authors: Eric Bidelman <ebidel@gmail.com>
+         Luke Mahé <lukem@google.com>
+
+URL: https://code.google.com/p/io-2012-slides
+--><!DOCTYPE html>
+
+
+<html>
+<head>
+  <title>Session 07 &mdash; Internet Programming with Python</title>
+  <meta charset="utf-8">
+  
+  <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="chrome=1">
+  <!--<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, minimum-scale=1.0">-->
+  <!--<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">-->
+  <!--This one seems to work all the time, but really small on ipad-->
+  <!--<meta name="viewport" content="initial-scale=0.4">-->
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+
+  
+  <link rel="stylesheet" media="all"
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+  <link rel="stylesheet" media="all"
+        href="../_static/theme/css/hieroglyph.css">
+  <link rel="stylesheet" media="only screen and (max-device-width: 480px)"
+        href="../_static/theme/css/phone.css">
+
+    
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/custom.css"
+          type="text/css" />
+    
+
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/pygments.css" type="text/css" />
+  <base target="_blank"> <!-- This amazingness opens all links in a new tab. -->
+  
+    <script type="text/javascript">
+      var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = {
+        URL_ROOT:    '../',
+        VERSION:     '3.0',
+        COLLAPSE_INDEX: false,
+        FILE_SUFFIX: '.html',
+        HAS_SOURCE:  true
+      };
+    </script>
+
+    <script data-main="../_static/js/slides"
+            src="../_static/js/require-1.0.8.min.js"></script>
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script>
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/underscore.js"></script>
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/doctools.js"></script>
+    
+    <link rel="top" title="Internet Programming with Python" href="../index.html" />
+    <link rel="up" title="Course Presentations" href="index.html" />
+    <link rel="next" title="Session 08" href="session08.html" />
+    <link rel="prev" title="Session 06" href="session06.html" /> 
+</head>
+<body style="opacity: 0">
+
+<slides class="layout-widescreen">
+
+  <slide class="title-slide segue nobackground">
+  <aside class="gdbar"><img src="../_static/logo_UW.png"></aside>
+  <!-- The content of this hgroup is replaced programmatically through the slide_config.json. -->
+  <hgroup class="auto-fadein">
+    <h1 data-config-title><!-- populated from slide_config.json --></h1>
+    <h2 data-config-subtitle><!-- populated from slide_config.json --></h2>
+    <p data-config-presenter><!-- populated from slide_config.json --></p>
+  </hgroup>
+</slide>
+
+  
+    <slide class="title-slide segue nobackground level-1" id="session-07">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h1>Session 07</h1>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <div class="figure align-center" id="id2">
+<a class="reference internal image-reference" href="../_images/no_entry.jpg"><img alt="../_images/no_entry.jpg" src="../_images/no_entry.jpg" style="width: 60%;" /></a>
+<p class="caption"><span class="caption-text">By <a class="reference external" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/75001512&#64;N00/2707796203">Joel Kramer via Flickr</a></span></p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">1</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-2" id="security-and-deployment">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h2>Security And Deployment</h2>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <div class="left container">
+<p>By the end of this session we'll have deployed our learning journal to a
+public server.</p>
+<p>So we will need to add a bit of security to it.</p>
+<p>We'll get started on that in a moment</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">2</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="but-first">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>But First</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p class="large center">Questions About the Homework?</p>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">3</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id3">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>A Working Edit Form</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">EntryEditForm</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">EntryCreateForm</span><span class="p">):</span>
+    <span class="nb">id</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">HiddenField</span><span class="p">()</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p><a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/cewing/training.python_web/blob/807a49f20fea1e7e7393347c82df47eff83f3210/resources/session07/forms.py#L25">View the form online</a></p>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">4</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id4">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>A Working Edit View</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="nd">@view_config</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">route_name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;action&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">match_param</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;action=edit&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+             <span class="n">renderer</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;templates/edit.jinja2&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">update</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">request</span><span class="p">):</span>
+    <span class="nb">id</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">request</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">params</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;id&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">))</span>
+    <span class="n">entry</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Entry</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">by_id</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">id</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="n">entry</span><span class="p">:</span>
+        <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">HTTPNotFound</span><span class="p">()</span>
+    <span class="n">form</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">EntryEditForm</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">request</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">POST</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">entry</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">request</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s">&#39;POST&#39;</span> <span class="ow">and</span> <span class="n">form</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">validate</span><span class="p">():</span>
+        <span class="n">form</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">populate_obj</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">entry</span><span class="p">)</span>
+        <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">HTTPFound</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">location</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">request</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">route_url</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;detail&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">id</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">entry</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">id</span><span class="p">))</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="s">&#39;form&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">form</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;action&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">request</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">matchdict</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;action&#39;</span><span class="p">)}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p><a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/cewing/training.python_web/blob/807a49f20fea1e7e7393347c82df47eff83f3210/resources/session07/views.py#L43">See this view online</a></p>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">5</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id5">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Linking to the Edit Form</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <div class="highlight-html+jinja"><div class="highlight"><pre>{% extends &quot;layout.jinja2&quot; %}
+{% block body %}
+&lt;article&gt;
+  &lt;!-- ... --&gt;
+&lt;/article&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+  &lt;a href=&quot;{{ request.route_url(&#39;home&#39;) }}&quot;&gt;Go Back&lt;/a&gt; ::
+  &lt;a href=&quot;{{ request.route_url(&#39;action&#39;, action=&#39;edit&#39;, _query=((&#39;id&#39;,entry.id),)) }}&quot;&gt;
+    Edit Entry&lt;/a&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;
+{% endblock %}
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p><a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/cewing/training.python_web/blob/807a49f20fea1e7e7393347c82df47eff83f3210/resources/session07/detail.jinja2#L12">View this template online</a></p>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">6</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id6">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>A Working User Model</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">User</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Base</span><span class="p">):</span>
+    <span class="n">__tablename__</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&#39;users&#39;</span>
+    <span class="nb">id</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Column</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Integer</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">primary_key</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">True</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">autoincrement</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">True</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="n">name</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Column</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Unicode</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">255</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">unique</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">True</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">nullable</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">False</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="n">password</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Column</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Unicode</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">255</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">nullable</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">False</span><span class="p">)</span>
+
+    <span class="nd">@classmethod</span>
+    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">by_name</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">cls</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">name</span><span class="p">):</span>
+        <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">DBSession</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">cls</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">filter</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">cls</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">name</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="n">name</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">first</span><span class="p">()</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p><a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/cewing/training.python_web/blob/807a49f20fea1e7e7393347c82df47eff83f3210/resources/session07/models.py#L62">View this model online</a></p>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">7</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-2" id="securing-an-application">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h2>Securing An Application</h2>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <div class="left container">
+<p>We've got a solid start on our learning journal.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>We can:</p>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>view a list of entries</li>
+<li>view a single entry</li>
+<li>create a new entry</li>
+<li>edit existing entries</li>
+</ul>
+<p>But so can everyone who visits the journal.</p>
+<p>It's a recipe for <strong>TOTAL CHAOS</strong></p>
+<p>Let's lock it down a bit.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">8</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="authn-and-authz">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>AuthN and AuthZ</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>There are two aspects to the process of access control online.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li><strong>Authentication</strong>: Verification of the identity of a <em>principal</em></li>
+<li><strong>Authorization</strong>: Enumeration of the rights of that <em>principal</em> in a
+context.</li>
+</ul>
+<p>Think of them as <strong>Who Am I</strong> and <strong>What Can I Do</strong></p>
+<p>All systems with access control involve both of these aspects.</p>
+<p>But many systems wire them together as one.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">9</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id7">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Pyramid Security</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>In Pyramid these two aspects are handled by separate configuration settings:</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">config.set_authentication_policy(AuthnPolicy())</span></code></li>
+<li><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">config.set_authorization_policy(AuthzPolicy())</span></code></li>
+</ul>
+<p>If you set one, you must set the other.</p>
+<p>Pyramid comes with a few policy classes included.</p>
+<p>You can also roll your own, so long as they fulfill the requried interface.</p>
+<p>You can learn about the interfaces for <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.pylonsproject.org/projects/pyramid/en/latest/api/interfaces.html#pyramid.interfaces.IAuthenticationPolicy">authentication</a> and
+<a class="reference external" href="http://docs.pylonsproject.org/projects/pyramid/en/latest/api/interfaces.html#pyramid.interfaces.IAuthorizationPolicy">authorization</a> in the Pyramid documentation</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">10</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id8">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Our Journal Security</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>We'll be using two built-in policies today:</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">AuthTktAuthenticationPolicy</span></code>: sets an expirable
+<a class="reference external" href="http://docs.pylonsproject.org/docs/pyramid/en/latest/api/authentication.html#pyramid.authentication.AuthTktAuthenticationPolicy">authentication ticket</a> cookie.</li>
+<li><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ACLAuthorizationPolicy</span></code>: uses an <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.pylonsproject.org/docs/pyramid/en/latest/api/authorization.html#pyramid.authorization.ACLAuthorizationPolicy">Access Control List</a> to grant
+permissions to <em>principals</em></li>
+</ul>
+<p>Our access control system will have the following properties:</p>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>Everyone can view entries, and the list of all entries</li>
+<li>Users who log in may edit entries or create new ones</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">11</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id9">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Engaging Security</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>By default, Pyramid uses no security. We enable it through configuration.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Open <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">learning_journal/__init__.py</span></code> and update it as follows:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c"># add these imports</span>
+<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">pyramid.authentication</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">AuthTktAuthenticationPolicy</span>
+<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">pyramid.authorization</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">ACLAuthorizationPolicy</span>
+<span class="c"># and add this configuration:</span>
+<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">main</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">global_config</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">settings</span><span class="p">):</span>
+    <span class="c"># ...</span>
+    <span class="c"># update building the configurator to pass in our policies</span>
+    <span class="n">config</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Configurator</span><span class="p">(</span>
+        <span class="n">settings</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">settings</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="n">authentication_policy</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">AuthTktAuthenticationPolicy</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;somesecret&#39;</span><span class="p">),</span>
+        <span class="n">authorization_policy</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">ACLAuthorizationPolicy</span><span class="p">(),</span>
+        <span class="n">default_permission</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;view&#39;</span>
+    <span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="c"># ...</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">12</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id10">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Verify It Worked</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>We've now informed our application that we want to use security.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>By default we require the 'view' permission to see anything.</p>
+<p>But we have yet to assign <em>any permissions to anyone</em> at all.</p>
+<p>Let's verify now that we are unable to see anything in the website.</p>
+<p>Start your application, and try to view any page (You should get a 403
+Forbidden error response):</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">(</span>ljenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>pserve development.ini
+Starting server in PID 84467.
+serving on http://0.0.0.0:6543
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://localhost:6543/">http://localhost:6543/</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://localhost:6543/journal/1">http://localhost:6543/journal/1</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://localhost:6543/journal/create">http://localhost:6543/journal/create</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://localhost:6543/journal/edit?id=1">http://localhost:6543/journal/edit?id=1</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">13</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="implementing-authz">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Implementing Authz</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Next we have to grant some permissions to principals.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Pyramid authorization relies on a concept it calls &quot;context&quot;.</p>
+<p>A <em>principal</em> can be granted rights in a particular <em>context</em></p>
+<p>Context can be made as specific as a single persistent object</p>
+<p>Or it can be generalized to a <em>route</em> or <em>view</em></p>
+<p>To have a context, we need a Python object called a <em>factory</em> that must
+have an <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__acl__</span></code> special attribute.</p>
+<p>The framework will use this object to determine what permissions a
+<em>principal</em> has</p>
+<p>Let's create one</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">14</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id11">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Add <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">security.py</span></code></h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>In the same folder where you have <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">models.py</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">views.py</span></code>, add a new
+file <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">security.py</span></code></p>
+<div class="build container">
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">pyramid.security</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">Allow</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Everyone</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Authenticated</span>
+
+<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">EntryFactory</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">object</span><span class="p">):</span>
+    <span class="n">__acl__</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span>
+        <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Allow</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Everyone</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;view&#39;</span><span class="p">),</span>
+        <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Allow</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Authenticated</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;create&#39;</span><span class="p">),</span>
+        <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Allow</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Authenticated</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;edit&#39;</span><span class="p">),</span>
+    <span class="p">]</span>
+    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">__init__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">request</span><span class="p">):</span>
+        <span class="k">pass</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__acl__</span></code> attribute of this object contains a list of <em>ACE</em>s</p>
+<p>An <em>ACE</em> combines an <em>action</em> (Allow, Deny), a <em>principal</em> and a <em>permission</em></p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">15</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id12">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Using Our Context Factory</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Now that we have a factory that will provide context for permissions to work,
+we can tell our configuration to use it.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Open <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">learning_journal/__init__.py</span></code> and update the route configuration
+for our routes:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c"># add an import at the top:</span>
+<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">.security</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">EntryFactory</span>
+<span class="c"># update the route configurations:</span>
+<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">main</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">global_config</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">settings</span><span class="p">):</span>
+    <span class="sd">&quot;&quot;&quot; This function returns a Pyramid WSGI application.</span>
+<span class="sd">    &quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
+    <span class="c"># ... Add the factory keyword argument to our route configurations:</span>
+    <span class="n">config</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add_route</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;home&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;/&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">factory</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">EntryFactory</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="n">config</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add_route</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;detail&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;/journal/{id:\d+}&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">factory</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">EntryFactory</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="n">config</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add_route</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;action&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;/journal/{action}&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">factory</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">EntryFactory</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">16</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id13">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>What We've Done</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>We've now told our application we want a principal to have the <em>view</em>
+permission by default.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>And we've provided a factory to supply context and an ACL for each route.</p>
+<p>Check our ACL. Who can view the home page?  The detail page?  The action
+pages?</p>
+<p>Pyramid allows us to set a <em>default_permission</em> for <em>all views</em>.</p>
+<p>But view configuration allows us to require a different permission for <em>a view</em>.</p>
+<p>Let's make our action views require appropriate permissions next</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">17</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id14">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Requiring Permissions for a View</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Open <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">learning_journal/views.py</span></code>, and edit the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">&#64;view_config</span></code> for
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">create</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">update</span></code>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="nd">@view_config</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">route_name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;action&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">match_param</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;action=create&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+             <span class="n">renderer</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;templates/edit.jinja2&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+             <span class="n">permission</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;create&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c"># &lt;-- ADD THIS</span>
+<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">create</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">request</span><span class="p">):</span>
+    <span class="c"># ...</span>
+
+<span class="nd">@view_config</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">route_name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;action&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">match_param</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;action=edit&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+             <span class="n">renderer</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;templates/edit.jinja2&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+             <span class="n">permission</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;edit&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c"># &lt;-- ADD THIS</span>
+<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">update</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">request</span><span class="p">):</span>
+    <span class="c"># ...</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">18</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id15">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Verify It Worked</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>At this point, our &quot;action&quot; views should require permissions other than the
+default <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">view</span></code>.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Start your application and verify that it is true:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">(</span>ljenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>pserve development.ini
+Starting server in PID 84467.
+serving on http://0.0.0.0:6543
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://localhost:6543/">http://localhost:6543/</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://localhost:6543/journal/1">http://localhost:6543/journal/1</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://localhost:6543/journal/create">http://localhost:6543/journal/create</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://localhost:6543/journal/edit?id=1">http://localhost:6543/journal/edit?id=1</a></li>
+</ul>
+<p>You should get a <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">403</span> <span class="pre">Forbidden</span></code> for the action pages only.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">19</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="implement-authn">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Implement AuthN</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Now that we have authorization implemented, we need to add authentication.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>By providing the system with an <em>authenticated user</em>, our ACEs for
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Authenticated</span></code> will apply.</p>
+<p>We'll need to have a way for a user to prove who they are to the
+satisfaction of the system.</p>
+<p>The most common way of handling this is through a <em>username</em> and
+<em>password</em>.</p>
+<p>A person provides both in an html form.</p>
+<p>When the form is submitted, the system seeks a user with that name, and
+compares the passwords.</p>
+<p>If there is no such user, or the password does not match, authentication
+fails.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">20</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id16">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>An Example</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Let's imagine that Alice wants to authenticate with our website.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Her username is <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">alice</span></code> and her password is <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">s3cr3t</span></code>.</p>
+<p>She fills these out in a form on our website and submits the form.</p>
+<p>Our website looks for a <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">User</span></code> object in the database with the username
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">alice</span></code>.</p>
+<p>Let's imagine that there is one, so our site next compares the value she
+sent for her <em>password</em> to the value stored in the database.</p>
+<p>If her stored password is also <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">s3cr3t</span></code>, then she is who she says she is.</p>
+<p>All set, right?</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">21</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id17">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Encryption</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>The problem here is that the value we've stored for her password is in <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">plain</span>
+<span class="pre">text</span></code>.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>This means that anyone could potentially steal our database and have access
+to all our users' passwords.</p>
+<p>Instead, we should <em>encrypt</em> her password with a strong one-way hash.</p>
+<p>Then we can store the hashed value.</p>
+<p>When she provides the plain text password to us, we <em>encrypt</em> it the same
+way, and compare the result to the stored value.</p>
+<p>If they match, then we know the value she provided is the same we used to
+create the stored hash.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">22</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id18">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Adding Encryption</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Python provides a number of libraries for implementing strong encryption.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>You should always use a well-known library for encryption.</p>
+<p>We'll use a good one called <a class="reference external" href="https://pythonhosted.org/passlib/">Passlib</a>.</p>
+<p>This library provides a number of different algorithms and a <em>context</em> that
+implements a simple interface for each.</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">passlib.context</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">CryptContext</span>
+<span class="n">password_context</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">CryptContext</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">schemes</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s">&#39;pbkdf2_sha512&#39;</span><span class="p">])</span>
+<span class="n">hashed</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">password_context</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">encrypt</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;password&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">password_context</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">verify</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;password&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">hashed</span><span class="p">):</span>
+    <span class="k">print</span> <span class="s">&quot;It matched&quot;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">23</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id19">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Install Passlib</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>To install a new package as a dependency, we add the package to our list in
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">setup.py</span></code>.</p>
+<p><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Passlib</span></code> provides a large number of different hashing schemes.  Some (like
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">bcrypt</span></code>) require underlying <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">C</span></code> extensions to be compiled. If you do not
+have a <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">C</span></code> compiler, these extensions will be disabled.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">requires</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span>
+  <span class="o">...</span>
+  <span class="s">&#39;wtforms&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+  <span class="s">&#39;passlib&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+<span class="p">]</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Then, we re-install our package to pick up the new dependency:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">(</span>ljenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>python setup.py develop
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p><em>note</em> if you have a c compiler installed but not the Python dev headers,
+this may not work.  Let me know if you get errors.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">24</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id20">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Using Passlib</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>As noted above, the passlib library uses a <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">context</span></code> object to manage
+passwords.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>This object supports a lot of functionality, but the only API we care about
+for this project is encrypting and verifying passwords.</p>
+<p>We'll create a single, global context to be used by our project.</p>
+<p>Since the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">User</span></code> class is the component in our system that should have
+the responsibility for password interactions, we'll create our context in
+the same place it is defined.</p>
+<p>In <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">learning_journal/models.py</span></code> add the following code:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c"># add an import at the top</span>
+<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">passlib.context</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">CryptContext</span>
+
+<span class="c"># then lower down, make a context at module scope:</span>
+<span class="n">password_context</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">CryptContext</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">schemes</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s">&#39;pbkdf2_sha512&#39;</span><span class="p">])</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">25</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id21">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Comparing Passwords</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Now that we have a context object available, let's write an instance method for
+our <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">User</span></code> class that uses it to verify a plaintext password:</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Again, in <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">learning_journal/models.py</span></code> add the following to the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">User</span></code>
+class:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c"># add this method to the User class:</span>
+<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">User</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Base</span><span class="p">):</span>
+    <span class="c"># ...</span>
+    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">verify_password</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">password</span><span class="p">):</span>
+        <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">password_context</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">verify</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">password</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">password</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">26</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id22">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Create a User</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>We'll also need to have a user for our system.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>We can use the database initialization script to create one for us.</p>
+<p>Open <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">learning_journal/scripts/initialzedb.py</span></code>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">learning_journal.models</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">password_context</span>
+<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">learning_journal.models</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">User</span>
+<span class="c"># and update the main function like so:</span>
+<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">main</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">argv</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">sys</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">argv</span><span class="p">):</span>
+    <span class="c"># ...</span>
+    <span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">transaction</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">manager</span><span class="p">:</span>
+        <span class="c"># replace the code to create a MyModel instance</span>
+        <span class="n">encrypted</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">password_context</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">encrypt</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;admin&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+        <span class="n">admin</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">User</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;admin&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">password</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">encrypted</span><span class="p">)</span>
+        <span class="n">DBSession</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">admin</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">27</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id23">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Rebuild the Database:</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>In order to get our user created, we'll need to delete our database and
+re-build it.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Make sure you are in the folder where <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">setup.py</span></code> appears.</p>
+<p>Then remove the sqlite database:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">(</span>ljenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>rm *.sqlite
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>And re-initialize:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">(</span>ljenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>initialize_learning_journal_db development.ini
+...
+2015-01-17 16:43:55,237 INFO  <span class="o">[</span>sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine<span class="o">][</span>MainThread<span class="o">]</span>
+  INSERT INTO users <span class="o">(</span>name, password<span class="o">)</span> VALUES <span class="o">(</span>?, ?<span class="o">)</span>
+2015-01-17 16:43:55,237 INFO  <span class="o">[</span>sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine<span class="o">][</span>MainThread<span class="o">]</span>
+  <span class="o">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;admin&#39;</span>, <span class="s1">&#39;$2a$10$4Z6RVNhTE21mPLJW5VeiVe0EG57gN/HOb7V7GUwIr4n1vE.wTTTzy&#39;</span><span class="o">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">28</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="providing-login-ui">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Providing Login UI</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>We now have a user in our database with a strongly encrypted password.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>We also have a method on our user model that will verify a supplied
+password against this encrypted version.</p>
+<p>We must now provide a view that lets us log in to our application.</p>
+<p>We start by adding a new <em>route</em> to our configuration in
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">learning_journal/__init__.py</span></code>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">config</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add_rount</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;action&#39;</span> <span class="o">...</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="c"># ADD THIS</span>
+<span class="n">config</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add_route</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;auth&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;/sign/{action}&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">factory</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">EntryFactory</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">29</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id24">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>A Login Form</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>It would be nice to use the form library again to make a login form.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Open <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">learning_journal/forms.py</span></code> and add the following:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c"># add an import:</span>
+<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">wtforms</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">PasswordField</span>
+<span class="c"># and a new form class</span>
+<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">LoginForm</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Form</span><span class="p">):</span>
+    <span class="n">username</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">TextField</span><span class="p">(</span>
+        <span class="s">&#39;Username&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="n">validators</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Length</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">min</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">max</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">255</span><span class="p">)]</span>
+    <span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="n">password</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">PasswordField</span><span class="p">(</span>
+        <span class="s">&#39;Password&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="n">validators</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Length</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">min</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">max</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">255</span><span class="p">)]</span>
+    <span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">30</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id25">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Login View in <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">learning_journal/views.py</span></code></h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c"># new imports:</span>
+<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">pyramid.security</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">forget</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">remember</span>
+<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">.forms</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">LoginForm</span>
+<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">.models</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">User</span>
+<span class="c"># and a new view</span>
+<span class="nd">@view_config</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">route_name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;auth&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">match_param</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;action=in&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">renderer</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;string&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+     <span class="n">request_method</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;POST&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">sign_in</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">request</span><span class="p">):</span>
+    <span class="n">login_form</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="bp">None</span>
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">request</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s">&#39;POST&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span>
+        <span class="n">login_form</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">LoginForm</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">request</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">POST</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">login_form</span> <span class="ow">and</span> <span class="n">login_form</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">validate</span><span class="p">():</span>
+        <span class="n">user</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">User</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">by_name</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">login_form</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">username</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">data</span><span class="p">)</span>
+        <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">user</span> <span class="ow">and</span> <span class="n">user</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">verify_password</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">login_form</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">password</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">data</span><span class="p">):</span>
+            <span class="n">headers</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">remember</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">request</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">user</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">)</span>
+        <span class="k">else</span><span class="p">:</span>
+            <span class="n">headers</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">forget</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">request</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">else</span><span class="p">:</span>
+        <span class="n">headers</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">forget</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">request</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">HTTPFound</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">location</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">request</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">route_url</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;home&#39;</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">headers</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">headers</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">31</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id26">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Where's the Renderer?</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Notice that this view doesn't render anything. No matter what, you end up
+returning to the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">home</span></code> route.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>We have to incorporate our login form somewhere.</p>
+<p>The home page seems like a good place.</p>
+<p>But we don't want to show it all the time.</p>
+<p>Only when we aren't logged in already.</p>
+<p>Let's give that a whirl.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">32</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id27">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Updating <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">index_page</span></code></h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Pyramid security provides a method that returns the id of the user who is
+logged in, if any.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>We can use that to update our home page in <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">learning_journal/views.py</span></code>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c"># add an import:</span>
+<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">pyramid.security</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">authenticated_userid</span>
+
+<span class="c"># and update the index_page view:</span>
+<span class="nd">@view_config</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">...</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">index_page</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">request</span><span class="p">):</span>
+    <span class="c"># ... get all entries here</span>
+    <span class="n">form</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="bp">None</span>
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="n">authenticated_userid</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">request</span><span class="p">):</span>
+        <span class="n">form</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">LoginForm</span><span class="p">()</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="s">&#39;entries&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">entries</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;login_form&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">form</span><span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">33</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id28">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Update <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">list.jinja2</span></code></h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Now we have to update the template for the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">index_page</span></code> to display the form, <em>if it is there</em></p>
+<div class="build container">
+<div class="highlight-jinja"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">block</span> <span class="nv">body</span> <span class="cp">%}</span><span class="x"></span>
+<span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="nv">login_form</span> <span class="cp">%}</span><span class="x"></span>
+<span class="x">&lt;aside&gt;&lt;form action=&quot;</span><span class="cp">{{</span> <span class="nv">request.route_url</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;auth&#39;</span><span class="o">,</span> <span class="nv">action</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">&#39;in&#39;</span><span class="o">)</span> <span class="cp">}}</span><span class="x">&quot; method=&quot;POST&quot;&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">  </span><span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="nv">field</span> <span class="k">in</span> <span class="nv">login_form</span> <span class="cp">%}</span><span class="x"></span>
+<span class="x">    </span><span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="nv">field.errors</span> <span class="cp">%}</span><span class="x"></span>
+<span class="x">      &lt;ul&gt;</span><span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="nv">error</span> <span class="k">in</span> <span class="nv">field.errors</span> <span class="cp">%}</span><span class="x"></span>
+<span class="x">        &lt;li&gt;</span><span class="cp">{{</span> <span class="nv">error</span> <span class="cp">}}</span><span class="x">&lt;/li&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">      </span><span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">endfor</span> <span class="cp">%}</span><span class="x">&lt;/ul&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">    </span><span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">endif</span> <span class="cp">%}</span><span class="x"></span>
+<span class="x">      &lt;p&gt;</span><span class="cp">{{</span> <span class="nv">field.label</span> <span class="cp">}}</span><span class="x">: </span><span class="cp">{{</span> <span class="nv">field</span> <span class="cp">}}</span><span class="x">&lt;/p&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">  </span><span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">endfor</span> <span class="cp">%}</span><span class="x"></span>
+<span class="x">  &lt;p&gt;&lt;input type=&quot;submit&quot; name=&quot;Log In&quot; value=&quot;Log In&quot;/&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">&lt;/form&gt;&lt;/aside&gt;</span>
+<span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">endif</span> <span class="cp">%}</span><span class="x"></span>
+<span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="nv">entries</span> <span class="cp">%}</span><span class="x"></span>
+<span class="x">...</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">34</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id29">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Try It Out</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>We should be ready at this point.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Fire up your application and see it in action:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">(</span>ljenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>pserve development.ini
+Starting server in PID 84467.
+serving on http://0.0.0.0:6543
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Load the home page and see your login form:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://localhost:6543/">http://localhost:6543/</a></li>
+</ul>
+<p>Fill it in and submit the form, verify that you can add a new entry.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">35</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id30">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Break Time</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>That's enough for now.  We have a working application.</p>
+<p>When we return, we'll deploy it.</p>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">36</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-2" id="deploying-an-application">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h2>Deploying An Application</h2>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <div class="left container">
+<p>Now that we have a working application, our next step is to deploy it.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>This will allow us to interact with the application in a live setting.</p>
+<p>We will be able to see the application from any computer, and can share
+it with friends and family.</p>
+<p>To do this, we'll be using one of the most popular platforms for
+deploying web applications today, <a class="reference external" href="http://heroku.com">Heroku</a>.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">37</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id1">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Heroku</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <div class="figure align-center">
+<a class="reference internal image-reference" href="../_images/heroku-logo.png"><img alt="../_images/heroku-logo.png" src="../_images/heroku-logo.png" style="width: 40%;" /></a>
+</div>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Heroku provides all the infrastructure needed to run many types of
+applications.</p>
+<p>It also provides <a class="reference external" href="https://addons.heroku.com">add-on services</a> that support everything from analytics
+to payment processing.</p>
+<p>Elaborate applications deployed on Heroku can be quite expensive.</p>
+<p>But for simple applications like our learning journal, the price is just
+right: <strong>free</strong></p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">38</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id31">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>How Heroku Works</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Heroku is predicated on interaction with a git repository.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>You initialize a new Heroku app in a repository on your machine.</p>
+<p>This adds Heroku as a <em>remote</em> to your repository.</p>
+<p>When you are ready to deploy your application, you <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">git</span> <span class="pre">push</span> <span class="pre">heroku</span>
+<span class="pre">master</span></code>.</p>
+<p>Adding a few special files to your repository allows Heroku to tell what
+kind of application you are creating.</p>
+<p>It responds to your push by running an appropriate build process and then
+starting your app with a command you provide.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">39</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="preparing-to-run-your-app">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Preparing to Run Your App</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>In order for Heroku to deploy your application, it has to have a command it can
+run from a standard shell.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>We could use the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pserve</span></code> command we've been using locally, but the
+server it uses is designed for development.</p>
+<p>It's not really suitable for a public deployment.</p>
+<p>Instead we'll use a more robust, production-ready server that came as one
+of our dependencies: <a class="reference external" href="http://waitress.readthedocs.org/en/latest/">waitress</a>.</p>
+<p>We'll start by creating a python file that can be executed to start the
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">waitress</span></code> server.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">40</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id32">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Creating <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">runapp.py</span></code></h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>At the very top level of your application project, in the same folder where you
+find <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">setup.py</span></code>, create a new file: <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">runapp.py</span></code></p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">os</span>
+<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">paste.deploy</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">loadapp</span>
+<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">waitress</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">serve</span>
+
+<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">__name__</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s">&quot;__main__&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span>
+    <span class="n">port</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">environ</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;PORT&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">5000</span><span class="p">))</span>
+    <span class="n">app</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">loadapp</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;config:production.ini&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">relative_to</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;.&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+
+    <span class="n">serve</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">app</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">host</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;0.0.0.0&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">port</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">port</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Once this exists, you can try running your app with it:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">(</span>ljenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>python runapp.py
+serving on http://0.0.0.0:5000
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">41</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id33">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Running Via Shell</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>This would be enough, but we also want to <em>install</em> our application as a Python
+package.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>This will ensure that the dependencies for the application are installed.</p>
+<p>Add a new file called simply <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">run</span></code> in the same folder:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c">#!/bin/bash</span>
+python setup.py develop
+python runapp.py
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The first line of this file will install our application and its
+dependencies.</p>
+<p>The second line will execute the server script.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">42</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id34">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Build the Database</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>We'll need to do the same thing for initializing the database.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Create another new file called <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">build_db</span></code> in the same folder:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c">#!/bin/bash</span>
+python setup.py develop
+initialize_learning_journal_db production.ini
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Now, add <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">run</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">build_db</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">runapp.py</span></code> to your repository and
+commit the changes.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">43</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id35">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Make it Executable</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>For Heroku to use them, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">run</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">build_db</span></code> must be <em>executable</em></p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>For OSX and Linux users this is easy (do the same for <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">run</span></code> and
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">build_db</span></code>):</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">(</span>ljenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>chmod <span class="m">755</span> run
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Windows users, if you have <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">git-bash</span></code>, you can do the same</p>
+<p>For the rest of you, try this (for both <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">run</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">build_db</span></code>):</p>
+<div class="highlight-posh"><div class="highlight"><pre>C:\views\myproject&gt;git ls-tree HEAD
+...
+100644 blob 55c0287d4ef21f15b97eb1f107451b88b479bffe    run
+C:\views\myproject&gt;git update-index --chmod=+x run
+C:\views\myproject&gt;git ls-tree HEAD
+100755 blob 3689ebe2a18a1c8ec858cf531d8c0ec34c8405b4    run
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Commit your changes to git to make them permanent.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">44</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id36">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Procfile</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Next, we have to inform Heroku that we will be using this script to run our
+application online</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Heroku uses a special file called <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Procfile</span></code> to do this.</p>
+<p>Add that file now, in the same directory.</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre>web: ./run
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>This file tells Heroku that we have one <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">web</span></code> process to run, and that it
+is the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">run</span></code> script located right here.</p>
+<p>Providing the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">./</span></code> at the start of the file name allows the shell to
+execute scripts that are not on the system PATH.</p>
+<p>Add this new file to your repository and commit it.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">45</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id37">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Select a Python Version</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>By default, Heroku uses the latest update of Python version 2.7 for any Python
+app.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>You can override this and specify any runtime version of Python
+<a class="reference external" href="https://devcenter.heroku.com/articles/python-runtimes#supported-python-runtimes">available in Heroku</a>.</p>
+<p>Just add a file called <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">runtime.txt</span></code> to your repository, with one line
+only:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ini"><div class="highlight"><pre>python-3.5.0
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Create that file, add it to your repository, and commit the changes.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">46</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="set-up-a-heroku-app">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Set Up a Heroku App</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>The next step is to create a new app with heroku.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>You installed the Heroku toolbelt prior to class.</p>
+<p>The toolbelt provides a command to create a new app.</p>
+<p>From the root of your project (where the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">setup.py</span></code> file is) run:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">(</span>ljenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>heroku create
+Creating rocky-atoll-9934... <span class="k">done</span>, stack is cedar-14
+https://rocky-atoll-9934.herokuapp.com/ <span class="p">|</span> https://git.heroku.com/rocky-atoll-9934.git
+Git remote heroku added
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Note that a new <em>remote</em> called <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">heroku</span></code> has been added:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="nv">$ </span>git remote -v
+heroku  https://git.heroku.com/rocky-atoll-9934.git <span class="o">(</span>fetch<span class="o">)</span>
+heroku  https://git.heroku.com/rocky-atoll-9934.git <span class="o">(</span>push<span class="o">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">47</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id38">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Adding PostgreSQL</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Your application will require a database, but <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">sqlite</span></code> is not really
+appropriate for production.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>For the deployed app, you'll use <a class="reference external" href="http://www.postgresql.org">PostgreSQL</a>, the best open-source
+database.</p>
+<p>Heroku <a class="reference external" href="https://www.heroku.com/postgres">provides an add-on</a> that supports PostgreSQL, and you'll need to
+set it up.</p>
+<p>Again, use the Heroku Toolbelt:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="nv">$ </span>heroku addons:create heroku-postgresql:hobby-dev
+Creating postgresql-amorphous-6784... <span class="k">done</span>, <span class="o">(</span>free<span class="o">)</span>
+Adding postgresql-amorphous-6784 to rocky-atoll-9934... <span class="k">done</span>
+Setting DATABASE_URL and restarting rocky-atoll-9934... <span class="k">done</span>, v3
+Database has been created and is available
+ ! This database is empty. If upgrading, you can transfer
+ ! data from another database with pg:copy
+Use <span class="sb">`</span>heroku addons:docs heroku-postgresql<span class="sb">`</span> to view documentation.
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">48</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id39">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>PostgreSQL Settings</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>You can get information about the status of your PostgreSQL service with the
+toolbelt:</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">(</span>ljenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>heroku <span class="nv">pg</span>
+<span class="o">===</span> DATABASE_URL
+Plan:        Hobby-dev
+...
+Data Size:   6.4 MB
+Tables:      0
+Rows:        0/10000 <span class="o">(</span>In compliance<span class="o">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>And there is also information about the configuration for the database (and
+your app):</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">(</span>ljenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>heroku <span class="nv">config</span>
+<span class="o">===</span> rocky-atoll-9934 Config Vars
+DATABASE_URL:                 postgres://&lt;username&gt;:&lt;password&gt;@&lt;domain&gt;:&lt;port&gt;/&lt;database-name&gt;
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">49</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="configuration-for-heroku">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Configuration for Heroku</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Notice that the configuration for our application on Heroku provides a specific
+database URL.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>We could copy this value and paste it into our <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">production.ini</span></code>
+configuration file.</p>
+<p>But if we do that, then we will be storing that value in GitHub, where
+anyone at all can see it.</p>
+<p>That's not particularly secure.</p>
+<p>Luckily, Heroku provides configuration like the database URL in
+<em>environment variables</em> that we can read in Python.</p>
+<p>In fact, we've already done this with our <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">runapp.py</span></code> script:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">port</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">environ</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;PORT&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">5000</span><span class="p">))</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">50</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id40">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Adjusting Our DB Configuration</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>The Python standard library provides <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">os.environ</span></code> to allow access to
+<em>environment variables</em> from Python code.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>This attribute is a dictionary keyed by the name of the variable.</p>
+<p>We can use it to gain access to configuration provided by Heroku.</p>
+<p>Update <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">learning_journal/__init__.py</span></code> like so:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c"># import the os module:</span>
+<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">os</span>
+<span class="c"># then look up the value we need for the database url</span>
+<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">main</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">global_config</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">settings</span><span class="p">):</span>
+    <span class="c"># ...</span>
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="s">&#39;DATABASE_URL&#39;</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">environ</span><span class="p">:</span>
+        <span class="n">settings</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s">&#39;sqlalchemy.url&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">environ</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s">&#39;DATABASE_URL&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span>
+    <span class="n">engine</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">engine_from_config</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">settings</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;sqlalchemy.&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="c"># ...</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">51</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id41">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Adjust <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">initializedb.py</span></code></h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>We'll need to make the same changes to
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">learning_journal/scripts/initializedb.py</span></code>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">main</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">argv</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">sys</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">argv</span><span class="p">):</span>
+    <span class="c"># ...</span>
+    <span class="n">settings</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">get_appsettings</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">config_uri</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">options</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">options</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="s">&#39;DATABASE_URL&#39;</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">environ</span><span class="p">:</span>
+        <span class="n">settings</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s">&#39;sqlalchemy.url&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">environ</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s">&#39;DATABASE_URL&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span>
+    <span class="n">engine</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">engine_from_config</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">settings</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;sqlalchemy.&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="c"># ...</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">52</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id42">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Additional Security</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>This mechanism allows us to defer other sensitive values such as the password
+for our initial user:</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c"># in learning_journal/scripts/initializedb.py</span>
+<span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">transaction</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">manager</span><span class="p">:</span>
+    <span class="n">password</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">environ</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;ADMIN_PASSWORD&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;admin&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="n">encrypted</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">password_context</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">encrypt</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">password</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="n">admin</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">User</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">u&#39;admin&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">password</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">encrypted</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="n">DBSession</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">admin</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>And for the secret value for our AuthTktAuthenticationPolicy</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c"># in learning_journal/__init__.py</span>
+<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">main</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">global_config</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">settings</span><span class="p">):</span>
+    <span class="c"># ...</span>
+    <span class="n">secret</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">environ</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;AUTH_SECRET&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;somesecret&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="o">...</span>
+    <span class="n">authentication_policy</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">AuthTktAuthenticationPolicy</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">secret</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="c"># ...</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">53</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id43">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Heroku Config</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>We will now be looking for three values from the OS environment:</p>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>DATABASE_URL</li>
+<li>ADMIN_PASSWORD</li>
+<li>AUTH_SECRET</li>
+</ul>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">DATABASE_URL</span></code> value is set for us by the PosgreSQL add-on.</p>
+<p>But the other two are not.  We must set them ourselves using <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">heroku</span>
+<span class="pre">config:set</span></code>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">(</span>ljenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>heroku config:set <span class="nv">ADMIN_PASSWORD</span><span class="o">=</span>&lt;your password&gt;
+...
+<span class="o">(</span>ljenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>heroku config:set <span class="nv">AUTH_SECRET</span><span class="o">=</span>&lt;a long random string&gt;
+...
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">54</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id44">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Checking Configuration</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>You can see the values that you have set at any time using <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">heroku</span> <span class="pre">config</span></code>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">(</span>ljenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>heroku <span class="nv">config</span>
+<span class="o">===</span> rocky-atoll-9934 Config Vars
+ADMIN_PASSWORD:               &lt;your password&gt;
+AUTH_SECRET:                  &lt;your auth secret value&gt;
+DATABASE_URL:                 &lt;your db URL&gt;
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>These values are sent and received using secure transport.</p>
+<p>You do not need to worry about them being intercepted.</p>
+<p>This mechanism allows you to place important configuration values outside
+the code for your application.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">55</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id45">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Installing Dependencies</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>We've been handling our application's dependencies by adding them to
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">setup.py</span></code>.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>It's a good idea to install all of these before attempting to run our app.</p>
+<p>The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pip</span></code> package manager allows us to dump a list of the packages we've
+installed in a virtual environment using the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">freeze</span></code> command:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">(</span>ljenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>pip freeze
+...
+zope.interface<span class="o">==</span>4.1.3
+zope.sqlalchemy<span class="o">==</span>0.7.6
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>We can tell heroku to install these dependencies by creating a file called
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">requirements.txt</span></code> at the root of our project repository:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">(</span>ljenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>pip freeze &gt; requirements.txt
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Add this file to your repository and commit the changes.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">56</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id46">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Heroku-specific Dependencies</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>But there is also a new dependency we've added that is only needed for Heroku.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Because we are using a PostgreSQL database, we need to install the
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">psycopg2</span></code> package, which handles communicating with the database.</p>
+<p>We don't want to install this locally, though, where we use sqlite.</p>
+<p>Go ahead and add one more line to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">requirements.txt</span></code> with the latest
+version of the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pyscopg2</span></code> package:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="nv">psycopg2</span><span class="o">==</span>2.6.1
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Commit the change to your repository.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">57</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="deployment">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Deployment</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>We are now ready to deploy our application.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>All we need to do is push our repository to the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">heroku</span></code> master:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">(</span>ljenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>git push heroku master
+...
+remote: Building <span class="nb">source</span>:
+remote:
+remote: -----&gt; Python app detected
+...
+remote: Verifying deploy... <span class="k">done</span>.
+To https://git.heroku.com/rocky-atoll-9934.git
+   b59b7c3..54f7e4d  master -&gt; master
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">58</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id47">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Using <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">heroku</span> <span class="pre">run</span></code></h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>You can use the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">run</span></code> command to execute arbitrary commands in the Heroku
+environment.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>You can use this to initialize the database, using the shell script you
+created earlier:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">(</span>ljenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>heroku run ./build_db
+...
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>This will install our application and then run the database initialization
+script.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">59</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id48">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Test Your Results</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>At this point, you should be ready to view your application online.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Use the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">open</span></code> command from heroku to open your website in a browser:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">(</span>ljenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>heroku open
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>If you don't see your application, check to see if it is running:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">(</span>ljenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>heroku <span class="nv">ps</span>
+<span class="o">===</span> web <span class="o">(</span>1X<span class="o">)</span>: <span class="sb">`</span>./run<span class="sb">`</span>
+web.1: up 2015/01/18 16:44:37 <span class="o">(</span>~ 31m ago<span class="o">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>If you get no results, use the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">scale</span></code> command to try turning on a web
+<em>dyno</em>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">(</span>ljenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>heroku scale <span class="nv">web</span><span class="o">=</span>1
+Scaling dynos... <span class="k">done</span>, now running web at 1:1X.
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">60</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id49">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>A Word About Scaling</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Heroku pricing is dependent on the number of <em>dynos</em> you are running.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>So long as you only run one dyno per application, you will remain in the
+free tier.</p>
+<p>Scaling above one dyno will begin to incur costs.</p>
+<p><strong>Pay attention to the number of dynos you have running</strong>.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">61</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id50">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Troubleshooting</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Troubleshooting problems with Heroku deployment can be challenging.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Your most powerful tool is the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">logs</span></code> command:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">(</span>ljenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>heroku logs
+...
+2015-01-19T01:17:59.443720+00:00 app<span class="o">[</span>web.1<span class="o">]</span>: serving on http://0.0.0.0:53843
+2015-01-19T01:17:59.505003+00:00 heroku<span class="o">[</span>web.1<span class="o">]</span>: State changed from starting to update
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>This command will print the last 50 or so lines of logging from your
+application.</p>
+<p>You can use the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">-t</span></code> flag to <em>tail</em> the logs.</p>
+<p>This will continually update log entries to your terminal as you interact
+with the application.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">62</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id51">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Revel In Your Glory</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Try logging in to your application with the password you set up in Heroku
+configuration.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Once you are logged in, try adding an entry or two.</p>
+<p>You are now off to the races!</p>
+<p class="center"><strong>Congratulations</strong></p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">63</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-2" id="adding-polish">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h2>Adding Polish</h2>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <div class="left container">
+<p>So we have now deployed a running application.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>But there are a number of things we can do to make the application
+better.</p>
+<p>Let's start by adding a way to log out.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">64</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="adding-logout">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Adding Logout</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Our <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">login</span></code> view is already set up to work for logout.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>What is the logical path taken if that view is accessed via <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">GET</span></code>?</p>
+<p>All we need to do is add a view_config that allows that.</p>
+<p>Open <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">learning_journal/views.py</span></code> and make these changes:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="nd">@view_config</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">route_name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;auth&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">match_param</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;action=in&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">renderer</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;string&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+         <span class="n">request_method</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;POST&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c"># &lt;-- THIS IS ALREADY THERE</span>
+<span class="c"># ADD THE FOLLOWING LINE</span>
+<span class="nd">@view_config</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">route_name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;auth&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">match_param</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;action=out&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">renderer</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;string&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="c"># UPDATE THE VIEW FUNCTION NAME</span>
+<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">sign_in_out</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">request</span><span class="p">):</span>
+    <span class="c"># ...</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">65</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id52">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Re-Deploy</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>The chief advantage of Heroku is that we can re-deploy with a single command.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Add and commit your changes to git.</p>
+<p>Then re-deploy by pushing to the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">heroku</span> <span class="pre">master</span></code>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">(</span>ljenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>git push heroku master
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Once that completes, you should be able to reload your application in the
+browser.</p>
+<p>Visit the following URL path to test log out:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>/sign/out</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">66</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="hide-ui-for-anonymous">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Hide UI for Anonymous</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Another improvement we can make is to hide UI that is not available for users
+who are not logged in.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>The first step is to update our <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">detail</span></code> view to tell us if someone is
+logged in:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c"># learning_journal/views.py</span>
+<span class="nd">@view_config</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">route_name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;detail&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">renderer</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;templates/detail.jinja2&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">request</span><span class="p">):</span>
+    <span class="c"># ...</span>
+    <span class="n">logged_in</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">authenticated_userid</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">request</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="s">&#39;entry&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">entry</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;logged_in&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">logged_in</span><span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">authenticated_userid</span></code> function returns the id of the logged in user,
+if there is one, and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">None</span></code> if there is not.</p>
+<p>We can use that.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">67</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id53">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Hide &quot;Create Entry&quot; UI</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>First we can hide the UI for creating a new entry:</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Edit <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">templates/list.jinja2</span></code>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-jinja"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">extends</span> <span class="s2">&quot;layout.jinja2&quot;</span> <span class="cp">%}</span><span class="x"></span>
+<span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">block</span> <span class="nv">body</span> <span class="cp">%}</span><span class="x"></span>
+<span class="x">&lt;!-- ... ADD THE IF TAGS BELOW --&gt;</span>
+<span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="k">not</span> <span class="nv">login_form</span> <span class="cp">%}</span><span class="x"></span>
+<span class="x">&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;</span><span class="cp">{{</span> <span class="nv">request.route_url</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;action&#39;</span><span class="o">,</span> <span class="nv">action</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">&#39;create&#39;</span><span class="o">)</span> <span class="cp">}}</span><span class="x">&quot;&gt;New Entry&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</span>
+<span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">endif</span> <span class="cp">%}</span><span class="x"></span>
+<span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">endblock</span> <span class="cp">%}</span><span class="x"></span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>This relies on the fact that the login form will only be present if there
+is <strong>not</strong> an authenticated user.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">68</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id54">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Hide &quot;Edit Entry&quot; UI</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Next, we can hide the UI for editing an existing entry:</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Edit <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">templates/detail.jinja2</span></code>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-jinja"><div class="highlight"><pre>{% extends &quot;layout.jinja2&quot; %}
+{% block body %}
+&lt;!-- ... WRAP THE EDIT LINK --&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+  &lt;a href=&quot;{{ request.route_url(&#39;home&#39;) }}&quot;&gt;Go Back&lt;/a&gt;
+  {% if logged_in %}
+  ::
+  &lt;a href=&quot;{{ request.route_url(&#39;action&#39;, action=&#39;edit&#39;, _query=((&#39;id&#39;,entry.id),)) }}&quot;&gt;
+    Edit Entry&lt;/a&gt;
+  {% endif %}
+&lt;/p&gt;
+{% endblock %}
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">69</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="format-entries">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Format Entries</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>It would be nice if our journal entries could have HTML formatting.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>We could write HTML by hand in the body field, but that'd be a pain.</p>
+<p>Instead, let's allow ourselves to write entries <a class="reference external" href="http://daringfireball.net/projects/markdown/syntax">in Markdown</a>, a popular
+markup syntax used by GitHub and many other websites.</p>
+<p>Python provides several libraries that implement markdown formatting.</p>
+<p>They will take text that contains markdown formatting and convert it to
+HTML.</p>
+<p>Let's use one.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">70</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id55">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Adding the Dependency</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>The first step, is to pick a package and add it to our dependencies.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>My recommendation is the <a class="reference external" href="https://pythonhosted.org/Markdown/">markdown</a> python library.</p>
+<p>Open <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">setup.py</span></code> and add the package to the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">requires</span></code> list:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">requires</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span>
+    <span class="c"># ...</span>
+    <span class="s">&#39;cryptacular&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+    <span class="s">&#39;markdown&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="c"># &lt;-- ADD THIS</span>
+    <span class="p">]</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>We'll test this locally first, so go ahead and re-install your app:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">(</span>ljenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>python setup.py develop
+...
+Finished processing dependencies <span class="k">for</span> learning-journal<span class="o">==</span>0.0
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">71</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id56">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Jinja2 Filters</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>We've seen before how Jinja2 provides a number of filters for values when
+rendering templates.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>A nice feature of the templating language is that it also allows you to
+<a class="reference external" href="http://jinja.pocoo.org/docs/dev/api/#custom-filters">create your own filters</a>.</p>
+<p>Remember the template syntax for a filter:</p>
+<div class="highlight-jinja"><div class="highlight"><pre>{{ value|filter(arg1, ..., argN) }}
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>A filter is simply a function that takes the value to the left of the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">|</span></code>
+character as a first argument, and any supplied arguments as the second and
+beyond:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">filter</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">value</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">arg1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">...</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">argN</span><span class="p">):</span>
+    <span class="c"># do something to value here</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">72</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id57">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Our Markdown Filter</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Creating a <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">markdown</span></code> filter will allow us to convert plain text stored in
+the database to HTML at template rendering time.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Open <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">learning_journal/views.py</span></code> and add the following:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c"># add two imports:</span>
+<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">jinja2</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">Markup</span>
+<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">markdown</span>
+<span class="c"># and a function</span>
+<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">render_markdown</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">content</span><span class="p">):</span>
+    <span class="n">output</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Markup</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">markdown</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">markdown</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">content</span><span class="p">))</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">output</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Markup</span></code> class from jinja2 marks a string with HTML tags as &quot;safe&quot;.</p>
+<p>This prevents the tags from being <em>escaped</em> when they are rendered into a
+page.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">73</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id58">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Register the Filter</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>In order for <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Jinja2</span></code> to be aware that our filter exists, we need to register
+it.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>In Pyramid, we do this in configuration.</p>
+<p>Open <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">development.ini</span></code> and edit it as follows:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ini"><div class="highlight"><pre>[app:main]
+...
+jinja2.filters =
+    markdown = learning_journal.views.render_markdown
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>This informs the main app that we wish to register a jinja2 filter.</p>
+<p>We will call it <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">markdown</span></code> and it will be embodied by the function we
+just wrote.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">74</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id59">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Use Your Filter</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>To see the results of our work, we'll need to use the filter in a template
+somewhere.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>I suggest using it in the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">learning_journal/templates/detail.jinja2</span></code>
+template:</p>
+<div class="highlight-jinja"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">extends</span> <span class="s2">&quot;layout.jinja2&quot;</span> <span class="cp">%}</span><span class="x"></span>
+<span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">block</span> <span class="nv">body</span> <span class="cp">%}</span><span class="x"></span>
+<span class="x">&lt;article&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">  &lt;!-- EDIT THIS LINE --&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">  &lt;p&gt;</span><span class="cp">{{</span> <span class="nv">entry.body</span><span class="o">|</span><span class="nf">markdown</span> <span class="cp">}}</span><span class="x">&lt;/p&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">  &lt;!-- --&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">&lt;/article&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">&lt;p&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">&lt;!-- --&gt;</span>
+<span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">endblock</span> <span class="cp">%}</span><span class="x"></span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">75</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id60">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Test Your Results</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Start up your application, and create an entry using valid markdown formatting:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">(</span>ljenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>pserve development.ini
+Starting server in PID 84331.
+serving on http://0.0.0.0:6543
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Once you save your entry, you should be able to see it with actual
+formatting: headers, bulleted lists, links, and so on.</p>
+<p>That makes quite a difference.</p>
+<p>Go ahead and add the same filter registration to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">production.ini</span></code></p>
+<p>Then commit your changes and redeploy:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">(</span>ljenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>git push heroku master
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">76</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="syntax-highlighting">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Syntax Highlighting</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>The purpose of this journal is to allow you to write entries about the things
+you learn in this class and elsewhere.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Markdown formatting allows for &quot;preformatted&quot; blocks of text like code
+samples.</p>
+<p>But there is nothing in markdown that handles <em>colorizing</em> code.</p>
+<p>Luckily, the markdown package allows for extensions, and one of these
+supports <a class="reference external" href="https://pythonhosted.org/Markdown/extensions/code_hilite.html">colorization</a>.</p>
+<p>It requires the <a class="reference external" href="http://pygments.org">pygments</a> library</p>
+<p>Let's set this up next.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">77</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id61">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Install the Dependency</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Again, we need to install our new dependency first.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Add the following to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">requires</span></code> in <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">setup.py</span></code>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">requires</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span>
+    <span class="c"># ...</span>
+    <span class="s">&#39;markdown&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+    <span class="s">&#39;pygments&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="c"># &lt;-- ADD THIS LINE</span>
+    <span class="p">]</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Then re-install your app to pick up the software:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">(</span>ljenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>python setup.py develop
+...
+Finished processing dependencies <span class="k">for</span> learning-journal<span class="o">==</span>0.0
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">78</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id62">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Add to Our Filter</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>The next step is to extend our markdown filter in <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">learning_journal/views.py</span></code>
+with this feature.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">render_markdown</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">content</span><span class="p">):</span>
+    <span class="n">output</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Markup</span><span class="p">(</span>
+        <span class="n">markdown</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">markdown</span><span class="p">(</span>
+            <span class="n">content</span><span class="p">,</span>
+            <span class="n">extensions</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s">&#39;codehilite(pygments_style=colorful)&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;fenced_code&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span>
+        <span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">output</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Now, you'll be able to make highlighted code blocks just like in GitHub:</p>
+<div class="highlight-text"><div class="highlight"><pre>```python
+def foo(x, y):
+    return x**y
+```
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">79</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id63">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Add CSS</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Code highlighting works by putting HTML <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">&lt;span&gt;</span></code> tags with special CSS
+classes around bits of your code.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>We need to generate and add the css to support this.</p>
+<p>You can use the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pygmentize</span></code> command from pygments to
+<a class="reference external" href="http://pygments.org/docs/cmdline/#generating-styles">generate the css</a>.</p>
+<p>Make sure you are in the directory with <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">setup.py</span></code> when you run this:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">(</span>ljenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>pygmentize -f html -S colorful -a .codehilite <span class="se">\</span>
+     &gt;&gt; learning_journal/static/styles.css
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The styles will be printed to standard out.</p>
+<p>The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">&gt;&gt;</span></code> shell operator <em>appends</em> the output to the file named.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">80</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id64">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Try It Out</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Go ahead and restart your application and see the difference a little style
+makes:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">(</span>ljenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>pserve development.ini
+Starting server in PID 84331.
+serving on http://0.0.0.0:6543
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Try writing an entry with a little Python code in it.</p>
+<p>Python is not the only language available.</p>
+<p>Any syntax covered by <a class="reference external" href="http://pygments.org/docs/lexers/">pygments lexers</a> is available, just use the
+<em>shortname</em> from a lexer to get that type of style highlighting.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">81</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id65">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Deploy Your Changes</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>When you've got this working as you wish, go ahead and deploy it.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Add and commit all the changes you've made.</p>
+<p>Then push your results to the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">heroku</span> <span class="pre">master</span></code>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">(</span>ljenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>git push heroku master
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">82</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-2" id="homework">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h2>Homework</h2>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <div class="left container">
+<p>That's just about enough for now.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>There's no homework for you to submit this week. You've worked hard enough.</p>
+<p>Take the week to review what we've done and make sure you have a solid
+understanding of it.</p>
+<p>If you wish, play with HTML and CSS to make your journal more personalized.</p>
+<p>However, in preparation for our work with Django next week, I'd like you to
+get started a bit ahead of time.</p>
+<p>Please read and follow along with this <a class="reference external" href="django_intro.html">basic intro to Django</a>.</p>
+<p class="centered"><strong>See You Then</strong></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">83</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>
+
+
+    <slide class="thank-you-slide segue nobackground">
+    <aside class="gdbar right"><img src="../_static/logo_UW.png"></aside>
+    <article class="flexbox vleft auto-fadein">
+      <h2>Good Night!</h2>
+      <p>&nbsp;</p>
+    </article>
+    <p class="auto-fadein" data-config-contact>
+      <!-- populated from slide_config.json -->
+    </p>
+  </slide>
+
+  <slide class="backdrop"></slide>
+
+</slides>
+
+<!--[if IE]>
+  <script src="http://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/chrome-frame/1/CFInstall.min.js"></script>
+  <script>CFInstall.check({mode: 'overlay'});</script>
+<![endif]-->
+</body>
+</html>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/slides/presentations/session08.html b/slides/presentations/session08.html
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7e220b8c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/slides/presentations/session08.html
@@ -0,0 +1,1930 @@
+<!--
+Google IO 2012/2013 HTML5 Slide Template
+
+Authors: Eric Bidelman <ebidel@gmail.com>
+         Luke Mahé <lukem@google.com>
+
+URL: https://code.google.com/p/io-2012-slides
+--><!DOCTYPE html>
+
+
+<html>
+<head>
+  <title>Session 08 &mdash; Internet Programming with Python</title>
+  <meta charset="utf-8">
+  
+  <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="chrome=1">
+  <!--<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, minimum-scale=1.0">-->
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+<body style="opacity: 0">
+
+<slides class="layout-widescreen">
+
+  <slide class="title-slide segue nobackground">
+  <aside class="gdbar"><img src="../_static/logo_UW.png"></aside>
+  <!-- The content of this hgroup is replaced programmatically through the slide_config.json. -->
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+    <h1 data-config-title><!-- populated from slide_config.json --></h1>
+    <h2 data-config-subtitle><!-- populated from slide_config.json --></h2>
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+  </hgroup>
+</slide>
+
+  
+    <slide class="title-slide segue nobackground level-1" id="session-08">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h1>Session 08</h1>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <div class="figure align-center" id="id2">
+<a class="reference internal image-reference" href="../_images/django-pony.png"><img alt="../_images/django-pony.png" src="../_images/django-pony.png" style="width: 60%;" /></a>
+<p class="caption"><span class="caption-text">image: <a class="reference external" href="http://djangopony.com/">http://djangopony.com/</a></span></p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">1</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-2" id="building-a-django-application">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h2>Building a Django Application</h2>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p class="large">Wherein we build a simple blogging app.</p>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">2</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="a-full-stack-framework">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>A Full Stack Framework</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Django comes with:</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>Persistence via the <em>Django ORM</em></li>
+<li>CRUD content editing via the automatic <em>Django Admin</em></li>
+<li>URL Mapping via <em>urlpatterns</em></li>
+<li>Templating via the <em>Django Template Language</em></li>
+<li>Caching with levels of configurability</li>
+<li>Internationalization via i18n hooks</li>
+<li>Form rendering and handling</li>
+<li>User authentication and authorization</li>
+</ul>
+<p>Pretty much everything you need to make a solid website quickly</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">3</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id3">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>What Sets it Apart?</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Lots of frameworks offer some of these features, if not all.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>What is Django's <em>killer feature</em></p>
+<p class="centered"><strong>The Django Admin</strong></p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">4</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id4">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>The Django Admin</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Works in concert with the Django ORM to provide automatic CRUD functionality</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>You write the models, it provides the UI</p>
+<p>You've seen this in action. Pretty neat, eh?</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">5</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id5">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>The Pareto Principle</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>The Django Admin is a great example of the Pareto Priciple, a.k.a. the 80/20
+rule:</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p class="centered"><strong>80% of the problems can be solved by 20% of the effort</strong></p>
+<p>The converse also holds true:</p>
+<p class="centered"><strong>Fixing the last 20% of the problems will take the remaining 80% of the
+effort.</strong></p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">6</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id6">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Other Django Advantages</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Clearly the most popular full-stack Python web framework at this time</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Popularity translates into:</p>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>Active, present community</li>
+<li>Plethora of good examples to be found online</li>
+<li>Rich ecosystem of <em>apps</em> (encapsulated add-on functionality)</li>
+</ul>
+<p class="centered"><strong>Jobs</strong></p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">7</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id7">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Active Development</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Django releases in the last 12+ months (a short list):</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>1.9 (December 2015)</li>
+<li>1.8.7 (November 2015)</li>
+<li>1.7.11 (November 2015)</li>
+<li>1.8.5 (October 2015)</li>
+<li>1.7.10 (August 2015)</li>
+<li>1.8.3 (July 2015)</li>
+<li>1.8 (April 2015)</li>
+<li>1.7.7 (March 2015)</li>
+<li>1.7.4 (January 2014)</li>
+</ul>
+<p>Django 1.8 is the second <em>Long Term Support</em> version, with a guaranteed support
+period of three years.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">8</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id8">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Great Documentation</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Thorough, readable, and discoverable.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Led the way to better documentation for all Python</p>
+<p><a class="reference external" href="https://readthedocs.org/">Read The Docs</a> - built in connection with
+Django, sponsored by the Django Software Foundation.</p>
+<p>Write documentation as part of your python package.</p>
+<p>Render new versions of that documentation for every commit.</p>
+<p class="centered"><strong>this is awesome</strong></p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">9</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="where-we-stand">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Where We Stand</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>For your homework this week, you created a <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Post</span></code> model to serve as the heart
+of our blogging app.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>You also took some time to get familiar with the basic workings of the
+Django ORM.</p>
+<p>You made a minor modification to our model class and wrote a test for it.</p>
+<p>And you installed the Django Admin site and added your app to it.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">10</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="going-further">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Going Further</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>One of the most common features in a blog is the ability to categorize posts.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Let's add this feature to our blog!</p>
+<p>To do so, we'll be adding a new model, and making some changes to existing
+code.</p>
+<p class="build">This means that we'll need to <em>change our database schema</em>.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">11</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id9">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Changing a Database</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>You've seen how to add new tables to a database using the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">migrate</span></code> command.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>And you've created your first migration in setting up the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Post</span></code> model.</p>
+<p>This is an example of altering the <em>database schema</em> using Python code.</p>
+<p>Starting in Django 1.7, this ability is available built-in to Django.</p>
+<p>Before verson 1.7 it was available in an add-on called <a class="reference external" href="http://south.readthedocs.org/en/latest">South</a>.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">12</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id10">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Adding a Model</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>We want to add a new model to represent the categories our blog posts might
+fall into.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>This model will need to have:</p>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>a name for the category</li>
+<li>a longer description</li>
+<li>a relationship to the Post model</li>
+</ul>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c"># in models.py</span>
+<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Category</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">models</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Model</span><span class="p">):</span>
+    <span class="n">name</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">models</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">CharField</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">max_length</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">128</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="n">description</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">models</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">TextField</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">blank</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">True</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="n">posts</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">models</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ManyToManyField</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Post</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">blank</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">True</span><span class="p">,</span>
+                                   <span class="n">related_name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;categories&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">13</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id11">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Strange Relationships</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>In our <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Post</span></code> model, we used a <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ForeignKeyField</span></code> field to match an author
+to her posts.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>This models the situation in which a single author can have many posts,
+while each post has only one author.</p>
+<p>We call this a <em>Many to One</em> relationship.</p>
+<p>But any given <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Post</span></code> might belong in more than one <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Category</span></code>.</p>
+<p>And it would be a waste to allow only one <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Post</span></code> for each <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Category</span></code>.</p>
+<p>Enter the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ManyToManyField</span></code></p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">14</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id12">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Add a Migration</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>To get these changes set up, we now add a new migration.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>We use the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">makemigrations</span></code> management command to do so:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">(</span>djangoenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>./manage.py makemigrations
+Migrations <span class="k">for</span> <span class="s1">&#39;myblog&#39;</span>:
+  0002_category.py:
+    - Create model Category
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">15</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id13">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Apply A Migration</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Once the migration has been created, we can apply it with the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">migrate</span></code>
+management command.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">(</span>djangoenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>./manage.py migrate
+Operations to perform:
+  Apply all migrations: sessions, contenttypes, admin, myblog, auth
+Running migrations:
+  Rendering model states... DONE
+  Applying myblog.0002_category... OK
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>You can even look at the migration file you just applied,
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">myblog/migrations/0002_category.py</span></code> to see what happened.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">16</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id14">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Make Categories Look Nice</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Let's make <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Category</span></code> object look nice the same way we did with <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Post</span></code>.
+Start with a test:</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>add this to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">tests.py</span></code>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c"># another import</span>
+<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">myblog.models</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">Category</span>
+
+<span class="c"># and the test case and test</span>
+<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">CategoryTestCase</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">TestCase</span><span class="p">):</span>
+
+    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">test_string_representation</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span>
+        <span class="n">expected</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&quot;A Category&quot;</span>
+        <span class="n">c1</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Category</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">expected</span><span class="p">)</span>
+        <span class="n">actual</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">str</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">c1</span><span class="p">)</span>
+        <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assertEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">expected</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">actual</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">17</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id15">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Make it Pass</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>When you run your tests, you now have two, and one is failing because the
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Category</span></code> object doesn't look right.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">(</span>djangoenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>./manage.py <span class="nb">test </span>myblog
+Creating <span class="nb">test </span>database <span class="k">for</span> <span class="nb">alias</span> <span class="s1">&#39;default&#39;</span>...
+...
+
+Ran <span class="m">2</span> tests in 0.011s
+
+FAILED <span class="o">(</span><span class="nv">failures</span><span class="o">=</span>1<span class="o">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Do you remember how you made that change for a <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Post</span></code>?</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Category</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">models</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Model</span><span class="p">):</span>
+    <span class="c">#...</span>
+
+    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">__str__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span>
+        <span class="k">return</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">name</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">18</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id16">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Admin for Categories</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Adding our new model to the Django admin is equally simple.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Simply add the following line to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">myblog/admin.py</span></code></p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c"># a new import</span>
+<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">myblog.models</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">Category</span>
+
+<span class="c"># and a new admin registration</span>
+<span class="n">admin</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">site</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">register</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Category</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">19</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id17">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Test It Out</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Fire up the Django development server and see what you have in the admin:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">(</span>djangoenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>./manage.py runserver
+Validating models...
+...
+Starting development server at http://127.0.0.1:8000/
+Quit the server with CONTROL-C.
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Point your browser at <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">http://localhost:8000/admin/</span></code>, log in and play.</p>
+<p>Add a few categories, put some posts in them. Visit your posts, add new
+ones and then categorize them.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">20</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="break-time">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>BREAK TIME</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>We've completed a data model for our application.</p>
+<p>And thanks to Django's easy-to-use admin, we have a reasonable CRUD application
+where we can manage blog posts and the categories we put them in.</p>
+<p>When we return, we'll put a public face on our new creation.</p>
+<p>If you've fallen behind, the app as it stands now is in our class resources as
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">mysite_stage_1</span></code></p>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">21</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-2" id="a-public-face">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h2>A Public Face</h2>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p class="left">Point your browser at <a class="reference external" href="http://localhost:8000/">http://localhost:8000/</a></p>
+<div class="build left container">
+<p>What do you see?</p>
+<p>Why?</p>
+<p>We need to add some public pages for our blog.</p>
+<p>In Django, the code that builds a page that you can see is called a <em>view</em>.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">22</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="django-views">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Django Views</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>A <em>view</em> can be defined as a <em>callable</em> that takes a request and returns a
+response.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>This should sound pretty familiar to you.</p>
+<p>Classically, Django views were functions.</p>
+<p>Version 1.3 added support for Class-based Views (a class with a
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__call__</span></code> method is a callable)</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">23</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id18">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>A Basic View</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Let's add a really simple view to our app.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>It will be a stub for our public UI.  Add this to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">views.py</span></code> in
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">myblog</span></code></p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">django.http</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">HttpResponse</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">HttpResponseRedirect</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Http404</span>
+
+<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">stub_view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">request</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">kwargs</span><span class="p">):</span>
+    <span class="n">body</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&quot;Stub View</span><span class="se">\n\n</span><span class="s">&quot;</span>
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">args</span><span class="p">:</span>
+        <span class="n">body</span> <span class="o">+=</span> <span class="s">&quot;Args:</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s">&quot;</span>
+        <span class="n">body</span> <span class="o">+=</span> <span class="s">&quot;</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s">&quot;</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">join</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="s">&quot;</span><span class="se">\t</span><span class="si">%s</span><span class="s">&quot;</span> <span class="o">%</span> <span class="n">a</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">a</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">args</span><span class="p">])</span>
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">kwargs</span><span class="p">:</span>
+        <span class="n">body</span> <span class="o">+=</span> <span class="s">&quot;Kwargs:</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s">&quot;</span>
+        <span class="n">body</span> <span class="o">+=</span> <span class="s">&quot;</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s">&quot;</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">join</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="s">&quot;</span><span class="se">\t</span><span class="si">%s</span><span class="s">: </span><span class="si">%s</span><span class="s">&quot;</span> <span class="o">%</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">kwargs</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">items</span><span class="p">()])</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">HttpResponse</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">body</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">content_type</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;text/plain&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">24</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id19">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Hooking It Up</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>In your homework tutorial, you learned about Django <strong>urlconfs</strong></p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>We used our project urlconf to hook the Django admin into our project.</p>
+<p>We want to do the same thing for our new app.</p>
+<p>In general, an <em>app</em> that serves any sort of views should contain its own
+urlconf.</p>
+<p>The project urlconf should mainly <em>include</em> these where possible.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">25</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id20">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Adding A Urlconf</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Create a new file <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">urls.py</span></code> inside the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">myblog</span></code> app package.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Open it in your editor and add the following code:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">django.conf.urls</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">url</span>
+<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">myblog.views</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">stub_view</span>
+
+<span class="n">urlpatterns</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span>
+    <span class="n">url</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">r&#39;^$&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="n">stub_view</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="n">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;blog_index&quot;</span><span class="p">),</span>
+<span class="p">]</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">26</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id21">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Include Blog Urls</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>In order for our new urls to load, we'll need to include them in our project
+urlconf</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Open <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">urls.py</span></code> from the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">mysite</span></code> project package and add this:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c"># add this new import</span>
+<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">django.conf.urls</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">include</span>
+
+<span class="c"># then modify urlpatterns as follows:</span>
+<span class="n">urlpatterns</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span>
+    <span class="n">url</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">r&#39;^&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">include</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;myblog.urls&#39;</span><span class="p">)),</span> <span class="c">#&lt;- add this</span>
+    <span class="c">#... other included urls</span>
+<span class="p">]</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Try reloading <a class="reference external" href="http://localhost:8000/">http://localhost:8000/</a></p>
+<p>You should see some output now.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">27</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="project-url-space">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Project URL Space</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>A project is defined by the urls a user can visit.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>What should our users be able to see when they visit our blog?</p>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>A list view that shows blog posts, most recent first.</li>
+<li>An individual post view, showing a single post (a permalink).</li>
+</ul>
+<p>Let's add urls for each of these.</p>
+<p>For now, we'll use the stub view we've created so we can concentrate on the
+url routing.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">28</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id22">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Our URLs</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>We've already got a good url for the list page: <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">blog_index</span></code> at '/'</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>For the view of a single post, we'll need to capture the id of the post.
+Add this to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">urlpatterns</span></code> in <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">myblog/urls.py</span></code>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">url</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">r&#39;^posts/(\d+)/$&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+    <span class="n">stub_view</span><span class="p">,</span>
+    <span class="n">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;blog_detail&quot;</span><span class="p">),</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">(\d+)</span></code> captures one or more digits as the post_id.</p>
+<p>Load <a class="reference external" href="http://localhost:8000/posts/1234/">http://localhost:8000/posts/1234/</a> and see what you get.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">29</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id23">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>A Word on Capture in URLs</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>When you load the above url, you should see <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">1234</span></code> listed as an <em>arg</em></p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Try changing the route like so:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="s">r&#39;^posts/(?P&lt;post_id&gt;\d+)/$&#39;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Reload the same url.</p>
+<p>Notice the change.</p>
+<p>What's going on there?</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">30</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id24">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Regular Expression URLS</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Like Pyramid, Django uses Python regular expressions to build routes.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Unlike Pyramid, Django <em>requires</em> regular expressions to capture segments
+in a route.</p>
+<p>When we built our WSGI book app, we used this same appraoch.</p>
+<p>There we learned about regular expression <em>capture groups</em>. We just changed
+an unnamed <em>capture group</em> to a named one.</p>
+<p>How you declare a capture group in your url pattern regexp influences how
+it will be passed to the view callable.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">31</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id25">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Full Urlconf</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">django.conf.urls</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">url</span>
+<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">myblog.views</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">stub_view</span>
+
+<span class="n">urlpatterns</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span>
+    <span class="n">url</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">r&#39;^$&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="n">stub_view</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="n">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;blog_index&quot;</span><span class="p">),</span>
+    <span class="n">url</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">r&#39;^posts/(?P&lt;post_id&gt;\d+)/$&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="n">stub_view</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="n">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;blog_detail&quot;</span><span class="p">),</span>
+<span class="p">]</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">32</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id26">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Testing Views</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Before we begin writing real views, we need to add some tests for the views we
+are about to create.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>We'll need tests for a list view and a detail view</p>
+<p>add the following <em>imports</em> at the top of <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">myblog/tests.py</span></code>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">datetime</span>
+<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">django.utils.timezone</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">utc</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">33</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id27">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Add a Test Case</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">FrontEndTestCase</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">TestCase</span><span class="p">):</span>
+    <span class="sd">&quot;&quot;&quot;test views provided in the front-end&quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
+    <span class="n">fixtures</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="s">&#39;myblog_test_fixture.json&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">]</span>
+
+    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">setUp</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span>
+        <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">now</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">datetime</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">datetime</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">utcnow</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">replace</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">tzinfo</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">utc</span><span class="p">)</span>
+        <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">timedelta</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">datetime</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">timedelta</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">15</span><span class="p">)</span>
+        <span class="n">author</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">User</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">objects</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pk</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span>
+        <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">count</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="nb">range</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">11</span><span class="p">):</span>
+            <span class="n">post</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Post</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">title</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;Post </span><span class="si">%d</span><span class="s"> Title&quot;</span> <span class="o">%</span> <span class="n">count</span><span class="p">,</span>
+                        <span class="n">text</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;foo&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+                        <span class="n">author</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">author</span><span class="p">)</span>
+            <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">count</span> <span class="o">&lt;</span> <span class="mi">6</span><span class="p">:</span>
+                <span class="c"># publish the first five posts</span>
+                <span class="n">pubdate</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">now</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">timedelta</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="n">count</span>
+                <span class="n">post</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">published_date</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">pubdate</span>
+            <span class="n">post</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">save</span><span class="p">()</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">34</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="our-list-view">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Our List View</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>We'd like our list view to show our posts.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>But in this blog, we have the ability to publish posts.</p>
+<p>Unpublished posts should not be seen in the front-end views.</p>
+<p>We set up our tests to have 5 published, and 5 unpublished posts</p>
+<p>Let's add a test to demonstrate that the right ones show up.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">35</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id28">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Testing the List View</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">Class</span> <span class="n">FrontEndTestCase</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">TestCase</span><span class="p">):</span> <span class="c"># already here</span>
+    <span class="c"># ...</span>
+    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">test_list_only_published</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span>
+        <span class="n">resp</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">client</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;/&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+        <span class="c"># the content of the rendered response is always a bytestring</span>
+        <span class="n">resp_text</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">resp</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">content</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">decode</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">resp</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">charset</span><span class="p">)</span>
+        <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assertTrue</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;Recent Posts&quot;</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">resp_text</span><span class="p">)</span>
+        <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">count</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="nb">range</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">11</span><span class="p">):</span>
+            <span class="n">title</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&quot;Post </span><span class="si">%d</span><span class="s"> Title&quot;</span> <span class="o">%</span> <span class="n">count</span>
+            <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">count</span> <span class="o">&lt;</span> <span class="mi">6</span><span class="p">:</span>
+                <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assertContains</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">resp</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">title</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">count</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span>
+            <span class="k">else</span><span class="p">:</span>
+                <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assertNotContains</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">resp</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">title</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>We test first to ensure that each published post is visible in our view.</p>
+<p>Note that we also test to ensure that the unpublished posts are <em>not</em> visible.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">36</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id29">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Run Your Tests</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">(</span>djangoenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>./manage.py <span class="nb">test </span>myblog
+Creating <span class="nb">test </span>database <span class="k">for</span> <span class="nb">alias</span> <span class="s1">&#39;default&#39;</span>...
+.F.
+<span class="o">======================================================================</span>
+FAIL: test_list_only_published <span class="o">(</span>myblog.tests.FrontEndTestCase<span class="o">)</span>
+...
+Ran <span class="m">3</span> tests in 0.024s
+
+FAILED <span class="o">(</span><span class="nv">failures</span><span class="o">=</span>1<span class="o">)</span>
+Destroying <span class="nb">test </span>database <span class="k">for</span> <span class="nb">alias</span> <span class="s1">&#39;default&#39;</span>...
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">37</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id30">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Now Fix That Test!</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Add the view for listing blog posts to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">views.py</span></code>.</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c"># add these imports</span>
+<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">django.template</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">RequestContext</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">loader</span>
+<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">myblog.models</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">Post</span>
+
+<span class="c"># and this view</span>
+<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">list_view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">request</span><span class="p">):</span>
+    <span class="n">published</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Post</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">objects</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">exclude</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">published_date__exact</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="n">posts</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">published</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">order_by</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;-published_date&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="n">template</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">loader</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get_template</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;list.html&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="n">context</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">RequestContext</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">request</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+        <span class="s">&#39;posts&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">posts</span><span class="p">,</span>
+    <span class="p">})</span>
+    <span class="n">body</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">template</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">render</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">context</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">HttpResponse</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">body</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">content_type</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;text/html&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">38</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id31">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Getting Posts</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">published</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Post</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">objects</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">exclude</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">published_date__exact</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="n">posts</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">published</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">order_by</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;-published_date&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>We begin by using the QuerySet API to fetch all the posts that have
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">published_date</span></code> set</p>
+<p>Using the chaining nature of the API we order these posts by
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">published_date</span></code></p>
+<p>Remember, at this point, no query has actually been issued to the database.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">39</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id32">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Getting a Template</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">template</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">loader</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get_template</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;list.html&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Django uses configuration to determine how to find templates.</p>
+<p>By default, Django looks in installed <em>apps</em> for a <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">templates</span></code> directory</p>
+<p>It also provides a place to list specific directories.</p>
+<p>Let's set that up in <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">settings.py</span></code></p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">40</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id33">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Project Templates</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Notice that <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">settings.py</span></code> already contains a <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">BASE_DIR</span></code> value which points
+to the root of our project (where both the project and app packages are
+located).</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>In that same file, you'll find a list bound to the symbol <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TEMPLATES</span></code>.</p>
+<p>That list contains one dict with an empty list at the key <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">DIRS</span></code>. Update
+that empty list as shown here:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">TEMPLATES</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span>
+    <span class="p">{</span>
+        <span class="s">&#39;BACKEND&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">&#39;django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s">&#39;DIRS&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">join</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">BASE_DIR</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;mysite/templates&#39;</span><span class="p">)],</span>
+        <span class="o">...</span>
+    <span class="p">},</span>
+<span class="p">]</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>This will ensure that Django will look in your <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">mysite</span></code> project folder
+for a directory containing templates.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">41</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id34">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Our List View</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">mysite</span></code> project folder does not contain a <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">templates</span></code> directory, add one.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Then, in that directory add a new file <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">base.html</span></code> and add the following:</p>
+<div class="highlight-jinja"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="x">&lt;!DOCTYPE html&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">&lt;html&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">  &lt;head&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">    &lt;title&gt;My Django Blog&lt;/title&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">  &lt;/head&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">  &lt;body&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">    &lt;div id=&quot;container&quot;&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">      &lt;div id=&quot;content&quot;&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">      </span><span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">block</span> <span class="nv">content</span> <span class="cp">%}</span><span class="x"></span>
+<span class="x">       [content will go here]</span>
+<span class="x">      </span><span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">endblock</span> <span class="cp">%}</span><span class="x"></span>
+<span class="x">      &lt;/div&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">    &lt;/div&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">  &lt;/body&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">&lt;/html&gt;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">42</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="templates-in-django">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Templates in Django</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Before we move on, a quick word about Django templates.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>We've seen Jinja2 which was &quot;inspired by Django's templating system&quot;.</p>
+<p>Basically, you already know how to write Django templates.</p>
+<p>Django templates <strong>do not</strong> allow any python expressions.</p>
+<p><a class="reference external" href="https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.9/ref/templates/builtins/">https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.9/ref/templates/builtins/</a></p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">43</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id35">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Blog Templates</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Our view tries to load <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">list.html</span></code>.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>This template is probably specific to the blog functionality of our site</p>
+<p>It is common to keep shared templates in your project directory and
+specialized ones in app directories.</p>
+<p>Add a <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">templates</span></code> directory to your <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">myblog</span></code> app, too.</p>
+<p>In it, create a new file <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">list.html</span></code> and add this:</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">44</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id36">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">list.html</span></code></h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <div class="highlight-jinja"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">extends</span> <span class="s2">&quot;base.html&quot;</span> <span class="cp">%}{%</span> <span class="k">block</span> <span class="nv">content</span> <span class="cp">%}</span><span class="x"></span>
+<span class="x">  &lt;h1&gt;Recent Posts&lt;/h1&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">  </span><span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">comment</span> <span class="cp">%}</span><span class="c"> here is where the query happens </span><span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">endcomment</span> <span class="cp">%}</span><span class="x"></span>
+<span class="x">  </span><span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="nv">post</span> <span class="k">in</span> <span class="nv">posts</span> <span class="cp">%}</span><span class="x"></span>
+<span class="x">  &lt;div class=&quot;post&quot;&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">    &lt;h2&gt;</span><span class="cp">{{</span> <span class="nv">post</span> <span class="cp">}}</span><span class="x">&lt;/h2&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">    &lt;p class=&quot;byline&quot;&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">      Posted by </span><span class="cp">{{</span> <span class="nv">post.author_name</span> <span class="cp">}}</span><span class="x"> &amp;mdash; </span><span class="cp">{{</span> <span class="nv">post.published_date</span> <span class="cp">}}</span><span class="x"></span>
+<span class="x">    &lt;/p&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">    &lt;div class=&quot;post-body&quot;&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">      </span><span class="cp">{{</span> <span class="nv">post.text</span> <span class="cp">}}</span><span class="x"></span>
+<span class="x">    &lt;/div&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">    &lt;ul class=&quot;categories&quot;&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">      </span><span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="nv">category</span> <span class="k">in</span> <span class="nv">post.categories.all</span> <span class="cp">%}</span><span class="x"></span>
+<span class="x">        &lt;li&gt;</span><span class="cp">{{</span> <span class="nv">category</span> <span class="cp">}}</span><span class="x">&lt;/li&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">      </span><span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">endfor</span> <span class="cp">%}</span><span class="x"></span>
+<span class="x">    &lt;/ul&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">  &lt;/div&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">  </span><span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">endfor</span> <span class="cp">%}</span><span class="x"></span>
+<span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">endblock</span> <span class="cp">%}</span><span class="x"></span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">45</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id37">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Template Context</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">context</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">RequestContext</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">request</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+    <span class="s">&#39;posts&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">posts</span><span class="p">,</span>
+<span class="p">})</span>
+<span class="n">body</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">template</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">render</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">context</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Like Jinja2, django templates are rendered by passing in a <em>context</em></p>
+<p>Django's RequestContext provides common bits, similar to the context
+provided automatically by Pyramid</p>
+<p>We add our posts to that context so they can be used by the template.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">46</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id38">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Return a Response</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">HttpResponse</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">body</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">content_type</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;text/html&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Finally, we build an HttpResponse and return it.</p>
+<p>This is, fundamentally, no different from the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">stub_view</span></code> just above.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">47</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id39">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Fix URLs</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>We need to fix the url for our blog index page</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Update <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">urls.py</span></code> in <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">myblog</span></code>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c"># import the new view</span>
+<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">myblog.views</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">list_view</span>
+
+<span class="c"># and then update the urlconf</span>
+<span class="n">url</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">r&#39;^$&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+    <span class="n">list_view</span><span class="p">,</span>  <span class="c">#&lt;-- Change this value from stub_view</span>
+    <span class="n">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;blog_index&quot;</span><span class="p">),</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Then run your tests again:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">(</span>djangoenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>./manage.py <span class="nb">test </span>myblog
+...
+Ran <span class="m">3</span> tests in 0.033s
+
+OK
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">48</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id40">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Common Patterns</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>This is a common pattern in Django views:</p>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>get a template from the loader</li>
+<li>build a context, usually using a RequestContext</li>
+<li>render the template</li>
+<li>return an HttpResponse</li>
+</ul>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>So common in fact that Django provides a shortcut for us to use:</p>
+<p><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">render(request,</span> <span class="pre">template[,</span> <span class="pre">ctx][,</span> <span class="pre">ctx_instance])</span></code></p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">49</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id41">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Shorten Our View</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Let's replace most of our view with the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">render</span></code> shortcut</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">django.shortcuts</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">render</span> <span class="c"># &lt;- already there</span>
+
+<span class="c"># rewrite our view</span>
+<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">list_view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">request</span><span class="p">):</span>
+    <span class="n">published</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Post</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">objects</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">exclude</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">published_date__exact</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="n">posts</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">published</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">order_by</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;-published_date&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="n">context</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="s">&#39;posts&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">posts</span><span class="p">}</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">render</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">request</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;list.html&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">context</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p class="build">Remember though, all we did manually before is still happening</p>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">50</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id1">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>BREAK TIME</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>We've got the front page for our application working great.</p>
+<p>Next, we'll need to provide a view of a detail page for a single post.</p>
+<p>Then we'll provide a way to log in and to navigate between the public part of
+our application and the admin behind it.</p>
+<p>If you've fallen behind, the app as it stands now is in our class resources as
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">mysite_stage_2</span></code></p>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">51</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="our-detail-view">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Our Detail View</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Next, let's add a view function for the detail view of a post</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>It will need to get the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">id</span></code> of the post to show as an argument</p>
+<p>Like the list view, it should only show published posts</p>
+<p>But unlike the list view, it will need to return <em>something</em> if an
+unpublished post is requested.</p>
+<p>Let's start with the tests in <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">views.py</span></code></p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">52</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id42">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Testing the Details</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Add the following test to our <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">FrontEndTestCase</span></code> in <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">myblog/tests.py</span></code>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">test_details_only_published</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span>
+    <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">count</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="nb">range</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">11</span><span class="p">):</span>
+        <span class="n">title</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&quot;Post </span><span class="si">%d</span><span class="s"> Title&quot;</span> <span class="o">%</span> <span class="n">count</span>
+        <span class="n">post</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Post</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">objects</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">title</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">title</span><span class="p">)</span>
+        <span class="n">resp</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">client</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;/posts/</span><span class="si">%d</span><span class="s">/&#39;</span> <span class="o">%</span> <span class="n">post</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pk</span><span class="p">)</span>
+        <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">count</span> <span class="o">&lt;</span> <span class="mi">6</span><span class="p">:</span>
+            <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assertEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">resp</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">status_code</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">200</span><span class="p">)</span>
+            <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assertContains</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">resp</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">title</span><span class="p">)</span>
+        <span class="k">else</span><span class="p">:</span>
+            <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assertEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">resp</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">status_code</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">404</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">53</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id43">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Run Your Tests</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">(</span>djangoenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>./manage.py <span class="nb">test </span>myblog
+Creating <span class="nb">test </span>database <span class="k">for</span> <span class="nb">alias</span> <span class="s1">&#39;default&#39;</span>...
+.F..
+<span class="o">======================================================================</span>
+FAIL: test_details_only_published <span class="o">(</span>myblog.tests.FrontEndTestCase<span class="o">)</span>
+...
+Ran <span class="m">4</span> tests in 0.043s
+
+FAILED <span class="o">(</span><span class="nv">failures</span><span class="o">=</span>1<span class="o">)</span>
+Destroying <span class="nb">test </span>database <span class="k">for</span> <span class="nb">alias</span> <span class="s1">&#39;default&#39;</span>...
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">54</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id44">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Let's Fix That Test</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Now, add a new view to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">myblog/views.py</span></code>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">detail_view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">request</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">post_id</span><span class="p">):</span>
+    <span class="n">published</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Post</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">objects</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">exclude</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">published_date__exact</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">try</span><span class="p">:</span>
+        <span class="n">post</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">published</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pk</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">post_id</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">except</span> <span class="n">Post</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">DoesNotExist</span><span class="p">:</span>
+        <span class="k">raise</span> <span class="n">Http404</span>
+    <span class="n">context</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="s">&#39;post&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">post</span><span class="p">}</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">render</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">request</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;detail.html&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">context</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">55</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id45">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Missing Content</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">try</span><span class="p">:</span>
+    <span class="n">post</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">published</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pk</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">post_id</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="k">except</span> <span class="n">Post</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">DoesNotExist</span><span class="p">:</span>
+    <span class="k">raise</span> <span class="n">Http404</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>One of the features of the Django ORM is that all models raise a DoesNotExist
+exception if <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">get</span></code> returns nothing.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>This exception is actually an attribute of the Model you look for.</p>
+<p>There's also an <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ObjectDoesNotExist</span></code> for when you don't know which model
+you have.</p>
+<p>We can use that fact to raise a Not Found exception.</p>
+<p>Django will handle the rest for us.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">56</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id46">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Add the Template</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>We also need to add <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">detail.html</span></code> to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">myblog/templates</span></code>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-jinja"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">extends</span> <span class="s2">&quot;base.html&quot;</span> <span class="cp">%}</span><span class="x"></span>
+
+<span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">block</span> <span class="nv">content</span> <span class="cp">%}</span><span class="x"></span>
+<span class="x">&lt;a class=&quot;backlink&quot; href=&quot;/&quot;&gt;Home&lt;/a&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">&lt;h1&gt;</span><span class="cp">{{</span> <span class="nv">post</span> <span class="cp">}}</span><span class="x">&lt;/h1&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">&lt;p class=&quot;byline&quot;&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">  Posted by </span><span class="cp">{{</span> <span class="nv">post.author_name</span> <span class="cp">}}</span><span class="x"> &amp;mdash; </span><span class="cp">{{</span> <span class="nv">post.published_date</span> <span class="cp">}}</span><span class="x"></span>
+<span class="x">&lt;/p&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">&lt;div class=&quot;post-body&quot;&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">  </span><span class="cp">{{</span> <span class="nv">post.text</span> <span class="cp">}}</span><span class="x"></span>
+<span class="x">&lt;/div&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">&lt;ul class=&quot;categories&quot;&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">  </span><span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="nv">category</span> <span class="k">in</span> <span class="nv">post.categories.all</span> <span class="cp">%}</span><span class="x"></span>
+<span class="x">    &lt;li&gt;</span><span class="cp">{{</span> <span class="nv">category</span> <span class="cp">}}</span><span class="x">&lt;/li&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">  </span><span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">endfor</span> <span class="cp">%}</span><span class="x"></span>
+<span class="x">&lt;/ul&gt;</span>
+<span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">endblock</span> <span class="cp">%}</span><span class="x"></span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">57</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id47">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Hook it Up</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>In order to view a single post, we'll need a link from the list view</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>We can use the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">url</span></code> template tag (like Pyramid's <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">request.route_url</span></code>):</p>
+<div class="highlight-jinja"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">url</span> <span class="s1">&#39;&lt;view_name&gt;&#39;</span> <span class="nv">arg1</span> <span class="nv">arg2</span> <span class="cp">%}</span><span class="x"></span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>In our <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">list.html</span></code> template, let's link the post titles:</p>
+<div class="highlight-jinja"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="nv">post</span> <span class="k">in</span> <span class="nv">posts</span> <span class="cp">%}</span><span class="x"></span>
+<span class="x">&lt;div class=&quot;post&quot;&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">  &lt;h2&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">    &lt;a href=&quot;</span><span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">url</span> <span class="s1">&#39;blog_detail&#39;</span> <span class="nv">post.pk</span> <span class="cp">%}</span><span class="x">&quot;&gt;</span><span class="cp">{{</span> <span class="nv">post</span> <span class="cp">}}</span><span class="x">&lt;/a&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">  &lt;/h2&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">  ...</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">58</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id48">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Fix URLs</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Again, we need to insert our new view into the existing <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">myblog/urls.py</span></code> in
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">myblog</span></code>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c"># import the view</span>
+<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">myblog.views</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">detail_view</span>
+
+<span class="n">url</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">r&#39;^posts/(?P&lt;post_id&gt;\d+)/$&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+    <span class="n">detail_view</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="c">#&lt;-- Change this from stub_view</span>
+    <span class="n">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;blog_detail&quot;</span><span class="p">),</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="build small highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>(djangoenv)$ ./manage.py test myblog
+...
+Ran 4 tests in 0.077s
+
+OK
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">59</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id49">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>A Moment To Play</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>We've got some good stuff to look at now.  Fire up the server</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Reload your blog index page and click around a bit.</p>
+<p>You can now move back and forth between list and detail view.</p>
+<p>Try loading the detail view for a post that doesn't exist</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">60</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id50">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Congratulations</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>You've got a functional Blog</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>It's not very pretty, though.</p>
+<p>We can fix that by adding some css</p>
+<p>This gives us a chance to learn about Django's handling of <em>static files</em></p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">61</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="static-files">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Static Files</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Like templates, Django expects to find static files in particular locations</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>It will look for them in a directory named <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">static</span></code> in any installed
+apps.</p>
+<p>They will be served from the url path in the STATIC_URL setting.</p>
+<p>By default, this is <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">/static/</span></code></p>
+<p>To allow Django to automatically build the correct urls for your static
+files, you use a special <em>template tag</em>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>{% static &lt;filename&gt; %}
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">62</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id51">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Add CSS</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>I've prepared a css file for us to use. You can find it in the class resources</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Create a new directory <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">static</span></code> in the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">myblog</span></code> app.</p>
+<p>Copy the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">django_blog.css</span></code> file into that new directory.</p>
+<div class="container">
+<p>Next, load the static files template tag into <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">base.html</span></code> (this
+<strong>must</strong> be on the <em>first line</em> of the template):</p>
+<div class="highlight-jinja"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">load</span> <span class="nv">staticfiles</span> <span class="cp">%}</span><span class="x"></span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="container">
+<p>Finally, add a link to the stylesheet using the special template tag:</p>
+<div class="highlight-html"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="nt">&lt;title&gt;</span>My Django Blog<span class="nt">&lt;/title&gt;</span> <span class="c">&lt;!-- This is already present --&gt;</span>
+<span class="nt">&lt;link</span> <span class="na">type=</span><span class="s">&quot;text/css&quot;</span> <span class="na">rel=</span><span class="s">&quot;stylesheet&quot;</span> <span class="na">href=</span><span class="s">&quot;{% static &#39;django_blog.css&#39; %}&quot;</span><span class="nt">&gt;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">63</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id52">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>View Your Results</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Reload <a class="reference external" href="http://localhost:8000/">http://localhost:8000/</a> and view the results of your work</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>We now have a reasonable view of the posts of our blog on the front end</p>
+<p>And we have a way to create and categorize posts using the admin</p>
+<p>However, we lack a way to move between the two.</p>
+<p>Let's add that ability next.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">64</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="global-navigation">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Global Navigation</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>We'll start by adding a control bar to our <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">base.html</span></code> template:</p>
+<div class="highlight-jinja"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="x">&lt;!DOCTYPE html&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">  ...</span>
+<span class="x">    &lt;div id=&quot;header&quot;&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">      &lt;ul id=&quot;control-bar&quot;&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">      </span><span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="nv">user.is_authenticated</span> <span class="cp">%}</span><span class="x"></span>
+<span class="x">        </span><span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="nv">user.is_staff</span> <span class="cp">%}</span><span class="x">&lt;li&gt;admin&lt;/li&gt;</span><span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">endif</span> <span class="cp">%}</span><span class="x"></span>
+<span class="x">        &lt;li&gt;logout&lt;/li&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">      </span><span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">else</span> <span class="cp">%}</span><span class="x"></span>
+<span class="x">        &lt;li&gt;login&lt;/li&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">      </span><span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">endif</span> <span class="cp">%}</span><span class="x"></span>
+<span class="x">      &lt;/ul&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">    &lt;/div&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">    &lt;div id=&quot;container&quot;&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">      ...</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">65</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id53">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Request Context Revisited</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>When we set up our views, we used the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">render</span></code> shortcut, which provides a
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">RequestContext</span></code></p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>This gives us access to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">user</span></code> in our templates</p>
+<p>It provides access to methods about the state and rights of that user</p>
+<p>We can use these to conditionally display links or UI elements. Like only
+showing the admin link to staff members.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">66</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id54">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Login/Logout</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Django also provides a reasonable set of views for login/logout.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>The first step to using them is to hook them into a urlconf.</p>
+<div class="container">
+<p>Add the following to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">mysite/urls.py</span></code>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c"># add an import at the top</span>
+<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">django.contrib.auth.views</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">login</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">logout</span>
+
+<span class="c"># and update the list of urlconfs</span>
+<span class="n">url</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">r&#39;^&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">include</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;myblog.urls&#39;</span><span class="p">)),</span> <span class="c">#&lt;- already there</span>
+<span class="n">url</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">r&#39;^login/$&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+    <span class="n">login</span><span class="p">,</span>
+    <span class="p">{</span><span class="s">&#39;template_name&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">&#39;login.html&#39;</span><span class="p">},</span>
+    <span class="n">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;login&quot;</span><span class="p">),</span>
+<span class="n">url</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">r&#39;^logout/$&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+    <span class="n">logout</span><span class="p">,</span>
+    <span class="p">{</span><span class="s">&#39;next_page&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">&#39;/&#39;</span><span class="p">},</span>
+    <span class="n">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;logout&quot;</span><span class="p">),</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">67</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id55">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Login Template</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>We need to create a new <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">login.html</span></code> template in <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">mysite/templates</span></code>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-jinja"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">extends</span> <span class="s2">&quot;base.html&quot;</span> <span class="cp">%}</span><span class="x"></span>
+
+<span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">block</span> <span class="nv">content</span> <span class="cp">%}</span><span class="x"></span>
+<span class="x">&lt;h1&gt;My Blog Login&lt;/h1&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">&lt;form action=&quot;&quot; method=&quot;POST&quot;&gt;</span><span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">csrf_token</span> <span class="cp">%}</span><span class="x"></span>
+<span class="x">  </span><span class="cp">{{</span> <span class="nv">form.as_p</span> <span class="cp">}}</span><span class="x"></span>
+<span class="x">  &lt;p&gt;&lt;input type=&quot;submit&quot; value=&quot;Log In&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">&lt;/form&gt;</span>
+<span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">endblock</span> <span class="cp">%}</span><span class="x"></span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">68</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id56">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Submitting Forms</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>In a web application, submitting forms is potentially hazardous</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Data is being sent to our application from some remote place</p>
+<p>If that data is going to alter the state of our application, we <strong>must</strong>
+use POST</p>
+<p>Even so, we are vulnerable to Cross-Site Request Forgery, a common attack
+vector.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">69</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id57">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Danger: CSRF</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Django provides a convenient system to fight this.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>In fact, for POST requests, it <em>requires</em> that you use it.</p>
+<p>The Django middleware that does this is enabled by default.</p>
+<p>All you need to do is include the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">{%</span> <span class="pre">csrf_token</span> <span class="pre">%}</span></code> tag in your form.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">70</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id58">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Hooking It Up</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>In <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">base.html</span></code> make the following updates:</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<div class="highlight-jinja"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="x">&lt;!-- admin link --&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">&lt;a href=&quot;</span><span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">url</span> <span class="s1">&#39;admin:index&#39;</span> <span class="cp">%}</span><span class="x">&quot;&gt;admin&lt;/a&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">&lt;!-- logout link --&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">&lt;a href=&quot;</span><span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">url</span> <span class="s1">&#39;logout&#39;</span> <span class="cp">%}</span><span class="x">&quot;&gt;logout&lt;/a&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">&lt;!-- login link --&gt;</span>
+<span class="x">&lt;a href=&quot;</span><span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">url</span> <span class="s1">&#39;login&#39;</span> <span class="cp">%}</span><span class="x">&quot;&gt;login&lt;/a&gt;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="container">
+<p>Finally, in <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">settings.py</span></code> add the following:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">LOGIN_URL</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&#39;/login/&#39;</span>
+<span class="n">LOGIN_REDIRECT_URL</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&#39;/&#39;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">71</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id59">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Forms In Django</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>In adding a login view, we've gotten a sneak peak at how forms work in Django.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>However, learning more about them is beyond what we can achieve in this
+session.</p>
+<p>The form system in Django is quite nice, however. I urge you to
+<a class="reference external" href="https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.6/topics/forms/">read more about it</a></p>
+<p>In particular, you might want to pay attention to the documentation on
+<a class="reference external" href="https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.6/topics/forms/modelforms/">Model Forms</a></p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">72</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="ta-daaaaaa">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Ta-Daaaaaa!</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>So, that's it.  We've created a workable, simple blog app in Django.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>If you fell behind at some point, the app as it now stands is in our class
+resources as <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">mysite_stage_3</span></code>.</p>
+<p>There's much more we could do with this app. And for homework, you'll do
+some of it.</p>
+<p>Then next session, we'll work together as pairs to implement a simple
+feature to extend the blog</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">73</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-2" id="homework">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h2>Homework</h2>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p class="left">For your homework this week, we'll fix one glaring problem with our blog admin.</p>
+<div class="build left container">
+<p>As you created new categories and posts, and related them to each-other,
+how did you feel about that work?</p>
+<p>Although from a data perspective, the category model is the right place for
+the ManytoMany relationship to posts, this leads to awkward usage in the
+admin.</p>
+<p>It would be much easier if we could designate a category for a post <em>from
+the Post admin</em>.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">74</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="your-assignment">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Your Assignment</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>You'll be reversing that relationship so that you can only add categories to
+posts</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Take the following steps:</p>
+<ol class="arabic simple">
+<li>Read the documentation about the <a class="reference external" href="https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.9/ref/contrib/admin/">Django admin.</a></li>
+<li>You'll need to create a customized <a class="reference external" href="https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.9/ref/contrib/admin/#modeladmin-objects">ModelAdmin</a> class for the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Post</span></code>
+and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Category</span></code> models.</li>
+<li>And you'll need to create an <a class="reference external" href="https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.9/ref/contrib/admin/#inlinemodeladmin-objects">InlineModelAdmin</a> to represent Categories
+on the Post admin view.</li>
+<li>Finally, you'll need to <a class="reference external" href="https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.9/ref/contrib/admin/#django.contrib.admin.ModelAdmin.exclude">exclude</a>  the 'posts' field from the form in
+your <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Category</span></code> admin.</li>
+</ol>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">75</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id60">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Pushing Further</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>All told, those changes should not require more than about 15 total lines of
+code.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>The trick of course is reading and finding out which fifteen lines to
+write.</p>
+<p>If you complete that task in less than 3-4 hours of work, consider looking
+into other ways of customizing the admin.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">76</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id61">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Tasks you might consider</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <ul class="build simple">
+<li>Change the admin index to say 'Categories' instead of 'Categorys'. (hint, the
+way to change this has nothing to do with the admin)</li>
+<li>Add columns for the date fields to the list display of Posts.</li>
+<li>Display the created and modified dates for your posts when viewing them in
+the admin.</li>
+<li>Add a column to the list display of Posts that shows the author.  For more
+fun, make this a link that takes you to the admin page for that user.</li>
+<li>For the biggest challenge, look into <a class="reference external" href="https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.6/ref/contrib/admin/actions/">admin actions</a> and add an action to
+the Post admin that allows you to publish posts in bulk from the Post list
+display</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">77</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>
+
+
+    <slide class="thank-you-slide segue nobackground">
+    <aside class="gdbar right"><img src="../_static/logo_UW.png"></aside>
+    <article class="flexbox vleft auto-fadein">
+      <h2>Good Night!</h2>
+      <p>&nbsp;</p>
+    </article>
+    <p class="auto-fadein" data-config-contact>
+      <!-- populated from slide_config.json -->
+    </p>
+  </slide>
+
+  <slide class="backdrop"></slide>
+
+</slides>
+
+<!--[if IE]>
+  <script src="http://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/chrome-frame/1/CFInstall.min.js"></script>
+  <script>CFInstall.check({mode: 'overlay'});</script>
+<![endif]-->
+</body>
+</html>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/slides/presentations/session09.html b/slides/presentations/session09.html
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..27abf749
--- /dev/null
+++ b/slides/presentations/session09.html
@@ -0,0 +1,323 @@
+<!--
+Google IO 2012/2013 HTML5 Slide Template
+
+Authors: Eric Bidelman <ebidel@gmail.com>
+         Luke Mahé <lukem@google.com>
+
+URL: https://code.google.com/p/io-2012-slides
+--><!DOCTYPE html>
+
+
+<html>
+<head>
+  <title>Session 09 &mdash; Internet Programming with Python</title>
+  <meta charset="utf-8">
+  
+  <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="chrome=1">
+  <!--<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, minimum-scale=1.0">-->
+  <!--<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">-->
+  <!--This one seems to work all the time, but really small on ipad-->
+  <!--<meta name="viewport" content="initial-scale=0.4">-->
+  <meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-capable" content="yes">
+
+  
+  <link rel="stylesheet" media="all"
+        href="../_static/theme/css/default.css">
+  <link rel="stylesheet" media="all"
+        href="../_static/theme/css/hieroglyph.css">
+  <link rel="stylesheet" media="only screen and (max-device-width: 480px)"
+        href="../_static/theme/css/phone.css">
+
+    
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/custom.css"
+          type="text/css" />
+    
+
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/pygments.css" type="text/css" />
+  <base target="_blank"> <!-- This amazingness opens all links in a new tab. -->
+  
+    <script type="text/javascript">
+      var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = {
+        URL_ROOT:    '../',
+        VERSION:     '3.0',
+        COLLAPSE_INDEX: false,
+        FILE_SUFFIX: '.html',
+        HAS_SOURCE:  true
+      };
+    </script>
+
+    <script data-main="../_static/js/slides"
+            src="../_static/js/require-1.0.8.min.js"></script>
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script>
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/underscore.js"></script>
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/doctools.js"></script>
+    
+    <link rel="top" title="Internet Programming with Python" href="../index.html" />
+    <link rel="up" title="Course Presentations" href="index.html" />
+    <link rel="next" title="Session 10" href="session10.html" />
+    <link rel="prev" title="Session 08" href="session08.html" /> 
+</head>
+<body style="opacity: 0">
+
+<slides class="layout-widescreen">
+
+  <slide class="title-slide segue nobackground">
+  <aside class="gdbar"><img src="../_static/logo_UW.png"></aside>
+  <!-- The content of this hgroup is replaced programmatically through the slide_config.json. -->
+  <hgroup class="auto-fadein">
+    <h1 data-config-title><!-- populated from slide_config.json --></h1>
+    <h2 data-config-subtitle><!-- populated from slide_config.json --></h2>
+    <p data-config-presenter><!-- populated from slide_config.json --></p>
+  </hgroup>
+</slide>
+
+  
+    <slide class="title-slide segue nobackground level-1" id="session-09">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h1>Session 09</h1>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <div class="figure align-center" id="id1">
+<a class="reference internal image-reference" href="../_images/django-pony.png"><img alt="../_images/django-pony.png" src="../_images/django-pony.png" style="width: 60%;" /></a>
+<p class="caption"><span class="caption-text">image: <a class="reference external" href="http://djangopony.com/">http://djangopony.com/</a></span></p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">1</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-2" id="extending-django">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h2>Extending Django</h2>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p class="large">Wherein we extend our Django blog app.</p>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">2</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="last-week">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Last Week</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Last week, we created a nice, simple Django microblog application.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Over the week, as your homework, you made some modifications to improve how
+it works.</p>
+<p>There's still quite a bit more we can do to improve this application.</p>
+<p>And today, that's what we are going to do.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">3</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="preparation">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Preparation</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>In order for this to work properly, we'll need to have a few things in place.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p><strong>For the time being, all these actions should only be taken by one
+partner</strong>.</p>
+<p>First, we'll start from a canonical copy of the microblog.  Make a fork of
+the following repository to your github account:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>https://github.com/cewing/djangoblog_uwpce.git
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Then, clone that repository to your local machine:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="nv">$ </span>git clone https://github.com/&lt;your_name&gt;/djangoblog_uwpce.git
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">4</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="connect-to-your-partner">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Connect to Your Partner</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Finally, you'll need to add your partner as a collaborator for your new
+repository.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Go to the <em>settings</em> for your repository.</p>
+<p>Click the <em>collaborators</em> tab on the left side of the window (you'll need
+to enter your github password).</p>
+<p>Look up your partner by email address or github username.</p>
+<p>Add them.</p>
+<p>Then your partner can clone the repository to their desktop too.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">5</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="while-you-work">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>While You Work</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Now, when you switch roles during your work, here's the workflow you can use:</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<div class="container">
+<ol class="arabic simple">
+<li>The current driver commits all changes and pushes to their repository:</li>
+</ol>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="nv">$ </span>git commit -a -m <span class="s2">&quot;Time to switch roles&quot;</span>
+<span class="nv">$ </span>git push origin master
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="container">
+<ol class="arabic simple" start="2">
+<li>The new driver gets the changes:</li>
+</ol>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="nv">$ </span>git pull origin master
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<ol class="arabic simple" start="3">
+<li>The new driver continues working from where their partner left off.</li>
+<li>PROFIT.....</li>
+</ol>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">6</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-2" id="homework">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h2>Homework</h2>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Next week, we will deploy your Django application to a server.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>To help illustrate the full set of tools at our disposal, we'll go a bit
+overboard for this.</p>
+<p>We'll be setting up an HTTP server, proxying to a WSGI server serving your
+Django app.</p>
+<p>We'll do this all &quot;In the cloud&quot; using Amazon's <a class="reference external" href="http://aws.amazon.com/free">AWS</a> service.</p>
+<p>Before class starts, you'll need to accomplish a few non-programming tasks</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">7</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="sign-up-for-aws">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Sign Up For AWS</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Begin by going to the <a class="reference external" href="http://aws.amazon.com">AWS homepage</a> and clicking on the large, yellow button
+that reads &quot;Sign In to the Console&quot;.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>On the sign-in page that appears, click the radio button for 'I am a new
+user', fill in your email address, and then click through to begin the
+sign-up process.</p>
+<p>You will be required to provide credit card information.</p>
+<p>If you are still eligible for the AWS free tier, you will not incur any
+charges for work you do in this class.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">8</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="set-up-an-iam-user">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Set Up an IAM User</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Once you've signed up for an account take the following actions:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://docs.aws.amazon.com/IAM/latest/UserGuide/IAMBestPractices.html">Create an IAM user</a> and place them in a group with Power User access. (Search for PowerUser when selecting a policy for your group).<ul>
+<li>Set up Security Credentials for that IAM user.</li>
+<li>Save these Security Credentials in a safe place so you can use them for class.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">9</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="prepare-for-login">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Prepare for Login</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://docs.aws.amazon.com/gettingstarted/latest/wah/getting-started-create-key-pair.html">Create a Keypair</a><ul>
+<li>Choose the 'US West (Oregon)' region since it's geographically closest to you.&lt;/li&gt;</li>
+<li>When you download your private key, save it to ~/.ssh/pk-aws.pem</li>
+<li>Make sure that the private key is secure and useable by doing the following command<ul>
+<li><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$</span> <span class="pre">chmod</span> <span class="pre">400</span> <span class="pre">~/.ssh/pk-aws.pem</span></code></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSEC2/latest/UserGuide/using-network-security.html">Create a custom security group</a><ul>
+<li>The security group should be named 'ssh-access'</li>
+<li>Add one custom TCP rule
+* allow port 22
+* allow addresses 0.0.0.0/0</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">10</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>
+
+
+    <slide class="thank-you-slide segue nobackground">
+    <aside class="gdbar right"><img src="../_static/logo_UW.png"></aside>
+    <article class="flexbox vleft auto-fadein">
+      <h2>Good Night!</h2>
+      <p>&nbsp;</p>
+    </article>
+    <p class="auto-fadein" data-config-contact>
+      <!-- populated from slide_config.json -->
+    </p>
+  </slide>
+
+  <slide class="backdrop"></slide>
+
+</slides>
+
+<!--[if IE]>
+  <script src="http://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/chrome-frame/1/CFInstall.min.js"></script>
+  <script>CFInstall.check({mode: 'overlay'});</script>
+<![endif]-->
+</body>
+</html>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/slides/presentations/session10.html b/slides/presentations/session10.html
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c4f928a9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/slides/presentations/session10.html
@@ -0,0 +1,889 @@
+<!--
+Google IO 2012/2013 HTML5 Slide Template
+
+Authors: Eric Bidelman <ebidel@gmail.com>
+         Luke Mahé <lukem@google.com>
+
+URL: https://code.google.com/p/io-2012-slides
+--><!DOCTYPE html>
+
+
+<html>
+<head>
+  <title>Session 10 &mdash; Internet Programming with Python</title>
+  <meta charset="utf-8">
+  
+  <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="chrome=1">
+  <!--<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, minimum-scale=1.0">-->
+  <!--<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">-->
+  <!--This one seems to work all the time, but really small on ipad-->
+  <!--<meta name="viewport" content="initial-scale=0.4">-->
+  <meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-capable" content="yes">
+
+  
+  <link rel="stylesheet" media="all"
+        href="../_static/theme/css/default.css">
+  <link rel="stylesheet" media="all"
+        href="../_static/theme/css/hieroglyph.css">
+  <link rel="stylesheet" media="only screen and (max-device-width: 480px)"
+        href="../_static/theme/css/phone.css">
+
+    
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/custom.css"
+          type="text/css" />
+    
+
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/pygments.css" type="text/css" />
+  <base target="_blank"> <!-- This amazingness opens all links in a new tab. -->
+  
+    <script type="text/javascript">
+      var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = {
+        URL_ROOT:    '../',
+        VERSION:     '3.0',
+        COLLAPSE_INDEX: false,
+        FILE_SUFFIX: '.html',
+        HAS_SOURCE:  true
+      };
+    </script>
+
+    <script data-main="../_static/js/slides"
+            src="../_static/js/require-1.0.8.min.js"></script>
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+    <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/underscore.js"></script>
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/doctools.js"></script>
+    
+    <link rel="top" title="Internet Programming with Python" href="../index.html" />
+    <link rel="up" title="Course Presentations" href="index.html" />
+    <link rel="next" title="Supplementary Course Readings" href="../readings.html" />
+    <link rel="prev" title="Session 09" href="session09.html" /> 
+</head>
+<body style="opacity: 0">
+
+<slides class="layout-widescreen">
+
+  <slide class="title-slide segue nobackground">
+  <aside class="gdbar"><img src="../_static/logo_UW.png"></aside>
+  <!-- The content of this hgroup is replaced programmatically through the slide_config.json. -->
+  <hgroup class="auto-fadein">
+    <h1 data-config-title><!-- populated from slide_config.json --></h1>
+    <h2 data-config-subtitle><!-- populated from slide_config.json --></h2>
+    <p data-config-presenter><!-- populated from slide_config.json --></p>
+  </hgroup>
+</slide>
+
+  
+    <slide class="title-slide segue nobackground level-1" id="session-10">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h1>Session 10</h1>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <div class="figure align-center" id="id1">
+<a class="reference internal image-reference" href="../_images/django-pony.png"><img alt="../_images/django-pony.png" src="../_images/django-pony.png" style="width: 60%;" /></a>
+<p class="caption"><span class="caption-text">image: <a class="reference external" href="http://djangopony.com/">http://djangopony.com/</a></span></p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">1</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-2" id="deploying-django">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h2>Deploying Django</h2>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <div class="left container">
+<p>Over the last two sessions you've built and extended a simple Django
+application.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Now it is time to deploy that application to a server so the world can
+see it.</p>
+<p>Previously, we used Heroku to deploy a simple Pyramid application.</p>
+<p>We could do the same with Django, but we won't.</p>
+<p>Instead, we'll deploy to <strong>A</strong>mazon <strong>W</strong>eb <strong>S</strong>ervices (AWS)</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">2</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="choosing-a-deployment-strategy">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Choosing a Deployment Strategy</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>There are many many different ways to deploy a web application.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>And there are many many services offering platforms for deployment.</p>
+<p>How do you choose the right one for you?</p>
+<p>In general there are a few rules of thumb to consider:</p>
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>The more convenient the service, the less configurable it is.</li>
+<li>The less you pay for a service, the more work you have to do yourself.</li>
+<li>With great power comes great responsibility.</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">3</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id2">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Choosing a Deployment Strategy</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>In choosing a service and a strategy, you'll want to ask yourself a few
+questions:</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<ul class="build simple">
+<li>What are the basic software components of my project?</li>
+<li>How much control or customization of each component do I require?</li>
+<li>What service supports all of my required components?</li>
+<li>What service allows my required customizations?</li>
+<li>If no single service does everything I need, which could be wired
+together?</li>
+</ul>
+<p>The answers to these questions will help to determine the correct choice
+for you.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">4</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id3">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Our Choice for Today</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>We are going to ignore all these questions, and simply ask one question.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Which service will allow us to set up each layer in a full web application
+stack so that we can learn how the stack works from front to back?</p>
+<p>The simplest answer to that question is <strong>AWS</strong>.</p>
+<p>Therefore, that's the service we will use today.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">5</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="preparing-for-aws-deployment">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Preparing for AWS Deployment</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>You've started out this week by signing up for AWS.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>You've created a security group and a key pair to help with accessing any
+servers we create.</p>
+<p>You've also set up an IAM user and configured security credentials for that
+user.</p>
+<p>If we were to be automating our work today, we'd use those credentials to
+allow the <a class="reference external" href="https://boto.readthedocs.org/">boto</a> library to connect to AWS as that IAM user.</p>
+<p>Then you could <a class="reference external" href="http://codefellows.github.io/python-dev-accelerator/lectures/day11/boto.html">create or destroy resources</a> using that library.</p>
+<p>Issues surrounding using that library on Windows prevent us from trying
+that path tonight.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">6</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id4">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Preparing for AWS Deployment</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Instead we'll be making a manual deployment using AWS.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>This is always the first step to automation anyway, so this is an important
+first step.</p>
+<p>We'll begin by converting some aspects of our application to better provide
+for security</p>
+<p>In preparation for that we will need to add a new package to our django
+virtual environment.</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">(</span>djangoenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>pip install dj-database-url
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">7</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id5">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>12-Factor</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>This new package is an attempt to help Django get in line with a principle
+called <a class="reference external" href="http://12factor.net/">12-factor</a>.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>The basic idea is that any data that your app uses for configuration that
+is <em>external</em> to the app itself, should be separated from the app.</p>
+<p>The link about contains much more effective explanations, read it.</p>
+<p>We've already done this to some degree with our Pyramid application, by
+putting some configuration values into <em>environment variables</em></p>
+<p><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">dj-database-url</span></code> allows us to do that with the configuration for our
+database.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">8</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id6">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Updating Settings</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Open <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">settings.py</span></code> and replace the current DATABASES dictionary with this:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">DATABASES</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+    <span class="s">&#39;default&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">dj_database_url</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">config</span><span class="p">(</span>
+        <span class="n">default</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;sqlite:///&#39;</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">join</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">BASE_DIR</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;db.sqlite3&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>The default behavior of <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">dj-database-url</span></code> is to look for a
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">DATABASE_URL</span></code> variable in the environment.</p>
+<p>If it doesn't find that, it uses the value you provide for <em>default</em>.</p>
+<p>It converts a <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/kennethreitz/dj-database-url#url-schema">url-style</a> database connection string to the dictionary
+Django expects.</p>
+<p>Here, we've set the default to be the same as what we had previously.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">9</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id7">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Repeatable Envs</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Another principle of the 12-factor philosophy is to keep the differences
+between production and development to a minimum.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Again, in our Pyramid app we handled this with a <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">requirements.txt</span></code> file.</p>
+<p>Here we will do the same.</p>
+<p>At your command line, with the virtualenv active, run the following
+command:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">(</span>djangoenv<span class="o">)</span><span class="nv">$ </span>pip freeze &gt; requirements.txt
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Then, add that file to your repository and commit the changes.</p>
+<p>At this point, we're about ready to begin working directly with AWS</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">10</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="setting-up-an-ec2-instance">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Setting up An EC2 Instance</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Our first step is to create an EC2 (Elastic Compute Cloud) instance for our
+application.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Begin by opening the AWS homepage (<a class="reference external" href="http://aws.amazon.com">http://aws.amazon.com</a>)</p>
+<p>Then click on the big yellow &quot;Sign in to the Console&quot; button</p>
+<p>Fill in your email, check &quot;I am a returning user...&quot; and supply your
+password.</p>
+<p>When the page loads, you are viewing the AWS Console.</p>
+<p>If you don't see a big list of services in that first page, click on
+'Services' in the black header.</p>
+<p>From the list of services, click on <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">EC2</span></code>.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">11</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id8">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Setting up An EC2 Instance</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>The page that loads is the management console for EC2 resources.  You used it
+to create your security group and key pair.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Click the large blue &quot;Launch Instance&quot; button to start a new instance.</p>
+<p>You should see a list of types of operating system listed.</p>
+<p>If you don't click on <em>quick start</em> at the left.</p>
+<p>In the list, find &quot;Ubuntu Server 14.04 LTS&quot;.</p>
+<p>Click on 'Select' to begin building an instance using that operating
+system.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">12</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id9">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Setting up An EC2 Instance</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>The next page of the launch wizard allows you to choose how much CPU power and
+RAM your machine will have.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>There are only two types of instance that are in the free tier, and one is
+now deprecated.</p>
+<p>Select the <em>t2.micro</em> instance by clicking the checkbox to the left of that
+row (it may already be selected for you).</p>
+<p>Below the table of instance types, find and click on &quot;Next: configure
+instance details&quot;</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">13</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id10">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Setting up An EC2 Instance</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Click through the next two steps until you reach &quot;Configure Security Group&quot;</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Here, click the &quot;select an existing security group&quot; button, and pick your
+ssh-access group.</p>
+<p>This group acts as a control for a <em>firewall</em> which restricts network
+access to your new instance.</p>
+<p>You've configured that firewall to allow any machine to talk to your
+instance, but only on port 22 (SSH).</p>
+<p>Finish by clicking &quot;Review and Launch&quot;</p>
+<p>Then click on &quot;Launch&quot; to start the instance.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">14</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id11">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Setting up An EC2 Instance</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>When you click &quot;Launch&quot; you are required to choose a key pair to control ssh
+access to your new machine.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Without this key pair, you have no way to access the server, and you must
+destroy it and create a new one.</p>
+<p>Select your <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pk-aws</span></code> pair from the list of existing key pairs.</p>
+<p>Then, check the box that indicates you have the private key and click
+&quot;Launch Instance&quot;.</p>
+<p>It will take a few minutes for the new machine to initialize and be ready.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">15</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="accessing-your-instance">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Accessing Your Instance</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Once the machine indicates it is &quot;running&quot; you are ready to access that
+machine.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>ssh into that machine:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre>ssh -i ~/.ssh/pk-aws.pem ubuntu@&lt;your-public-dns-name.com&gt;
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>You will need to indicate that you trust this connection.</p>
+<p>You are now logged in to the server as the default user.</p>
+<p>AWS sets this user up with the ability to run commands using <em>sudo</em></p>
+<p>You'll begin by updating the OS package manager so you are ensured of
+having the latest versions of any software you install:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre>sudo apt-get update
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">16</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="deployment-layer-1-web-server">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Deployment Layer 1: Web Server</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>In our deployment stack, the frontmost facing layer is the Web Server.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>This software is responsible for receiving requests from clients' browsers.</p>
+<p>It will also handle serving static resources in order to relieve Django of
+that burden.</p>
+<p>If you are using <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">https</span></code>, it's also a good place to handle terminating an
+SSL connection.</p>
+<p>Begin by using the Ubuntu package manager to install <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">nginx</span></code>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre>sudo apt-get install nginx
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">17</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id12">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Controlling <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">nginx</span></code></h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Like many other packages installed by <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">apt-get</span></code>, nginx is set up as a
+<em>service</em></p>
+<p>You can check the status of the service:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre>sudo service nginx status
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>You can start and stop the server:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre>sudo service nginx stop
+sudo service nginx start
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">18</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id13">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Configuring Nginx</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Default configuration for nginx lives in <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">/etc/nginx</span></code>.  Let's look at three
+files there in particular:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>/etc/nginx/nginx.conf (controls behavior of the whole server)</li>
+<li>/etc/nginx/sites-available/default (controls a single 'site')</li>
+<li>/etc/nginx/sites-enabled/default (activates a single 'site')</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">19</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id14">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Check Your results</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Check your results by loading your public DNS name in a browser</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>you should see this, do you?</p>
+<div class="figure align-center">
+<a class="reference internal image-reference" href="../_images/nginx_hello.png"><img alt="../_images/nginx_hello.png" src="../_images/nginx_hello.png" style="width: 40%;" /></a>
+</div>
+<p>Add port 80 to your security group.  Then reload.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">20</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="deployment-layer-3-database">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Deployment Layer 3: Database</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>In order to deploy our database, we'll need to install some more software</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Use <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">apt-get</span> <span class="pre">istall</span></code> to add each of the following packages:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>build-essential</li>
+<li>python-dev</li>
+<li>python-pip</li>
+<li>python-psycopg2</li>
+<li>postgresql-client</li>
+<li>git</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">21</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id15">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>RDS</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>You <em>can</em> set up postgres directly on the machine you just built, but that's no fun.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Let's use RDS, the AWS service for providing databases.</p>
+<p>From 'services' in the header, select RDS.</p>
+<p>In the page that appears, click on 'Launch a DB Instance'</p>
+<p>From the selection of database types, choose PostgreSQL.</p>
+<p>Click <strong>no</strong> to indicate that you don't need a multi-AZ database.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">22</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id16">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Deployment Layer 3: Database</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>On the database details page, You have a bit of work to do.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>First, select <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">db.t2.micro</span></code> as the instance type.</p>
+<p>Then, for multi-AZ deployment, select <strong>no</strong> (again)</p>
+<p>Finally, provide values for the last four inputs</p>
+<p>The database identifier must be unique to your account and region, use
+&quot;uwpce&quot;.</p>
+<p>For the master username, use &quot;awsuser&quot;</p>
+<p>Provide a password and repeat it to prove you can</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">23</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id17">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Deployment Layer 3: Database</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>For Advanced Settings, make sure your DB is in the same availability zone as
+your EC2 instance.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Also ensure that you select the same security group you used for your EC2
+instance from the list of VPC security groups.</p>
+<p>Enter a database name, use &quot;djangodb&quot;</p>
+<p>Finally, click &quot;Launch DB Instance&quot;</p>
+<p>While the database launches, let's return to setting up our application on
+EC2</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">24</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="deployment-layer-2-application">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Deployment Layer 2: Application</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Back on the EC2 instance, in your ssh terminal, clone your django application:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre>git clone &lt;your-app-repo-url&gt;
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>pip install the requirements for your app:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>$ cd djangoblog_uwpce
+$ pip install -r requirements.txt
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">25</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id18">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Deployment Layer 2: Application</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Finally, export a system environment variable called DATABASE_URL with the
+following format:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>postgres://username:password@host:port/dbname
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="build container">
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="nb">export </span><span class="nv">DATABASE_URL</span><span class="o">=</span>&lt;that string&gt;
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>You can now test access with dbshell:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre>python manage.py dbshell
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Work through any issues in getting that to work</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">26</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id19">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Wiring It Up</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Once working, we can point nginx at the instance:</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre>sudo mv /etc/nginx/sites-available/default /etc/nginx/sites-available/default.bak
+sudo vi /etc/nginx/sites-available/default
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Add the following content:</p>
+<div class="highlight-nginx"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">server</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+    <span class="kn">listen</span> <span class="mi">80</span><span class="p">;</span>
+    <span class="kn">server_name</span> <span class="s">&lt;your-ec2-public-dns-name&gt;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+    <span class="kn">access_log</span> <span class="s">/var/log/nginx/django.log</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+    <span class="kn">location</span> <span class="s">/</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+        <span class="kn">proxy_pass</span> <span class="s">http://127.0.0.1:8000</span><span class="p">;</span>
+        <span class="kn">proxy_set_header</span> <span class="s">Host</span> <span class="nv">$host</span><span class="p">;</span>
+        <span class="kn">proxy_set_header</span> <span class="s">X-Real-IP</span> <span class="nv">$remote_addr</span><span class="p">;</span>
+        <span class="kn">proxy_set_header</span> <span class="s">X-Forwarded-For</span> <span class="nv">$proxy_add_x_forwarded_for</span><span class="p">;</span>
+    <span class="p">}</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">27</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id20">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Deployment Layer 2: Application</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Save that file and restart nginx:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre>sudo service nginx restart
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Then reload your aws instance in a web browser, you should see a BAD GATEWAY
+error</p>
+<p>now start django and then reload:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre>python manage.py runserver
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>This works, but as soon as you exit your ssh terminal, django will quit.  We
+want a long-running process we can leave behind.</p>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">28</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="deployment-layer-4-permanence">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Deployment Layer 4: Permanence</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Install gunicorn on the server</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre>pip install gunicorn
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Back on your own machine, create <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">mysite/production.py</span></code> and add the following
+content:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">settings</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="o">*</span>
+
+<span class="n">DEBUG</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="bp">False</span>
+<span class="n">TEMPLATE_DEBUG</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="bp">False</span>
+<span class="n">ALLOWED_HOSTS</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="s">&#39;&lt;your instance public dns&gt;&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;localhost&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span>
+<span class="n">STATIC_ROOT</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">join</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">BASE_DIR</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;static&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Add the file to your repository and commit your changes.</p>
+<p>Then pull the changes back on your EC2 instance</p>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">29</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id21">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Configuration Changes for Nginx</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Update nginx config (/etc/nginx/sites-available/default) to serve static files:</p>
+<div class="highlight-nginx"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">server</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+    <span class="c1"># ...</span>
+
+    <span class="kn">location</span> <span class="s">/static/</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+        <span class="kn">root</span> <span class="s">/home/ubuntu/djangoblog_uwpce</span><span class="p">;</span>
+    <span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">30</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id22">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Running with Gunicorn</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Then set an environment variable to point at production settings:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>export DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE=mysite.production
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Now, run the site using gunicorn:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>gunicorn -b 127.0.0.1:8000 -w 4 -D mysite.wsgi
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Wahooo!</p>
+<p>But still not great, because nothing is monitoring this process.</p>
+<p>There's no way to keep track of how it is doing.</p>
+<p>We can do better.  First, let's kill the processes that spawned:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>killall gunicorn
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">31</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id23">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Managing Gunicorn</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>We can use a process manager to run the gunicorn command, and track the results.</p>
+<p>Using linux <a class="reference external" href="http://blog.terminal.com/getting-started-with-upstart/">upstart</a> is relatively simple.</p>
+<p>Put the following in <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">/etc/init/djangoblog.conf</span></code></p>
+<div class="highlight-cfg"><div class="highlight"><pre>description &quot;djangoblog&quot;
+
+start on (filesystem)
+stop on runlevel [016]
+
+respawn
+setuid nobody
+setgid nogroup
+chdir /home/ubuntu/djangoblog_uwpce
+env DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE=mysite.production
+env DATABASE_URL=postgres://&lt;username&gt;:&lt;password&gt;@&lt;host&gt;:&lt;port&gt;/djangoblog
+exec gunicorn -b 127.0.0.1:8000 -w 4 mysite.wsgi
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">32</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>  <slide class="level-3" id="id24">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h3>Using Upstart</h3>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>Once you've completed that, you will find that you can use the Linux
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">service</span></code> command to control the gunicorn process.</p>
+<div class="build container">
+<p>Use the following commands:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>$ sudo service djangoblog status
+$ sudo service djangoblog start
+$ sudo service djangoblog stop
+$ sudo service djangoblog restart
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>If you see an error message about an <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">unknown</span> <span class="pre">job</span></code> when you run one of those
+commands, it means you have an error in your configuration file.</p>
+<p>Find the error with this command:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>$ init-checkconf /etc/init/djangoblog.conf
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>And that's it!</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">33</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>
+
+
+    <slide class="thank-you-slide segue nobackground">
+    <aside class="gdbar right"><img src="../_static/logo_UW.png"></aside>
+    <article class="flexbox vleft auto-fadein">
+      <h2>Good Night!</h2>
+      <p>&nbsp;</p>
+    </article>
+    <p class="auto-fadein" data-config-contact>
+      <!-- populated from slide_config.json -->
+    </p>
+  </slide>
+
+  <slide class="backdrop"></slide>
+
+</slides>
+
+<!--[if IE]>
+  <script src="http://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/chrome-frame/1/CFInstall.min.js"></script>
+  <script>CFInstall.check({mode: 'overlay'});</script>
+<![endif]-->
+</body>
+</html>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/slides/presentations/venv_intro.html b/slides/presentations/venv_intro.html
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..cd5e16fe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/slides/presentations/venv_intro.html
@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+<!--
+Google IO 2012/2013 HTML5 Slide Template
+
+Authors: Eric Bidelman <ebidel@gmail.com>
+         Luke Mahé <lukem@google.com>
+
+URL: https://code.google.com/p/io-2012-slides
+--><!DOCTYPE html>
+
+
+<html>
+<head>
+  <title>An Introduction To Venv &mdash; Internet Programming with Python</title>
+  <meta charset="utf-8">
+  
+  <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="chrome=1">
+  <!--<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, minimum-scale=1.0">-->
+  <!--<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">-->
+  <!--This one seems to work all the time, but really small on ipad-->
+  <!--<meta name="viewport" content="initial-scale=0.4">-->
+  <meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-capable" content="yes">
+
+  
+  <link rel="stylesheet" media="all"
+        href="../_static/theme/css/default.css">
+  <link rel="stylesheet" media="all"
+        href="../_static/theme/css/hieroglyph.css">
+  <link rel="stylesheet" media="only screen and (max-device-width: 480px)"
+        href="../_static/theme/css/phone.css">
+
+    
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/custom.css"
+          type="text/css" />
+    
+
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/pygments.css" type="text/css" />
+  <base target="_blank"> <!-- This amazingness opens all links in a new tab. -->
+  
+    <script type="text/javascript">
+      var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = {
+        URL_ROOT:    '../',
+        VERSION:     '3.0',
+        COLLAPSE_INDEX: false,
+        FILE_SUFFIX: '.html',
+        HAS_SOURCE:  true
+      };
+    </script>
+
+    <script data-main="../_static/js/slides"
+            src="../_static/js/require-1.0.8.min.js"></script>
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script>
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/underscore.js"></script>
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/doctools.js"></script>
+    
+    <link rel="top" title="Internet Programming with Python" href="../index.html" /> 
+</head>
+<body style="opacity: 0">
+
+<slides class="layout-widescreen">
+
+  <slide class="title-slide segue nobackground">
+  <aside class="gdbar"><img src="../_static/logo_UW.png"></aside>
+  <!-- The content of this hgroup is replaced programmatically through the slide_config.json. -->
+  <hgroup class="auto-fadein">
+    <h1 data-config-title><!-- populated from slide_config.json --></h1>
+    <h2 data-config-subtitle><!-- populated from slide_config.json --></h2>
+    <p data-config-presenter><!-- populated from slide_config.json --></p>
+  </hgroup>
+</slide>
+
+  
+    <slide class="title-slide segue nobackground admonition-an-introduction-to-venv level-1" id="an-introduction-to-venv">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h1>An Introduction To Venv</h1>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>This document contains no slides.</p>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">1</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>
+
+
+    <slide class="thank-you-slide segue nobackground">
+    <aside class="gdbar right"><img src="../_static/logo_UW.png"></aside>
+    <article class="flexbox vleft auto-fadein">
+      <h2>Good Night!</h2>
+      <p>&nbsp;</p>
+    </article>
+    <p class="auto-fadein" data-config-contact>
+      <!-- populated from slide_config.json -->
+    </p>
+  </slide>
+
+  <slide class="backdrop"></slide>
+
+</slides>
+
+<!--[if IE]>
+  <script src="http://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/chrome-frame/1/CFInstall.min.js"></script>
+  <script>CFInstall.check({mode: 'overlay'});</script>
+<![endif]-->
+</body>
+</html>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/slides/readings.html b/slides/readings.html
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e0f52624
--- /dev/null
+++ b/slides/readings.html
@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
+<!--
+Google IO 2012/2013 HTML5 Slide Template
+
+Authors: Eric Bidelman <ebidel@gmail.com>
+         Luke Mahé <lukem@google.com>
+
+URL: https://code.google.com/p/io-2012-slides
+--><!DOCTYPE html>
+
+
+<html>
+<head>
+  <title>Supplementary Course Readings &mdash; Internet Programming with Python</title>
+  <meta charset="utf-8">
+  
+  <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="chrome=1">
+  <!--<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, minimum-scale=1.0">-->
+  <!--<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">-->
+  <!--This one seems to work all the time, but really small on ipad-->
+  <!--<meta name="viewport" content="initial-scale=0.4">-->
+  <meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-capable" content="yes">
+
+  
+  <link rel="stylesheet" media="all"
+        href="_static/theme/css/default.css">
+  <link rel="stylesheet" media="all"
+        href="_static/theme/css/hieroglyph.css">
+  <link rel="stylesheet" media="only screen and (max-device-width: 480px)"
+        href="_static/theme/css/phone.css">
+
+    
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="_static/custom.css"
+          type="text/css" />
+    
+
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="_static/pygments.css" type="text/css" />
+  <base target="_blank"> <!-- This amazingness opens all links in a new tab. -->
+  
+    <script type="text/javascript">
+      var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = {
+        URL_ROOT:    './',
+        VERSION:     '3.0',
+        COLLAPSE_INDEX: false,
+        FILE_SUFFIX: '.html',
+        HAS_SOURCE:  true
+      };
+    </script>
+
+    <script data-main="_static/js/slides"
+            src="_static/js/require-1.0.8.min.js"></script>
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="_static/jquery.js"></script>
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="_static/underscore.js"></script>
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="_static/doctools.js"></script>
+    
+    <link rel="top" title="Internet Programming with Python" href="index.html" />
+    <link rel="prev" title="Session 10" href="presentations/session10.html" /> 
+</head>
+<body style="opacity: 0">
+
+<slides class="layout-widescreen">
+
+  <slide class="title-slide segue nobackground">
+  <aside class="gdbar"><img src="../_static/logo_UW.png"></aside>
+  <!-- The content of this hgroup is replaced programmatically through the slide_config.json. -->
+  <hgroup class="auto-fadein">
+    <h1 data-config-title><!-- populated from slide_config.json --></h1>
+    <h2 data-config-subtitle><!-- populated from slide_config.json --></h2>
+    <p data-config-presenter><!-- populated from slide_config.json --></p>
+  </hgroup>
+</slide>
+
+  
+    <slide class="title-slide segue nobackground admonition-course-readings level-1" id="supplementary-course-readings">
+    <hgroup>
+      <h1>Course Readings</h1>
+    </hgroup>
+    <article class="">
+      <p>This document contains no slides.</p>
+
+
+
+<div class="slide-no">1</div>
+
+
+    </article>
+  </slide>
+
+
+    <slide class="thank-you-slide segue nobackground">
+    <aside class="gdbar right"><img src="../_static/logo_UW.png"></aside>
+    <article class="flexbox vleft auto-fadein">
+      <h2>Good Night!</h2>
+      <p>&nbsp;</p>
+    </article>
+    <p class="auto-fadein" data-config-contact>
+      <!-- populated from slide_config.json -->
+    </p>
+  </slide>
+
+  <slide class="backdrop"></slide>
+
+</slides>
+
+<!--[if IE]>
+  <script src="http://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/chrome-frame/1/CFInstall.min.js"></script>
+  <script>CFInstall.check({mode: 'overlay'});</script>
+<![endif]-->
+</body>
+</html>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/slides/search.html b/slides/search.html
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8e43f253
--- /dev/null
+++ b/slides/search.html
@@ -0,0 +1,125 @@
+<!--
+Google IO 2012/2013 HTML5 Slide Template
+
+Authors: Eric Bidelman <ebidel@gmail.com>
+         Luke Mahé <lukem@google.com>
+
+URL: https://code.google.com/p/io-2012-slides
+--><!DOCTYPE html>
+
+
+<html>
+<head>
+  <title>Search &mdash; Internet Programming with Python</title>
+  <meta charset="utf-8">
+  
+  <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="chrome=1">
+  <!--<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, minimum-scale=1.0">-->
+  <!--<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">-->
+  <!--This one seems to work all the time, but really small on ipad-->
+  <!--<meta name="viewport" content="initial-scale=0.4">-->
+  <meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-capable" content="yes">
+
+  
+  <link rel="stylesheet" media="all"
+        href="_static/theme/css/default.css">
+  <link rel="stylesheet" media="all"
+        href="_static/theme/css/hieroglyph.css">
+  <link rel="stylesheet" media="only screen and (max-device-width: 480px)"
+        href="_static/theme/css/phone.css">
+
+    
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="_static/custom.css"
+          type="text/css" />
+    
+
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="_static/pygments.css" type="text/css" />
+  <base target="_blank"> <!-- This amazingness opens all links in a new tab. -->
+  
+    <script type="text/javascript">
+      var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = {
+        URL_ROOT:    './',
+        VERSION:     '3.0',
+        COLLAPSE_INDEX: false,
+        FILE_SUFFIX: '.html',
+        HAS_SOURCE:  true
+      };
+    </script>
+
+    <script data-main="_static/js/slides"
+            src="_static/js/require-1.0.8.min.js"></script>
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="_static/jquery.js"></script>
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+    
+    <link rel="top" title="Internet Programming with Python" href="index.html" />
+  <script type="text/javascript">
+    jQuery(function() { Search.loadIndex("searchindex.js"); });
+  </script>
+  
+  <script type="text/javascript" id="searchindexloader"></script>
+   
+
+</head>
+<body style="opacity: 0">
+
+<slides class="layout-widescreen">
+
+  <slide class="title-slide segue nobackground">
+  <aside class="gdbar"><img src="../_static/logo_UW.png"></aside>
+  <!-- The content of this hgroup is replaced programmatically through the slide_config.json. -->
+  <hgroup class="auto-fadein">
+    <h1 data-config-title><!-- populated from slide_config.json --></h1>
+    <h2 data-config-subtitle><!-- populated from slide_config.json --></h2>
+    <p data-config-presenter><!-- populated from slide_config.json --></p>
+  </hgroup>
+</slide>
+
+  
+  <h1 id="search-documentation">Search</h1>
+  <div id="fallback" class="admonition warning">
+  <script type="text/javascript">$('#fallback').hide();</script>
+  <p>
+    Please activate JavaScript to enable the search
+    functionality.
+  </p>
+  </div>
+  <p>
+    From here you can search these documents. Enter your search
+    words into the box below and click "search". Note that the search
+    function will automatically search for all of the words. Pages
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+  </p>
+  <form action="" method="get">
+    <input type="text" name="q" value="" />
+    <input type="submit" value="search" />
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+  </form>
+  
+  <div id="search-results">
+  
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+
+
+    <slide class="thank-you-slide segue nobackground">
+    <aside class="gdbar right"><img src="../_static/logo_UW.png"></aside>
+    <article class="flexbox vleft auto-fadein">
+      <h2>Good Night!</h2>
+      <p>&nbsp;</p>
+    </article>
+    <p class="auto-fadein" data-config-contact>
+      <!-- populated from slide_config.json -->
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+  </slide>
+
+  <slide class="backdrop"></slide>
+
+</slides>
+
+<!--[if IE]>
+  <script src="http://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/chrome-frame/1/CFInstall.min.js"></script>
+  <script>CFInstall.check({mode: 'overlay'});</script>
+<![endif]-->
+</body>
+</html>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/slides/searchindex.js b/slides/searchindex.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..99879123
--- /dev/null
+++ b/slides/searchindex.js
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\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/source/_templates/end_slide.html b/source/_templates/end_slide.html
deleted file mode 100644
index f87aac00..00000000
--- a/source/_templates/end_slide.html
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,10 +0,0 @@
-  <slide class="thank-you-slide segue nobackground">
-    <aside class="gdbar right"><img src="../_static/logo_UW.png"></aside>
-    <article class="flexbox vleft auto-fadein">
-      <h2>Good Night!</h2>
-      <p>&nbsp;</p>
-    </article>
-    <p class="auto-fadein" data-config-contact>
-      <!-- populated from slide_config.json -->
-    </p>
-  </slide>
diff --git a/source/_templates/title_slide.html b/source/_templates/title_slide.html
deleted file mode 100644
index 4a387f99..00000000
--- a/source/_templates/title_slide.html
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,9 +0,0 @@
-<slide class="title-slide segue nobackground">
-  <aside class="gdbar"><img src="../_static/logo_UW.png"></aside>
-  <!-- The content of this hgroup is replaced programmatically through the slide_config.json. -->
-  <hgroup class="auto-fadein">
-    <h1 data-config-title><!-- populated from slide_config.json --></h1>
-    <h2 data-config-subtitle><!-- populated from slide_config.json --></h2>
-    <p data-config-presenter><!-- populated from slide_config.json --></p>
-  </hgroup>
-</slide>
diff --git a/source/_themes/uwpce_slides2/end_slide.html b/source/_themes/uwpce_slides2/end_slide.html
deleted file mode 100644
index 09303106..00000000
--- a/source/_themes/uwpce_slides2/end_slide.html
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
-  <slide class="thank-you-slide segue nobackground">
-    <article class="flexbox vleft auto-fadein">
-      <h2>&lt;Thank You!&gt;</h2>
-    </article>
-    <p class="auto-fadein" data-config-contact>
-      <!-- populated from slide_config.json -->
-    </p>
-  </slide>
diff --git a/source/_themes/uwpce_slides2/layout.html b/source/_themes/uwpce_slides2/layout.html
deleted file mode 100644
index b9fad83e..00000000
--- a/source/_themes/uwpce_slides2/layout.html
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,146 +0,0 @@
-<!--
-Google IO 2012/2013 HTML5 Slide Template
-
-Authors: Eric Bidelman <ebidel@gmail.com>
-         Luke Mahé <lukem@google.com>
-
-URL: https://code.google.com/p/io-2012-slides
--->
-{%- block doctype -%}
-<!DOCTYPE html>
-{%- endblock %}
-
-{%- set reldelim1 = reldelim1 is not defined and ' &raquo;' or reldelim1 %}
-{%- set reldelim2 = reldelim2 is not defined and ' |' or reldelim2 %}
-{%- set render_sidebar = (not embedded) and (not theme_nosidebar|tobool) and
-                         (sidebars != []) %}
-{%- set url_root = pathto('', 1) %}
-{# XXX necessary? #}
-{%- if url_root == '#' %}{% set url_root = '' %}{% endif %}
-{%- if not embedded and docstitle %}
-  {%- set titlesuffix = " &mdash; "|safe + docstitle|e %}
-{%- else %}
-  {%- set titlesuffix = "" %}
-{%- endif %}
-
-{%- macro relbar() %}
-{%- endmacro %}
-
-{%- macro sidebar() %}
-{%- endmacro %}
-
-{%- macro script() %}
-    <script type="text/javascript">
-      var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = {
-        URL_ROOT:    '{{ url_root }}',
-        VERSION:     '{{ release|e }}',
-        COLLAPSE_INDEX: false,
-        FILE_SUFFIX: '{{ '' if no_search_suffix else file_suffix }}',
-        HAS_SOURCE:  {{ has_source|lower }}
-      };
-    </script>
-
-    <script data-main="{{ pathto('_static/js/slides', 1) }}"
-            src="{{ pathto('_static/js/require-1.0.8.min.js', 1) }}"></script>
-
-    {%- for scriptfile in script_files %}
-    <script type="text/javascript" src="{{ pathto(scriptfile, 1) }}"></script>
-    {%- endfor %}
-    {% if theme_custom_js %}
-    <script type="text/javascript" src="{{ pathto('_static/' + theme_custom_js, 1) }}"></script>
-    {% endif %}
-
-{%- endmacro %}
-
-{%- macro css() %}
-  <link rel="stylesheet" media="all"
-        href="{{ pathto('_static/theme/css/default.css', 1) }}">
-  <link rel="stylesheet" media="all"
-        href="{{ pathto('_static/theme/css/hieroglyph.css', 1) }}">
-  <link rel="stylesheet" media="only screen and (max-device-width: 480px)"
-        href="{{ pathto('_static/theme/css/phone.css', 1) }}">
-
-    {% if theme_custom_css %}
-    <link rel="stylesheet" href="{{ pathto('_static/' + theme_custom_css, 1) }}"
-          type="text/css" />
-    {% endif %}
-
-    <link rel="stylesheet" href="{{ pathto('_static/pygments.css', 1) }}" type="text/css" />
-    {%- for cssfile in css_files %}
-    <link rel="stylesheet" href="{{ pathto(cssfile, 1) }}" type="text/css" />
-    {%- endfor %}
-{%- endmacro %}
-
-<html>
-<head>
-  {%- block htmltitle %}
-  <title>{{ title|striptags|e }}{{ titlesuffix }}</title>
-  {%- endblock %}
-  <meta charset="{{ encoding }}">
-  {{ metatags }}
-  <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="chrome=1">
-  <!--<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, minimum-scale=1.0">-->
-  <!--<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">-->
-  <!--This one seems to work all the time, but really small on ipad-->
-  <!--<meta name="viewport" content="initial-scale=0.4">-->
-  <meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-capable" content="yes">
-
-  {{ css() }}
-  <base target="_blank"> <!-- This amazingness opens all links in a new tab. -->
-  {%- if not embedded %}
-  {{ script() }}
-  {%- if use_opensearch %}
-  <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml"
-        title="{% trans docstitle=docstitle|e %}Search within {{ docstitle }}{% endtrans %}"
-        href="{{ pathto('_static/opensearch.xml', 1) }}"/>
-  {%- endif %}
-  {%- if favicon %}
-  <link rel="shortcut icon" href="{{ pathto('_static/' + favicon, 1) }}"/>
-  {%- endif %}
-  {%- endif %}
-{%- block linktags %}
-    {%- if hasdoc('about') %}
-    <link rel="author" title="{{ _('About these documents') }}" href="{{ pathto('about') }}" />
-    {%- endif %}
-    {%- if hasdoc('genindex') %}
-    <link rel="index" title="{{ _('Index') }}" href="{{ pathto('genindex') }}" />
-    {%- endif %}
-    {%- if hasdoc('search') %}
-    <link rel="search" title="{{ _('Search') }}" href="{{ pathto('search') }}" />
-    {%- endif %}
-    {%- if hasdoc('copyright') %}
-    <link rel="copyright" title="{{ _('Copyright') }}" href="{{ pathto('copyright') }}" />
-    {%- endif %}
-    <link rel="top" title="{{ docstitle|e }}" href="{{ pathto('index') }}" />
-    {%- if parents %}
-    <link rel="up" title="{{ parents[-1].title|striptags|e }}" href="{{ parents[-1].link|e }}" />
-    {%- endif %}
-    {%- if next %}
-    <link rel="next" title="{{ next.title|striptags|e }}" href="{{ next.link|e }}" />
-    {%- endif %}
-    {%- if prev %}
-    <link rel="prev" title="{{ prev.title|striptags|e }}" href="{{ prev.link|e }}" />
-    {%- endif %}
-{%- endblock %}
-{%- block extrahead %} {% endblock %}
-</head>
-<body style="opacity: 0">
-
-<slides class="layout-widescreen">
-
-  {% include "title_slide.html" %}
-
-  {% block body %}{% endblock %}
-
-  {% include "end_slide.html" %}
-
-  <slide class="backdrop"></slide>
-
-</slides>
-
-<!--[if IE]>
-  <script src="http://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/chrome-frame/1/CFInstall.min.js"></script>
-  <script>CFInstall.check({mode: 'overlay'});</script>
-<![endif]-->
-</body>
-</html>
diff --git a/source/_themes/uwpce_slides2/slide.html b/source/_themes/uwpce_slides2/slide.html
deleted file mode 100644
index 47c77e34..00000000
--- a/source/_themes/uwpce_slides2/slide.html
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,15 +0,0 @@
-  <slide class="{% if slide_number==1 %}title-slide segue nobackground {% endif %}{% if slide_classes %}{{ ' '.join(slide_classes) }} {% endif %}level-{{ level }}"{% if id %} id="{{ id }}"{% endif %}>
-    <hgroup>
-      <h{{ level }}>{{ title }}</h{{ level }}>
-    </hgroup>
-    <article class="{{ content_classes|join(' ') }}">
-      {{ content }}
-
-{% if config.slide_numbers %}
-<div class="slide-no">{{ slide_number }}</div>
-{% endif %}
-{% if config.slide_footer %}
-<div class="slide-footer">{{ config.slide_footer }}</div>
-{% endif %}
-    </article>
-  </slide>
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deleted file mode 100644
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diff --git a/source/_themes/uwpce_slides2/static/slide_config.js_t b/source/_themes/uwpce_slides2/static/slide_config.js_t
deleted file mode 100644
index 62339175..00000000
--- a/source/_themes/uwpce_slides2/static/slide_config.js_t
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,27 +0,0 @@
-var SLIDE_CONFIG = {
-  // Slide settings
-  settings: {
-    title: '{{ docstitle|e }}',
-    subtitle: '{{ theme_subtitle|e }}',
-    //eventInfo: {
-    //  title: 'Google I/O',
-    //  date: '6/x/2013'
-    //},
-    useBuilds: {{ theme_use_builds }}, // Default: true. False will turn off slide animation builds.
-    usePrettify: {{ theme_use_prettify }}, // Default: true
-    enableSlideAreas: {{ theme_enable_slide_areas }}, // Default: true. False turns off the click areas on either slide of the slides.
-    enableTouch: {{ theme_enable_touch }}, // Default: true. If touch support should enabled. Note: the device must support touch.
-    //analytics: 'UA-XXXXXXXX-1', // TODO: Using this breaks GA for some reason (probably requirejs). Update your tracking code in template.html instead.
-    favIcon: {{ theme_favicon }},
-    fonts: [
-      'Open Sans:regular,semibold,italic,italicsemibold',
-      'Source Code Pro'
-    ],
-    //theme: ['mytheme'], // Add your own custom themes or styles in /theme/css. Leave off the .css extension.
-  },
-
-  // Author information
-  presenters: {% if theme_presenters %}{{ theme_presenters|json }}
-  {% else %}[]
-  {% endif %}
-};
diff --git a/source/_themes/uwpce_slides2/theme.conf b/source/_themes/uwpce_slides2/theme.conf
deleted file mode 100644
index 8919ebcc..00000000
--- a/source/_themes/uwpce_slides2/theme.conf
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,15 +0,0 @@
-[theme]
-inherit = slides2
-stylesheet = slides.css
-
-[options]
-custom_css =
-custom_js =
-
-subtitle =
-use_builds = true
-use_prettify = true
-enable_slide_areas = true
-enable_touch = true
-favicon = ''
-presenters =
diff --git a/source/_themes/uwpce_slides2/title_slide.html b/source/_themes/uwpce_slides2/title_slide.html
deleted file mode 100644
index e69de29b..00000000
diff --git a/source/_themes/uwpce_theme/layout.html b/source/_themes/uwpce_theme/layout.html
deleted file mode 100644
index 8780ceae..00000000
--- a/source/_themes/uwpce_theme/layout.html
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,24 +0,0 @@
-{%- extends "basic/layout.html" %}
-
-{%- block extrahead %}
-<link rel="stylesheet" href="http://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Neuton&amp;subset=latin" type="text/css" media="screen" charset="utf-8" />
-<link rel="stylesheet" href="http://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Nobile:regular,italic,bold,bolditalic&amp;subset=latin" type="text/css" media="screen" charset="utf-8" />
-<!--[if lte IE 6]>
-<link rel="stylesheet" href="{{ pathto('_static/ie6.css', 1) }}" type="text/css" media="screen" charset="utf-8" />
-<![endif]-->
-{% endblock %}
-
-{% block header %}
-{%- if logo %}
-<div class="header">
-  <div class="logo">
-    <a href="{{ pathto(master_doc) }}">
-      <img class="logo" src="{{ pathto('_static/' + logo, 1) }}" alt="Logo"/>
-    </a>
-  </div>
-</div>
-{%- endif %}
-{% endblock %}
-
-{%- block sidebarlogo %}{%- endblock %}
-{%- block sidebarsourcelink %}{%- endblock %}
diff --git a/source/_themes/uwpce_theme/theme.conf b/source/_themes/uwpce_theme/theme.conf
deleted file mode 100644
index 409579fd..00000000
--- a/source/_themes/uwpce_theme/theme.conf
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
-[theme]
-inherit = basic
-stylesheet = pyramid.css
-pygments_style = sphinx.pygments_styles.PyramidStyle
diff --git a/source/conf.py b/source/conf.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 444d7da7..00000000
--- a/source/conf.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,331 +0,0 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-#
-# Internet Programming with Python documentation build configuration file, created by
-# sphinx-quickstart on Sat Nov  3 13:22:19 2012.
-#
-# This file is execfile()d with the current directory set to its containing dir.
-#
-# Note that not all possible configuration values are present in this
-# autogenerated file.
-#
-# All configuration values have a default; values that are commented out
-# serve to show the default.
-
-import sys, os
-
-# If extensions (or modules to document with autodoc) are in another directory,
-# add these directories to sys.path here. If the directory is relative to the
-# documentation root, use os.path.abspath to make it absolute, like shown here.
-#sys.path.insert(0, os.path.abspath('.'))
-
-# -- General configuration -----------------------------------------------------
-
-# If your documentation needs a minimal Sphinx version, state it here.
-#needs_sphinx = '1.0'
-
-# Add any Sphinx extension module names here, as strings. They can be extensions
-# coming with Sphinx (named 'sphinx.ext.*') or your custom ones.
-extensions = [
-    'sphinx.ext.doctest',
-    'sphinx.ext.intersphinx',
-    'sphinx.ext.todo',
-    'sphinx.ext.coverage',
-    'sphinx.ext.pngmath',
-    'sphinx.ext.ifconfig',
-    'IPython.sphinxext.ipython_console_highlighting',
-    'IPython.sphinxext.ipython_directive',
-]
-
-# Add any paths that contain templates here, relative to this directory.
-templates_path = ['_templates']
-
-# The suffix of source filenames.
-source_suffix = '.rst'
-
-# The encoding of source files.
-#source_encoding = 'utf-8-sig'
-
-# The master toctree document.
-master_doc = 'index'
-
-# General information about the project.
-project = u'Internet Programming with Python'
-copyright = u'2012-2016, Cris Ewing'
-
-# The version info for the project you're documenting, acts as replacement for
-# |version| and |release|, also used in various other places throughout the
-# built documents.
-#
-# The short X.Y version.
-version = '3.0'
-# The full version, including alpha/beta/rc tags.
-release = '3.0'
-
-# The language for content autogenerated by Sphinx. Refer to documentation
-# for a list of supported languages.
-#language = None
-
-# There are two options for replacing |today|: either, you set today to some
-# non-false value, then it is used:
-#today = ''
-# Else, today_fmt is used as the format for a strftime call.
-#today_fmt = '%B %d, %Y'
-
-# List of patterns, relative to source directory, that match files and
-# directories to ignore when looking for source files.
-exclude_patterns = []
-
-# The reST default role (used for this markup: `text`) to use for all documents.
-#default_role = None
-
-# If true, '()' will be appended to :func: etc. cross-reference text.
-#add_function_parentheses = True
-
-# If true, the current module name will be prepended to all description
-# unit titles (such as .. function::).
-#add_module_names = True
-
-# If true, sectionauthor and moduleauthor directives will be shown in the
-# output. They are ignored by default.
-#show_authors = False
-
-# The name of the Pygments (syntax highlighting) style to use.
-pygments_style = 'colorful'
-
-# A list of ignored prefixes for module index sorting.
-#modindex_common_prefix = []
-
-# -- Options for HTML output ---------------------------------------------------
-
-# The theme to use for HTML and HTML Help pages.  See the documentation for
-# a list of builtin themes.
-html_theme = 'uwpce_theme'
-
-# Theme options are theme-specific and customize the look and feel of a theme
-# further.  For a list of options available for each theme, see the
-# documentation.
-#html_theme_options = {}
-
-# Add any paths that contain custom themes here, relative to this directory.
-html_theme_path = ['_themes']
-
-# The name for this set of Sphinx documents.  If None, it defaults to
-# "<project> v<release> documentation".
-html_title = "Internet Programming with Python"
-
-# A shorter title for the navigation bar.  Default is the same as html_title.
-html_short_title = "UWPCE Python 200"
-
-# The name of an image file (relative to this directory) to place at the top
-# of the sidebar.
-html_logo = "_static/logo_UW.png"
-
-# The name of an image file (within the static path) to use as favicon of the
-# docs.  This file should be a Windows icon file (.ico) being 16x16 or 32x32
-# pixels large.
-#html_favicon = None
-
-# Add any paths that contain custom static files (such as style sheets) here,
-# relative to this directory. They are copied after the builtin static files,
-# so a file named "default.css" will overwrite the builtin "default.css".
-html_static_path = ['_static']
-
-# If not '', a 'Last updated on:' timestamp is inserted at every page bottom,
-# using the given strftime format.
-#html_last_updated_fmt = '%b %d, %Y'
-
-# If true, SmartyPants will be used to convert quotes and dashes to
-# typographically correct entities.
-#html_use_smartypants = True
-
-# Custom sidebar templates, maps document names to template names.
-#html_sidebars = {}
-
-# Additional templates that should be rendered to pages, maps page names to
-# template names.
-#html_additional_pages = {}
-
-# If false, no module index is generated.
-#html_domain_indices = True
-
-# If false, no index is generated.
-#html_use_index = True
-
-# If true, the index is split into individual pages for each letter.
-#html_split_index = False
-
-# If true, links to the reST sources are added to the pages.
-#html_show_sourcelink = True
-
-# If true, "Created using Sphinx" is shown in the HTML footer. Default is True.
-#html_show_sphinx = True
-
-# If true, "(C) Copyright ..." is shown in the HTML footer. Default is True.
-#html_show_copyright = True
-
-# If true, an OpenSearch description file will be output, and all pages will
-# contain a <link> tag referring to it.  The value of this option must be the
-# base URL from which the finished HTML is served.
-#html_use_opensearch = ''
-
-# This is the file name suffix for HTML files (e.g. ".xhtml").
-#html_file_suffix = None
-
-# Output file base name for HTML help builder.
-htmlhelp_basename = 'InternetProgrammingwithPython'
-
-
-# -- Options for LaTeX output --------------------------------------------------
-
-latex_elements = {
-# The paper size ('letterpaper' or 'a4paper').
-#'papersize': 'letterpaper',
-
-# The font size ('10pt', '11pt' or '12pt').
-#'pointsize': '10pt',
-
-# Additional stuff for the LaTeX preamble.
-#'preamble': '',
-}
-
-# Grouping the document tree into LaTeX files. List of tuples
-# (source start file, target name, title, author, documentclass [howto/manual]).
-latex_documents = [
-  ('index', 'InternetProgrammingwithPython.tex', u'Internet Programming with Python',
-   u'Cris Ewing', 'manual'),
-]
-
-# The name of an image file (relative to this directory) to place at the top of
-# the title page.
-#latex_logo = None
-
-# For "manual" documents, if this is true, then toplevel headings are parts,
-# not chapters.
-#latex_use_parts = False
-
-# If true, show page references after internal links.
-#latex_show_pagerefs = False
-
-# If true, show URL addresses after external links.
-#latex_show_urls = False
-
-# Documents to append as an appendix to all manuals.
-#latex_appendices = []
-
-# If false, no module index is generated.
-#latex_domain_indices = True
-
-
-# -- Options for manual page output --------------------------------------------
-
-# One entry per manual page. List of tuples
-# (source start file, name, description, authors, manual section).
-man_pages = [
-    ('index', 'internetprogrammingwithpython', u'Internet Programming with Python',
-     [u'Cris Ewing'], 1)
-]
-
-# If true, show URL addresses after external links.
-#man_show_urls = False
-
-
-# -- Options for Texinfo output ------------------------------------------------
-
-# Grouping the document tree into Texinfo files. List of tuples
-# (source start file, target name, title, author,
-#  dir menu entry, description, category)
-texinfo_documents = [
-  ('index', 'InternetProgrammingwithPython', u'Internet Programming with Python',
-   u'Cris Ewing', 'InternetProgrammingwithPython', 'One line description of project.',
-   'Miscellaneous'),
-]
-
-# Documents to append as an appendix to all manuals.
-#texinfo_appendices = []
-
-# If false, no module index is generated.
-#texinfo_domain_indices = True
-
-# How to display URL addresses: 'footnote', 'no', or 'inline'.
-#texinfo_show_urls = 'footnote'
-
-
-# -- Hieroglyph Slide Configuration ------------
-
-extensions += [
-    'hieroglyph',
-]
-
-# TODO: open bug report with hieroglyph plus pr that fixes the documentation
-# for this.  Current docs suggest that html_theme_path is the setting needed,
-# but it is not.
-slide_theme_path = ['_themes']
-slide_title = "Internet Programming with Python"
-slide_theme = 'uwpce_slides2'
-slide_levels = 3
-slide_link_html_to_slides = True
-slide_relative_path = './slides'
-slide_numbers = True
-
-# Place custom static assets in the _static directory and uncomment
-# the following lines to include them
-
-slide_theme_options = {
-    'subtitle': 'UWPCE Python 200',
-    'custom_css': 'custom.css',
-    # 'custom_js': 'custom.js',
-    'presenters': [
-        {
-            'name': 'Cris Ewing',
-            'twitter': '@crisewing',
-            'www': 'http://crisewing.com',
-            'github': 'http://github.com/cewing',
-            'company': 'Cris Ewing, Developer LLC'
-        },
-    ]
-}
-
-# ----------------------------------------------
-
-
-# -- Options for Epub output ---------------------------------------------------
-
-# Bibliographic Dublin Core info.
-epub_title = u'Internet Programming with Python'
-epub_author = u'Cris Ewing'
-epub_publisher = u'Cris Ewing'
-epub_copyright = u'2012-2015, Cris Ewing'
-
-# The language of the text. It defaults to the language option
-# or en if the language is not set.
-#epub_language = ''
-
-# The scheme of the identifier. Typical schemes are ISBN or URL.
-#epub_scheme = ''
-
-# The unique identifier of the text. This can be a ISBN number
-# or the project homepage.
-#epub_identifier = ''
-
-# A unique identification for the text.
-#epub_uid = ''
-
-# A tuple containing the cover image and cover page html template filenames.
-#epub_cover = ()
-
-# HTML files that should be inserted before the pages created by sphinx.
-# The format is a list of tuples containing the path and title.
-#epub_pre_files = []
-
-# HTML files shat should be inserted after the pages created by sphinx.
-# The format is a list of tuples containing the path and title.
-#epub_post_files = []
-
-# A list of files that should not be packed into the epub file.
-#epub_exclude_files = []
-
-# The depth of the table of contents in toc.ncx.
-#epub_tocdepth = 3
-
-# Allow duplicate toc entries.
-#epub_tocdup = True