#define GLFW_INCLUDE_VULKAN

#include <GLFW/glfw3.h>

#define GLM_FORCE_RADIANS

#include <glm/glm.hpp>

#include <glm/gtc/matrix_transform.hpp>

#define STB_IMAGE_IMPLEMENTATION

#include <stb_image.h>

#include <iostream>

#include <stdexcept>

#include <functional>

#include <chrono>

#include <fstream>

#include <algorithm>

#include <vector>

#include <cstring>

#include <array>

#include <set>

const int WIDTH = 800;

const int HEIGHT = 600;

const std::vector<const char*> validationLayers = {

"VK_LAYER_LUNARG_standard_validation"

};

const std::vector<const char*> deviceExtensions = {

VK_KHR_SWAPCHAIN_EXTENSION_NAME

};

#ifdef NDEBUG

const bool enableValidationLayers = false;

#else

const bool enableValidationLayers = true;

#endif

VkResult CreateDebugReportCallbackEXT(VkInstance instance, const VkDebugReportCallbackCreateInfoEXT* pCreateInfo, const VkAllocationCallbacks* pAllocator, VkDebugReportCallbackEXT* pCallback) {

auto func = (PFN_vkCreateDebugReportCallbackEXT) vkGetInstanceProcAddr(instance, "vkCreateDebugReportCallbackEXT");

if (func != nullptr) {

return func(instance, pCreateInfo, pAllocator, pCallback);

} else {

return VK_ERROR_EXTENSION_NOT_PRESENT;

}

}

void DestroyDebugReportCallbackEXT(VkInstance instance, VkDebugReportCallbackEXT callback, const VkAllocationCallbacks* pAllocator) {

auto func = (PFN_vkDestroyDebugReportCallbackEXT) vkGetInstanceProcAddr(instance, "vkDestroyDebugReportCallbackEXT");

if (func != nullptr) {

func(instance, callback, pAllocator);

}

}

template <typename T>

class VDeleter {

public:

VDeleter() : VDeleter([](T _) {}) {}

VDeleter(std::function<void(T, VkAllocationCallbacks*)> deletef) {

this->deleter = [=](T obj) { deletef(obj, nullptr); };

}

VDeleter(const VDeleter<VkInstance>& instance, std::function<void(VkInstance, T, VkAllocationCallbacks*)> deletef) {

this->deleter = [&instance, deletef](T obj) { deletef(instance, obj, nullptr); };

}

VDeleter(const VDeleter<VkDevice>& device, std::function<void(VkDevice, T, VkAllocationCallbacks*)> deletef) {

this->deleter = [&device, deletef](T obj) { deletef(device, obj, nullptr); };

}

~VDeleter() {

cleanup();

}

T* operator &() {

cleanup();

return &object;

}

operator T() const {

return object;

}

private:

T object{VK_NULL_HANDLE};

std::function<void(T)> deleter;

void cleanup() {

if (object != VK_NULL_HANDLE) {

deleter(object);

}

object = VK_NULL_HANDLE;

}

};

struct QueueFamilyIndices {

int graphicsFamily = -1;

int presentFamily = -1;

bool isComplete() {

return graphicsFamily >= 0 && presentFamily >= 0;

}

};

struct SwapChainSupportDetails {

VkSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR capabilities;

std::vector<VkSurfaceFormatKHR> formats;

std::vector<VkPresentModeKHR> presentModes;

};

struct Vertex {

glm::vec2 pos;

glm::vec3 color;

static VkVertexInputBindingDescription getBindingDescription() {

VkVertexInputBindingDescription bindingDescription = {};

bindingDescription.binding = 0;

bindingDescription.stride = sizeof(Vertex);

bindingDescription.inputRate = VK_VERTEX_INPUT_RATE_VERTEX;

return bindingDescription;

}

static std::array<VkVertexInputAttributeDescription, 2> getAttributeDescriptions() {

std::array<VkVertexInputAttributeDescription, 2> attributeDescriptions = {};

attributeDescriptions[0].binding = 0;

attributeDescriptions[0].location = 0;

attributeDescriptions[0].format = VK_FORMAT_R32G32_SFLOAT;

attributeDescriptions[0].offset = offsetof(Vertex, pos);

attributeDescriptions[1].binding = 0;

attributeDescriptions[1].location = 1;

attributeDescriptions[1].format = VK_FORMAT_R32G32B32_SFLOAT;

attributeDescriptions[1].offset = offsetof(Vertex, color);

return attributeDescriptions;

}

};

struct UniformBufferObject {

glm::mat4 model;

glm::mat4 view;

glm::mat4 proj;

};

const std::vector<Vertex> vertices = {

{{-0.5f, -0.5f}, {1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f}},

{{0.5f, -0.5f}, {0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f}},

{{0.5f, 0.5f}, {0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f}},

{{-0.5f, 0.5f}, {1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f}}

};

const std::vector<uint16_t> indices = {

0, 1, 2, 2, 3, 0

};

class HelloTriangleApplication {

public:

void run() {

initWindow();

initVulkan();

mainLoop();

}

private:

GLFWwindow* window;

VDeleter<VkInstance> instance{vkDestroyInstance};

VDeleter<VkDebugReportCallbackEXT> callback{instance, DestroyDebugReportCallbackEXT};

VDeleter<VkSurfaceKHR> surface{instance, vkDestroySurfaceKHR};

VkPhysicalDevice physicalDevice = VK_NULL_HANDLE;

VDeleter<VkDevice> device{vkDestroyDevice};

VkQueue graphicsQueue;

VkQueue presentQueue;

VDeleter<VkSwapchainKHR> swapChain{device, vkDestroySwapchainKHR};

std::vector<VkImage> swapChainImages;

VkFormat swapChainImageFormat;

VkExtent2D swapChainExtent;

std::vector<VDeleter<VkImageView>> swapChainImageViews;

std::vector<VDeleter<VkFramebuffer>> swapChainFramebuffers;

VDeleter<VkRenderPass> renderPass{device, vkDestroyRenderPass};

VDeleter<VkDescriptorSetLayout> descriptorSetLayout{device, vkDestroyDescriptorSetLayout};

VDeleter<VkPipelineLayout> pipelineLayout{device, vkDestroyPipelineLayout};

VDeleter<VkPipeline> graphicsPipeline{device, vkDestroyPipeline};

VDeleter<VkCommandPool> commandPool{device, vkDestroyCommandPool};

VDeleter<VkImage> textureImage{device, vkDestroyImage};

VDeleter<VkDeviceMemory> textureImageMemory{device, vkFreeMemory};

VDeleter<VkImageView> textureImageView{device, vkDestroyImageView};

VDeleter<VkSampler> textureSampler{device, vkDestroySampler};

VDeleter<VkBuffer> vertexBuffer{device, vkDestroyBuffer};

VDeleter<VkDeviceMemory> vertexBufferMemory{device, vkFreeMemory};

VDeleter<VkBuffer> indexBuffer{device, vkDestroyBuffer};

VDeleter<VkDeviceMemory> indexBufferMemory{device, vkFreeMemory};

VDeleter<VkBuffer> uniformStagingBuffer{device, vkDestroyBuffer};

VDeleter<VkDeviceMemory> uniformStagingBufferMemory{device, vkFreeMemory};

VDeleter<VkBuffer> uniformBuffer{device, vkDestroyBuffer};

VDeleter<VkDeviceMemory> uniformBufferMemory{device, vkFreeMemory};

VDeleter<VkDescriptorPool> descriptorPool{device, vkDestroyDescriptorPool};

VkDescriptorSet descriptorSet;

std::vector<VkCommandBuffer> commandBuffers;

VDeleter<VkSemaphore> imageAvailableSemaphore{device, vkDestroySemaphore};

VDeleter<VkSemaphore> renderFinishedSemaphore{device, vkDestroySemaphore};

void initWindow() {

glfwInit();

glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CLIENT_API, GLFW_NO_API);

window = glfwCreateWindow(WIDTH, HEIGHT, "Vulkan", nullptr, nullptr);

glfwSetWindowUserPointer(window, this);

glfwSetWindowSizeCallback(window, HelloTriangleApplication::onWindowResized);

}

void initVulkan() {

createInstance();

setupDebugCallback();

createSurface();

pickPhysicalDevice();

createLogicalDevice();

createSwapChain();

createImageViews();

createRenderPass();

createDescriptorSetLayout();

createGraphicsPipeline();

createFramebuffers();

createCommandPool();

createTextureImage();

createTextureImageView();

createTextureSampler();

createVertexBuffer();

createIndexBuffer();

createUniformBuffer();

createDescriptorPool();

createDescriptorSet();

createCommandBuffers();

createSemaphores();

}

void mainLoop() {

while (!glfwWindowShouldClose(window)) {

glfwPollEvents();

updateUniformBuffer();

drawFrame();

}

vkDeviceWaitIdle(device);

}

static void onWindowResized(GLFWwindow* window, int width, int height) {

if (width == 0 || height == 0) return;

HelloTriangleApplication* app = reinterpret_cast<HelloTriangleApplication*>(glfwGetWindowUserPointer(window));

app->recreateSwapChain();

}

void recreateSwapChain() {

vkDeviceWaitIdle(device);

createSwapChain();

createImageViews();

createRenderPass();

createGraphicsPipeline();

createFramebuffers();

createCommandBuffers();

}

void createInstance() {

if (enableValidationLayers && !checkValidationLayerSupport()) {

throw std::runtime_error("validation layers requested, but not available!");

}

VkApplicationInfo appInfo = {};

appInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_APPLICATION_INFO;

appInfo.pApplicationName = "Hello Triangle";

appInfo.applicationVersion = VK_MAKE_VERSION(1, 0, 0);

appInfo.pEngineName = "No Engine";

appInfo.engineVersion = VK_MAKE_VERSION(1, 0, 0);

appInfo.apiVersion = VK_API_VERSION_1_0;

VkInstanceCreateInfo createInfo = {};

createInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_INSTANCE_CREATE_INFO;

createInfo.pApplicationInfo = &appInfo;

auto extensions = getRequiredExtensions();

createInfo.enabledExtensionCount = extensions.size();

createInfo.ppEnabledExtensionNames = extensions.data();

if (enableValidationLayers) {

createInfo.enabledLayerCount = validationLayers.size();

createInfo.ppEnabledLayerNames = validationLayers.data();

} else {

createInfo.enabledLayerCount = 0;

}

if (vkCreateInstance(&createInfo, nullptr, &instance) != VK_SUCCESS) {

throw std::runtime_error("failed to create instance!");

}

}

void setupDebugCallback() {

if (!enableValidationLayers) return;

VkDebugReportCallbackCreateInfoEXT createInfo = {};

createInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DEBUG_REPORT_CALLBACK_CREATE_INFO_EXT;

createInfo.flags = VK_DEBUG_REPORT_ERROR_BIT_EXT | VK_DEBUG_REPORT_WARNING_BIT_EXT;

createInfo.pfnCallback = (PFN_vkDebugReportCallbackEXT) debugCallback;

if (CreateDebugReportCallbackEXT(instance, &createInfo, nullptr, &callback) != VK_SUCCESS) {

throw std::runtime_error("failed to set up debug callback!");

}

}

void createSurface() {

if (glfwCreateWindowSurface(instance, window, nullptr, &surface) != VK_SUCCESS) {

throw std::runtime_error("failed to create window surface!");

}

}

void pickPhysicalDevice() {

uint32_t deviceCount = 0;

vkEnumeratePhysicalDevices(instance, &deviceCount, nullptr);

if (deviceCount == 0) {

throw std::runtime_error("failed to find GPUs with Vulkan support!");

}

std::vector<VkPhysicalDevice> devices(deviceCount);

vkEnumeratePhysicalDevices(instance, &deviceCount, devices.data());

for (const auto& device : devices) {

if (isDeviceSuitable(device)) {

physicalDevice = device;

break;

}

}

if (physicalDevice == VK_NULL_HANDLE) {

throw std::runtime_error("failed to find a suitable GPU!");

}

}

void createLogicalDevice() {

QueueFamilyIndices indices = findQueueFamilies(physicalDevice);

std::vector<VkDeviceQueueCreateInfo> queueCreateInfos;

std::set<int> uniqueQueueFamilies = {indices.graphicsFamily, indices.presentFamily};

for (int queueFamily : uniqueQueueFamilies) {

float queuePriority = 1.0f;

VkDeviceQueueCreateInfo queueCreateInfo = {};

queueCreateInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DEVICE_QUEUE_CREATE_INFO;

queueCreateInfo.queueFamilyIndex = queueFamily;

queueCreateInfo.queueCount = 1;

queueCreateInfo.pQueuePriorities = &queuePriority;

queueCreateInfos.push_back(queueCreateInfo);

}

VkPhysicalDeviceFeatures deviceFeatures = {};

VkDeviceCreateInfo createInfo = {};

createInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DEVICE_CREATE_INFO;

createInfo.pQueueCreateInfos = queueCreateInfos.data();

createInfo.queueCreateInfoCount = (uint32_t) queueCreateInfos.size();

createInfo.pEnabledFeatures = &deviceFeatures;

createInfo.enabledExtensionCount = deviceExtensions.size();

createInfo.ppEnabledExtensionNames = deviceExtensions.data();

if (enableValidationLayers) {

createInfo.enabledLayerCount = validationLayers.size();

createInfo.ppEnabledLayerNames = validationLayers.data();

} else {

createInfo.enabledLayerCount = 0;

}

if (vkCreateDevice(physicalDevice, &createInfo, nullptr, &device) != VK_SUCCESS) {

throw std::runtime_error("failed to create logical device!");

}

vkGetDeviceQueue(device, indices.graphicsFamily, 0, &graphicsQueue);

vkGetDeviceQueue(device, indices.presentFamily, 0, &presentQueue);

}

void createSwapChain() {

SwapChainSupportDetails swapChainSupport = querySwapChainSupport(physicalDevice);

VkSurfaceFormatKHR surfaceFormat = chooseSwapSurfaceFormat(swapChainSupport.formats);

VkPresentModeKHR presentMode = chooseSwapPresentMode(swapChainSupport.presentModes);

VkExtent2D extent = chooseSwapExtent(swapChainSupport.capabilities);

uint32_t imageCount = swapChainSupport.capabilities.minImageCount + 1;

if (swapChainSupport.capabilities.maxImageCount > 0 && imageCount > swapChainSupport.capabilities.maxImageCount) {

imageCount = swapChainSupport.capabilities.maxImageCount;

}

VkSwapchainCreateInfoKHR createInfo = {};

createInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SWAPCHAIN_CREATE_INFO_KHR;

createInfo.surface = surface;

createInfo.minImageCount = imageCount;

createInfo.imageFormat = surfaceFormat.format;

createInfo.imageColorSpace = surfaceFormat.colorSpace;

createInfo.imageExtent = extent;

createInfo.imageArrayLayers = 1;

createInfo.imageUsage = VK_IMAGE_USAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_BIT;

QueueFamilyIndices indices = findQueueFamilies(physicalDevice);

uint32_t queueFamilyIndices[] = {(uint32_t) indices.graphicsFamily, (uint32_t) indices.presentFamily};

if (indices.graphicsFamily != indices.presentFamily) {

createInfo.imageSharingMode = VK_SHARING_MODE_CONCURRENT;

createInfo.queueFamilyIndexCount = 2;

createInfo.pQueueFamilyIndices = queueFamilyIndices;

} else {

createInfo.imageSharingMode = VK_SHARING_MODE_EXCLUSIVE;

}

createInfo.preTransform = swapChainSupport.capabilities.currentTransform;

createInfo.compositeAlpha = VK_COMPOSITE_ALPHA_OPAQUE_BIT_KHR;

createInfo.presentMode = presentMode;

createInfo.clipped = VK_TRUE;

VkSwapchainKHR oldSwapChain = swapChain;

createInfo.oldSwapchain = oldSwapChain;

VkSwapchainKHR newSwapChain;

if (vkCreateSwapchainKHR(device, &createInfo, nullptr, &newSwapChain) != VK_SUCCESS) {

throw std::runtime_error("failed to create swap chain!");

}

*&swapChain = newSwapChain;

vkGetSwapchainImagesKHR(device, swapChain, &imageCount, nullptr);

swapChainImages.resize(imageCount);

vkGetSwapchainImagesKHR(device, swapChain, &imageCount, swapChainImages.data());

swapChainImageFormat = surfaceFormat.format;

swapChainExtent = extent;

}

void createImageViews() {

swapChainImageViews.resize(swapChainImages.size(), VDeleter<VkImageView>{device, vkDestroyImageView});

for (uint32_t i = 0; i < swapChainImages.size(); i++) {

createImageView(swapChainImages[i], swapChainImageFormat, swapChainImageViews[i]);

}

}

void createRenderPass() {

VkAttachmentDescription colorAttachment = {};

colorAttachment.format = swapChainImageFormat;

colorAttachment.samples = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;

colorAttachment.loadOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_LOAD_OP_CLEAR;

colorAttachment.storeOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_STORE_OP_STORE;

colorAttachment.stencilLoadOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_LOAD_OP_DONT_CARE;

colorAttachment.stencilStoreOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_STORE_OP_DONT_CARE;

colorAttachment.initialLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED;

colorAttachment.finalLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_PRESENT_SRC_KHR;

VkAttachmentReference colorAttachmentRef = {};

colorAttachmentRef.attachment = 0;

colorAttachmentRef.layout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL;

VkSubpassDescription subPass = {};

subPass.pipelineBindPoint = VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS;

subPass.colorAttachmentCount = 1;

subPass.pColorAttachments = &colorAttachmentRef;

VkSubpassDependency dependency = {};

dependency.srcSubpass = VK_SUBPASS_EXTERNAL;

dependency.dstSubpass = 0;

dependency.srcStageMask = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_BOTTOM_OF_PIPE_BIT;

dependency.srcAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_MEMORY_READ_BIT;

dependency.dstStageMask = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT;

dependency.dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_READ_BIT | VK_ACCESS_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_WRITE_BIT;

VkRenderPassCreateInfo renderPassInfo = {};

renderPassInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_RENDER_PASS_CREATE_INFO;

renderPassInfo.attachmentCount = 1;

renderPassInfo.pAttachments = &colorAttachment;

renderPassInfo.subpassCount = 1;

renderPassInfo.pSubpasses = &subPass;

renderPassInfo.dependencyCount = 1;

renderPassInfo.pDependencies = &dependency;

if (vkCreateRenderPass(device, &renderPassInfo, nullptr, &renderPass) != VK_SUCCESS) {

throw std::runtime_error("failed to create render pass!");

}

}

void createDescriptorSetLayout() {

VkDescriptorSetLayoutBinding uboLayoutBinding = {};

uboLayoutBinding.binding = 0;

uboLayoutBinding.descriptorCount = 1;

uboLayoutBinding.descriptorType = VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_UNIFORM_BUFFER;

uboLayoutBinding.pImmutableSamplers = nullptr;

uboLayoutBinding.stageFlags = VK_SHADER_STAGE_VERTEX_BIT;

VkDescriptorSetLayoutCreateInfo layoutInfo = {};

layoutInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DESCRIPTOR_SET_LAYOUT_CREATE_INFO;

layoutInfo.bindingCount = 1;

layoutInfo.pBindings = &uboLayoutBinding;

if (vkCreateDescriptorSetLayout(device, &layoutInfo, nullptr, &descriptorSetLayout) != VK_SUCCESS) {

throw std::runtime_error("failed to create descriptor set layout!");

}

}

void createGraphicsPipeline() {

auto vertShaderCode = readFile("shaders/vert.spv");

auto fragShaderCode = readFile("shaders/frag.spv");

VDeleter<VkShaderModule> vertShaderModule{device, vkDestroyShaderModule};

VDeleter<VkShaderModule> fragShaderModule{device, vkDestroyShaderModule};

createShaderModule(vertShaderCode, vertShaderModule);

createShaderModule(fragShaderCode, fragShaderModule);

VkPipelineShaderStageCreateInfo vertShaderStageInfo = {};

vertShaderStageInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_SHADER_STAGE_CREATE_INFO;

vertShaderStageInfo.stage = VK_SHADER_STAGE_VERTEX_BIT;

vertShaderStageInfo.module = vertShaderModule;

vertShaderStageInfo.pName = "main";

VkPipelineShaderStageCreateInfo fragShaderStageInfo = {};

fragShaderStageInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_SHADER_STAGE_CREATE_INFO;

fragShaderStageInfo.stage = VK_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT_BIT;

fragShaderStageInfo.module = fragShaderModule;

fragShaderStageInfo.pName = "main";

VkPipelineShaderStageCreateInfo shaderStages[] = {vertShaderStageInfo, fragShaderStageInfo};

VkPipelineVertexInputStateCreateInfo vertexInputInfo = {};

vertexInputInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_VERTEX_INPUT_STATE_CREATE_INFO;

auto bindingDescription = Vertex::getBindingDescription();

auto attributeDescriptions = Vertex::getAttributeDescriptions();

vertexInputInfo.vertexBindingDescriptionCount = 1;

vertexInputInfo.vertexAttributeDescriptionCount = attributeDescriptions.size();

vertexInputInfo.pVertexBindingDescriptions = &bindingDescription;

vertexInputInfo.pVertexAttributeDescriptions = attributeDescriptions.data();

VkPipelineInputAssemblyStateCreateInfo inputAssembly = {};

inputAssembly.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_INPUT_ASSEMBLY_STATE_CREATE_INFO;

inputAssembly.topology = VK_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY_TRIANGLE_LIST;

inputAssembly.primitiveRestartEnable = VK_FALSE;

VkViewport viewport = {};

viewport.x = 0.0f;

viewport.y = 0.0f;

viewport.width = (float) swapChainExtent.width;

viewport.height = (float) swapChainExtent.height;

viewport.minDepth = 0.0f;

viewport.maxDepth = 1.0f;

VkRect2D scissor = {};

scissor.offset = {0, 0};

scissor.extent = swapChainExtent;

VkPipelineViewportStateCreateInfo viewportState = {};

viewportState.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_VIEWPORT_STATE_CREATE_INFO;

viewportState.viewportCount = 1;

viewportState.pViewports = &viewport;

viewportState.scissorCount = 1;

viewportState.pScissors = &scissor;

VkPipelineRasterizationStateCreateInfo rasterizer = {};

rasterizer.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_RASTERIZATION_STATE_CREATE_INFO;

rasterizer.depthClampEnable = VK_FALSE;

rasterizer.rasterizerDiscardEnable = VK_FALSE;

rasterizer.polygonMode = VK_POLYGON_MODE_FILL;

rasterizer.lineWidth = 1.0f;

rasterizer.cullMode = VK_CULL_MODE_BACK_BIT;

rasterizer.frontFace = VK_FRONT_FACE_COUNTER_CLOCKWISE;

rasterizer.depthBiasEnable = VK_FALSE;

VkPipelineMultisampleStateCreateInfo multisampling = {};

multisampling.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_MULTISAMPLE_STATE_CREATE_INFO;

multisampling.sampleShadingEnable = VK_FALSE;

multisampling.rasterizationSamples = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;

VkPipelineColorBlendAttachmentState colorBlendAttachment = {};

colorBlendAttachment.colorWriteMask = VK_COLOR_COMPONENT_R_BIT | VK_COLOR_COMPONENT_G_BIT | VK_COLOR_COMPONENT_B_BIT | VK_COLOR_COMPONENT_A_BIT;

colorBlendAttachment.blendEnable = VK_FALSE;

VkPipelineColorBlendStateCreateInfo colorBlending = {};

colorBlending.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_COLOR_BLEND_STATE_CREATE_INFO;

colorBlending.logicOpEnable = VK_FALSE;

colorBlending.logicOp = VK_LOGIC_OP_COPY;

colorBlending.attachmentCount = 1;

colorBlending.pAttachments = &colorBlendAttachment;

colorBlending.blendConstants[0] = 0.0f;

colorBlending.blendConstants[1] = 0.0f;

colorBlending.blendConstants[2] = 0.0f;

colorBlending.blendConstants[3] = 0.0f;

VkDescriptorSetLayout setLayouts[] = {descriptorSetLayout};

VkPipelineLayoutCreateInfo pipelineLayoutInfo = {};

pipelineLayoutInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_LAYOUT_CREATE_INFO;

pipelineLayoutInfo.setLayoutCount = 1;

pipelineLayoutInfo.pSetLayouts = setLayouts;

if (vkCreatePipelineLayout(device, &pipelineLayoutInfo, nullptr, &pipelineLayout) != VK_SUCCESS) {

throw std::runtime_error("failed to create pipeline layout!");

}

VkGraphicsPipelineCreateInfo pipelineInfo = {};

pipelineInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_GRAPHICS_PIPELINE_CREATE_INFO;

pipelineInfo.stageCount = 2;

pipelineInfo.pStages = shaderStages;

pipelineInfo.pVertexInputState = &vertexInputInfo;

pipelineInfo.pInputAssemblyState = &inputAssembly;

pipelineInfo.pViewportState = &viewportState;

pipelineInfo.pRasterizationState = &rasterizer;

pipelineInfo.pMultisampleState = &multisampling;

pipelineInfo.pColorBlendState = &colorBlending;

pipelineInfo.layout = pipelineLayout;

pipelineInfo.renderPass = renderPass;

pipelineInfo.subpass = 0;

pipelineInfo.basePipelineHandle = VK_NULL_HANDLE;

if (vkCreateGraphicsPipelines(device, VK_NULL_HANDLE, 1, &pipelineInfo, nullptr, &graphicsPipeline) != VK_SUCCESS) {

throw std::runtime_error("failed to create graphics pipeline!");

}

}

void createFramebuffers() {

swapChainFramebuffers.resize(swapChainImageViews.size(), VDeleter<VkFramebuffer>{device, vkDestroyFramebuffer});

for (size_t i = 0; i < swapChainImageViews.size(); i++) {

VkImageView attachments[] = {

swapChainImageViews[i]

};

VkFramebufferCreateInfo framebufferInfo = {};

framebufferInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_FRAMEBUFFER_CREATE_INFO;

framebufferInfo.renderPass = renderPass;

framebufferInfo.attachmentCount = 1;

framebufferInfo.pAttachments = attachments;

framebufferInfo.width = swapChainExtent.width;

framebufferInfo.height = swapChainExtent.height;

framebufferInfo.layers = 1;

if (vkCreateFramebuffer(device, &framebufferInfo, nullptr, &swapChainFramebuffers[i]) != VK_SUCCESS) {

throw std::runtime_error("failed to create framebuffer!");

}

}

}

void createCommandPool() {

QueueFamilyIndices queueFamilyIndices = findQueueFamilies(physicalDevice);

VkCommandPoolCreateInfo poolInfo = {};

poolInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_POOL_CREATE_INFO;

poolInfo.queueFamilyIndex = queueFamilyIndices.graphicsFamily;

if (vkCreateCommandPool(device, &poolInfo, nullptr, &commandPool) != VK_SUCCESS) {

throw std::runtime_error("failed to create graphics command pool!");

}

}

void createTextureImage() {

int texWidth, texHeight, texChannels;

stbi_uc* pixels = stbi_load("textures/texture.jpg", &texWidth, &texHeight, &texChannels, STBI_rgb_alpha);

VkDeviceSize imageSize = texWidth * texHeight * 4;

if (!pixels) {

throw std::runtime_error("failed to load texture image!");

}

VDeleter<VkImage> stagingImage{device, vkDestroyImage};

VDeleter<VkDeviceMemory> stagingImageMemory{device, vkFreeMemory};

createImage(texWidth, texHeight, VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM, VK_IMAGE_TILING_LINEAR, VK_IMAGE_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT, VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT | VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_COHERENT_BIT, stagingImage, stagingImageMemory);

void* data;

vkMapMemory(device, stagingImageMemory, 0, imageSize, 0, &data);

memcpy(data, pixels, (size_t) imageSize);

vkUnmapMemory(device, stagingImageMemory);

stbi_image_free(pixels);

createImage(texWidth, texHeight, VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM, VK_IMAGE_TILING_OPTIMAL, VK_IMAGE_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT | VK_IMAGE_USAGE_SAMPLED_BIT, VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_DEVICE_LOCAL_BIT, textureImage, textureImageMemory);

transitionImageLayout(stagingImage, VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_PREINITIALIZED, VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_SRC_OPTIMAL);

transitionImageLayout(textureImage, VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_PREINITIALIZED, VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL);

copyImage(stagingImage, textureImage, texWidth, texHeight);

transitionImageLayout(textureImage, VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL, VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_SHADER_READ_ONLY_OPTIMAL);

}

void createTextureImageView() {

createImageView(textureImage, VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM, textureImageView);

}

void createTextureSampler() {

VkSamplerCreateInfo samplerInfo = {};

samplerInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SAMPLER_CREATE_INFO;

samplerInfo.magFilter = VK_FILTER_LINEAR;

samplerInfo.minFilter = VK_FILTER_LINEAR;

samplerInfo.addressModeU = VK_SAMPLER_ADDRESS_MODE_REPEAT;

samplerInfo.addressModeV = VK_SAMPLER_ADDRESS_MODE_REPEAT;

samplerInfo.addressModeW = VK_SAMPLER_ADDRESS_MODE_REPEAT;

samplerInfo.anisotropyEnable = VK_TRUE;

samplerInfo.maxAnisotropy = 16;

samplerInfo.borderColor = VK_BORDER_COLOR_INT_OPAQUE_BLACK;

samplerInfo.unnormalizedCoordinates = VK_FALSE;

samplerInfo.compareEnable = VK_FALSE;

samplerInfo.compareOp = VK_COMPARE_OP_ALWAYS;

samplerInfo.mipmapMode = VK_SAMPLER_MIPMAP_MODE_LINEAR;

if (vkCreateSampler(device, &samplerInfo, nullptr, &textureSampler) != VK_SUCCESS) {

throw std::runtime_error("failed to create texture sampler!");

}

}

void createImageView(VkImage image, VkFormat format, VDeleter<VkImageView>& imageView) {

VkImageViewCreateInfo viewInfo = {};

viewInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_VIEW_CREATE_INFO;

viewInfo.image = image;

viewInfo.viewType = VK_IMAGE_VIEW_TYPE_2D;

viewInfo.format = format;

viewInfo.subresourceRange.aspectMask = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT;

viewInfo.subresourceRange.baseMipLevel = 0;

viewInfo.subresourceRange.levelCount = 1;

viewInfo.subresourceRange.baseArrayLayer = 0;

viewInfo.subresourceRange.layerCount = 1;

if (vkCreateImageView(device, &viewInfo, nullptr, &imageView) != VK_SUCCESS) {

throw std::runtime_error("failed to create texture image view!");

}

}

void createImage(uint32_t width, uint32_t height, VkFormat format, VkImageTiling tiling, VkImageUsageFlags usage, VkMemoryPropertyFlags properties, VDeleter<VkImage>& image, VDeleter<VkDeviceMemory>& imageMemory) {

VkImageCreateInfo imageInfo = {};

imageInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_CREATE_INFO;

imageInfo.imageType = VK_IMAGE_TYPE_2D;

imageInfo.extent.width = width;

imageInfo.extent.height = height;

imageInfo.extent.depth = 1;

imageInfo.mipLevels = 1;

imageInfo.arrayLayers = 1;

imageInfo.format = format;

imageInfo.tiling = tiling;

imageInfo.initialLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_PREINITIALIZED;

imageInfo.usage = usage;

imageInfo.samples = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;

imageInfo.sharingMode = VK_SHARING_MODE_EXCLUSIVE;

if (vkCreateImage(device, &imageInfo, nullptr, &image) != VK_SUCCESS) {

throw std::runtime_error("failed to create image!");

}

VkMemoryRequirements memRequirements;

vkGetImageMemoryRequirements(device, image, &memRequirements);

VkMemoryAllocateInfo allocInfo = {};

allocInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_MEMORY_ALLOCATE_INFO;

allocInfo.allocationSize = memRequirements.size;

allocInfo.memoryTypeIndex = findMemoryType(memRequirements.memoryTypeBits, properties);

if (vkAllocateMemory(device, &allocInfo, nullptr, &imageMemory) != VK_SUCCESS) {

throw std::runtime_error("failed to allocate image memory!");

}

vkBindImageMemory(device, image, imageMemory, 0);

}

void transitionImageLayout(VkImage image, VkImageLayout oldLayout, VkImageLayout newLayout) {

VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer = beginSingleTimeCommands();

VkImageMemoryBarrier barrier = {};

barrier.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_MEMORY_BARRIER;

barrier.oldLayout = oldLayout;

barrier.newLayout = newLayout;

barrier.srcQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED;

barrier.dstQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED;

barrier.image = image;

barrier.subresourceRange.aspectMask = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT;

barrier.subresourceRange.baseMipLevel = 0;

barrier.subresourceRange.levelCount = 1;

barrier.subresourceRange.baseArrayLayer = 0;

barrier.subresourceRange.layerCount = 1;

if (oldLayout == VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_PREINITIALIZED && newLayout == VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_SRC_OPTIMAL) {

barrier.srcAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_HOST_WRITE_BIT;

barrier.dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_TRANSFER_READ_BIT;

} else if (oldLayout == VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_PREINITIALIZED && newLayout == VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL) {

barrier.srcAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_HOST_WRITE_BIT;

barrier.dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_TRANSFER_WRITE_BIT;

} else if (oldLayout == VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL && newLayout == VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_SHADER_READ_ONLY_OPTIMAL) {

barrier.srcAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_TRANSFER_WRITE_BIT;

barrier.dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_SHADER_READ_BIT;

} else {

throw std::invalid_argument("unsupported layout transition!");

}

vkCmdPipelineBarrier(

commandBuffer,

VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TOP_OF_PIPE_BIT, VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TOP_OF_PIPE_BIT,

0,

0, nullptr,

0, nullptr,

1, &barrier

);

endSingleTimeCommands(commandBuffer);

}

void copyImage(VkImage srcImage, VkImage dstImage, uint32_t width, uint32_t height) {

VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer = beginSingleTimeCommands();

VkImageSubresourceLayers subResource = {};

subResource.aspectMask = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT;

subResource.baseArrayLayer = 0;

subResource.mipLevel = 0;

subResource.layerCount = 1;

VkImageCopy region = {};

region.srcSubresource = subResource;

region.dstSubresource = subResource;

region.srcOffset = {0, 0, 0};

region.dstOffset = {0, 0, 0};

region.extent.width = width;

region.extent.height = height;

region.extent.depth = 1;

vkCmdCopyImage(

commandBuffer,

srcImage, VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_SRC_OPTIMAL,

dstImage, VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL,

1, &region

);

endSingleTimeCommands(commandBuffer);

}

void createVertexBuffer() {

VkDeviceSize bufferSize = sizeof(vertices[0]) * vertices.size();

VDeleter<VkBuffer> stagingBuffer{device, vkDestroyBuffer};

VDeleter<VkDeviceMemory> stagingBufferMemory{device, vkFreeMemory};

createBuffer(bufferSize, VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT, VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT | VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_COHERENT_BIT, stagingBuffer, stagingBufferMemory);

void* data;

vkMapMemory(device, stagingBufferMemory, 0, bufferSize, 0, &data);

memcpy(data, vertices.data(), (size_t) bufferSize);

vkUnmapMemory(device, stagingBufferMemory);

createBuffer(bufferSize, VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT | VK_BUFFER_USAGE_VERTEX_BUFFER_BIT, VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_DEVICE_LOCAL_BIT, vertexBuffer, vertexBufferMemory);

copyBuffer(stagingBuffer, vertexBuffer, bufferSize);

}

void createIndexBuffer() {

VkDeviceSize bufferSize = sizeof(indices[0]) * indices.size();

VDeleter<VkBuffer> stagingBuffer{device, vkDestroyBuffer};

VDeleter<VkDeviceMemory> stagingBufferMemory{device, vkFreeMemory};

createBuffer(bufferSize, VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT, VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT | VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_COHERENT_BIT, stagingBuffer, stagingBufferMemory);

void* data;

vkMapMemory(device, stagingBufferMemory, 0, bufferSize, 0, &data);

memcpy(data, indices.data(), (size_t) bufferSize);

vkUnmapMemory(device, stagingBufferMemory);

createBuffer(bufferSize, VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT | VK_BUFFER_USAGE_INDEX_BUFFER_BIT, VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_DEVICE_LOCAL_BIT, indexBuffer, indexBufferMemory);

copyBuffer(stagingBuffer, indexBuffer, bufferSize);

}

void createUniformBuffer() {

VkDeviceSize bufferSize = sizeof(UniformBufferObject);

createBuffer(bufferSize, VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT, VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT | VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_COHERENT_BIT, uniformStagingBuffer, uniformStagingBufferMemory);

createBuffer(bufferSize, VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT | VK_BUFFER_USAGE_UNIFORM_BUFFER_BIT, VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_DEVICE_LOCAL_BIT, uniformBuffer, uniformBufferMemory);

}

void createDescriptorPool() {

VkDescriptorPoolSize poolSize = {};

poolSize.type = VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_UNIFORM_BUFFER;

poolSize.descriptorCount = 1;

VkDescriptorPoolCreateInfo poolInfo = {};

poolInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DESCRIPTOR_POOL_CREATE_INFO;

poolInfo.poolSizeCount = 1;

poolInfo.pPoolSizes = &poolSize;

poolInfo.maxSets = 1;

if (vkCreateDescriptorPool(device, &poolInfo, nullptr, &descriptorPool) != VK_SUCCESS) {

throw std::runtime_error("failed to create descriptor pool!");

}

}

void createDescriptorSet() {

VkDescriptorSetLayout layouts[] = {descriptorSetLayout};

VkDescriptorSetAllocateInfo allocInfo = {};

allocInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DESCRIPTOR_SET_ALLOCATE_INFO;

allocInfo.descriptorPool = descriptorPool;

allocInfo.descriptorSetCount = 1;

allocInfo.pSetLayouts = layouts;

if (vkAllocateDescriptorSets(device, &allocInfo, &descriptorSet) != VK_SUCCESS) {

throw std::runtime_error("failed to allocate descriptor set!");

}

VkDescriptorBufferInfo bufferInfo = {};

bufferInfo.buffer = uniformBuffer;

bufferInfo.offset = 0;

bufferInfo.range = sizeof(UniformBufferObject);

VkWriteDescriptorSet descriptorWrite = {};

descriptorWrite.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_WRITE_DESCRIPTOR_SET;

descriptorWrite.dstSet = descriptorSet;

descriptorWrite.dstBinding = 0;

descriptorWrite.dstArrayElement = 0;

descriptorWrite.descriptorType = VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_UNIFORM_BUFFER;

descriptorWrite.descriptorCount = 1;

descriptorWrite.pBufferInfo = &bufferInfo;

vkUpdateDescriptorSets(device, 1, &descriptorWrite, 0, nullptr);

}

void createBuffer(VkDeviceSize size, VkBufferUsageFlags usage, VkMemoryPropertyFlags properties, VDeleter<VkBuffer>& buffer, VDeleter<VkDeviceMemory>& bufferMemory) {

VkBufferCreateInfo bufferInfo = {};

bufferInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BUFFER_CREATE_INFO;

bufferInfo.size = size;

bufferInfo.usage = usage;

bufferInfo.sharingMode = VK_SHARING_MODE_EXCLUSIVE;

if (vkCreateBuffer(device, &bufferInfo, nullptr, &buffer) != VK_SUCCESS) {

throw std::runtime_error("failed to create buffer!");

}

VkMemoryRequirements memRequirements;

vkGetBufferMemoryRequirements(device, buffer, &memRequirements);

VkMemoryAllocateInfo allocInfo = {};

allocInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_MEMORY_ALLOCATE_INFO;

allocInfo.allocationSize = memRequirements.size;

allocInfo.memoryTypeIndex = findMemoryType(memRequirements.memoryTypeBits, properties);

if (vkAllocateMemory(device, &allocInfo, nullptr, &bufferMemory) != VK_SUCCESS) {

throw std::runtime_error("failed to allocate buffer memory!");

}

vkBindBufferMemory(device, buffer, bufferMemory, 0);

}

VkCommandBuffer beginSingleTimeCommands() {

VkCommandBufferAllocateInfo allocInfo = {};

allocInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_BUFFER_ALLOCATE_INFO;

allocInfo.level = VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_LEVEL_PRIMARY;

allocInfo.commandPool = commandPool;

allocInfo.commandBufferCount = 1;

VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer;

vkAllocateCommandBuffers(device, &allocInfo, &commandBuffer);

VkCommandBufferBeginInfo beginInfo = {};

beginInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_BUFFER_BEGIN_INFO;

beginInfo.flags = VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_USAGE_ONE_TIME_SUBMIT_BIT;

vkBeginCommandBuffer(commandBuffer, &beginInfo);

return commandBuffer;

}

void endSingleTimeCommands(VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer) {

vkEndCommandBuffer(commandBuffer);

VkSubmitInfo submitInfo = {};

submitInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SUBMIT_INFO;

submitInfo.commandBufferCount = 1;

submitInfo.pCommandBuffers = &commandBuffer;

vkQueueSubmit(graphicsQueue, 1, &submitInfo, VK_NULL_HANDLE);

vkQueueWaitIdle(graphicsQueue);

vkFreeCommandBuffers(device, commandPool, 1, &commandBuffer);

}

void copyBuffer(VkBuffer srcBuffer, VkBuffer dstBuffer, VkDeviceSize size) {