#include "Volk/volk.h"
#define VMA_IMPLEMENTATION
#define VMA_DYNAMIC_VULKAN_FUNCTIONS 1
#include "vma/vk_mem_alloc.h"

#define STB_IMAGE_IMPLEMENTATION
#include <stb_image.h>

#define TINYOBJLOADER_IMPLEMENTATION
#include <tiny_obj_loader.h>

#define GLFW_INCLUDE_VULKAN
#include <GLFW/glfw3.h>

#define GLM_FORCE_DEPTH_ZERO_TO_ONE
#define GLM_ENABLE_EXPERIMENTAL
#include <glm/glm.hpp>
#include <glm/ext.hpp>
#include <glm/gtc/matrix_transform.hpp>
#include <glm/gtx/hash.hpp>

#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
#include <stdexcept>
#include <algorithm>
#include <vector>
#include <cstring>
#include <cstdlib>
#include <cstdint>
#include <limits>
#include <array>
#include <optional>
#include <set>
#include <chrono>
#include <unordered_map>


const uint32_t WIDTH = 800;
const uint32_t HEIGHT = 600;

const std::string MODEL_PATH = "models/viking_room.obj";
const std::string TEXTURE_PATH = "textures/viking_room.png";

const int MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT = 2;

const std::vector<const char*> validationLayers = {
    "VK_LAYER_KHRONOS_validation"
};

const std::vector<const char*> deviceExtensions = {
    VK_KHR_SWAPCHAIN_EXTENSION_NAME,
    VK_EXT_SHADER_OBJECT_EXTENSION_NAME,
    VK_KHR_DYNAMIC_RENDERING_EXTENSION_NAME,
    VK_KHR_SYNCHRONIZATION_2_EXTENSION_NAME,
    VK_EXT_DESCRIPTOR_HEAP_EXTENSION_NAME,
    VK_KHR_MAINTENANCE_5_EXTENSION_NAME,
};

#ifdef NDEBUG
const bool enableValidationLayers = false;
#else
const bool enableValidationLayers = true;
#endif

VkResult CreateDebugUtilsMessengerEXT(VkInstance instance, const VkDebugUtilsMessengerCreateInfoEXT* pCreateInfo, const VkAllocationCallbacks* pAllocator, VkDebugUtilsMessengerEXT* pDebugMessenger) {
    auto func = (PFN_vkCreateDebugUtilsMessengerEXT)vkGetInstanceProcAddr(instance, "vkCreateDebugUtilsMessengerEXT");
    if (func != nullptr) {
        return func(instance, pCreateInfo, pAllocator, pDebugMessenger);
    }
    else {
        return VK_ERROR_EXTENSION_NOT_PRESENT;
    }
}

void DestroyDebugUtilsMessengerEXT(VkInstance instance, VkDebugUtilsMessengerEXT debugMessenger, const VkAllocationCallbacks* pAllocator) {
    auto func = (PFN_vkDestroyDebugUtilsMessengerEXT)vkGetInstanceProcAddr(instance, "vkDestroyDebugUtilsMessengerEXT");
    if (func != nullptr) {
        func(instance, debugMessenger, pAllocator);
    }
}

struct QueueFamilyIndices {
    std::optional<uint32_t> graphicsFamily;
    std::optional<uint32_t> presentFamily;

    bool isComplete() {
        return graphicsFamily.has_value() && presentFamily.has_value();
    }
};

struct SwapChainSupportDetails {
    VkSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR capabilities;
    std::vector<VkSurfaceFormatKHR> formats;
    std::vector<VkPresentModeKHR> presentModes;
};



struct Vertex {
    glm::vec3 pos;
    glm::vec3 color;
    glm::vec2 texCoord;

    static VkVertexInputBindingDescription2EXT getBindingDescription() {
        VkVertexInputBindingDescription2EXT bindingDescription{};
        bindingDescription.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_VERTEX_INPUT_BINDING_DESCRIPTION_2_EXT;
        bindingDescription.binding = 0;
        bindingDescription.stride = sizeof(Vertex);
        bindingDescription.inputRate = VK_VERTEX_INPUT_RATE_VERTEX;
        bindingDescription.divisor = 1;

        return bindingDescription;
    }

    static std::array<VkVertexInputAttributeDescription2EXT, 3> getAttributeDescriptions() {
        std::array<VkVertexInputAttributeDescription2EXT, 3> attributeDescriptions{};

        attributeDescriptions[0].sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_VERTEX_INPUT_ATTRIBUTE_DESCRIPTION_2_EXT;
        attributeDescriptions[0].binding = 0;
        attributeDescriptions[0].location = 0;
        attributeDescriptions[0].format = VK_FORMAT_R32G32B32_SFLOAT;
        attributeDescriptions[0].offset = offsetof(Vertex, pos);

        attributeDescriptions[1].sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_VERTEX_INPUT_ATTRIBUTE_DESCRIPTION_2_EXT;
        attributeDescriptions[1].binding = 0;
        attributeDescriptions[1].location = 1;
        attributeDescriptions[1].format = VK_FORMAT_R32G32B32_SFLOAT;
        attributeDescriptions[1].offset = offsetof(Vertex, color);

        attributeDescriptions[2].sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_VERTEX_INPUT_ATTRIBUTE_DESCRIPTION_2_EXT;
        attributeDescriptions[2].binding = 0;
        attributeDescriptions[2].location = 2;
        attributeDescriptions[2].format = VK_FORMAT_R32G32_SFLOAT;
        attributeDescriptions[2].offset = offsetof(Vertex, texCoord);

        return attributeDescriptions;
    }

    bool operator==(const Vertex& other) const {
        return pos == other.pos && color == other.color && texCoord == other.texCoord;
    }
};

namespace std {
    template<> struct hash<Vertex> {
        size_t operator()(Vertex const& vertex) const {
            return ((hash<glm::vec3>()(vertex.pos) ^ (hash<glm::vec3>()(vertex.color) << 1)) >> 1) ^ (hash<glm::vec2>()(vertex.texCoord) << 1);
        }
    };
}

struct UniformBufferObject {
    glm::mat4 model;
    glm::mat4 view;
    glm::mat4 proj;
};


inline VkDeviceSize alignUp(VkDeviceSize size, VkDeviceSize alignment) {
    return (size + alignment - 1) & ~(alignment - 1);
}

class HelloTriangleApplication {
public:
    void run() {
        volkInitialize();
        initWindow();
        initVulkan();
        mainLoop();
        cleanup();
    }

private:
    GLFWwindow* window;

    VkInstance instance;
    VkDebugUtilsMessengerEXT debugMessenger;
    VkSurfaceKHR surface;

    VkPhysicalDevice physicalDevice = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
    VkDevice device;
    VmaAllocator allocator;

    VkPhysicalDeviceDescriptorHeapPropertiesEXT descriptorHeapProperties{};
    std::vector<VkBuffer> descriptorHeapResourcesBuffers;
    std::vector<VmaAllocation> descriptorHeapResourcesAllocations;
    VkBuffer descriptorHeapSamplerBuffer;
    VmaAllocation descriptorHeapSamplerAllocation;
    std::vector<VkDeviceAddress> descriptorHeapResourcesAddresses;
    VkDeviceAddress descriptorHeapSamplerAddress{ 0 };

    VkDeviceSize bufferDescriptorSize{ 0 };
    VkDeviceSize samplerHeapOffset{ 0 };
    VkDeviceSize samplerDescriptorSize{ 0 };
    VkDeviceSize heapbufferSize{ 0 };
    VkDeviceSize heapSamplerbufferSize{ 0 };
    VkDeviceSize imageHeapOffset{ 0 };
    VkDeviceSize imageDescriptorSize{ 0 };


    VkQueue graphicsQueue;
    VkQueue presentQueue;

    VkSwapchainKHR swapChain;
    std::vector<VkImage> swapChainImages;
    VkFormat swapChainImageFormat;
    VkExtent2D swapChainExtent;
    std::vector<VkImageView> swapChainImageViews;

    VkImage depthImage;
    VmaAllocation depthImageAllocation;
    VkImageView depthImageView;

    VkShaderEXT vertShader;
    VkShaderEXT fragShader;

    VkCommandPool commandPool;
    std::vector<VkCommandBuffer> commandBuffers;

    std::vector<Vertex> vertices;
    std::vector<uint32_t> indices;
    VkBuffer vertexBuffer;
    VmaAllocation vertexAllocation;
    VkBuffer indexBuffer;
    VmaAllocation indexAllocation;

    VkImage textureImage;
    VmaAllocation textureImageAllocation;

    std::vector<VkBuffer> uniformBuffers;
    std::vector<VmaAllocation> uniformAllocations;
    std::vector<void*> uniformBuffersMapped;

    std::vector<VkSemaphore> imageAvailableSemaphores;
    std::vector<VkSemaphore> renderFinishedSemaphores;
    VkSemaphore timelineSemaphore;
    uint64_t timelineValue = 0;
    uint32_t currentFrame = 0;

    bool framebufferResized = false;

    void initWindow() {
        glfwInit();

        glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CLIENT_API, GLFW_NO_API);
        glfwWindowHint(GLFW_RESIZABLE, GLFW_FALSE);

        window = glfwCreateWindow(WIDTH, HEIGHT, "Vulkan", nullptr, nullptr);
        glfwSetWindowUserPointer(window, this);
        glfwSetFramebufferSizeCallback(window, framebufferResizeCallback);
    }

    static void framebufferResizeCallback(GLFWwindow* window, int width, int height) {
        auto app = reinterpret_cast<HelloTriangleApplication*>(glfwGetWindowUserPointer(window));
        app->framebufferResized = true;
    }

    void initVulkan() {
        createInstance();
        setupDebugMessenger();
        createSurface();
        pickPhysicalDevice();
        createLogicalDevice();
        createVMA();
        createSwapChain();
        createImageViews();
        createCommandPool();
        createDepthResources();
        loadModel();
        createVertexBuffer();
        createIndexBuffer();
        createTextureImage();
        createUniformBuffers();
        prepareDescriptorHeap();
        prepareSamplerDescriptorHeap();
        createShaderObjects();
        createCommandBuffers();
        createSyncObjects();
    }

    void mainLoop() {
        while (!glfwWindowShouldClose(window)) {
            glfwPollEvents();
            drawFrame();
        }

        vkDeviceWaitIdle(device);
    }

    void cleanupSwapChain() {
        // Depth image is sized to the swapchain extent, so it lives with the swapchain.
        vkDestroyImageView(device, depthImageView, nullptr);
        vmaDestroyImage(allocator, depthImage, depthImageAllocation);

        for (auto imageView : swapChainImageViews) {
            vkDestroyImageView(device, imageView, nullptr);
        }

        vkDestroySwapchainKHR(device, swapChain, nullptr);
    }

    void cleanup() {

        cleanupSwapChain();

        vmaDestroyImage(allocator, textureImage, textureImageAllocation);

        vmaDestroyBuffer(allocator, vertexBuffer, vertexAllocation);
        vmaDestroyBuffer(allocator, indexBuffer, indexAllocation);
        for (size_t i = 0; i < MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT; i++) {
            vmaDestroyBuffer(allocator, uniformBuffers[i], uniformAllocations[i]);
        }

        for (size_t i = 0; i < descriptorHeapResourcesAllocations.size(); i++) {
            vmaDestroyBuffer(allocator, descriptorHeapResourcesBuffers[i], descriptorHeapResourcesAllocations[i]);
        }

        vmaDestroyBuffer(allocator, descriptorHeapSamplerBuffer, descriptorHeapSamplerAllocation);

        vmaDestroyAllocator(allocator);

        for (size_t i = 0; i < imageAvailableSemaphores.size(); i++) {
            vkDestroySemaphore(device, imageAvailableSemaphores[i], nullptr);
        }
        for (size_t i = 0; i < renderFinishedSemaphores.size(); i++) {
            vkDestroySemaphore(device, renderFinishedSemaphores[i], nullptr);
        }
        vkDestroySemaphore(device, timelineSemaphore, nullptr);

        vkDestroyCommandPool(device, commandPool, nullptr);

        vkDestroyShaderEXT(device, fragShader, nullptr);
        vkDestroyShaderEXT(device, vertShader, nullptr);

        vkDestroyDevice(device, nullptr);

        if (enableValidationLayers) {
            DestroyDebugUtilsMessengerEXT(instance, debugMessenger, nullptr);
        }

        vkDestroySurfaceKHR(instance, surface, nullptr);
        vkDestroyInstance(instance, nullptr);

        glfwDestroyWindow(window);

        glfwTerminate();
    }

    void recreateSwapChain() {
        int width = 0, height = 0;
        glfwGetFramebufferSize(window, &width, &height);
        while (width == 0 || height == 0) {
            glfwGetFramebufferSize(window, &width, &height);
            glfwWaitEvents();
        }

        vkDeviceWaitIdle(device);

        cleanupSwapChain();

        createSwapChain();
        createImageViews();
        createDepthResources();
    }

    void createInstance() {
        if (enableValidationLayers && !checkValidationLayerSupport()) {
            throw std::runtime_error("validation layers requested, but not available!");
        }

        VkApplicationInfo appInfo{};
        appInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_APPLICATION_INFO;
        appInfo.pApplicationName = "Hello Triangle";
        appInfo.applicationVersion = VK_MAKE_VERSION(1, 0, 0);
        appInfo.pEngineName = "No Engine";
        appInfo.engineVersion = VK_MAKE_VERSION(1, 0, 0);
        appInfo.apiVersion = VK_API_VERSION_1_3;

        VkInstanceCreateInfo createInfo{};
        createInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_INSTANCE_CREATE_INFO;
        createInfo.pApplicationInfo = &appInfo;

        auto extensions = getRequiredExtensions();
        createInfo.enabledExtensionCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(extensions.size());
        createInfo.ppEnabledExtensionNames = extensions.data();

        VkDebugUtilsMessengerCreateInfoEXT debugCreateInfo{};
        if (enableValidationLayers) {
            createInfo.enabledLayerCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(validationLayers.size());
            createInfo.ppEnabledLayerNames = validationLayers.data();

            populateDebugMessengerCreateInfo(debugCreateInfo);
            createInfo.pNext = (VkDebugUtilsMessengerCreateInfoEXT*)&debugCreateInfo;
        }
        else {
            createInfo.enabledLayerCount = 0;

            createInfo.pNext = nullptr;
        }

        if (vkCreateInstance(&createInfo, nullptr, &instance) != VK_SUCCESS) {
            throw std::runtime_error("failed to create instance!");
        }

        volkLoadInstance(instance);
    }

    void populateDebugMessengerCreateInfo(VkDebugUtilsMessengerCreateInfoEXT& createInfo) {
        createInfo = {};
        createInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSENGER_CREATE_INFO_EXT;
        createInfo.messageSeverity = VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_SEVERITY_VERBOSE_BIT_EXT | VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_SEVERITY_WARNING_BIT_EXT | VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_SEVERITY_ERROR_BIT_EXT;
        createInfo.messageType = VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_TYPE_GENERAL_BIT_EXT | VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_TYPE_VALIDATION_BIT_EXT | VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_TYPE_PERFORMANCE_BIT_EXT;
        createInfo.pfnUserCallback = debugCallback;
    }

    void setupDebugMessenger() {
        if (!enableValidationLayers) return;

        VkDebugUtilsMessengerCreateInfoEXT createInfo;
        populateDebugMessengerCreateInfo(createInfo);

        if (CreateDebugUtilsMessengerEXT(instance, &createInfo, nullptr, &debugMessenger) != VK_SUCCESS) {
            throw std::runtime_error("failed to set up debug messenger!");
        }
    }

    void createSurface() {
        if (glfwCreateWindowSurface(instance, window, nullptr, &surface) != VK_SUCCESS) {
            throw std::runtime_error("failed to create window surface!");
        }
    }

    void pickPhysicalDevice() {
        uint32_t deviceCount = 0;
        vkEnumeratePhysicalDevices(instance, &deviceCount, nullptr);

        if (deviceCount == 0) {
            throw std::runtime_error("failed to find GPUs with Vulkan support!");
        }

        std::vector<VkPhysicalDevice> devices(deviceCount);
        vkEnumeratePhysicalDevices(instance, &deviceCount, devices.data());

        for (const auto& device : devices) {
            if (isDeviceSuitable(device)) {
                physicalDevice = device;
                break;
            }
        }

        if (physicalDevice == VK_NULL_HANDLE) {
            throw std::runtime_error("failed to find a suitable GPU!");
        }

        // Get physical device properties
        descriptorHeapProperties.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PHYSICAL_DEVICE_DESCRIPTOR_HEAP_PROPERTIES_EXT;

        VkPhysicalDeviceProperties2 props{};
        props.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PHYSICAL_DEVICE_PROPERTIES_2;
        props.pNext = &descriptorHeapProperties;

        vkGetPhysicalDeviceProperties2(physicalDevice, &props);

        bufferDescriptorSize = alignUp(descriptorHeapProperties.bufferDescriptorSize, descriptorHeapProperties.bufferDescriptorAlignment);

    }

    void createLogicalDevice() {
        QueueFamilyIndices indices = findQueueFamilies(physicalDevice);

        std::vector<VkDeviceQueueCreateInfo> queueCreateInfos;
        std::set<uint32_t> uniqueQueueFamilies = { indices.graphicsFamily.value(), indices.presentFamily.value() };

        float queuePriority = 1.0f;
        for (uint32_t queueFamily : uniqueQueueFamilies) {
            VkDeviceQueueCreateInfo queueCreateInfo{};
            queueCreateInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DEVICE_QUEUE_CREATE_INFO;
            queueCreateInfo.queueFamilyIndex = queueFamily;
            queueCreateInfo.queueCount = 1;
            queueCreateInfo.pQueuePriorities = &queuePriority;
            queueCreateInfos.push_back(queueCreateInfo);
        }

        VkPhysicalDeviceShaderObjectFeaturesEXT shaderObjectFeatures{};
        shaderObjectFeatures.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PHYSICAL_DEVICE_SHADER_OBJECT_FEATURES_EXT;
        shaderObjectFeatures.pNext = nullptr;
        shaderObjectFeatures.shaderObject = VK_TRUE;

        VkPhysicalDeviceFeatures2 deviceFeatures2{};
        deviceFeatures2.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PHYSICAL_DEVICE_FEATURES_2;
        deviceFeatures2.features.samplerAnisotropy = VK_TRUE;
        deviceFeatures2.pNext = &shaderObjectFeatures;

        VkPhysicalDeviceVulkan12Features vulkan12Features{};
        vulkan12Features.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PHYSICAL_DEVICE_VULKAN_1_2_FEATURES;
        vulkan12Features.timelineSemaphore = VK_TRUE;
        vulkan12Features.bufferDeviceAddress = VK_TRUE;
        vulkan12Features.pNext = &deviceFeatures2;

        VkPhysicalDeviceVulkan13Features vulkan13Features{};
        vulkan13Features.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PHYSICAL_DEVICE_VULKAN_1_3_FEATURES;
        vulkan13Features.synchronization2 = VK_TRUE;
        vulkan13Features.dynamicRendering = VK_TRUE;
        vulkan13Features.pNext = &vulkan12Features;

        VkPhysicalDeviceDescriptorHeapFeaturesEXT descriptorHeapFeatures{};
        descriptorHeapFeatures.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PHYSICAL_DEVICE_DESCRIPTOR_HEAP_FEATURES_EXT;
        descriptorHeapFeatures.descriptorHeap = VK_TRUE;
        descriptorHeapFeatures.pNext = &vulkan13Features;

        VkPhysicalDeviceMaintenance5Features maintenance5Features{};
        maintenance5Features.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PHYSICAL_DEVICE_MAINTENANCE_5_FEATURES;
        maintenance5Features.maintenance5 = VK_TRUE;
        maintenance5Features.pNext = &descriptorHeapFeatures;

        VkPhysicalDeviceShaderUntypedPointersFeaturesKHR untypedPointersFeatures{};
        untypedPointersFeatures.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PHYSICAL_DEVICE_SHADER_UNTYPED_POINTERS_FEATURES_KHR;
        untypedPointersFeatures.pNext = &maintenance5Features;
        untypedPointersFeatures.shaderUntypedPointers = VK_TRUE;

        VkDeviceCreateInfo createInfo{};
        createInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DEVICE_CREATE_INFO;

        createInfo.queueCreateInfoCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(queueCreateInfos.size());
        createInfo.pQueueCreateInfos = queueCreateInfos.data();

        createInfo.pNext = &maintenance5Features;

        createInfo.enabledExtensionCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(deviceExtensions.size());
        createInfo.ppEnabledExtensionNames = deviceExtensions.data();

        if (enableValidationLayers) {
            createInfo.enabledLayerCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(validationLayers.size());
            createInfo.ppEnabledLayerNames = validationLayers.data();
        }
        else {
            createInfo.enabledLayerCount = 0;
        }

        if (vkCreateDevice(physicalDevice, &createInfo, nullptr, &device) != VK_SUCCESS) {
            throw std::runtime_error("failed to create logical device!");
        }

        // Load device-level entry points directly (skips the instance dispatch hop).
        volkLoadDevice(device);

        vkGetDeviceQueue(device, indices.graphicsFamily.value(), 0, &graphicsQueue);
        vkGetDeviceQueue(device, indices.presentFamily.value(), 0, &presentQueue);
    }

    void createVMA()
    {
        VmaVulkanFunctions funcs{};
        funcs.vkGetInstanceProcAddr = vkGetInstanceProcAddr;
        funcs.vkGetDeviceProcAddr = vkGetDeviceProcAddr;

        VmaAllocatorCreateInfo allocatorInfo{};
        allocatorInfo.physicalDevice = physicalDevice;
        allocatorInfo.device = device;
        allocatorInfo.instance = instance;
        allocatorInfo.flags = VMA_ALLOCATOR_CREATE_BUFFER_DEVICE_ADDRESS_BIT;
        allocatorInfo.pVulkanFunctions = &funcs;
        allocatorInfo.vulkanApiVersion = VK_API_VERSION_1_3;

        if (vmaCreateAllocator(&allocatorInfo, &allocator) != VK_SUCCESS) {
            throw std::runtime_error("failed to create vma allocator!");
        }
    }

    void createSwapChain() {
        SwapChainSupportDetails swapChainSupport = querySwapChainSupport(physicalDevice);

        VkSurfaceFormatKHR surfaceFormat = chooseSwapSurfaceFormat(swapChainSupport.formats);
        VkPresentModeKHR presentMode = chooseSwapPresentMode(swapChainSupport.presentModes);
        VkExtent2D extent = chooseSwapExtent(swapChainSupport.capabilities);

        uint32_t imageCount = swapChainSupport.capabilities.minImageCount + 1;
        if (swapChainSupport.capabilities.maxImageCount > 0 && imageCount > swapChainSupport.capabilities.maxImageCount) {
            imageCount = swapChainSupport.capabilities.maxImageCount;
        }

        VkSwapchainCreateInfoKHR createInfo{};
        createInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SWAPCHAIN_CREATE_INFO_KHR;
        createInfo.surface = surface;

        createInfo.minImageCount = imageCount;
        createInfo.imageFormat = surfaceFormat.format;
        createInfo.imageColorSpace = surfaceFormat.colorSpace;
        createInfo.imageExtent = extent;
        createInfo.imageArrayLayers = 1;
        createInfo.imageUsage = VK_IMAGE_USAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_BIT;

        QueueFamilyIndices indices = findQueueFamilies(physicalDevice);
        uint32_t queueFamilyIndices[] = { indices.graphicsFamily.value(), indices.presentFamily.value() };

        if (indices.graphicsFamily != indices.presentFamily) {
            createInfo.imageSharingMode = VK_SHARING_MODE_CONCURRENT;
            createInfo.queueFamilyIndexCount = 2;
            createInfo.pQueueFamilyIndices = queueFamilyIndices;
        }
        else {
            createInfo.imageSharingMode = VK_SHARING_MODE_EXCLUSIVE;
        }

        createInfo.preTransform = swapChainSupport.capabilities.currentTransform;
        createInfo.compositeAlpha = VK_COMPOSITE_ALPHA_OPAQUE_BIT_KHR;
        createInfo.presentMode = presentMode;
        createInfo.clipped = VK_TRUE;

        createInfo.oldSwapchain = VK_NULL_HANDLE;

        if (vkCreateSwapchainKHR(device, &createInfo, nullptr, &swapChain) != VK_SUCCESS) {
            throw std::runtime_error("failed to create swap chain!");
        }

        vkGetSwapchainImagesKHR(device, swapChain, &imageCount, nullptr);
        swapChainImages.resize(imageCount);
        vkGetSwapchainImagesKHR(device, swapChain, &imageCount, swapChainImages.data());

        swapChainImageFormat = surfaceFormat.format;
        swapChainExtent = extent;
    }

    VkImageView createImageView(VkImage image, VkFormat format, VkImageAspectFlags aspectFlags) {
        VkImageViewCreateInfo viewInfo{};
        viewInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_VIEW_CREATE_INFO;
        viewInfo.image = image;
        viewInfo.viewType = VK_IMAGE_VIEW_TYPE_2D;
        viewInfo.format = format;
        viewInfo.subresourceRange.aspectMask = aspectFlags;
        viewInfo.subresourceRange.baseMipLevel = 0;
        viewInfo.subresourceRange.levelCount = 1;
        viewInfo.subresourceRange.baseArrayLayer = 0;
        viewInfo.subresourceRange.layerCount = 1;

        VkImageView imageView;
        if (vkCreateImageView(device, &viewInfo, nullptr, &imageView) != VK_SUCCESS) {
            throw std::runtime_error("failed to create image view!");
        }

        return imageView;
    }

    void createImageViews() {
        swapChainImageViews.resize(swapChainImages.size());

        for (uint32_t i = 0; i < swapChainImages.size(); i++) {
            swapChainImageViews[i] = createImageView(swapChainImages[i], swapChainImageFormat, VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT);
        }
    }


    void createDepthResources()
    {
        VkFormat depthFormat = findDepthFormat();
        createImage(
            swapChainExtent.width, 
            swapChainExtent.height,
            depthFormat,
            VK_IMAGE_USAGE_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_BIT,
            depthImage,
            depthImageAllocation
        );

        depthImageView = createImageView(depthImage, depthFormat, VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_DEPTH_BIT);

        // Dynamic rendering does not auto-transition attachments. The depth image is never
        // presented or sampled, so a single transition into the attachment layout suffices;
        // it stays there across frames (per-frame loadOp = CLEAR resets contents, not layout).
        VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer = beginSingleTimeCommands();

        VkImageMemoryBarrier2 barrier{};
        barrier.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_MEMORY_BARRIER_2;
        barrier.oldLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED;
        barrier.newLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_DEPTH_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL;
        barrier.srcQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED;
        barrier.dstQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED;
        barrier.image = depthImage;
        barrier.subresourceRange.aspectMask = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_DEPTH_BIT;
        barrier.subresourceRange.baseMipLevel = 0;
        barrier.subresourceRange.levelCount = 1;
        barrier.subresourceRange.baseArrayLayer = 0;
        barrier.subresourceRange.layerCount = 1;
        barrier.srcStageMask = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_2_TOP_OF_PIPE_BIT;
        barrier.srcAccessMask = 0;
        barrier.dstStageMask = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_2_EARLY_FRAGMENT_TESTS_BIT | VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_2_LATE_FRAGMENT_TESTS_BIT;
        barrier.dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_2_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_WRITE_BIT | VK_ACCESS_2_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_READ_BIT;

        VkDependencyInfo dependencyInfo{};
        dependencyInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DEPENDENCY_INFO;
        dependencyInfo.imageMemoryBarrierCount = 1;
        dependencyInfo.pImageMemoryBarriers = &barrier;

        vkCmdPipelineBarrier2(commandBuffer, &dependencyInfo);

        endSingleTimeCommands(commandBuffer);
    }


    VkFormat findDepthFormat() {
        return findSupportedFormat(
            { VK_FORMAT_D32_SFLOAT, VK_FORMAT_D32_SFLOAT_S8_UINT, VK_FORMAT_D24_UNORM_S8_UINT },
            VK_IMAGE_TILING_OPTIMAL,
            VK_FORMAT_FEATURE_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_BIT
        );
    }

    bool hasStencilComponent(VkFormat format) {
        return format == VK_FORMAT_D32_SFLOAT_S8_UINT || format == VK_FORMAT_D24_UNORM_S8_UINT;
    }

    VkFormat findSupportedFormat(const std::vector<VkFormat>& candidates, VkImageTiling tiling, VkFormatFeatureFlags features) {
        for (VkFormat format : candidates) {
            VkFormatProperties props;
            vkGetPhysicalDeviceFormatProperties(physicalDevice, format, &props);

            if (tiling == VK_IMAGE_TILING_LINEAR && (props.linearTilingFeatures & features) == features) {
                return format;
            }
            else if (tiling == VK_IMAGE_TILING_OPTIMAL && (props.optimalTilingFeatures & features) == features) {
                return format;
            }
        }

        throw std::runtime_error("failed to find supported format!");
    }

    void prepareDescriptorHeap()
    {
        heapbufferSize = alignUp(2048 + descriptorHeapProperties.minResourceHeapReservedRange, descriptorHeapProperties.resourceHeapAlignment);
        descriptorHeapResourcesAllocations.resize(MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT);
        descriptorHeapResourcesBuffers.resize(MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT);
        std::vector<VmaAllocationInfo> allocResult{};
        allocResult.resize(MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT);

        for (int i = 0; i < MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT; i++)
        {
            VkBufferCreateInfo bufferInfo{};
            bufferInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BUFFER_CREATE_INFO;
            bufferInfo.size = heapbufferSize;
            bufferInfo.usage = VK_BUFFER_USAGE_DESCRIPTOR_HEAP_BIT_EXT | VK_BUFFER_USAGE_SHADER_DEVICE_ADDRESS_BIT;

            VmaAllocationCreateInfo allocInfo{};
            allocInfo.usage = VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_CPU_ONLY;
            allocInfo.flags = VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_HOST_ACCESS_SEQUENTIAL_WRITE_BIT | VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_MAPPED_BIT;
            allocInfo.requiredFlags = VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT | VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_COHERENT_BIT;

            if (vmaCreateBuffer(
                allocator,
                &bufferInfo,
                &allocInfo,
                &descriptorHeapResourcesBuffers[i],
                &descriptorHeapResourcesAllocations[i],
                &allocResult[i]
            ) != VK_SUCCESS) {
                throw std::runtime_error("failed to create resource descriptor heap!");
            }
        }

        // Cache the per-frame heap device addresses (queried once, used every frame at bind time).
        descriptorHeapResourcesAddresses.resize(MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT);
        for (int i = 0; i < MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT; i++) {
            VkBufferDeviceAddressInfo heapAddrInfo{};
            heapAddrInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BUFFER_DEVICE_ADDRESS_INFO;
            heapAddrInfo.buffer = descriptorHeapResourcesBuffers[i];
            descriptorHeapResourcesAddresses[i] = vkGetBufferDeviceAddress(device, &heapAddrInfo);
        }

        // Image
        imageHeapOffset = alignUp(uniformBuffers.size() * bufferDescriptorSize, descriptorHeapProperties.imageDescriptorAlignment);
        imageDescriptorSize = alignUp(descriptorHeapProperties.imageDescriptorSize, descriptorHeapProperties.imageDescriptorAlignment);

        std::array<VkBufferDeviceAddressInfo, MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT> addrInfo{};
        std::array<VkDeviceAddressRangeEXT, MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT> deviceAddressRangesUniformBuffer{};
        for (auto i = 0; i < MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT; i++) {

            std::vector<VkHostAddressRangeEXT> hostAddressRangesResources;
            std::vector<VkResourceDescriptorInfoEXT> resourceDescriptorInfos;

            // Uniform buffer
            addrInfo[i].sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BUFFER_DEVICE_ADDRESS_INFO;
            addrInfo[i].buffer = uniformBuffers[i];

            deviceAddressRangesUniformBuffer[i] = {};
            deviceAddressRangesUniformBuffer[i].address = vkGetBufferDeviceAddress(device, &addrInfo[i]);
            deviceAddressRangesUniformBuffer[i].size = sizeof(UniformBufferObject);

            VkResourceDescriptorInfoEXT resourceDescriptorInfo = {};
            resourceDescriptorInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_RESOURCE_DESCRIPTOR_INFO_EXT;
            resourceDescriptorInfo.type = VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_UNIFORM_BUFFER;
            resourceDescriptorInfo.data = {};
            resourceDescriptorInfo.data.pAddressRange = &deviceAddressRangesUniformBuffer[i];
            resourceDescriptorInfos.push_back(resourceDescriptorInfo);

            VkHostAddressRangeEXT hostAddressRangesResource = {};
            hostAddressRangesResource.address = static_cast<uint8_t*>(allocResult[i].pMappedData);
            hostAddressRangesResource.size = bufferDescriptorSize;
            hostAddressRangesResources.push_back(hostAddressRangesResource);

            // Image views
            VkImageViewCreateInfo imageViewCreateInfo = {};
            imageViewCreateInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_VIEW_CREATE_INFO;
            imageViewCreateInfo.image = textureImage;
            imageViewCreateInfo.viewType = VK_IMAGE_VIEW_TYPE_2D;
            imageViewCreateInfo.format = VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_SRGB;
            imageViewCreateInfo.subresourceRange.aspectMask = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT;
            imageViewCreateInfo.subresourceRange.baseMipLevel = 0;
            imageViewCreateInfo.subresourceRange.levelCount = 1;
            imageViewCreateInfo.subresourceRange.baseArrayLayer = 0;
            imageViewCreateInfo.subresourceRange.layerCount = 1;

            VkImageDescriptorInfoEXT imageDescriptorInfo = {};
            imageDescriptorInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_DESCRIPTOR_INFO_EXT;
            imageDescriptorInfo.pView = &imageViewCreateInfo;
            imageDescriptorInfo.layout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_SHADER_READ_ONLY_OPTIMAL;

            VkResourceDescriptorInfoEXT resourceImageDescriptorInfo = {};
            resourceImageDescriptorInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_RESOURCE_DESCRIPTOR_INFO_EXT;
            resourceImageDescriptorInfo.type = VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_SAMPLED_IMAGE;
            resourceImageDescriptorInfo.data = {};
            resourceImageDescriptorInfo.data.pImage = &imageDescriptorInfo;
            resourceDescriptorInfos.push_back(resourceImageDescriptorInfo);

            VkHostAddressRangeEXT hostAddressRangesResourceImage;
            hostAddressRangesResourceImage = {};
            hostAddressRangesResourceImage.address = static_cast<uint8_t*>(allocResult[i].pMappedData) + imageHeapOffset;
            hostAddressRangesResourceImage.size = imageDescriptorSize;
            hostAddressRangesResources.push_back(hostAddressRangesResourceImage);

            if (vkWriteResourceDescriptorsEXT(
                device,
                static_cast<uint32_t>(resourceDescriptorInfos.size()),
                resourceDescriptorInfos.data(),
                hostAddressRangesResources.data()
            ) != VK_SUCCESS) {
                throw std::runtime_error("failed to write resource descriptors!");
            }
        }
    }



    void prepareSamplerDescriptorHeap()
    {
        heapSamplerbufferSize = alignUp(2048 + descriptorHeapProperties.minSamplerHeapReservedRange, descriptorHeapProperties.samplerHeapAlignment);
        samplerDescriptorSize = alignUp(descriptorHeapProperties.samplerDescriptorSize, descriptorHeapProperties.samplerDescriptorAlignment);

        VkBufferCreateInfo bufferInfo{};
        bufferInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BUFFER_CREATE_INFO;
        bufferInfo.size = heapSamplerbufferSize;
        bufferInfo.usage = VK_BUFFER_USAGE_DESCRIPTOR_HEAP_BIT_EXT | VK_BUFFER_USAGE_SHADER_DEVICE_ADDRESS_BIT;

        VmaAllocationCreateInfo allocInfo{};
        allocInfo.usage = VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_CPU_ONLY;
        allocInfo.flags = VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_HOST_ACCESS_SEQUENTIAL_WRITE_BIT | VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_MAPPED_BIT;
        allocInfo.requiredFlags = VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT | VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_COHERENT_BIT;

        VmaAllocationInfo allocResult;
        if (vmaCreateBuffer(
            allocator,
            &bufferInfo,
            &allocInfo,
            &descriptorHeapSamplerBuffer,
            &descriptorHeapSamplerAllocation,
            &allocResult
        ) != VK_SUCCESS) {
            throw std::runtime_error("failed to create resource descriptor heap!");
        }

        // Cache the sampler heap device address (queried once, used every frame at bind time).
        VkBufferDeviceAddressInfo samplerHeapAddrInfo{};
        samplerHeapAddrInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BUFFER_DEVICE_ADDRESS_INFO;
        samplerHeapAddrInfo.buffer = descriptorHeapSamplerBuffer;
        descriptorHeapSamplerAddress = vkGetBufferDeviceAddress(device, &samplerHeapAddrInfo);


        VkSamplerCreateInfo samplerInfo{};
        samplerInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SAMPLER_CREATE_INFO;
        samplerInfo.magFilter = VK_FILTER_LINEAR;
        samplerInfo.minFilter = VK_FILTER_LINEAR;
        samplerInfo.addressModeU = VK_SAMPLER_ADDRESS_MODE_REPEAT;
        samplerInfo.addressModeV = VK_SAMPLER_ADDRESS_MODE_REPEAT;
        samplerInfo.addressModeW = VK_SAMPLER_ADDRESS_MODE_REPEAT;
        samplerInfo.anisotropyEnable = VK_TRUE;
        samplerInfo.maxAnisotropy = 1.0f;

        VkPhysicalDeviceProperties properties{};
        vkGetPhysicalDeviceProperties(physicalDevice, &properties);

        samplerInfo.maxAnisotropy = properties.limits.maxSamplerAnisotropy;
        samplerInfo.borderColor = VK_BORDER_COLOR_INT_OPAQUE_BLACK;
        samplerInfo.unnormalizedCoordinates = VK_FALSE;

        samplerInfo.compareEnable = VK_FALSE;
        samplerInfo.compareOp = VK_COMPARE_OP_ALWAYS;

        samplerInfo.mipmapMode = VK_SAMPLER_MIPMAP_MODE_LINEAR;
        samplerInfo.mipLodBias = 0.0f;
        samplerInfo.minLod = 0.0f;
        samplerInfo.maxLod = 0.0f;


        VkHostAddressRangeEXT hostAddressRangesSamplers = {};
        hostAddressRangesSamplers.address = static_cast<uint8_t*>(allocResult.pMappedData);
        hostAddressRangesSamplers.size = samplerDescriptorSize;

        // For multiple textures:
        // hostAddressRangesSamplers.address = static_cast<uint8_t*>(allocResult.pMappedData) + samplerDescriptorSize * i

        if (vkWriteSamplerDescriptorsEXT(
            device,
            1,
            &samplerInfo,
            &hostAddressRangesSamplers
        ) != VK_SUCCESS) {
            throw std::runtime_error("failed to write resource descriptors!");
        }
    }

    void createShaderObjects() {
        auto vertShaderCode = readFile("shaders/vert.spv");
        auto fragShaderCode = readFile("shaders/frag.spv");

        vertShader = createShaderObject(vertShaderCode, VK_SHADER_STAGE_VERTEX_BIT);
        fragShader = createShaderObject(fragShaderCode, VK_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT_BIT);

        return;
    }

    void loadModel() {
        tinyobj::attrib_t attrib;
        std::vector<tinyobj::shape_t> shapes;
        std::vector<tinyobj::material_t> materials;
        std::string err;
        std::string war;

        if (!tinyobj::LoadObj(&attrib, &shapes, &materials, &war, &err, MODEL_PATH.c_str())) {
            throw std::runtime_error(err);
        }

        std::unordered_map<Vertex, uint32_t> uniqueVertices{};

        for (const auto& shape : shapes) {
            for (const auto& index : shape.mesh.indices) {
                Vertex vertex{};

                vertex.pos = {
                    attrib.vertices[3 * index.vertex_index + 0],
                    attrib.vertices[3 * index.vertex_index + 1],
                    attrib.vertices[3 * index.vertex_index + 2]
                };

                vertex.texCoord = {
                    attrib.texcoords[2 * index.texcoord_index + 0],
                    1.0f - attrib.texcoords[2 * index.texcoord_index + 1]
                };

                vertex.color = { 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f };

                if (uniqueVertices.count(vertex) == 0) {
                    uniqueVertices[vertex] = static_cast<uint32_t>(vertices.size());
                    vertices.push_back(vertex);
                }

                indices.push_back(uniqueVertices[vertex]);
            }
        }

    }

    void createBuffer(
        VkDeviceSize size,
        VkBufferUsageFlags usage,
        VmaMemoryUsage vmaUsage,
        VmaAllocationCreateFlags vmaFlags,
        VkMemoryPropertyFlags requiredFlags,
        VkBuffer& buffer,
        VmaAllocation& bufferAllocation,
        VmaAllocationInfo* outAllocResult = 0
    ) {
        if (size == 0) {
            throw std::runtime_error("Vertex buffer size is 0!");
        }

        VkBufferCreateInfo bufferInfo{};
        bufferInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BUFFER_CREATE_INFO;
        bufferInfo.size = size;
        bufferInfo.usage = usage;

        VmaAllocationCreateInfo allocInfo{};
        allocInfo.usage = vmaUsage;
        allocInfo.flags = vmaFlags;
        allocInfo.requiredFlags = requiredFlags;

        VmaAllocationInfo* allocDst = outAllocResult ? outAllocResult : nullptr;
        if (vmaCreateBuffer(
            allocator,
            &bufferInfo,
            &allocInfo,
            &buffer,
            &bufferAllocation,
            allocDst
        ) != VK_SUCCESS) {
            throw std::runtime_error("failed to create buffer!");
        }
    }

    void createVertexBuffer()
    {
        VkBuffer stagingBuffer;
        VmaAllocation stagingAllocation;

        VkDeviceSize bufferSize = sizeof(Vertex) * vertices.size();
        createBuffer(
            bufferSize,
            VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT,
            VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_AUTO_PREFER_HOST,
            VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_HOST_ACCESS_SEQUENTIAL_WRITE_BIT,
            0,
            stagingBuffer,
            stagingAllocation
        );

        void* data = nullptr;
        vmaMapMemory(allocator, stagingAllocation, &data);
        memcpy(data, vertices.data(), bufferSize);
        vmaUnmapMemory(allocator, stagingAllocation);

        createBuffer(
            bufferSize,
            VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT | VK_BUFFER_USAGE_VERTEX_BUFFER_BIT,
            VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_AUTO_PREFER_DEVICE,
            0,//VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_HOST_ACCESS_SEQUENTIAL_WRITE_BIT,
            0,
            vertexBuffer,
            vertexAllocation
        );

        copyBuffer(stagingBuffer, vertexBuffer, bufferSize);

        vmaDestroyBuffer(allocator, stagingBuffer, stagingAllocation);
    }

    void createIndexBuffer()
    {
        VkBuffer stagingBuffer;
        VmaAllocation stagingAllocation;

        VkDeviceSize bufferSize = sizeof(indices[0]) * indices.size();
        createBuffer(
            bufferSize,
            VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT,
            VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_AUTO_PREFER_HOST,
            VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_HOST_ACCESS_SEQUENTIAL_WRITE_BIT,
            0,
            stagingBuffer,
            stagingAllocation
        );

        void* data = nullptr;
        vmaMapMemory(allocator, stagingAllocation, &data);
        memcpy(data, indices.data(), bufferSize);
        vmaUnmapMemory(allocator, stagingAllocation);

        createBuffer(
            bufferSize,
            VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT | VK_BUFFER_USAGE_INDEX_BUFFER_BIT,
            VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_AUTO_PREFER_DEVICE,
            0,
            0,
            indexBuffer,
            indexAllocation
        );

        copyBuffer(stagingBuffer, indexBuffer, bufferSize);

        vmaDestroyBuffer(allocator, stagingBuffer, stagingAllocation);
    }


    void createImage(
        uint32_t width,
        uint32_t height,
        VkFormat format,
        VkImageUsageFlags usage,
        VkImage& image,
        VmaAllocation& allocation
    ) {
        VkImageCreateInfo imageInfo{};
        imageInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_CREATE_INFO;
        imageInfo.imageType = VK_IMAGE_TYPE_2D;
        imageInfo.extent.width = width;
        imageInfo.extent.height = height;
        imageInfo.extent.depth = 1;
        imageInfo.mipLevels = 1;
        imageInfo.arrayLayers = 1;
        imageInfo.format = format;
        imageInfo.tiling = VK_IMAGE_TILING_OPTIMAL;
        imageInfo.initialLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED;
        imageInfo.usage = usage;
        imageInfo.samples = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;
        imageInfo.sharingMode = VK_SHARING_MODE_EXCLUSIVE;

        VmaAllocationCreateInfo allocInfo{};
        allocInfo.usage = VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_AUTO_PREFER_DEVICE;

        if (vmaCreateImage(
            allocator,
            &imageInfo,
            &allocInfo,
            &image,
            &allocation,
            nullptr
        ) != VK_SUCCESS) {
            throw std::runtime_error("failed to create image!");
        }
    }


    void createTextureImage() {
        int texWidth, texHeight, texChannels;
        stbi_uc* pixels = stbi_load(TEXTURE_PATH.c_str(), &texWidth, &texHeight, &texChannels, STBI_rgb_alpha);
        VkDeviceSize imageSize = texWidth * texHeight * 4;

        if (!pixels) {
            throw std::runtime_error("failed to load texture image!");
        }

        VkBuffer stagingBuffer;
        VmaAllocation stagingAllocation;

        createBuffer(
            imageSize,
            VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT,
            VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_AUTO,
            VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_HOST_ACCESS_SEQUENTIAL_WRITE_BIT,
            0,
            stagingBuffer,
            stagingAllocation
        );

        void* data = nullptr;
        vmaMapMemory(allocator, stagingAllocation, &data);
        memcpy(data, pixels, imageSize);
        vmaUnmapMemory(allocator, stagingAllocation);

        stbi_image_free(pixels);

        createImage(
            texWidth,
            texHeight,
            VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_SRGB,
            VK_IMAGE_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT | VK_IMAGE_USAGE_SAMPLED_BIT,
            textureImage,
            textureImageAllocation
        );


        transitionImageLayout(textureImage, VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_SRGB, VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED, VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL);
        copyBufferToImage(stagingBuffer, textureImage, static_cast<uint32_t>(texWidth), static_cast<uint32_t>(texHeight));
        transitionImageLayout(textureImage, VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_SRGB, VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL, VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_SHADER_READ_ONLY_OPTIMAL);

        vmaDestroyBuffer(allocator, stagingBuffer, stagingAllocation);
    }


    void createUniformBuffers()
    {
        VkBufferCreateInfo bufferInfo{};
        bufferInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BUFFER_CREATE_INFO;
        bufferInfo.size = sizeof(UniformBufferObject);
        bufferInfo.usage = VK_BUFFER_USAGE_UNIFORM_BUFFER_BIT |
            VK_BUFFER_USAGE_SHADER_DEVICE_ADDRESS_BIT;

        VmaAllocationCreateInfo allocInfo{};
        allocInfo.usage = VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_CPU_TO_GPU; // CPU can map and write
        allocInfo.flags = VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_HOST_ACCESS_SEQUENTIAL_WRITE_BIT | VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_MAPPED_BIT;
        allocInfo.requiredFlags = VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT | VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_COHERENT_BIT;

        uniformBuffers.resize(MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT);
        uniformAllocations.resize(MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT);
        uniformBuffersMapped.resize(MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT);
        for (size_t i = 0; i < MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT; i++) {
            VmaAllocationInfo allocResult{};
            if (vmaCreateBuffer(
                allocator,
                &bufferInfo,
                &allocInfo,
                &uniformBuffers[i],
                &uniformAllocations[i],
                &allocResult
            ) != VK_SUCCESS) {
                throw std::runtime_error("failed to create staging buffer!");
            }
            // Persistently mapped (HOST_COHERENT) — write directly each frame, no map/unmap.
            uniformBuffersMapped[i] = allocResult.pMappedData;
        }
    }


    VkCommandBuffer beginSingleTimeCommands() {
        VkCommandBufferAllocateInfo allocInfo{};
        allocInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_BUFFER_ALLOCATE_INFO;
        allocInfo.level = VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_LEVEL_PRIMARY;
        allocInfo.commandPool = commandPool;
        allocInfo.commandBufferCount = 1;

        VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer;
        vkAllocateCommandBuffers(device, &allocInfo, &commandBuffer);

        VkCommandBufferBeginInfo beginInfo{};
        beginInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_BUFFER_BEGIN_INFO;
        beginInfo.flags = VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_USAGE_ONE_TIME_SUBMIT_BIT;

        vkBeginCommandBuffer(commandBuffer, &beginInfo);

        return commandBuffer;
    }


    void endSingleTimeCommands(VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer) {
        vkEndCommandBuffer(commandBuffer);

        VkSubmitInfo submitInfo{};
        submitInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SUBMIT_INFO;
        submitInfo.commandBufferCount = 1;
        submitInfo.pCommandBuffers = &commandBuffer;

        if (vkQueueSubmit(graphicsQueue, 1, &submitInfo, VK_NULL_HANDLE) != VK_SUCCESS) {
            throw std::runtime_error("failed to end single time commands");
        }

        vkQueueWaitIdle(graphicsQueue);

        vkFreeCommandBuffers(device, commandPool, 1, &commandBuffer);
    }


    void copyBuffer(VkBuffer srcBuffer, VkBuffer dstBuffer, VkDeviceSize size) {
        VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer = beginSingleTimeCommands();

        VkBufferCopy copyRegion{};
        copyRegion.size = size;
        vkCmdCopyBuffer(commandBuffer, srcBuffer, dstBuffer, 1, &copyRegion);

        endSingleTimeCommands(commandBuffer);
    }

    void transitionImageLayout(VkImage image, VkFormat format, VkImageLayout oldLayout, VkImageLayout newLayout) {
        VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer = beginSingleTimeCommands();

        VkImageMemoryBarrier2 barrier{ };
        barrier.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_MEMORY_BARRIER_2;
        barrier.oldLayout = oldLayout;
        barrier.newLayout = newLayout;
        barrier.srcQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED;
        barrier.dstQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED;
        barrier.image = image;
        barrier.subresourceRange.aspectMask = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT;
        barrier.subresourceRange.baseMipLevel = 0;
        barrier.subresourceRange.levelCount = 1;
        barrier.subresourceRange.baseArrayLayer = 0;
        barrier.subresourceRange.layerCount = 1;

        if (oldLayout == VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED &&
            newLayout == VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL) {

            barrier.srcStageMask = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_2_TOP_OF_PIPE_BIT;
            barrier.srcAccessMask = 0;

            barrier.dstStageMask = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_2_TRANSFER_BIT;
            barrier.dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_2_TRANSFER_WRITE_BIT;

        }
        else if (oldLayout == VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL &&
            newLayout == VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_SHADER_READ_ONLY_OPTIMAL) {

            barrier.srcStageMask = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_2_TRANSFER_BIT;
            barrier.srcAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_2_TRANSFER_WRITE_BIT;

            barrier.dstStageMask = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_2_FRAGMENT_SHADER_BIT;
            barrier.dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_2_SHADER_READ_BIT;

        }
        else {
            throw std::invalid_argument("unsupported layout transition!");
        }

        VkDependencyInfo dependencyInfo{ };
        dependencyInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DEPENDENCY_INFO;
        dependencyInfo.imageMemoryBarrierCount = 1;
        dependencyInfo.pImageMemoryBarriers = &barrier;

        vkCmdPipelineBarrier2(commandBuffer, &dependencyInfo);

        endSingleTimeCommands(commandBuffer);
    }




    void copyBufferToImage(VkBuffer buffer, VkImage image, uint32_t width, uint32_t height) {
        VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer = beginSingleTimeCommands();

        VkBufferImageCopy region{};
        region.bufferOffset = 0;
        region.bufferRowLength = 0;
        region.bufferImageHeight = 0;

        region.imageSubresource.aspectMask = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT;
        region.imageSubresource.mipLevel = 0;
        region.imageSubresource.baseArrayLayer = 0;
        region.imageSubresource.layerCount = 1;

        region.imageOffset = { 0, 0, 0 };
        region.imageExtent = {
            width,
            height,
            1
        };

        vkCmdCopyBufferToImage(
            commandBuffer,
            buffer,
            image,
            VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL,
            1,
            &region
        );

        endSingleTimeCommands(commandBuffer);
    }


    void createCommandPool() {
        QueueFamilyIndices queueFamilyIndices = findQueueFamilies(physicalDevice);

        VkCommandPoolCreateInfo poolInfo{};
        poolInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_POOL_CREATE_INFO;
        poolInfo.flags = VK_COMMAND_POOL_CREATE_RESET_COMMAND_BUFFER_BIT;
        poolInfo.queueFamilyIndex = queueFamilyIndices.graphicsFamily.value();

        if (vkCreateCommandPool(device, &poolInfo, nullptr, &commandPool) != VK_SUCCESS) {
            throw std::runtime_error("failed to create command pool!");
        }
    }


    void createCommandBuffers() {
        commandBuffers.resize(MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT);

        VkCommandBufferAllocateInfo allocInfo{};
        allocInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_BUFFER_ALLOCATE_INFO;
        allocInfo.commandPool = commandPool;
        allocInfo.level = VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_LEVEL_PRIMARY;
        allocInfo.commandBufferCount = (uint32_t)commandBuffers.size();

        if (vkAllocateCommandBuffers(device, &allocInfo, commandBuffers.data()) != VK_SUCCESS) {
            throw std::runtime_error("failed to allocate command buffers!");
        }
    }



    void setInitialRenderingState(VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer) {
        vkCmdSetCullModeEXT(commandBuffer, VK_CULL_MODE_NONE);
        vkCmdSetDepthWriteEnable(commandBuffer, VK_TRUE);
        vkCmdSetPolygonModeEXT(commandBuffer, VK_POLYGON_MODE_FILL);
        vkCmdSetStencilTestEnable(commandBuffer, VK_FALSE);
        vkCmdSetPrimitiveTopology(commandBuffer, VK_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY_TRIANGLE_LIST);
        vkCmdSetPrimitiveRestartEnableEXT(commandBuffer, VK_FALSE);
        vkCmdSetRasterizationSamplesEXT(commandBuffer, VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT);
        vkCmdSetDepthTestEnable(commandBuffer, VK_TRUE);
        vkCmdSetDepthCompareOp(commandBuffer, VK_COMPARE_OP_LESS);
        vkCmdSetDepthBoundsTestEnable(commandBuffer, VK_FALSE);
        vkCmdSetDepthBiasEnable(commandBuffer, VK_FALSE);
        vkCmdSetRasterizerDiscardEnableEXT(commandBuffer, VK_FALSE);
        const VkSampleMask sample_mask = 0x1;
        vkCmdSetSampleMaskEXT(commandBuffer, VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT, &sample_mask);
        vkCmdSetAlphaToCoverageEnableEXT(commandBuffer, VK_FALSE);
        VkColorComponentFlags color_component_flags[] = { VK_COLOR_COMPONENT_R_BIT | VK_COLOR_COMPONENT_B_BIT | VK_COLOR_COMPONENT_G_BIT | VK_COLOR_COMPONENT_A_BIT };
        vkCmdSetColorWriteMaskEXT(commandBuffer, 0, 1, color_component_flags);
        VkBool32 color_blend_enables[] = { VK_FALSE };
        vkCmdSetColorBlendEnableEXT(commandBuffer, 0, 1, color_blend_enables);
        vkCmdSetVertexInputEXT(commandBuffer, 0, nullptr, 0, nullptr);
    }

    void recordCommandBuffer(VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer, uint32_t imageIndex) {
        VkCommandBufferBeginInfo beginInfo{};
        beginInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_BUFFER_BEGIN_INFO;
        beginInfo.flags = 0; // Optional
        beginInfo.pInheritanceInfo = nullptr; // Optional

        if (vkBeginCommandBuffer(commandBuffer, &beginInfo) != VK_SUCCESS) {
            throw std::runtime_error("failed to begin recording command buffer!");
        }

        // Transition swapchain image layout for optimal drawing
        VkImageMemoryBarrier2 barrier{};
        barrier.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_MEMORY_BARRIER_2;
        barrier.srcStageMask = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_2_NONE;
        barrier.srcAccessMask = 0;
        barrier.dstStageMask = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_2_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT;
        barrier.dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_2_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_WRITE_BIT;
        barrier.oldLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED; // or PRESENT_SRC_KHR
        barrier.newLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL;
        barrier.image = swapChainImages[imageIndex];
        barrier.subresourceRange = {
            VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT,
            0, 1, 0, 1
        };

        VkDependencyInfo dep{};
        dep.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DEPENDENCY_INFO;
        dep.imageMemoryBarrierCount = 1;
        dep.pImageMemoryBarriers = &barrier;

        vkCmdPipelineBarrier2(commandBuffer, &dep);


        VkRenderingAttachmentInfo colorAttachment{};
        colorAttachment.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_RENDERING_ATTACHMENT_INFO;
        colorAttachment.imageView = swapChainImageViews[imageIndex];
        colorAttachment.imageLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL;
        colorAttachment.loadOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_LOAD_OP_CLEAR;
        colorAttachment.storeOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_STORE_OP_STORE;
        colorAttachment.clearValue = { { 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f } };

        VkRenderingAttachmentInfo depthAttachment{};
        depthAttachment.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_RENDERING_ATTACHMENT_INFO;
        depthAttachment.imageView = depthImageView;
        depthAttachment.imageLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_DEPTH_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL;
        depthAttachment.loadOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_LOAD_OP_CLEAR;
        depthAttachment.storeOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_STORE_OP_DONT_CARE; // depth is not sampled/used after this pass
        depthAttachment.clearValue.depthStencil = { 1.0f, 0 };

        VkRenderingInfo renderingInfo{};
        renderingInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_RENDERING_INFO;
        renderingInfo.renderArea = { {0, 0}, swapChainExtent };
        renderingInfo.layerCount = 1;
        renderingInfo.colorAttachmentCount = 1;
        renderingInfo.pColorAttachments = &colorAttachment;
        renderingInfo.pDepthAttachment = &depthAttachment;

        vkCmdBeginRendering(commandBuffer, &renderingInfo);
        {
            setInitialRenderingState(commandBuffer);

            vkCmdSetVertexInputEXT(commandBuffer,
                1, &Vertex::getBindingDescription(),
                static_cast<uint32_t>(Vertex::getAttributeDescriptions().size()), Vertex::getAttributeDescriptions().data()
            );

            VkShaderStageFlagBits stages[] = {
                VK_SHADER_STAGE_VERTEX_BIT,
                VK_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT_BIT
            };

            VkShaderEXT shaders[] = {
                vertShader,
                fragShader
            };

            vkCmdBindShadersEXT(commandBuffer, 2, stages, shaders);

            VkBuffer vertexBuffers[] = { vertexBuffer };
            VkDeviceSize offsets[] = { 0 };
            vkCmdBindVertexBuffers(commandBuffer, 0, 1, vertexBuffers, offsets);

            vkCmdBindIndexBuffer(commandBuffer, indexBuffer, 0, VK_INDEX_TYPE_UINT32);

            uint32_t pushconstants = currentFrame;

            VkPushDataInfoEXT pushDataInfo{};
            pushDataInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PUSH_DATA_INFO_EXT;
            pushDataInfo.data.address = &pushconstants;
            pushDataInfo.data.size = sizeof(uint32_t);

            vkCmdPushDataEXT(commandBuffer, &pushDataInfo);


            VkBindHeapInfoEXT bindHeapinfo{};
            bindHeapinfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BIND_HEAP_INFO_EXT;
            bindHeapinfo.heapRange.address = descriptorHeapResourcesAddresses[currentFrame];
            bindHeapinfo.heapRange.size = heapbufferSize;
            bindHeapinfo.reservedRangeOffset = heapbufferSize - descriptorHeapProperties.minResourceHeapReservedRange;
            bindHeapinfo.reservedRangeSize = descriptorHeapProperties.minResourceHeapReservedRange;

            vkCmdBindResourceHeapEXT(commandBuffer, &bindHeapinfo);


            VkBindHeapInfoEXT bindSamplerHeapinfo{};
            bindSamplerHeapinfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BIND_HEAP_INFO_EXT;
            bindSamplerHeapinfo.heapRange.address = descriptorHeapSamplerAddress;
            bindSamplerHeapinfo.heapRange.size = heapSamplerbufferSize;
            bindSamplerHeapinfo.reservedRangeOffset = heapSamplerbufferSize - descriptorHeapProperties.minSamplerHeapReservedRange;
            bindSamplerHeapinfo.reservedRangeSize = descriptorHeapProperties.minSamplerHeapReservedRange;
            vkCmdBindSamplerHeapEXT(commandBuffer, &bindSamplerHeapinfo);


            VkViewport viewport{};
            viewport.x = 0.0f;
            viewport.y = 0.0f;
            viewport.width = (float)swapChainExtent.width;
            viewport.height = (float)swapChainExtent.height;
            viewport.minDepth = 0.0f;
            viewport.maxDepth = 1.0f;
            vkCmdSetViewportWithCount(commandBuffer, 1, &viewport);

            VkRect2D scissor{};
            scissor.offset = { 0, 0 };
            scissor.extent = swapChainExtent;
            vkCmdSetScissorWithCount(commandBuffer, 1, &scissor);

            vkCmdDrawIndexed(commandBuffer, static_cast<uint32_t>(indices.size()), 1, 0, 0, 0);

        }
        vkCmdEndRendering(commandBuffer);

        VkImageMemoryBarrier2 barrierLayoutBack{};
        barrierLayoutBack.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_MEMORY_BARRIER_2;
        barrierLayoutBack.srcStageMask = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_2_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT;
        barrierLayoutBack.srcAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_2_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_WRITE_BIT;
        barrierLayoutBack.dstStageMask = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_2_BOTTOM_OF_PIPE_BIT;
        barrierLayoutBack.dstAccessMask = 0;
        barrierLayoutBack.oldLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL;
        barrierLayoutBack.newLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_PRESENT_SRC_KHR;
        barrierLayoutBack.image = swapChainImages[imageIndex];
        barrierLayoutBack.subresourceRange = {
            VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT,
            0, 1, 0, 1
        };

        VkDependencyInfo depLayoutBack{};
        depLayoutBack.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DEPENDENCY_INFO;
        depLayoutBack.imageMemoryBarrierCount = 1;
        depLayoutBack.pImageMemoryBarriers = &barrierLayoutBack;

        vkCmdPipelineBarrier2(commandBuffer, &depLayoutBack);


        if (vkEndCommandBuffer(commandBuffer) != VK_SUCCESS) {
            throw std::runtime_error("failed to record command buffer!");
        }
    };

    void createSyncObjects() {
        // Create semaphores
        VkSemaphoreCreateInfo semaphoreInfo{};
        semaphoreInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SEMAPHORE_CREATE_INFO;

        imageAvailableSemaphores.resize(MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT);
        renderFinishedSemaphores.resize(swapChainImages.size());

        for (size_t i = 0; i < MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT; i++) {
            if (vkCreateSemaphore(device, &semaphoreInfo, nullptr, &imageAvailableSemaphores[i]) != VK_SUCCESS)
                throw std::runtime_error("failed to create synchronization objects for a frame!");
        }

        for (size_t i = 0; i < renderFinishedSemaphores.size(); i++) {
            if (vkCreateSemaphore(device, &semaphoreInfo, nullptr, &renderFinishedSemaphores[i]) != VK_SUCCESS)
                throw std::runtime_error("failed to create synchronization objects for a frame!");
        }

        // Create timeline semaphore
        VkSemaphoreTypeCreateInfo typeInfo{};
        typeInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SEMAPHORE_TYPE_CREATE_INFO;
        typeInfo.semaphoreType = VK_SEMAPHORE_TYPE_TIMELINE;
        typeInfo.initialValue = 0;

        VkSemaphoreCreateInfo createInfo{};
        createInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SEMAPHORE_CREATE_INFO;
        createInfo.pNext = &typeInfo;

        if (vkCreateSemaphore(device, &createInfo, nullptr, &timelineSemaphore) != VK_SUCCESS)
        {
            throw std::runtime_error("failed to create timeline synchronization objects for a frame!");
        }
    }

    void drawFrame() {

        if (timelineValue >= MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT)
        {
            VkSemaphoreWaitInfo waitInfo{};
            waitInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SEMAPHORE_WAIT_INFO;
            waitInfo.semaphoreCount = 1;
            waitInfo.pSemaphores = &timelineSemaphore;

            uint64_t waitValue = timelineValue - MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT + 1;
            waitInfo.pValues = &waitValue;

            vkWaitSemaphores(device, &waitInfo, UINT64_MAX);
        }

        uint32_t imageIndex;
        VkResult result = vkAcquireNextImageKHR(device, swapChain, UINT64_MAX, imageAvailableSemaphores[currentFrame], VK_NULL_HANDLE, &imageIndex);
        if (result == VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_DATE_KHR) {
            recreateSwapChain();
            return;
        }
        else if (result != VK_SUCCESS && result != VK_SUBOPTIMAL_KHR) {
            throw std::runtime_error("failed to acquire swap chain image!");
        }

        timelineValue++;

        updateUniformBuffer(currentFrame);

        vkResetCommandBuffer(commandBuffers[currentFrame], /*VkCommandBufferResetFlagBits*/ 0);
        recordCommandBuffer(commandBuffers[currentFrame], imageIndex);

        VkSemaphoreSubmitInfo waitAcquire{};
        waitAcquire.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SEMAPHORE_SUBMIT_INFO;
        waitAcquire.semaphore = imageAvailableSemaphores[currentFrame];
        waitAcquire.stageMask = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_2_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT;

        VkSemaphoreSubmitInfo waitSemaphoreInfo{};
        waitSemaphoreInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SEMAPHORE_SUBMIT_INFO;
        waitSemaphoreInfo.semaphore = timelineSemaphore;
        waitSemaphoreInfo.stageMask = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_2_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT;
        waitSemaphoreInfo.deviceIndex = 0;
        waitSemaphoreInfo.value = timelineValue - 1;

        VkSemaphoreSubmitInfo waits[] = { waitAcquire, waitSemaphoreInfo };

        VkSemaphoreSubmitInfo signalBinary{};
        signalBinary.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SEMAPHORE_SUBMIT_INFO;
        signalBinary.semaphore = renderFinishedSemaphores[imageIndex];
        signalBinary.stageMask = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_2_ALL_GRAPHICS_BIT;

        VkSemaphoreSubmitInfo signalSemaphoreInfo{};
        signalSemaphoreInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SEMAPHORE_SUBMIT_INFO;
        signalSemaphoreInfo.semaphore = timelineSemaphore;
        signalSemaphoreInfo.stageMask = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_2_ALL_GRAPHICS_BIT;
        signalSemaphoreInfo.deviceIndex = 0;
        signalSemaphoreInfo.value = timelineValue;

        VkSemaphoreSubmitInfo signals[] = { signalSemaphoreInfo, signalBinary };

        VkCommandBufferSubmitInfo commandBufferInfo{};
        commandBufferInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_BUFFER_SUBMIT_INFO;
        commandBufferInfo.commandBuffer = commandBuffers[currentFrame];
        commandBufferInfo.deviceMask = 0;


        VkSubmitInfo2 submitInfo{};
        submitInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SUBMIT_INFO_2;

        submitInfo.waitSemaphoreInfoCount = 2;
        submitInfo.pWaitSemaphoreInfos = waits;

        submitInfo.commandBufferInfoCount = 1;
        submitInfo.pCommandBufferInfos = &commandBufferInfo;

        submitInfo.signalSemaphoreInfoCount = 2;
        submitInfo.pSignalSemaphoreInfos = signals;

        VkResult submitResult = vkQueueSubmit2(graphicsQueue, 1, &submitInfo, VK_NULL_HANDLE);
        if (submitResult != VK_SUCCESS) {
            throw std::runtime_error("failed to submit draw command buffer! VkResult = " + std::to_string(submitResult) + " (frame " + std::to_string(timelineValue) + ")");
        }


        VkPresentInfoKHR presentInfo{};
        presentInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PRESENT_INFO_KHR;

        presentInfo.waitSemaphoreCount = 1;
        presentInfo.pWaitSemaphores = &renderFinishedSemaphores[imageIndex];

        VkSwapchainKHR swapChains[] = { swapChain };
        presentInfo.swapchainCount = 1;
        presentInfo.pSwapchains = swapChains;
        presentInfo.pImageIndices = &imageIndex;

        result = vkQueuePresentKHR(presentQueue, &presentInfo);

        if (result == VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_DATE_KHR || result == VK_SUBOPTIMAL_KHR || framebufferResized) {
            framebufferResized = false;
            recreateSwapChain();
        }
        else if (result != VK_SUCCESS) {
            throw std::runtime_error("failed to present swap chain image!");
        }

        currentFrame = (currentFrame + 1) % MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT;
    }

    void updateUniformBuffer(uint32_t currentImage)
    {
        static auto startTime = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();

        auto currentTime = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
        float time = std::chrono::duration<float, std::chrono::seconds::period>(currentTime - startTime).count();

        UniformBufferObject ubo{};
        ubo.model = glm::rotate(glm::mat4(1.0f), time * (glm::radians(90.0f)), glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f));
        ubo.view = glm::lookAt(glm::vec3(2.0f, 2.0f, 2.0f), glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f), glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f));
        ubo.proj = glm::perspective(glm::radians(45.0f), swapChainExtent.width / (float)swapChainExtent.height, 0.1f, 100.0f);
        ubo.proj[1][1] *= -1; // Vulkan clip correction

        memcpy(uniformBuffersMapped[currentImage], &ubo, sizeof(ubo));
    }

    VkShaderEXT createShaderObject(const std::vector<char>& code, VkShaderStageFlagBits stageFlags) {

        std::array<VkDescriptorSetAndBindingMappingEXT, 3> setAndBindingMappings;

        // Buffer binding
        setAndBindingMappings[0] = {};
        setAndBindingMappings[0].sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DESCRIPTOR_SET_AND_BINDING_MAPPING_EXT;
        setAndBindingMappings[0].descriptorSet = 0;
        setAndBindingMappings[0].firstBinding = 0;
        setAndBindingMappings[0].bindingCount = 1;
        setAndBindingMappings[0].resourceMask = VK_SPIRV_RESOURCE_TYPE_UNIFORM_BUFFER_BIT_EXT;
        setAndBindingMappings[0].source = VK_DESCRIPTOR_MAPPING_SOURCE_HEAP_WITH_CONSTANT_OFFSET_EXT;
        setAndBindingMappings[0].sourceData.constantOffset.heapArrayStride = static_cast<uint32_t>(bufferDescriptorSize);

        // Image binding
        setAndBindingMappings[1] = {};
        setAndBindingMappings[1].sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DESCRIPTOR_SET_AND_BINDING_MAPPING_EXT;
        setAndBindingMappings[1].descriptorSet = 1;
        setAndBindingMappings[1].firstBinding = 0;
        setAndBindingMappings[1].bindingCount = 1;
        setAndBindingMappings[1].resourceMask = VK_SPIRV_RESOURCE_TYPE_SAMPLED_IMAGE_BIT_EXT;
        setAndBindingMappings[1].source = VK_DESCRIPTOR_MAPPING_SOURCE_HEAP_WITH_CONSTANT_OFFSET_EXT;
        setAndBindingMappings[1].sourceData.constantOffset.heapArrayStride = static_cast<uint32_t>(imageDescriptorSize);
        setAndBindingMappings[1].sourceData.constantOffset.heapOffset = static_cast<uint32_t>(imageHeapOffset);

        // Sampler binding
        setAndBindingMappings[2] = {};
        setAndBindingMappings[2].sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DESCRIPTOR_SET_AND_BINDING_MAPPING_EXT;
        setAndBindingMappings[2].descriptorSet = 2;
        setAndBindingMappings[2].firstBinding = 0;
        setAndBindingMappings[2].bindingCount = 1;
        setAndBindingMappings[2].resourceMask = VK_SPIRV_RESOURCE_TYPE_SAMPLER_BIT_EXT;
        setAndBindingMappings[2].source = VK_DESCRIPTOR_MAPPING_SOURCE_HEAP_WITH_CONSTANT_OFFSET_EXT;
        setAndBindingMappings[2].sourceData.constantOffset.heapArrayStride = static_cast<uint32_t>(samplerDescriptorSize);
        setAndBindingMappings[2].sourceData.constantOffset.heapOffset = static_cast<uint32_t>(samplerHeapOffset);


        VkShaderDescriptorSetAndBindingMappingInfoEXT descriptorSetAndBindingMappingInfo{};
        descriptorSetAndBindingMappingInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SHADER_DESCRIPTOR_SET_AND_BINDING_MAPPING_INFO_EXT;
        descriptorSetAndBindingMappingInfo.mappingCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(setAndBindingMappings.size());
        descriptorSetAndBindingMappingInfo.pMappings = setAndBindingMappings.data();

        VkShaderCreateInfoEXT shaderCreateInfo{ VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SHADER_CREATE_INFO_EXT };
        shaderCreateInfo.stage = stageFlags;
        shaderCreateInfo.codeType = VK_SHADER_CODE_TYPE_SPIRV_EXT;
        shaderCreateInfo.pCode = reinterpret_cast<const uint32_t*>(code.data());
        shaderCreateInfo.codeSize = code.size();
        shaderCreateInfo.pName = "main";
        shaderCreateInfo.flags = VK_SHADER_CREATE_DESCRIPTOR_HEAP_BIT_EXT;
        shaderCreateInfo.pNext = &descriptorSetAndBindingMappingInfo;

        if (stageFlags & VK_SHADER_STAGE_VERTEX_BIT)
        {
            shaderCreateInfo.nextStage = VK_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT_BIT;
        }

        VkShaderEXT shader;
        if (vkCreateShadersEXT(device, 1,
            &shaderCreateInfo,
            nullptr, &shader) != VK_SUCCESS) {
            throw std::runtime_error("failed to create shader objects!");
        }

        return shader;
    }


    VkSurfaceFormatKHR chooseSwapSurfaceFormat(const std::vector<VkSurfaceFormatKHR>& availableFormats) {
        for (const auto& availableFormat : availableFormats) {
            if (availableFormat.format == VK_FORMAT_B8G8R8A8_SRGB && availableFormat.colorSpace == VK_COLOR_SPACE_SRGB_NONLINEAR_KHR) {
                return availableFormat;
            }
        }

        return availableFormats[0];
    }

    VkPresentModeKHR chooseSwapPresentMode(const std::vector<VkPresentModeKHR>& availablePresentModes) {
        for (const auto& availablePresentMode : availablePresentModes) {
            if (availablePresentMode == VK_PRESENT_MODE_FIFO_KHR) {
                return availablePresentMode;
            }
        }

        return VK_PRESENT_MODE_FIFO_KHR;
    }

    VkExtent2D chooseSwapExtent(const VkSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR& capabilities) {
        if (capabilities.currentExtent.width != std::numeric_limits<uint32_t>::max()) {
            return capabilities.currentExtent;
        }
        else {
            int width, height;
            glfwGetFramebufferSize(window, &width, &height);

            VkExtent2D actualExtent = {
                static_cast<uint32_t>(width),
                static_cast<uint32_t>(height)
            };

            actualExtent.width = std::clamp(actualExtent.width, capabilities.minImageExtent.width, capabilities.maxImageExtent.width);
            actualExtent.height = std::clamp(actualExtent.height, capabilities.minImageExtent.height, capabilities.maxImageExtent.height);

            return actualExtent;
        }
    }

    SwapChainSupportDetails querySwapChainSupport(VkPhysicalDevice device) {
        SwapChainSupportDetails details;

        vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR(device, surface, &details.capabilities);

        uint32_t formatCount;
        vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceFormatsKHR(device, surface, &formatCount, nullptr);

        if (formatCount != 0) {
            details.formats.resize(formatCount);
            vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceFormatsKHR(device, surface, &formatCount, details.formats.data());
        }

        uint32_t presentModeCount;
        vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfacePresentModesKHR(device, surface, &presentModeCount, nullptr);

        if (presentModeCount != 0) {
            details.presentModes.resize(presentModeCount);
            vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfacePresentModesKHR(device, surface, &presentModeCount, details.presentModes.data());
        }

        return details;
    }

    bool isDeviceSuitable(VkPhysicalDevice device) {
        QueueFamilyIndices indices = findQueueFamilies(device);

        bool extensionsSupported = checkDeviceExtensionSupport(device);

        VkPhysicalDeviceFeatures supportedFeatures;
        vkGetPhysicalDeviceFeatures(device, &supportedFeatures);

        bool swapChainAdequate = false;
        if (extensionsSupported) {
            SwapChainSupportDetails swapChainSupport = querySwapChainSupport(device);
            swapChainAdequate = !swapChainSupport.formats.empty() && !swapChainSupport.presentModes.empty();
        }

        return indices.isComplete() && extensionsSupported && swapChainAdequate && supportedFeatures.samplerAnisotropy;
    }

    bool checkDeviceExtensionSupport(VkPhysicalDevice device) {
        uint32_t extensionCount;
        vkEnumerateDeviceExtensionProperties(device, nullptr, &extensionCount, nullptr);

        std::vector<VkExtensionProperties> availableExtensions(extensionCount);
        vkEnumerateDeviceExtensionProperties(device, nullptr, &extensionCount, availableExtensions.data());

        std::set<std::string> requiredExtensions(deviceExtensions.begin(), deviceExtensions.end());

        for (const auto& extension : availableExtensions) {
            requiredExtensions.erase(extension.extensionName);
        }

        return requiredExtensions.empty();
    }

    QueueFamilyIndices findQueueFamilies(VkPhysicalDevice device) {
        QueueFamilyIndices indices;

        uint32_t queueFamilyCount = 0;
        vkGetPhysicalDeviceQueueFamilyProperties(device, &queueFamilyCount, nullptr);

        std::vector<VkQueueFamilyProperties> queueFamilies(queueFamilyCount);
        vkGetPhysicalDeviceQueueFamilyProperties(device, &queueFamilyCount, queueFamilies.data());

        int i = 0;
        for (const auto& queueFamily : queueFamilies) {
            if (queueFamily.queueFlags & VK_QUEUE_GRAPHICS_BIT) {
                indices.graphicsFamily = i;
            }

            VkBool32 presentSupport = false;
            vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceSupportKHR(device, i, surface, &presentSupport);

            if (presentSupport) {
                indices.presentFamily = i;
            }

            if (indices.isComplete()) {
                break;
            }

            i++;
        }

        return indices;
    }

    std::vector<const char*> getRequiredExtensions() {
        uint32_t glfwExtensionCount = 0;
        const char** glfwExtensions;
        glfwExtensions = glfwGetRequiredInstanceExtensions(&glfwExtensionCount);

        std::vector<const char*> extensions(glfwExtensions, glfwExtensions + glfwExtensionCount);

        if (enableValidationLayers) {
            extensions.push_back(VK_EXT_DEBUG_UTILS_EXTENSION_NAME);
        }

        return extensions;
    }

    bool checkValidationLayerSupport() {
        uint32_t layerCount;
        vkEnumerateInstanceLayerProperties(&layerCount, nullptr);

        std::vector<VkLayerProperties> availableLayers(layerCount);
        vkEnumerateInstanceLayerProperties(&layerCount, availableLayers.data());

        for (const char* layerName : validationLayers) {
            bool layerFound = false;

            for (const auto& layerProperties : availableLayers) {
                if (strcmp(layerName, layerProperties.layerName) == 0) {
                    layerFound = true;
                    break;
                }
            }

            if (!layerFound) {
                return false;
            }
        }

        return true;
    }

    static std::vector<char> readFile(const std::string& filename) {
        std::ifstream file(filename, std::ios::ate | std::ios::binary);

        if (!file.is_open()) {
            throw std::runtime_error("failed to open file!");
        }

        size_t fileSize = (size_t)file.tellg();
        std::vector<char> buffer(fileSize);

        file.seekg(0);
        file.read(buffer.data(), fileSize);

        file.close();

        return buffer;
    }

    static VKAPI_ATTR VkBool32 VKAPI_CALL debugCallback(VkDebugUtilsMessageSeverityFlagBitsEXT messageSeverity, VkDebugUtilsMessageTypeFlagsEXT messageType, const VkDebugUtilsMessengerCallbackDataEXT* pCallbackData, void* pUserData) {
        std::cerr << "validation layer: " << pCallbackData->pMessage << std::endl;

        return VK_FALSE;
    }
};

int main() {
    HelloTriangleApplication app;

    try {
        app.run();
    }
    catch (const std::exception& e) {
        std::cerr << e.what() << std::endl;
        return EXIT_FAILURE;
    }

    return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}